Ner Reactive Power Management Manual 2014

One Nation.
One Grid
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT

&
VOLTAGE CONTROL
IN
NORTH EASTERN REGION
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Powergrid)
(A GOVT. OF INDIA UNDERTAKING)
NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
SHILLONG
Edition
December 2014
Prepared by: System Operation - I department

REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT AND VOLTAGE CONTROL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
1 Reactive Power Management and Voltage Control 6

1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Analogy of Reactive Power 8
1.3 Understanding Vectorially 10
1.4 Voltage Stability 11
1.5 Voltage Collapse 12
1.6 Proximity to Instability 13
1.7 Reactive reserve margin 14
1.8 NER GRID OVERVIEW 17
1.9 Reliability improvement due to local voltage regulation 20
2 Transmission Lines and Reactive Power Compensation 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Surge impedance loading (SIL) 23
2.3 Shunt compensation in line 23
2.4 Line loading as function of line length and compensation 24
3 Series and Shunt Capacitor Voltage Control 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 MeSEB capacity building and training document suggestion 41
3.3 THE ASSAM GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY, FEBRUARY 10, 2005 41
4 Transformer Load Tap Changer and Voltage Control 44
4.1 Introduction 44
5 HVDC and Voltage Control 57
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 HVDC Configuration 57
5.3 Reactive power source 60
5.4 Inter-regional Transmission system for power export from
NER to NR/WR 60
6 FACTS and Voltage Control 61
6.1 Introduction 61
6.2 Static Var Compensator (SVC) 61
6.3 Converter-based Compensator 62
6.4 Series-connected controllers 63
Page 1 of 103
7 Generator Reactive Power and Voltage Control 64

7.1 Introduction 64
7.2 Synchronous condensers 66
8 CONCLUSION 91
9 SUMMARY 89
10 Statutory Provisions for Reactive Power Management and
Voltage Control 94
10.1 Provision in the Central Electricity Authority (Technical 94

Standard for connectivity to the grid) Regulations 2007 [8]:
10.2 Provision in the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC), 2010 94
11. Bibliography 103
Details of List
LIST-1: 400 KV LINE DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 26

LIST-2: 400 KV LINE (CHARGED AT 220 KV) DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH
EASTERN REGION 26
LIST-5: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF NEEPCO IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 28
LIST-6: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF AEGCL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 29
LIST-7: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MANIPUR IN NORTH EAST 29
LIST-8: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF TSECL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 31
LIST-9: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF NAGALAND IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 31
LIST-10: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MIZORAM IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 32
LIST-11: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MeECL IN NORTH EAST 32
LIST-12: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN NORTH EAST 32
LIST-13: 66 KV LINE DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION 33
LIST-14: SHUNT COMPENSATED LINES IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 34
LIST-15: SHUNT COMPENSATED INTER REGIONAL LINES IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 35
LIST-16: INTER-STATE LINE DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION 35
LIST-17: FIXED, SWITCHABLE AND CONVERTIBLE LINE REACTORS IN NORTH EASTERN
REGION 36
LIST-18: BUS REACTORS IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 37
LIST-19: TERTIARY REACTORS ON 33 KV SIDE OF 400/220/33 KV ICTS IN NORTH EASTERN
REGION 39
LIST-20: SUBSTATIONS IN NER 39
LIST-21: SHUNT CAPACITOR DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION 42
LIST-22: ICT DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 46
LIST-23: ICT DETAILS OF NEEPCO IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 46
LIST-24: ICT DETAILS OF NHPC IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 47
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LIST-25: ICT DETAILS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 47

LIST-26: ICT DETAILS OF AEGCL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 47
LIST-27: ICT DETAILS OF MANIPUR IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 52
LIST-28: ICT DETAILS OF MeECL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 52
LIST-29: ICT DETAILS OF MIZORAM IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 53
LIST-30: ICT DETAILS OF NAGALAND IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 54
LIST-31: ICT DETAILS OF TSECL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 55
LIST-32: ICT DETAILS OF OTPC IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 56
LIST-33: TRANSMISSION/TRANSFORMATION/VAR COMPENSATION CAPACITY OF NER 56
List of Figures
Fig1. Voltage and Current waveforms 6
Fig2. Power Triangle 7
Fig3. Boat pulled by a Horse 8
Fig4. Direction of pull 8
Fig5. Vector representation of the analogy 8
Fig6. LABYRINTSPEL 9
Fig7. Vector representation 10
Fig8. Time frames for voltage stability phenomena 13
Fig9. PV curve and voltage stability margin under different conditions 14
Fig10. Average cost of reactive power technologies 16
Fig11. NER grid map 17
Fig12. SIL vs. Compensation 24
Fig13. Switching principles of LTC 44
Fig14. HVDC fundamental components 59
Fig15. Static VAR Compensators (SVC) 62
Fig16. STATCOM topologies 62
Fig17. Series-connected FACTS controllers 63
Fig18. D-Curve of a typical Generator 64
Annexure: Capability Curve of generating machines of NER
1 LTPS UNIT 5, 6 & 7 CAPABILITY CURVE 67

2 NTPS UNIT 1, 2 & 3 CAPABILITY CURVE 68
3 NTPS UNIT 4 CAPABILITY CURVE 69
4 NTPS UNIT 6 CAPABILITY CURVE 70
5 LTPS CAPABILITY CURVE 71
6 NTPS CAPABILITY CURVE 72
7 UMIUM ST I CAPABILITY CURVE 73
8 UMIUM STAGE II CAPABILITY CURVE 74
9 UMIUM STAGE III CAPABILITY CURVE 75
10 UMIUM STAGE IV CAPABILITY CURVE 76
11 AGBPP UNIT 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 CAPABILITY CURVE 77
12 AGBPP UNIT 1, 2, 3 & 4 CAPABILITY CURVE 78
13 AGTPP CAPABILITY CURVE 79
14 DOYANG HEP UNIT 1 CAPABILITY CURVE 80
15 KHANDONG HEP UNIT 2 CAPABILITY CURVE 81
16 KOPILI HEP UNIT 1 CAPABILITY CURVE 82
17 KOPILI HEP UNIT 2 CAPABILITY CURVE 83
18 KOPILI HEP ST II CAPABILITY CURVE 84
19 RANGANADI HEP CAPABILITY CURVE 85
Page 3 of 103
20 LOKTAK HEP CAPABILITY CURVE 86

21 ROKHIA UNIT 3, 4 & 6 CAPABILITY CURVE 87
22 ROKHIA & BARAMURA CAPABILITY CURVE 88
23 OTPC PALATANA GTG CAPABILITY CURVE 89
24 OTPC PALATANA STG CAPABILITY CURVE 90
List of Tables
Table 1 Reactive power compensation sources 16

Table 2 Fault level at important sub-stations of NER 19
Table 3 Line Parameters and Surge Impedance Loading of Different Conductor Type 25
Table 4 Equipment preference 40
Table 5 List of units in NER to be normally operated with free governor
action and AVR in service 66
Table 6 IEGC Operating Voltage Range 97
Page 4 of 103
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Quality of power to the stakeholders is the question of the hour worldwide.

Enactment of several regulations viz. IE act 2003, ABT, Open access regulations,
IEGC, DSM and several other amendments are in the direction towards
improvement of system reliability and power quality.
It is also significant to mention that due to the massive load growth in the country,
the existing power networks are operated under greater stress with transmission
lines carrying power near their limits. Increase in the complexity of network and
being loaded non-uniformly has increased its vulnerability to grid disturbances due
to abnormal voltages (High and Low). In the past, reason for many a black outs
across the world have been attributed to this cause.
Three objectives dominate reactive power management. Firstly, maintaining

adequate voltage throughout the transmission system under normal and
contingency conditions. Secondly, minimizing congestion of real power flows.
Thirdly, minimizing real power losses. Also with dynamic ATCs, var
compensation, congestion charges, if not seriously thought, it may have serious
commercial implications in times to come due to the amount of bulk power transfer
across the country.
Highlights of the rolling year vis--vis NER grid includes commissioning of 400 kV
Azara Silchar S/C, 400/220 kV 315 MVA ICT I & II at Azara, 400 kV Balipara
Bongaigaon III & IV with convertible line reactors at both the ends, 400 kV
Bongaigaon Siliguri III & IV inter-regional lines have led to reinforcement in the
NER grid elements and greater options of controlling grid parameters. With the
increase in controllability compared to earlier years, grid operation has been
smooth and grid parameters were maintained within the prescribed IEGC limits.
This manual is in continuation to the previous edition to understand the basics of

reactive power and its management towards voltage control, its significance and
consequences of inadequate reactive power support. It also includes details of
reactive power support available at present and efforts by planners from future
perspective in respect of NER grid.
Page 5 of 103
1 Reactive Power Management and Voltage

