NN wangye 1 7 \ Wind LoadWind Hazard Buildings and structures shall be designed and constructed to resist the forces due to wind pressure. The forces exerted by the wind are the result of a combination of factors such as: — Wind speed — Exposure factor — Aerodynamic shape of the structure — Dynamic response factor All structural systems shall be designed and constructed to transfer wind forces to the ground.Design Wind Loads For rigid buildings of all height P=qGC, — q,(GC,;) Where q=q, for windward walls evaluated at height Z above the ground. q=q, for leeward walls, side walls and roofs, evaluated at height h. qj; =9, for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings. qj =4, for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal pressure. G= gust effect factor C, = external pressure coefficient GC,; =internal pressure coefficientiS a a an er \ Vit + 6 aes = - ttt) eoe_—Velocity pressure Velocity pressure, q, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation: q-0.613K,K,,KyV21 (N/m?) Where V = wind speed (m/s) K, = wind directionality factor K, = Velocity pressure exposure coefficient K,, = topographic factor 1= Importance factorWind directionality factor Ky This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with specific load combinations otherwise it should be taken as equal to unity. Structure Type Directionality Factor K* 0.85 08s 090 0.95 Buildings ‘Main Wind Force Resisting System ‘Components and Cladding Arched Roofs Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures Square Hexagonal Round Solid Signs Open Signs and Lattice Framework ‘Trussed Towers Triangular, square, rectangular All other cross sectionsCombined Factored Loads Using Strength Design Applicability U=1.4(D +F) (9-4) U=1.2(0 + F+ 7) +1.6(L + H) +0.5(Lpor Sor R) (9-2) U=1.2D +1.6(L,or Sor R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (9-3) U=1.2D+1.6W + 1.0L +0.5(L, or Sor R) (9-4) U=1.2D+1.0E + 1.0L +0.2S (9-5) U=0.9D + 1.6W+ 1.6H (9-6) U=0.9D +1.0E+1.6H (9-7) except as follows: (a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where L is greater than 4.8 kN/m?. (b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be permitted to use 1.3W in place of 1.6W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).Combined Nominal Loads Using Allowable Stress Design 1) D 2) D+L+F+H+T+(L, or S or R) 3) D+(W or 0.7E) +L+ (L, or S or R) 4) 0.6D+W+H 5) 0.6D+0.7E+HTerrain-Roughness Exposure Category A: Large City Centers with at least 50% of the buildings with heights more than 20m. Exposure Category B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single family dwellings or larger having average heights less than 10m. Exposure B shall apply where the ground surface roughness condition prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at least 800m or 10 times the height of the building, whichever is greater. Exposure Category C: Open terrain, plains and savannahs with scattered obstructions having average heights less than 10m. Exposure C shall apply for all case where exposure B or D do not apply. Exposure Category D: Flat unobstructed coastal area exposed to wind flowing from the open ocean for a distance of at least 1610m (1mile).2000 1500 Height (ft) Exposure A Exposure B Large city centers Urban and suburban areas Fig. 2-10 Exposure © Open terrain Exposure D Edge of large bodies of water Profiles of velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K,, for differing terrain.Velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, Note: Case 1: a) All components and cladding. b) Main wind force resisting system in low-rise buildings Case 2: a) All main wind force resisting systems in buildings except those in low-rise building Exposure (Note 1) bove level, x fn () Case 1 Case2 | Cases1 &2} Cases1&2 is | (0-46) 70 OST O85 1.03 20 1) 0.70 0.62 0.90) 1.08 25 (76) 0.70 0.66 0.94 112 30 @1y 070 0.70 0.98 116 0 22) 0.76 0.76 1.04 122 0 (52) 081 081 1.09 127 60 8) 08s 085; Ls 131 70 213) 0.89 0.89 117, 134 80 (244) 0.93, 0.93 121 138 0 (274) 0.96 0.96 1.28 1.40 too | G0) 0.99 0.99 1.26 143 120 (36.6) 1.04 1.04, 131 148 140) (427) 1.09) 1.09, 136 152 160 (48.8) 113 113 1339 LSS, 180, (54.9) 17 17 143 158 200 (61.0) 120 1.20 146 161 250 (76.2) 128 128) 153 1.68 300 (1.4) 135 135 159 1.73 350 | (106.7) 1a 1a 166178 “400 |“(121.9) 147 147 1.69 1.82, 450__|~(137.2) 152, 152 13 1.86 $00 [052.4 136 156 177 1.89 b) All main wind force resisting systems in other structures.Velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, (cont.) The velocity pressure exposure coefficient K may be determined from the following formula: For4.5m K,=2.01 (4.5/z,)?/ Note : z shall not be taken less than 9m for case | in exposure B. "Zain = minimum height used to ensure that the equivalent height z is greater of 0.6h oF Zain. For buildings with h< zpiay 2 shall be taken as ZinTopographic Factor K,, (cont.) Equations: Ky =(1+Ky Ky Ky)? K, determined from table below K2= Qa mest meters for Speed-Up Over Hills and Escarpments Ky/(H/ a |__Exposure | Upwind | Downwind of Crest of Crest 2-dimensional ridges (or valleys with negative i F 3 3 Hin K\/(H/Ly) 25 2-dimensional escarpments 3-dimensional axisym. hill K,, shall be taken to be equal to 1 for building that is not subject to topographic effects.Importance Classes Category I: Buildings and related structures whose failure implies low risk for human life including but not limited to rural, storage or temporary facilities. Category II: Normal occupancy public or private building (housing, offices, commerce, etc.). Additionally, it includes hazardous facilities not classified as Category III if it is insured that any damage or toxic spill can be immediately controlled. Category III: Hazardous facilities or high occupancy public or private buildings. Category IV: Essential facilities such as hospitals, fire and police stations and designated hurricane shelters.Importance Factor, I for Wind Loads Non-Hurricane Prone Regions Hurricane Prone Cat _ | and Hurricane Prone Regions with Regions with Mregory | V = 137-161 km/h V>161 km/h (85 — 100 mph) (100 mph) I 0.87 0.77 II 1.00 1.00 Il 1.15 1.15 IV 1.15 1.15Gust Effect Factor G For rigid structures, the gust effect factor shall be taken as 0.85.External Coefficient Factor Cc, GABLE, HIP ROOF MANSARD ROOF (NOTE)Wall Pressure Coefficient, C, Wall Pressure Coefficients, C, Use With Windward Wall All values Leeward Wall Side WallRoof Pressure coefficients, C, , for use with q,, Roof Pressure Coefficients, C,, for use with qy Angle, 0 (degrees) Normal rid [| _c> _ | pone to ridge for [H2toh | -0.9,-0.18 | **Value can be reduced linearly with area 6<10 over which it is applicable as follows and 0.3, -0.18 Parallel to ridge | 21.0 £100 (9.3 sq m) 2.9 sqm)Internal Pressure Coefficient mee | Partially Enclosed Buildings Enclosed Buildings Notes: 1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the internal surfaces, respectively. 2. Values of GC, shall be used with q, or q, as specified in 6.5.12. 3. Two cases shall be considered to determine the critical load requirements for the appropriate condition: (i) a positive value of GC, applied to all internal surfaces (ii) a negative value of GC,; applied to all internal surfaces