Camarines Sur National High School

S/Y 2017-2018
City of Naga

Project in
Practical Research

Submitted by:

Raul E. Orciga Jr.

Grade 12 GA 4

Submitted to:

Maam Posugac
(Practical Research)
Title: Improvised Water Filter
Researcher: Alexa C. Tiu and Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa
Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/69431465/Chapter-1-3

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies which has bearing to the
present studies
LEGAL ASPECTS
A. Foreign
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans'
drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for
drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those
standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the
nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions
to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This
law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is
the principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to promulgate regulations
regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants,
implementation by states, and secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health
impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water supplies (rather
than USEPA) provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic
problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)
B. Local
Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9
of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the
Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private
entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards
cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined parameters in measuring water quality.
These parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the water.
The standard also delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of
the parameters as opposed to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements (DENR
Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994)
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a
manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and
marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued. This
includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers on
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html they say that crushed Moringa seeds
purify water to be used widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water
so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty
water in rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful
bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they
both sink to the bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by
using Moringa seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification. Using this
method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are
dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive.
Every different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such
waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct
amount needed.
Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of
this. It is estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using
solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead and
prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear
plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will
kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will be faster if the temperature is higher,
it would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the
surface of the roof. This method only works in clear water not pond or river water. SODIS (Solar
Disinfection),
Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is
placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed
on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar
radiation, killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a simple method
of disinfection for tropical developing countries.
Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from
surface water or groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of
technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be
met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies
can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment
methods to render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)
It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from
contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for
human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial
applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation,
biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation
and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
A. Foreign Studies
In large scale treatment plants Aluminum Sulphate is used as a conventional chemical coagulant.
As an alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa Oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant
in household water treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant
properties were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory studies. The seed kernels of Moringa
Oleifera contain significant quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a
positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges
acting like magnets and attracting the predominantly negatively charged particles such as clay, silk,
bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the
negatives charges forming flocks through the aggregation of particles which are present in water. These
flocks are easily to remove by settling or filtration. The material can clarify not only highly turbid muddy
water but also water of medium and low turbidity. The level of turbidity influences the required time for
the flocculation. As with all coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from one raw water to
another. The practical application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for all other coagulants.
Studies have been carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds
in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans,
especially at the low doses.
Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be
pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the press cake remaining after oil extraction has
been shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity (Folk lard
and Sutherland, 1996)
According to Meitner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult
Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa Oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing
suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage. Because it can be produced locally,
"using moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment
income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a community is there, and studies and
projects are taking place examining this potential.
At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and
John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for
alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the tests successful in removing as much solid
material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in
Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
B. Local Studies
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant
and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-
soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the
resulting flocs to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa
continue to be researched. The process of treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one
to two hours.
As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or
dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be
prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa
seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil
extraction.
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored on both foreign and local claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation
and moringa seed extracts have been tested and proven to be effective in purifying dirty waters.
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant
and an antimicrobial agent. Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester,
England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking
(Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). According also to to the study that was made by researchers on From
Haninger (2009), he says that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain area
and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used
as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers.
Waters are purified to improve its quality and make it fit for human consumption. Water
purification does not only kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it also aims to make the water
looks clear and remove all its impurities to make it more acceptable to user.
With the positive reports and encouraging results of earlier studies made about water
purification using solar heat Moringa seeds, the researchers find it interesting to find out how the
combination of malunggay seed extracts and solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in
terms of its pH, turbidity and the presence of harmful micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is
to made regarding the hypothesis that states that H0: There is no significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number
of the Coliform bacteria. And for the H1: There is a significant difference in the water before and after
it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform
bacteria.
The schema clearly illustrates the relationship between the Independent Variables (IV) and the
Dependent Variables (DV). There are two (2) IVs in the left box, namely: The first is the concentration or
Number of Malunggay Seed added to one (1) Liter water for purification (1 seed: 1 Liter; 2 seeds: 1 Liter;
and 3 seeds: 1Liter, respectively) and the second is Solar Heat and in the right box are the Dependent
Variables (DV). The arrow in between the two boxes is pointing to the right box containing the DV. This
arrow signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV which is Water Quality measured in terms of
the following characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No. of Escherichia coli. It means that
changes made in the concentration of the Independent Variables, a corresponding reaction will be noted
from the DV. In this study, should there be significant effects on the Dependent Variables, the positive
Hypothesis may be accepted and it will prove that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water purifier.

Malunggay Seed Extract

Water Quality
1 Kernel per Liter of Water
Color of water
2 Kernels per Liter of Water
Ph
2 Kernels per Liter of Water
No. of coliform bacteria
Solar heat

Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
On the bases of the research problems stated, two hypothesis are hereby formulated:
H0: There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay
extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
H1: There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay
extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The assumptions and use of solar heat has been reported to be very effective in purifying water.
The use of raw malunggay seed extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier. Considering
that both solar heat and malunggay seed extract are not costly at all when used in water purification, and
both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using these two as a combination, the
researchers found it logical to try to verify and determine if the combination of both solar heat and
malunggay seed extract is effective in purifying water.
This study hopes to create an impact on peoples health and the economy.
Peoples Health. People in the rural areas, or those who are living in the hinterlands where there
is no purified water available, just drink water taken from open wells. They are highly vulnerable to
getting sick with diarrhea from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water
purification can lessen the cause of diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water.
The purification process is very easy to do because even small children can do it right and it doesnt use
sophisticated and costly gadgets.
The Poor. The poor living in either rural areas or in the cities can do water purification by
themselves using malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty wont be a hindrance for
the poor to drink clean and safe water.
Economy. This study can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and the nation,
in general, because it doesnt use any expensive chemicals and processes. It uses only a very common
natural ingredient taken from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of the
country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a number of years.
Environment. It can benefit the environment because this process is purely organic. This process
would encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available source of kernels for water
purification. Likewise, it would eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay
leaves for home consumption and for sale. Furthermore, the waste from pounding malunggay seeds is
biodegradable; therefore, it wont cause poisoning and environmental pollution. It is very safe.
Student-Researchers. The results of this study would be a good source of information for the
students to use in the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations regarding the benefits that
the malunggay plant could give to us in water purification.
Bibliography
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