Control
1.1 Introduction
W
1.1.1 hat is Reactive Power ? Reactive power is a concept used by
engineers to describe the background energy movement in
an Alternating Current (AC) system arising from the production of
electric and magnetic fields. These fields store energy which changes
through each AC cycle. Devices which store energy by virtue of a
magnetic field produced by a flow of current are said to absorb reactive
power (viz. transformers, Reactors) and those which store energy by
virtue of electric fields are said to generate reactive power (viz.
Capacitors).
1.1.2 Power flows, both actual and potential, must be carefully controlled for a
power system to operate within acceptable voltage limits. Reactive power
flows can give rise to substantial voltage changes across the system,
which means that it is necessary to maintain reactive power balances
between sources of generation and points of demand on a 'zonal basis'.
Unlike system frequency, which is consistent throughout an
interconnected system, voltages experienced at points across the system
form a "voltage profile" which is uniquely related to local generation and
demand at that instant, and is also affected by the prevailing system
network arrangements.
1.1.3 In an interconnected AC grid,

the voltages and currents
alternate up and down 50
times per second (not
necessarily at the same time).
In that sense, these are
pulsating quantities. Because
of this, the power being
transmitted down a single line
also pulsates - although it
goes up and down 100 times
per second rather than 50.
Fig 1. Voltage and Current waveforms
Page 6 of 103
1.1.4 To distinguish reactive power from real power, we use the reactive power
unit called VAR - which stands for Volt-Ampere-Reactive (Q). Normally
electric power is generated, transported and consumed in alternating
current (AC) networks. Elements of AC systems supply (or produce) and
consume (or absorb or lose) two kinds of power: real power and reactive
power.
1.1.5 Real power accomplishes useful work (e.g., runs motors and lights
lamps). Reactive power supports the voltages that must be controlled for
system reliability. In AC power networks, while active power corresponds
to useful work, reactive power supports voltage magnitudes that are
controlled for system reliability, voltage stability, and operational
acceptability.
1.1.6 VAR Management? It is defined as the control of generator voltages,

variable transformer tap settings, compensation, switchable shunt
capacitor and reactor banks plus allocation of new shunt capacitor and
reactor banks in a manner that best achieves a reduction in system
losses and/or voltage control.
1.1.7 Although active power can be transported over long distances, reactive
power is difficult to transmit, since the reactance of transmission lines is
often 4 to 10 times higher than the resistance of the lines. When the
transmission system is heavily loaded, the active power losses in the
transmission system are also high. Reactive power (vars) is required to
maintain the voltage to deliver active power (watts) through transmission
lines. When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags down
and it is not possible to push the power demanded by loads through the
lines. Reactive power supply is necessary in the reliable operation of AC
power systems. Several recent power outages worldwide may have been
a result of an inadequate reactive power supply which subsequently led
to voltage collapse.
1.1.8 Voltage and current may not pulsate up and

down at the same time. When the voltage and
current do go up and down at the same time,
only real power is transmitted. When the
voltage and current go up and down at
different times, reactive power is also gets
transmitted. How much reactive power and
which direction it is flowing on a transmission
line depend on how different these two items
are. Fig 2. Power Triangle
Page 7 of 103
Although AC voltage and current pulsate at the same frequency, they

peak at a different time. Power is the algebraic product of voltage and
current. Over a cycle, power has an average value, called real power (P),
measured in volt-amperes, or watts. There is also a portion of power with
zero average value that is called reactive power (Q), measured in volt-
amperes reactive, or vars. The total power is called apparent power or
Complex power, measured in volt-amperes, or VA.
1.2 Analogy of Reactive Power

1.2.1 Why an analogy? Reactive Power is an essential aspect of the electricity
system, but one that is difficult to comprehend by a lay man. The horse
and the boat analogy best describe the Reactive Power aspect.
Visualize a boat on a canal, pulled by a horse on the bank of the canal.
Fig 3. Boat pulled by a Horse Fig 4. Direction of pull
In actual the horse is not in front of the boat to do a meaningful work of

pulling it in a straight path. Due to the balancing compensation by the
rudder of the boat, the boat is made to move in a straight manner rather
deviating towards the bank. This is in line with the understanding of the
reactive power.
Fig 5. Vector representation of the analogy
Page 8 of 103 W
1.2.1 In the horse and boat analogy, the horses objective (real power) is to
move the boat straightly. The fact that the rope is being pulled from the
flank of the horse and not straight behind it, limits the horses capacity to
deliver real work of moving straightly. Therefore, the power required to
keep the boat steady in navigating straightly is delivered by the rudder
movement (reactive power). Without reactive power there can be no
transfer of real power, likewise without the support of rudder, the boat
cannot move in a straight line.
1.2.2 Reactive power is like the bouncing up and down that happens when we
walk on a trampoline. Because of the nature of the trampoline, that up-
down bouncing is an essential part of our forward movement across the
trampoline, even though it appears to be movement in the opposite
direction.
1.2.3 Reactive power and real power work together in the way thats illustrated
very well by the labyrinth puzzle, LABYRINTSPEL:
The description of the puzzle begins to

show why this game represents the
relationship between real and reactive
power:
The intent is to manipulate a steel ball
(1.2cm in diameter) through the maze by
rotating the knobs without letting the ball
fall into one of the holes before it reaches
the end of the maze. If a ball does fall
prematurely into a hole, a slanted floor
inside the box returns the ball to the user in
the trough on the lower right corner of the
box.
Fig 6. LABYRINTSPEL
1.2.4 The Objective is to twist the two knobs to adjust the angle of the platform
in two directions, in order to keep the ball rolling through the maze
without falling into any holes. Those twists are REACTIVE POWER, which
helps propel the real power through to its ultimate goal, which is delivery
to the user. Without reactive power, ball falls into holes along the way,
which are NETWORK failures.
1.2.5 Both of these examples illustrate how important it is to understand the

system and how it works in order to meet our objectives effectively. In the
LABYRINTSPEL game, if the structure of the system is not taken into
account, winning would be really easy because one knob would be turned
Page 9 of 103
all the way in one direction, and the other knob all the way in the other
direction, and the ball would merely roll across the platform. If thats the
model how electricity works, then that would deliver the electrons to the
end user in the form of real power. But in the game, on the trampoline,
and in the electric power network, the system has more going on that
means its essential to do things that seem counterintuitive, like bouncing
up and down on the trampoline or turning the platform in the game
towards west to avoid the hole to the east, even though we have to go
east to win.
1.2.6 In electric power, the counterintuitive thing about reactive power is to use
some power along the path to balance the flow of electrons and the
circuits. Otherwise, the electricity just flows from the generator to the
largest consumer (thats Kirchhoffs law, basically). In this sense, reactive
power is like water pressure in a water network.
1.2.7 LABYRINTSPEL game and the trampoline are good examples that they
capture the fact that mathematically, real power and reactive power are
pure conjugates.
1.3 Understanding Vectorially

1.3.1 In practice circuits are invariably combinations of resistance, inductance
and capacitance. The combined effect of these impedances to the flow of
current is most easily assessed by expressing the power flows as vectors
that show the angular relationship between the powers waveforms
associated with each type of impedance. Figure 7 shows how the vectors
can be resolved to determine the net capacity of the circuit needed to
transfer the power requirements of the connected equipment.
1.3.2 The useful power that can be drawn

from the electricity distribution
system is represented by the vertical
vector in the diagram and is
measured in kilowatts (kW).The
reactive or wattless power that is a
consequence of the inductive load in
the circuit is represented by the
horizontal vector to the right and the
reactive power attributable to the
circuit capacitance by the horizontal
vector to the left. These are
measured in kilovars (kVAr).
Fig 7. Vector representation
Page 10 of 103
1.3.3 The resolution of these vectors, which is the diagonal vector in the
diagram is the capacity required to transmit the active power, and is
measured in kilovolts-ampere (kVA). The ratio of the kW to kVA is the
cosine of the angle in the diagram shown as theta, and is referred to as
the power factor.
1.3.4 When the net impedance of the circuit is solely resistance, so that the
inductance and capacitance exactly cancel each other out, then the angle
theta becomes zero and the circuit has a power factor of unity. The circuit
is now operating at its highest efficiency for transferring useful power.
However, as a net reactive power emerges the angle theta starts to
increase and its cosine falls.
1.3.5 At low power factors the magnitude of the kVA vector is significantly
greater than the real power or kW vector. Since distribution assets such
as cables, lines and transformers must be sized to meet the kVA
requirement, but the useful power drawn by the customer is the kW
component, a significant cost emerges from having to over-size the
distribution system to accommodate the substantial amount of reactive
power that is associated with the active power flow.
1.4 Voltage Stability

