Index

A splitting, 3335
stiffness, 27
AAG, 18 thermal conductivity, 218
AAK, 18 WMA, 206
AAM, 18 Asphalt cement (AC) system, 60
AASHTO T 313 BBR, precision Asphalt cements, 3, 37
statement, 187 historical tests, 3758
Absolute viscosity bath with tubes, 40 penetration tests, 45
Absolute viscosity tests, 3941 penetration-graded specification,
Accuracy, asphalt testing variability, 5960
185186 PG asphalt binder specification,
Aged residue (AR) system, 61 95118
Aging effect, 19 PG asphalt binder tests, 6494
Aging test, asphalt cements, 4950 phase angle, 68
RTFOT, 50`53 solubility test, 5658
TFOT, 50 specific gravity test, 58
Air-blown asphalt specification specifications, 5963
tests, 159 viscosity-graded specification, 6063
Air-blown asphalts, 7 Asphalt emulsions
overview, 151 breaking, 128129
properties, 154 classifications, 122124
roofing, 153 components, 124128
specifications, 158159 composition, 122
tests, 154158 curing, 128129
AIVV tube, 40 overview, 121122
American Society for Testing and production, 126128
Materials (ASTM), 3 types, 122124
Anionic asphalts, 122 uses, 121
Anti-stripping additives, 169 variables affecting quality, 129130
Antioxidants, as asphalt modifiers, 168 Asphalt fume, 182
Apparent viscosity graph, 44 Asphalt modification
Apparent viscosity tests, 4345 additives, 169
Asphalt binder grade selection, modifiers, 163169
109114 overview, 161
Asphalt binder tests Asphalt particles, in emulsion, 128
variability, 187191 Asphalt sample configuration, 73
Asphalt binders, 3 Asphaltic bitumen, 3
compaction temperatures, 207213 Asphalts
heating, 3335 air-blown, 151159
HMA, 206 behavior, 2530
laboratory mixing, 207213 definition, 3
mixing temperatures, 205206 emulsions, 121129
sampling, 3133 modification, 161177
shear rate changes, 26 natural, 45