1.4.1 Power flows, both actual and potential, must be carefully controlled for a
power system to operate within acceptable voltage limits and vice versa.
Not only is reactive power necessary to operate the transmission system
reliably, but it can also substantially improve the efficiency with which
real power is delivered to customers. Increasing reactive power
production at certain locations (usually near a load center) can
sometimes alleviate transmission constraints and allow cheaper real
power to be delivered into a load pocket.
1.4.2 Voltage control (keeping voltage within defined limits) in an electric

power system is Important for proper operation of electric power
equipment and saving it from imminent damage, to reduce transmission
losses and to maintain the ability of the system to withstand disturbances
and prevent voltage collapse. In general terms, decreasing reactive power
causes voltages to fall, while increasing reactive power causes voltages
to rise. A voltage collapse occurs when the system is trying to serve
much more load than the voltage can support.
1.4.3 As voltage drops, current must increase to maintain the power supplied,
causing the lines to consume more reactive power and the voltage to
drop further. If current increases too much, transmission lines trip, or go
off-line, overloading other lines and potentially causing cascading
Page 11 of 103
failures. If voltage drops too low, some generators will automatically

disconnect to protect themselves.
1.4.4 Usually the causes of under voltages are:

Overloading of supply transformers
Inadequate short circuit level in the point of supply
Excessive voltage drop across a long feeder
Poor power factor of the connected load
Remote system faults , while they are being cleared
Interval in re-closing of an auto-reclosure
Starting of large HP induction motors
1.4.5 If the declines continue, these voltage reductions cause additional

elements to trip, leading to further reduction in voltage and loss of load.
The result is a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage, all
because the power system is unable to provide the reactive power
required to supply the reactive power demand.
1.5 Voltage Collapse

1.5.1 When voltages in an area are significantly low or blackout occurs due to
the cascading events accompanying voltage instability, the problem is
considered to be a voltage collapse phenomenon. Voltage collapse
normally takes place when a power system is heavily loaded and/or has
limited reactive power to support the load. The limiting factor could be the
lack of reactive power (SVC and generators hit limits) production or the
inability to transmit reactive power through the transmission lines.
1.5.2 The main limitation in the transmission lines is the loss of large amounts
of reactive power and also line outages, which limit the transfer capacity
of reactive power through the system.
1.5.3 In the early stages of analysis, voltage collapse was viewed as a static
problem but it is now considered to be a non linear dynamic
phenomenon. The dynamics in power systems involve the loads, and
voltage stability is directly related to the loads. Hence, voltage stability is
also referred to as load stability.
1.5.4 There are other factors which also contribute to voltage collapse, and
are as below:
Increase in load
Action of tap changing transformers
Load recovery dynamics
Page 12 of 103
All these factors play a significant part in voltage collapse as they effect
the transmission, consumption, and generation of reactive power.
Usually voltage stability is categorized into two parts
Large disturbance voltage stability

Small disturbance voltage stability
Fig 8. Time frames for voltage stability phenomena
1.5.5 When a large disturbance occurs, the ability of the system to maintain
acceptable voltages falls due to the impact of the disturbance. Ability to
maintain voltages is dependent on the system and load characteristics,
and the interactions of both the continuous and the discrete controls and
protections. Similarly, the ability of the system to maintain voltages after
a small perturbation i.e. incremental change in load is referred to as small
disturbance voltage stability. It is influenced by the load characteristics,
continuous control and discrete controls at a given instant of time.
1.6 Proximity to Instability

1.6.1 Static voltage instability is mainly associated with reactive power
imbalance. Thus, the loadability of a bus in a system depends on the
reactive power support that the bus can receive from the system. As the
system approaches the maximum loading point or voltage collapse point,
both real and reactive power losses increase rapidly.
Page 13 of 103
1.6.2 Therefore, the reactive power supports have to be locally adequate. With
static voltage stability, slowly developing changes in the power system
occur that eventually lead to a shortage of reactive power and declining
voltage.
1.6.3 This phenomenon can be seen from

a plot of power transferred versus Knee
voltage at the receiving end. These point
plots are popularly referred to as
PV curves or Nose curves. As
power transfer increases, the v
voltage at the receiving end
decreases. In the fig(9) eventually, a
critical (nose) point, the point at
which the system reactive power is
out of usage, is reached where any
further increase in active power
transfer will lead to very rapid
decrease in voltage magnitude.
Fig 9. PV curve and Voltage stability margin
under different conditions
1.6.4 Before reaching the critical point, a large voltage drop due to heavy
reactive power losses is observed. The only way to save the system from
voltage collapse is to reduce the reactive power load or add additional
reactive power prior to reaching the point of voltage collapse.
These are curves drawn between V and P of a critical bus at a

constant load power factor.
These are produced by using a series of power flow
solutions for different load levels.
At the knee point or the nose point of the V-P curve, the
voltage drops rapidly with an increase in the load demand.
Power flow solution fails to converge beyond this limit which
indicates the instability.
1.7 Reactive Reserve Margin

1.7.1 The amount of unused available capability of reactive power static as well
as dynamic in the system (at peak load for a utility system) as a
percentage of total capability is known as Reactive reserve margin.
1.7.2 Voltage collapse normally occurs when sources producing reactive

power reach their limits i.e. generators, SVCs or shunt reactors, and there
is not much reactive power to support the load. As reactive power is
Page 14 of 103
directly related to voltage collapse, it can be used as a measure of voltage

stability margin.
1.7.3 The voltage stability margin can be defined as a measure of how close the
system is to voltage instability, and by monitoring the reactive reserves in
the power system, proximity to voltage collapse can be monitored.
1.7.4 In case of reactive reserve criteria, the reactive power reserve of an

individual or group of VAr sources must be greater than some specified
percentage (x %) of their reactive power output under all contingencies.
The precincts where reactive power reserves were exhausted would be
identified as critical areas.
1.7.5 Reactive power requirements over and above those which occur naturally
are provided by an appropriate combination of reactive source/devices
which are normally classified as static and dynamic devices.
STATIC SOURCES: Static sources are typically transmission

and distribution equipments such as Capacitors and
Reactors that are relatively static and can respond to the
changes in voltage support requirements only slowly and
in discrete steps. Devices are inexpensive, but the
associated switches, control, and communications, and their
maintenance, can amount to as much as one third of the total
operations and maintenance budget of a distribution system.
DYNAMIC SOURCES: It includes pure reactive power

compensators like synchronous condensers, Synchronous
generators and solid-state devices such as FACTS, SVC,
STATCOM, D-VAR, and SuperVAR which are normally
dynamic and can respond within cycles to changing reactive
power requirement. These are typically considered as
transmission service devices.
1.7.6 Static devices typically have lower capital costs than dynamic devices,
and from a system point of view, they are used to provide normal or
intact-system voltage support and to adapt to slowly changing
conditions, such as daily load cycles and scheduled transactions. By
contrast, dynamic reactive power sources must be deployed to allow the
transmission system to respond to rapidly changing conditions on the
transmission system, such as sudden loss of generators or transmission
facilities. An appropriate combination of both static and dynamic
resources is needed to ensure reliable operation of the transmission
system at an appropriate level of costs.
Page 15 of 103
1.7.7 Reactive power absorption occurs when current flows through an

inductance. Inductance is found in transmission lines, transformers, and
induction motors etc. The reactive power absorbed by a transmission line
or transformer is proportional to the square of the current.
Sources of Reactive Power Sinks of Reactive Power

Static: Transmission lines (Heavily
Shunt Capacitors loaded)
Filter banks Transformers
Under ground cables Shunt Reactors
Transmission lines (lightly Synchronous machines
loaded) FACTS (e.g.,SVC,STATCOM)
Fuel cells Induction generators (wind
PV systems plants)
Dynamic: Loads
Synchronous Generators Induction motors (Pumps,
Synchronous Condensers Fans etc)
FACTS (e.g.,SVC,STATCOM) Inductive loads (Arc furnace
etc)
Table 1. Reactive power compensation sources
1.7.8 A transmission line also has capacitance. When a small amount of

current is flowing, the capacitance dominates, and the lines have a net
capacitive effect which raises voltage. This happens at night when
current flows/Load is low. During the day, when current flow/load is high,
inductive effect is greater than the capacitance, and the voltage sags.
Fig 10. Average cost of Reactive power technologies
Page 16 of 103
1.8 NER GRID Overview

1.8.1 NER grid with a maximum peak requirement of around 2100 MW and
installed capacity of 2746 MW caters to the seven north eastern states. It
is synchronously connected with NEW GRID through 400 kV QUAD/C
BONGAIGAON NEW SILIGURI, 220 kV D/C BIRPARA SALAKATI and
internationally through 132 kV SALAKATI GELYPHU(Bhutan) and 132 kV
Rangia - Deothang. The bottle neck of operating the NER grid arises
because of the brittle back bone network of about 7666 Ckt Kms of 132
KV lines, 2084 Ckt Kms of 400 KV lines and 2925 Ckt Kms of 220 KV lines
compared to other regional grids.
Fig 11. NER Grid map
1.8.2 Almost 50% of the total NER load is spread out in 132 kV pocket of
southern part of NER which were without the direct support of major EHV
trunk lines. This part of the network was highly sensitive and was
susceptible to grid disturbance in the past and demanded more
operational acumen. Increase in the loading of major 132 kV trunk lines,
in particular 132 kV DIMAPUR IMPHAL S/C,132 kV JIRIBAM LOKTAK
S/C and 132 kV BADARPUR KHLIEHRIAT S/C in peak hours has led to
Page 17 of 103
many a grid incidents in the past in the form of cascade tripping

accompanied by voltage sag. However, with system augmentation grid
incidence in this part of the grid has become a matter of past.
1.8.3 NER system has been strengthened with the commissioning of 400 kV
AZARA Silchar S/C, 400/220 kV 315 MVA ICT I & II, 400 kV Balipara
Bongaigaon III & IV, 400 kV Bongaigaon Siliguri III & IV. With the
availability of greater options, grid operation has been smooth and grid
parameters were maintained within the prescribe IEGC limits.
1.8.4 Relationship between frequency and voltage is a well known fact. Studies
have revealed that though voltage is a localized factor, it is directly
affected by the frequency which is a notional factor. Any lopsidedness in
the demand/generation side leading to fluctuations in NEW grid frequency
affects NER grid immensely, in particular the voltage profile of the grid,
leading to sagging and swelling of voltage heavily during such occasions.
Ironically, NER was synchronously connected with NEW grid for
stretching the transmission capability to reduce the load generation
mismatch of the country.
1.8.5 FSCs have been integrated with the NER system in the 400 kV Balipara
Bongaigaon III & IV at Balipara end . It is needed to be seen how far the
+/-800 KV HVDC project in NER which is in the execution stage will help in
maintaining a healthy voltage profile in the region with its reactive reserve
support in the form of filters and capacitor banks.
1.8.6 Presently NER Grid is supported by 2383 MVAr from shunt reactors and
273 MVAr from shunt capacitors spread across the region.
1.8.7 Skewness in the location of hydro stations and load centers in NER is
another obstacle which aggravates the voltage problem further. Lines are
long and pass through difficult terrains to the load centers. Northern part
of NER grid which is well supported by some strong 400 KV and 220 KV
network faces high voltage regime during lean hydro period as the
corridor is not fully utilized and is usually lightly loaded. Supports from
hydro stations in condenser mode are not available for containing low
voltage conditions. D curve optimization is yet to be realized fully due to
technical glitches.
1.8.8 Reactive power management and voltage control are two aspects of a
single activity that both supports reliability and facilitates commercial
transaction across transmission network. Controlling reactive power flow
can reduce losses and congestion on the transmission system.
Page 18 of 103
1.8.9 Operationally in NER, Voltage is normally controlled by managing

production and absorption of reactive power in real time :
Switching in and out of Line reactance compensators such

as capacitors and shunt reactors (Line/Bus Reactors) as and
when system demands in co-operation with the constituents
and the CTU.
Circuit switching: Mostly one circuit of the lightly loaded d/c
line is kept open keeping in mind the n-1 criterion during
high voltage and high frequency period. Voltage differences
as well as fault level of stations are taken into account before
any switching operation of circuits.
Fault levels of major substation in NER are as below:
Three Phase Fault Level (Minimum Fault Level with IEC) of Major Sub-Stations of NER
Off Peak Peak

Bus 3 Fault 3 Fault
3 Fault MVA 3 Fault MVA
Current in kA Current in kA
400 kV Substations
Azara (Mirza) 3.2 2238 3.2 2217

Balipara 5.9 4093 6.0 4178
Bongaigaon 8.2 5716 8.1 5606
Byrnihat 3.5 2403 3.4 2384
Misa 5.6 3851 5.6 3902
Palatana 4.3 2977 4.3 2966
Ranganadi 3.8 2637 4.0 2757
Silchar 4.8 3222 4.6 3189
220 kV Substations
AGBPP
(Kathalguri) 5.6 2132 5.5 2103
Agia 6.6 2497 6.3 2418
Azara (Mirza) 6.3 2383 6.2 2355
Balipara 6.3 2397 6.4 2426
Boko 4.8 1841 4.8 1818
BTPS 9.3 3543 8.7 3306
Byrnihat 6.7 2566 6.7 2540
Dimapur (PG) 4.5 1716 4.6 1738
Kopili 8.5 3252 8.5 3238
Page 19 of 103
Langpi 3.8 1438 3.8 1437

Mariani (AS) 5.1 1931 5.0 1902
Mariani (PG) 3.1 1193 3.1 1189
Misa 11.9 4537 11.9 4554
NTPS 4.2 1601 4.1 1573
Salakati 9.5 3630 8.9 3377
Samaguri 9.5 3629 9.6 3643
Sarusajai 5.8 2207 5.8 2201
Tinsukia 5.0 1920 4.9 1888
132 kV Substations
Silchar 10.1 2315 9.9 2273
Badarpur 9.3 2134 9.1 2080
Khandong 8.2 1864 7.7 1772
Khlierihat 7.8 1792 6.9 1576
AGTPP (RC
Nagar) 7.5 1716 7.5 1723
Kumarghat 5.7 1303 5.7 1306
Dimapur (PG) 5.6 1273 5.7 1306
Jiribam 4.4 1006 4.5 1032
Nirjuli 4.4 1000 4.6 1047
Loktak 3.2 732 3.7 847
Haflong 3.2 734 3.2 730
Doyang 3.2 738 3.3 748
Balipara 3.1 720 3.2 735
Aizawl 2.8 646 2.8 652
Table 2. Fault level at important Sub-Stations of NER
The generating units provide the basic means of voltage

control: The automatic voltage regulators (AVR) control field
excitation to maintain the scheduled voltage levels at the
terminals of the generators. In real time operation, connected
generation should never be on reactive generation or
absorption limits.
By generation re-dispatch/rescheduling.
Regulating voltage with the help of OLTCs.
By load staggering/shedding.
Page 20 of 103
1.9 Reliability Improvement Due to Local Voltage Regulation

1.9.1 Local voltage regulation to a voltage schedule supplied by the utility can
have a very beneficial effect on overall system reliability, reducing the
problems caused by voltage dips on distribution circuits such as
dimming lights, slowing or stalling motors, dropout of contactors and
solenoids, and shrinking television pictures.
1.9.2 In past years a voltage drop would inherently reduce load, helping the
situation. Light bulbs would dim and motors would slow down with
decreasing voltage. Dimmer lights and slower motors typically draw less
power, so the situation was in a certain sense self-correcting. With
modern loads, this situation is changing.
1.9.3 Today many incandescent bulbs are being replaced with compact
fluorescent lights, LED lamps that draw constant power as voltage
decreases, and motors are being powered with adjustable-speed drives
that maintain a constant speed as voltage decreases. In addition, voltage
control standards are rather unspecific, and there is a tremendous
opportunity for an improvement in efficiency and reliability from better
voltage regulation. Capacitors supply reactive power to boost voltage, but
their effect is dramatically diminished as voltage dips.
1.9.4 Capacitor effectiveness is proportional to the square of the voltage, so at