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 petroleum, 69
physical properties, 2324
production/processing methods, 7
rheology, 201204
safety, 179182
testing variability, 183195
usage, 1011
ASTM. See air-blown asphalt
specification tests
Atmospheric distillation, 6
B Elastic recovery test, 171
BBR. See bending beam rheometer
BBR mold, 79
Bending beam rheometer, 7783
Bias, asphalt testing variability,
185186
Bitumen, 3
BTU value, 218
Bulb, 39
C ER test operation, 172
Cationic asphalts, 122
Chemical modification, 167168
Cleveland Open Cup (COC), flash
point test, 4749
COC flash, 49
COC manual operation, 48
COC test. See Cleveland Open Cup
(COC), flash point test
Continuous grade, 108
Creep-recovery response, 116
Critical temperature, 107, 108
CRM. See crumb rubber modification
Cross-arm viscosity tube, 41
Crude selection, 89
Crumb rubber modification, 166167
D Grade bumping, 114115
Dampproofing, 154
Deformation, PG specification, 100
Density, 214
Direct tension tester, 8491
Dispute resolution flow chart, 195
Dispute resolution, testing variability,
187195
Distillation products, 9
DSR. See dynamic shear rheometer
220 Index
Asphalt_Index_p219-224.indd 220
DSR calculations, 76
DSR creep-recovery test, 176177
DSR operation, 69
DSR phase angle test, 174176
DTT. See direct tension tester
Ductility test, asphalt cements, 5356
Dynamic shear rheometer, 6777
E
Elastic modification, 164166
Elastomers, 164166
Emulsifications, 122
Emulsifying agents, 125126
Emulsifying plant, schematic, 127
Emulsion components
asphalt, 124125
emulsifying agents, 125126
water, 125
ER specimens cut, 173
ER specimens recover, 173
ER test specimen, 172
Excessive aging, PG specification, 101
Extenders, 168
F
Fatigue cracking, PG specification, 102
FD output, 175
FD test operation, 174
Force ductility test, 171174
Functional groups
oxidation, 1718
polarity, 17
Fundamental vs. empirical
properties, 30
G
Grade classification, 106, 107
Grade verification, 105, 106
H
Handling, PG specification, 99
Historical tests, asphalt cements, 3758
HMA. See hot-mix asphalt
Hot plate heating, 34
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 Hot-mix asphalt, 206
Hydrocarbons, 168169
K MSCR test. See multiple stress creep
Kinematic viscosity bath with tubes, 42
Kinematic viscosity tests, 4143
L N
Lake asphalts, 4
Long-term stiffness, PG
specification, 101
Loss on heating test, 157158
M Ointment tubes, 169170
Mastercurve, 201203. See also
rheology, asphalt
Mastercurve G*, and phase angle, 203
Mastercurve isotherms, 203
Mastercurve parameters, 204
Mixed modification, 167
Mixing and compaction temperature
determination, phase angle
procedure, 212
Modified asphalt binders, tests for
centrifuge, 170
DSR creep-recovery, 176177
DSR phase angle, 174176
elastic recovery, 171
force ductility, 171174
ointment tubes, 169170
recovery and stress-strain tests,
170171
separation tests, 169170
solubility, 170
toughness and tenacity, 174
Modifiers, asphalts
antioxidants, 168
chemical modification, 167168
crumb rubber modification, 166167
elastic modification, 164166
elastomers, 164166
extenders, 168
hydrocarbons, 168169
mixed modification, 167
oxidants, 168
plastic modification, 166
plastomers, 166
Mold preparation and pouring, 55
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Mopping asphalts, 154
MSCR elastic behavior, 177
MSCR recovery calculation, 176
recovery test
Multiple stress creep recovery
test, 115118
Natural asphalt, 45
Non-recoverable strain, 117
Nonionic asphalts, 122
O
Oxidants, as asphalt modifiers, 168
Oxidation, 1718
P
PAHs. See polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
Particle size distribution, TLA
composition, 5
PAV pans, 93
Pen-Vis correlation for MRL asphalt
binders, 63
Penetration grading, 60
Penetration test, 157
asphalt cements, 45
Penetration-graded specification,
asphalt cements, 5960
Penetrometer, 46
Performance graded asphalt
binder tests
aging procedure, 9194
bending beam rheometer, 7783
direct tension tester, 8491
dynamic shear rheometer, 6777
rotational viscometer, 6467
Petroleum asphalt, 69
crude selection, 89
petroleum refining, 68
production, 8
Petroleum refining, 6
PG asphalt binder specification, 95118
PG binder tests
with aging, 95
with temperature, 98
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 PG specifications table, 96
Phase angle procedure, 211
Phase angle, asphalt cements, 68
Physical hardening effect, 30
Physical properties
consistency, 23
handling, 35
purity, 23
safety, 24
storage, 35
Plastic modification, 166
Plastomers, 166
Polarity, 17
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 19
Pouring absolute viscosity tubes, 40
Precision statement, for AASHTO T
313 BBR, 187
Precision, asphalt testing variability,
185186
Pumping, PG specification, 99
R Specific gravity pycnometers, 58
Rancho LaBrea, 5
Recovery and stress-strain tests,
170171
Residuum content, of crude oils, 9
Rheological properties, of angles, 204
Rheology, asphalt, 201204
Ring and ball softening point, 157
Ring-and-ball softening point test,
154157
Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test, 5053
Roofing, air-blown asphalts, 153
Rotational viscometer, 6467
Rotational viscosity test, 158
RTFOT. See Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test
Rutting, 100
RV. See rotational viscometer
S Temperature-volume relationships
Safe handling, asphalts
asphalt fume, 182
storage temperatures, 181182
Safety
overview, 179
PG specification, 99
safe handling, 181182
SBR latex modification, of hot asphalt
cement, 164
222 Index
Asphalt_Index_p219-224.indd 222
SBS blending system, for asphalt
terminals, 165
SBS pellets, 165
Scraping, 93
Scraping RTFO residue, into
container, 54
Scraping tool, 54
Separation tests, 169170
Shear modulus, asphalt cements, 68
SHRP. See Strategic Highway Research
Program
Silicone mold, 71
Size exclusion chromatogram, 18
Solubility crucibles, 58
Solubility test, 170
asphalt cements, 5658
Solubility use, in asphalt specifications,
199200
SP apparatus, 156
Specific gravity, 214
Specific gravity calculations, 215216
Specific gravity test, asphalt
cements, 58
Specific heat, 218
SSF. See steady shear flow procedure
Standard emulsified asphalt grades, 124
Steady shear flow procedure, 211213
Storage temperatures, 181182
Strategic Highway Research Program, 17
T
T&T equipment and operation, 175
T&T output, 176
Tank measurements, 216217
Temperature-viscosity example,
for mixing and compaction
temperatures, 208
Temperature-viscosity graph, 210
calculations, 214215
density, 214
specific gravity, 214
tank measurements, 216217
Testing variability
asphalt binder tests, 187191
dispute resolution, 187195
overview, 183
repeatability, 185186
reproducibility, 185186
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 TFOT. See Thin-Film Oven Test
Thermal conductivity, of asphalt
binders, 218
Thermal cracking, PG
specification, 101104
Thermal effects, 28
Thin-Film Oven Test, 50
Time-temperature superposition, 25
TLA. See Trinidad Lake asphalts
TLA composition, and particle size
distribution, 5
Toughness and tenacity test, 174
Trimming ductility specimen, 55
Trinidad Lake asphalts, 45
U WMA. See warm-mix asphalt
Viscosity grading, 62
Viscosity procedure, 207210
Viscosity tests, asphalt cements
absolute viscosity tests, 3941
apparent viscosity tests, 4345
kinematic viscosity tests, 4143
Viscosity vs. SSF procedure, 213
Viscosity-graded specification, asphalt
cements, 6063
W
Warm-mix asphalt, 206
Water, 125
Waterproofing, 154

Undersealing, 154

V
Vapor pressure, storage
temperatures, 218
Variability, in asphalt binder tests,
187191
Viscosity comparison, phase angle
procedure, 213

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