80% voltage, capacitors are only 64% as effective as they are at normal
conditions. As voltage continues to drop, the capacitor effect falls off
until voltage collapses. The reactive power supplied by an inverter is
dynamic, it can be controlled very rapidly, and it does not drop off with a
decrease in voltage. Distribution systems that allow customers to supply
dynamic reactive power to regulate voltage could be a tremendous asset
to system reliability and efficiency by expanding the margin to voltage
collapse.
Page 21 of 103
2 TRANSMISSION LINES AND REACTIVE

POWER COMPENSATION
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 In moving power from generators to loads, the transmission network
introduces both real and reactive losses. Housekeeping loads at
substations (such as security lighting and space conditioning) and
transformer excitation losses are roughly constant (i.e., independent of
the power flows on the transmission system). Transmission-line losses,
on the other hand, depend strongly on the amount of power being
transmitted.
2.1.2 Real-power losses arise because aluminum and copper (the materials
most often used for transmission lines) are not perfect conductors; they
have resistance. The consumption of reactive power by transmission
lines increases with the square of current i.e., the transmission of reactive
power requires an additional demand for reactive power in the system
components.
2.1.3 The reactive-power nature of transmission lines is associated with the

geometry of the conductors themselves (primarily the radius of the
conductor) and the geometry of the conductor configuration (the
distances between each conductor and ground and the distances among
conductors).
2.1.4 The reactive-power behavior of transmission lines is complicated by their

inductive and capacitive characteristics. At low line loadings, the
capacitive effect dominates, and generators and transmission-related
reactive equipment must absorb reactive power to maintain line voltages
within their appropriate limits. On the other hand, at high line loadings,
the inductive effect dominates, and generators, capacitors, and other
reactive devices must produce reactive power
2.1.5 The thermal limit is the loading point (in MVA) above which real power
losses in the equipment will overheat and damage the equipment. Most
transmission elements (e.g., conductors and transformers) have normal
thermal limits below which the equipment can operate indefinitely without
any damage. These types of equipment also have one or more emergency
limits to which the equipment can be loaded for several hours with
minimal reduction in the life of the equipment.
Page 22 of 103
2.1.6 If uncompensated, these line losses reduce the amount of real power that
can be transmitted from generators to loads. Transmission-line capacity
decreases as the line length increases if there is no voltage support
(injection or absorption of reactive power) on the line. At short distances,
the lines capacity is limited by thermal considerations; at intermediate
distances the limits are related to voltage drop; and beyond roughly 300
to 350 miles, stability limits dominate.
2.2 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)

2.2.1 Transmission lines and cables generate and consume reactive power at
the same time. The reactive power generation is almost constant,
because the voltage of the line is usually constant, and the lines reactive
power consumption depends on the current or load connected to the line
that is variable. So at the heavy load conditions transmission lines
consume reactive power, decreasing the line voltage, and in the low load
conditions generate, increasing line voltage.
2.2.2 The case when lines reactive power produced by the line capacitance is
equal to the reactive power consumed by the line inductance is called
natural loading or surge impedance loading (SIL) , meaning that the line
provides exactly the amount of MVAr needed to support its voltage. The
balance point at which the inductive and capacitive effects cancel each
other is typically about 40% of the lines thermal capacity. Lines loaded
above SIL consume reactive power, while lines loaded below SIL supply
reactive power.
2.2.3 A 400 kV, line generates approximately 55 MVAR per 100 km/Ckt, when it
is idle charged due to line charging susceptance. This implies a 300 km
line generates about 165 MVAR when it is idle charged.
2.3 Shunt Compensation in Line

2.3.1 Normally there are two types of shunt reactors Line reactor and bus
reactor. Line reactors functionality is to avoid the switching and load
rejection over voltages where as Bus reactors are used to avoid the
steady state over voltage during light load conditions.
2.3.2 The degree of compensation is decided by an economic point of view

between the capitalized cost of compensator and the capitalized cost of
reactive power from supply system over a period of time. In practice a
compensator such as a bank of capacitors (or inductors) can be divided
into parallel sections, each Switched separately, so that discrete changes
Page 23 of 103
in the compensating reactive power may be made, according to the

requirements of the load.
2.3.3 Reasons for the application of shunt capacitor units are :
Increase voltage level at the load

Improves voltage regulation if the capacitor units are
properly switched.
Reduces I2R power loss in the system because of reduction
in current.
Increases power factor of the source generator.
Decrease kVA loading on the source generators and circuits
to relieve an overloaded condition or release capacity for
additional load growth.
By reducing kVA loading on the source generators additional
kilowatt loading may be placed on the generation if turbine
capacity is available.
2.4 Line loading as function of Line Length and Compensation

2.4.1 The operating limits
for transmission lines
may be taken as
minimum of thermal
rating of conductors
and the maximum
permissible line
loadings derived from
St. Clairs curve.
SIL given in table
above is for
uncompensated line. If k
is the compensation
then:
For a shunt
compensated line:
SIL modified =SIL x (1-k)
For a series
compensated line: Fig 12. SIL VS Compensation
SIL modified=SIL/ (1- k)
Further to take into account the line length one needs to multiple the
modified SIL with the multiplying factor derived from St. Clair's
curve.The derived steady state limit for a line would be = SIL modified x
factor from St. Clair's curve.
Page 24 of 103
Page 25 of 103
LIST-1: 400 KV LINE DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION
SR.
FROM TO UTILITY KM CKT CONDUCTOR
NO.
ACSR TWIN
AZARA SILCHAR NETCL 264 1
1 MOOSE
ACSR
BALIPARA MISA POWERGRID 95.4 1
2 MOOSE/AACSR
ACSR
BALIPARA MISA POWERGRID 95.4 2
3 MOOSE/AACSR
4 BALIPARA RANAGANADI POWERGRID 166.3 1 ACSR MOOSE
5 BALIPARA RANAGANADI POWERGRID 166.3 2 ACSR MOOSE
ACSR TWIN
BONGAIGAON BALIPARA POWERGRID 289.8 1
6 MOOSE
ACSR TWIN
7 MOOSE
AAAC QUAD
8 MOOSE
AAAC QUAD
9 MOOSE
10 BONGAIGAON BTPS POWERGRID 3.1 1 TWIN MOOSE
11 BONGAIGAON BTPS POWERGRID 3.1 2 TWIN MOOSE

NEW
ACSR TWIN
BONGAIGAON SILIGURI POWERGRID 218 1
12 MOOSE
(BINAGURI)
NEW
ACSR TWIN
MOOSE
13 (BINAGURI)
NEW
AAAC QUAD
MOOSE
14 (BINAGURI)
NEW
AAAC QUAD
15 MOOSE
(BINAGURI)
ACSR TWIN
BYRNIHAT SILCHAR NETCL 217.14 1
16 MOOSE
ACSR TWIN
PALLATANA SILCHAR NETCL 246 1
17 MOOSE
ACSR TWIN
PALLATANA SILCHAR NETCL 246 2
18 MOOSE
LIST-2: 400 KV LINE (CHARGED AT 220 KV) DETAILS OF NORTH

EASTERN REGION
SR.
NO.
ACSR TWIN
1 MARIANI KATHALGURI POWERGRID 162.9 1
MOOSE
Page 26 of 103
NEW ACSR TWIN

2 MISA POWERGRID 222.7 1
MARIANI MOOSE
ACSR TWIN
3 MISA MARIANI POWERGRID 220.0 1
MOOSE
NEW ACSR TWIN
4 KATHALGURI POWERGRID 160.5 1
MARIANI MOOSE
LIST-3: 400 KV LINE CHARGED AT 132 KV
SR.
NO.
SURJAMANIN ACSR TWIN
1 PALATANA POWERGRID 37 1
AGAR MOOSE
SR.
NO.
1 AGIA AZARA AEGCL 1.0 1 AAAC ZEBRA
2 AGIA BOKO AEGCL 70.0 1 AAAC ZEBRA
3 AGIA BTPS AEGCL 67.0 1 AAAC ZEBRA
4 AGIA BTPS AEGCL 67.0 2 AAAC ZEBRA
5 AZARA BOKO AEGCL 38 1 AAAC ZEBRA
6 AZARA SARUSAJAI AEGCL 48 1 AAAC ZEBRA
7 BALIPARA SAMAGURI AEGCL 55.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
8 BONGAIGAON SALAKATI POWERGRID 5.4 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
ARUNACHAL
DEOMALI KATHALGURI 19.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
9 PRADESH
10 KATHALGURI TINSUKIA AEGCL 22.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
11 KATHALGURI TINSUKIA AEGCL 22.0 2 SINGLE ZEBRA
12 MISA DIMAPUR POWERGRID 121.9 1 ACSR ZEBRA
13 MISA DIMAPUR POWERGRID 121.9 2 ACSR ZEBRA
14 MISA KOPILI POWERGRID 72.8 1 ACSR ZEBRA
15 MISA KOPILI POWERGRID 72.8 2 ACSR ZEBRA
16 MISA KOPILI POWERGRID 75.9 3 AAAC ZEBRA
17 MISA BYRNIHAT MeECL 115.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
18 MISA BYRNIHAT MeECL 115.0 2 SINGLE ZEBRA
19 NTPS TINSUKIA AEGCL 40.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
20 NTPS TINSUKIA AEGCL 40.0 2 SINGLE ZEBRA
BIRPARA
SALAKATI POWERGRID 160.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
21 (ER)
BIRPARA
SALAKATI POWERGRID 160.0 2 SINGLE ZEBRA
22 (ER)
23 SALAKATI BTPS AEGCL 2.7 1 ACSR ZEBRA
24 SALAKATI BTPS POWERGRID 2.7 2 ACSR ZEBRA
Page 27 of 103
JAWAHARN
25 SAMAGURI AEGCL 120 1 AAAC ZEBRA
AGAR
26 SAMAGURI MARIANI AEGCL 164.0 1 AAAC DEER
27 SAMAGURI MISA POWERGRID 34.4 1 ACSR ZEBRA
28 SAMAGURI MISA POWERGRID 34.4 2 ACSR ZEBRA
JAWAHARN
29 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 10 1 AAAC ZEBRA
AGAR
30 SARUSAJAI LANGPI AEGCL 108.0 1 AAAC ZEBRA
31 SARUSAJAI SAMAGURI AEGCL 124.0 2 AAAC ZEBRA
LIST-5: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR.
NO.
1 AIZWAL KOLASIB POWERGRID 66.1 1 AAAC PANTHER
2 AIZWAL ZEMABAWK POWERGRID 7.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 BADARPUR JIRIBAM POWERGRID 67.2 1 AAAC PANTHER
4 BADARPUR KUMARGHAT POWERGRID 118.5 1 AAAC PANTHER
5 BADARPUR PANCHGRAM POWERGRID 1.0 1 AAAC PANTHER
6 BADARPUR KOLASIB POWERGRID 172.3 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 BADARPUR SILCHAR POWERGRID 19 1 ACSR PANTHER
8 BADARPUR SILCHAR POWERGRID 19 2 ACSR PANTHER
9 DIMAPUR DOYANG POWERGRID 92.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
10 DIMAPUR DOYANG POWERGRID 92.5 2 ACSR PANTHER
11 HAFLONG JIRIBAM POWERGRID 100.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
IMPHAL
12 IMPHAL POWERGRID 1.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
(MANIPUR)
13 IMPHAL DIMAPUR POWERGRID 168.9 1 ACSR PANTHER
14 JIRIBAM AIZWAL POWERGRID 170.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
15 JIRIBAM LOKTAK POWERGRID 82.4 2 ACSR PANTHER
16 KHANDONG HAFLONG POWERGRID 64.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
17 KHANDONG KOPILI POWERGRID 10.9 1 ACSR PANTHER
18 KHANDONG KOPILI POWERGRID 10.9 2 ACSR ZEBRA
19 KHLEIHRIAT KHANDONG POWERGRID 42.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
20 KHLEIHRIAT KHANDONG POWERGRID 40.9 2 ACSR PANTHER
21 KHLEIHRIAT BADARPUR POWERGRID 76.6 1 ACSR PANTHER
KHLEIHRIAT ACSR PANTHER
22 KHLEIHRIAT POWERGRID 5.5 1
(MeECL)
23 KUMARGHAT AIZWAL POWERGRID 131.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
24 KUMARGHAT R C NAGAR POWERGRID 104.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID, ACSR PANTHER
25 LEKHI NIRJULI 4 1
DoP,AP
26 LOKTAK IMPHAL POWERGRID 35.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
27 NIRJULI GOHPUR POWERGRID 42.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 28 of 103
28 SURAJMANI ACSR PANTHER

PALLATANA 37 1
NAGAR
29 PANCHGRAM BADARPUR POWERGRID 1.0 1 AAAC PANTHER
30 R C NAGAR AGARTALA POWERGRID 8.4 1 ACSR PANTHER
31 R C NAGAR AGARTALA POWERGRID 8.4 2 ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID,
32 RANGANADI LEKHI 18 3 ACSR PANTHER
DoP,AP
33 RANGANADI ZIRO POWERGRID 44.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
34 RANGIA MOTONGA POWERGRID 49 1 ACSR PANTHER
35 GELYPHU
SALAKATI POWERGRID 49.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
(BHUTAN)
36 SILCHAR SRIKONA POWERGRID 1 1 ACSR PANTHER
37 SILCHAR SRIKONA POWERGRID 1 2 AAAC PANTHER
LIST-6: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF NEEPCO IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR.
NO.
1 BALIPARA BHALUKPANG NEEPCO 35 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 BHALUKPANG KHUPI NEEPCO 32 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 KHUPI KIMI NEEPCO 8 1 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-7: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF AEGCL IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR.
NO.
1 B CHARIALI GOHPUR AEGCL 51.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 BALIPARA DEPOTA AEGCL 28.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 BALIPARA GOHPUR AEGCL 106.0 1 SINGLE ZEBRA
4 BOKAJAN DIMAPUR AEGCL 5.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 BORNAGAR RANGIA AEGCL 86.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
6 CTPS JAGIROAD AEGCL 35.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 DEPOTA B CHARIALI AEGCL 57.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
8 DEPOTA SAMAGURI AEGCL 45.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
9 DHALIGAON BTPS AEGCL 22.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
10 DHALIGAON BTPS AEGCL 22.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
11 DHALIGAON NALBARI AEGCL 106.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
12 DHALIGAON BORNAGAR AEGCL 41.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
ASHOK PAPER ACSR PANTHER
DHALIGAON AEGCL 37.0 1
13 MILL
14 DHALIGAON BRPL AEGCL 1.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
15 DIBRUGARH MORAN AEGCL 36.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
16 DIPHU SANKARDEV NGR AEGCL 72.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
17 DISPUR CTPS AEGCL 29.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 29 of 103
18 GOHPUR N LAKHIMPUR AEGCL 77.0 1 ACSR PANTHER

19 GOHPUR N LAKHIMPUR AEGCL 77.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
20 GOLAGHAT BOKAJAN AEGCL 65.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
21 GOSAIGAON DHALIGAON AEGCL 65.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
22 GOSAIGAON GAURIPUR AEGCL 62.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
23 HAFLONG HAFLONG AEGCL 1.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
24 JAGIROAD HPC AEGCL 5.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
25 JIRIBAM PAILAPOOL AEGCL 15.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
26 JORHAT BOKAKHAT AEGCL 89.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
27 KAHELIPARA NARENGI AEGCL 12.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
28 KAHELIPARA SARUSAJAI AEGCL 4.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
32 KAHELIPARA DISPUR AEGCL 3.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
33 LANKA DIPHU AEGCL 71.6 1 ACSR PANTHER
34 LTPS NTPS AEGCL 60.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
35 LTPS NTPS AEGCL 60.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
36 LTPS NAZIRA AEGCL 22.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
37 LTPS NAZIRA AEGCL 22.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
38 LTPS MARIANI AEGCL 80.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
43 LTPS MORAN AEGCL 39.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
39 MARIANI JORHAT AEGCL 20.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
40 MARIANI JORHAT AEGCL 20.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
41 MARIANI GOLAGHAT AEGCL 45.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
42 MOKOKCHUNG MARIANI AEGCL 19.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
44 N LAKHIMPUR DHEMAJI AEGCL 63.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
45 NALBARI RANGIA AEGCL 22.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
46 NARENGI CTPS AEGCL 20.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
47 NAZIRA SIBSAGAR AEGCL 13.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
48 PANCHGRAM SRIKONA AEGCL 19.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
49 PANCHGRAM SILCHAR AEGCL 30.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
50 RANGIA SISUGRAM AEGCL 33.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
51 RANGIA SIPAJHAR AEGCL 38.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
52 RANGIA KAHELIPARA AEGCL 46.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
53 RANGIA ROWTA AEGCL 108.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
54 ROWTA DEPOTA AEGCL 72.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
55 ROWTA DEPOTA AEGCL 64.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
56 SAMAGURI SANKARDEV NGR AEGCL 61.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
57 SILCHAR DULLAVCHERRA AEGCL 50.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
58 SIPAJHAR ROWTA AEGCL 44.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
59 SISUGRAM KAHELIPARA AEGCL 12.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
60 SRIKONA PAILAPOOL AEGCL 35.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
61 TINSUKIA LEDO AEGCL 53.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
62 TINSUKIA DIBRUGARH AEGCL 53.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 30 of 103
63 TINSUKIA NTPS AEGCL 43.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-8: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MANIPUR IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR.
NO.
1 CHURACHANDPUR KAKCHING MANIPUR 38.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 IMPHAL IMPHAL(PG) MANIPUR 2.3 2 ACSR PANTHER
3 IMPHAL MANIPUR KARONG MANIPUR 60.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
4 KAKCHING KONGBA MANIPUR 45.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 KONGBA YAINGANGPOKPI MANIPUR 33.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
6 LOKTAK NINGTHOUKONG MANIPUR 20.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 LOKTAK RENGPANG MANIPUR 42.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
8 NINGTHOUKONG CHURACHANDPUR MANIPUR 23.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
9 NINGTHOUKONG CHURACHANDPUR MANIPUR 23.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
10 NINGTHOUKONG IMPHAL(PG) MANIPUR 26.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
11 RENGPANG JIRIBAM MANIPUR 40.4 1 ACSR PANTHER
12 YAINGANGPOKPI IMPHAL MANIPUR MANIPUR 42.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-9: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF TSECL IN NORTH
SR.
NO.
1 AGARTALA BODHJ NGR TSECL 8.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 AGARTALA ROKHIA TSECL 35.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 AGARTALA ROKHIA TSECL 35.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
4 BARAMURA GAMAITILLA TSECL 14.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 BODHJ NGR JIRANIA TSECL 7.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
6 DHALABIL AGARTALA TSECL 45.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 GAMAITILLA AMBASA TSECL 25.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
8 JIRANIA BARAMURA TSECL 15.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
9 KAMALPUR DHALABIL TSECL 32.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
10 P K BARI KAILASHOR TSECL 18.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
11 P K BARI KUMARGHAT TSECL 1.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
12 P K BARI AMBASA TSECL 45.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
13 P K BARI KAMALPUR TSECL 31.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
14 P K BARI DHARMA NAGAR TSECL 35.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
15 PALLATANA UDAIPUR TSECL 6 1 ACSR PANTHER
16 ROKHIA UDAIPUR TSECL 40.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 31 of 103
LIST-10: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF NAGALAND IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR. CK
FROM TO UTILITY KM CONDUCTOR
NO. T
1 DIMAPUR DIMAPUR (PGCIL) NAGALAND 1 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 DIMAPUR DIMAPUR (PGCIL) NAGALAND 1 2 ACSR PANTHER
3 DOYANG MOKOKCHUNG NAGALAND 30 1 ACSR PANTHER
4 KOHIMA MELURI NAGALAND 74 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 KOHIMA DIMAPUR (PGCIL) NAGALAND 58 1 ACSR PANTHER
6 KOHIMA WOKHA NAGALAND 58 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 MELURI KIPHIRI NAGALAND 42 1 ACSR PANTHER
8 WOKHA DOYANG NAGALAND 13 1 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-11: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MIZORAM IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR. CK
NO. T
1 ZUANGTUI SAITUAL MIZORAM 50.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 SERCHIP ZUANGTUI MIZORAM 54.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 LUNGLEI SERCHIP MIZORAM 69.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
4 AIZWAL LUANGMUAL MIZORAM 6.7 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 BHAIRABI KOLASIB MIZORAM 30.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-12: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF MeECL IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SR. CK
NO. T
1 AGIA NAGALBIBRA MeECL 92.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
2 EPIP I SHYAM CENTURY MeECL 0.15 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 EPIP I MAITHAN MeECL 0.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
4 EPIP I SAI PRAKASH MeECL 4.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
5 EPIP I GREYSTONE MeECL 0.7 1 ACSR PANTHER
6 EPIP II EPIP I MeECL 2.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
7 EPIP II EPIP I MeECL 2.5 2 ACSR PANTHER
8 EPIP II KILLING MeECL 10.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
9 EPIP II KILLING MeECL 10.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
10 EPIP II TRISHUL MeECL 0.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
11 EPIP II NALARI MeECL 0.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 32 of 103
KHLEIHRIAT ACSR PANTHER

12 LUMSHNONG MeECL 24.0 1
MeECL
KHLEIHRIAT MeECL ACSR PANTHER
13 LESHKA 26.0 1
MeECL
KHLEIHRIAT MeECL ACSR PANTHER
14 LESHKA 26.0 2
MeECL
KHLEIHRIAT
15 MeECL
KHLEIHRIAT MeECL 5.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
16 LUMSHNONG CMCL MeECL 0.16 1 ACSR PANTHER
17 LUMSHNONG MCL MeECL 3.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
18 LUMSHNONG ADHUNIK CEMENT MeECL 8.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
19 LUMSHNONG HILL CEMENT MeECL 8.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
20 LUMSHNONG JUD CEMENT MeECL 2.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
21 LUMSHNONG GVIL CEMENT MeECL 2.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
22 MAWLAI CHEERAPUNJI MeECL 41.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
23 MAWLAI NONGSTOIN MeECL 71.3 1 ACSR PANTHER
24 MAWLAI NEHU MeECL 9.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
25 NANGALBIBRA TURA MeECL 68.7 1 ACSR PANTHER
26 NEHU NEIGHRIMS MeECL 7.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
27 NEHU KHLEIHRIAT MeECL MeECL 52.6 1 ACSR PANTHER
28 NEIGHRIMS KHLEIHRIAT MeECL MeECL 64.8 1 ACSR PANTHER
29 NONGSTOIN NANGALBIBRA MeECL 56.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
30 UMIUM NEHU MeECL 7.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
31 UMIUM ST I UMIUM ST II MeECL 3.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
32 UMIUM ST I MAWLAI MeECL 12.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
33 UMIUM ST I UMIUM MeECL 5.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
34 UMIUM ST I MAWNGAP MeECL 33 1 ACSR PANTHER
35 UMIUM ST I MAWNGAP MeECL 33 2 ACSR PANTHER
36 UMIUM ST III UMIUM ST I MeECL 17.5 1 ACSR PANTHER
37 UMIUM ST III UMIUM ST I MeECL 17.5 2 ACSR PANTHER
38 UMIUM ST IV UMIUM ST III MeECL 8.0 1 ACSR PANTHER
39 UMIUM ST IV UMIUM ST III MeECL 8.0 2 ACSR PANTHER
40 UMTRU UMIUM ST III MeECL 41.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
41 UMTRU UMIUM ST III MeECL 41.2 2 ACSR PANTHER
42 UMTRU UMIUM ST IV MeECL 37.6 1 ACSR PANTHER
43 UMTRU UMIUM ST IV MeECL 37.6 2 ACSR PANTHER
44 UMTRU EPIP II MeECL 0.7 1 ACSR PANTHER
45 UMTRU EPIP II MeECL 0.7 2 ACSR PANTHER
LIST-13: 132 KV LINE DETAILS OF AP IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
SR. CK
NO. T
1 AGBPP DEOMALI AP 19 1 ACSR ZEBRA
2 DAPORIJO ALONG AP 81.7 1 ACSR PANTHER
3 HOZ CHIPMHU AP 30 1 ACSR PANTHER
4 LEKHI HOZ AP 18 1 ACSR PANTHER
Page 33 of 103
5 ZIRO DAPORIJO AP 87.2 1 ACSR PANTHER
SR.
NO.
1 AGIA LAKHIPUR AEGCL 34.0 1 ACSR WOLF

2 AMARPUR GUMTI TSECL 30.0 1 ACSR WOLF
3 BADARGHAT ROKHIA TSECL 24.0 1 ACSR WOLF
4 BADARGHAT AGARTALA TSECL 8.0 1 ACSR WOLF
5 BAGAFA SATCHAND TSECL 36.0 1 ACSR WOLF
6 BAGAFA UDAIPUR TSECL 29.0 1 ACSR WOLF
7 BARAMURA TELIAMURA TSECL 8.0 1 ACSR WOLF
8 BELONIA BAGAFA TSECL 15.0 1 ACSR WOLF
9 BOKAJAN DIPHU AEGCL 39.0 1 ACSR WOLF
ACSR WOLF
10 DIMAPUR POWER HOUSE NAGALAND 4.0 1
11 DIMAPUR SINGRIJAN NAGALAND 5.4 1 ACSR WOLF
12 DIMAPUR SINGRIJAN NAGALAND 5.4 2 ACSR WOLF
13 DULLAVCHERRA PATHARKANDI AEGCL .... 1 ACSR WOLF
14 FCI NTPS AEGCL 3.0 1 ACSR WOLF
15 FCI NTPS AEGCL 3.0 2 ACSR WOLF
16 GOKULNAGAR BADARGHAT TSECL 12.0 1 ACSR WOLF
17 GOLAGHAT BOKAJAN AEGCL 64.0 1 ACSR WOLF
18 GOLAGHAT BOKAJAN AEGCL 64.0 2 ACSR WOLF
19 GUMTI UDAIPUR TSECL 45.0 1 ACSR WOLF
20 KHIPHIRE LIKHIMRO NAGALAND 35.0 1 ACSR WOLF
21 KHIPHIRE LIKHIMRO NAGALAND 35.0 2 ACSR WOLF
22 KOLASIB VAIRENGTE MIZORAM 35.0 1 ACSR WOLF
23 MARIANI GOLAGHAT AEGCL 40.0 1 ACSR WOLF
24 MARIANI GOLAGHAT AEGCL 40.0 2 ACSR WOLF
25 MARIANI NAZIRA AEGCL 54.0 1 ACSR WOLF
26 MARIANI NAZIRA AEGCL 54.0 2 ACSR WOLF
27 MOKOKCHUNG ZUNHEBOTO NAGALAND 46.0 1 ACSR WOLF
28 MOKOKCHUNG TULI NAGALAND 56.3 1 ACSR WOLF
29 MOKOKCHUNG TUENSANG NAGALAND 50.4 1 ACSR WOLF
30 NAGINIMORA TIZIT NAGALAND 44.0 1 ACSR WOLF
31 NAZIRA NTPS AEGCL 74.0 1 ACSR WOLF
32 NAZIRA NTPS AEGCL 74.0 2 ACSR WOLF
33 NITO FARM DAIRY FARM NAGALAND 12.0 1 ACSR WOLF
34 PATHARKANDI ADAMTILLA AEGCL .... 1 ACSR WOLF
35 POWER HOUSE DAIRY FARM NAGALAND 5.0 1 ACSR WOLF
RABINDRA ACSR WOLF
36 BELONIA TSECL 38.0 1
NAGAR
Page 34 of 103
RABINDRA ACSR WOLF

37 ROKHIA TSECL 23.0 1
NAGAR
38 SATCHAND SABROOM TSECL 15.0 1 ACSR WOLF
GANESH ACSR WOLF
39 SINGRIJAN NAGALAND 21.4 1
NAGAR
40 SINGRIJAN CHUMUKIDIMA NAGALAND 7.9 1 ACSR WOLF
41 TELIAMURA AMARPUR TSECL 35.0 1 ACSR WOLF
42 TINSUKIA RUPAI AEGCL 25.0 1 ACSR WOLF
43 TINSUKIA NTPS AEGCL 36.0 1 ACSR WOLF
44 TINSUKIA NTPS AEGCL 36.0 2 ACSR WOLF
45 TIZIT MON NAGALAND 31.0 1 ACSR WOLF
46 TUENSANG KHIPHIRE NAGALAND 55.7 1 ACSR WOLF
47 TULI NAGINIMORA NAGALAND 33.0 1 ACSR WOLF
48 UDAIPUR GOKULNAGAR TSECL 31.0 1 ACSR WOLF
LIST-15: SHUNT COMPENSATED LINES IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
SENDING RECEIVING
SR.
FROM TO UTILITY KM CKT END LINE END LINE
NO.
REACTOR REACTOR
1 BONGAIGAON BALIPARA POWERGRID 289.9 1 50 63

2 BONGAIGAON BALIPARA POWERGRID 289.9 2 50 63
3 BONGAIGAON BALIPARA POWERGRID 305 3 63 63
4 BONGAIGAON BALIPARA POWERGRID 305 4 63 63
5 MISA NEW MARIANI POWERGRID 382.9 1 50 NIL
6 MISA MARIANI POWERGRID 220 1 50 NIL
7 PALLATANA SILCHAR NETCL 247 1 63 50
8 PALLATANA SILCHAR NETCL 247 2 63 50
9 RANGANADI BALIPARA POWERGRID 166.3 1 50 50
10 RANGANADI BALIPARA POWERGRID 166.3 2 50 50
11 SILCHAR AZARA NETCL 264 1 63 63
12 SILCHAR BYRNIHAT NETCL 217.1 1 63 63
LIST-16: SHUNT COMPENSATED INTER REGIONAL LINES IN

SENDING RECEIVING
SR.
FROM TO UTILITY KM CKT END LINE END LINE
NO.
REACTOR REACTOR
BINAGURI
1 BONGAIGAON POWERGRID 218 1 63 NIL
(ER)
BINAGURI
2 BONGAIGAON POWERGRID 218 2 63 NIL
(ER)
Page 35 of 103
LIST-17: INTER-STATE LINE DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION
SR. CONNECTING
OWNED BY FROM TO KV KM CKTS CONDUCTOR
NO. STATES
ACSR TWIN
POWERGRID RANGANADI BALIPARA 400 166.3 D/C
MOOSE
ARUNACHAL
1 ARUNACHAL PRADESH DEOMALI KATHALGURI 220 19.0 S/C ACSR ZEBRA
ASSAM
NEEPCO KHUPI BALIPARA 132 67.2 S/C ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID NIRJULI GOHPUR 132 42.5 S/C ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID BADARPUR KHLIEHRIET 132 76.6 S/C ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID KHANDONG KHLIEHRIET 132 42.5 D/C ACSR PANTHER
ASSAM AEGCL & MeECL PANCHGRAM LUMSHNONG 132 23.4 S/C ACSR PANTHER
2
MEGHALAYA AEGCL & MeECL SARASUJAI UMTRU 132 37.0 D/C ACSR PANTHER
AEGCL & MeECL AGIA NANGALBIBRA 132 S/C ACSR PANTHER
AEGCL & MeECL KAHILIPARA UMTRU 132 9.0 D/C ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID MISA DIMAPUR 220 123.5 D/C ACSR ZEBRA
ASSAM - AEGCL & NAGALAND MARIANI MOKOKCHUNG 132 50.0 S/C ACSR PANTHER
NAGALAND AEGCL BOKAJAN DIMAPUR 132 5.0 S/C ACSR PANTHER
3 AEGCL & NAGALAND BOKAJAN DIMAPUR 66 8.0 S/C ACSR WOLF
ACSR PANTHER
ASSAM AEGCL & TRIPURA DULLAVCHERRA DHARMANAGAR 132 29.0 S/C
TRIPURA
POWERGRID BADARPUR KUMARAGHAT 132 118.5 S/C ACSR PANTHER
POWERGRID BADARPUR JIRIBAM 132 67.2 S/C ACSR PANTHER
ASSAM
4 POWERGRID HAFLONG JIRIBAM 132 100.6 S/C ACSR PANTHER
MANIPUR
AEGCL PAILAPOOL JIRIBAM 132 15.0 S/C ACSR PANTHER
ASSAM ACSR PANTHER
5 POWERGRID BADARPUR KOLASIB 132 107.2 S/C
MIZORAM
MIZORAM ACSR PANTHER
6 POWERGRID AIZWAL JIRIBAM 132 172.3 S/C
MANIPUR
MIZORAM ACSR PANTHER
7 POWERGRID AIZWAL KUMARAGHAT 132 131.0 S/C
TRIPURA
NAGALAND POWERGRID DIMAPUR IMPHAL 132 168.9 S/C ACSR PANTHER
8
MANIPUR MANIPUR & NAGALAND KOHIMA KARONG 132 50.0 S/C ACSR PANTHER
Page 36 of 103
LIST-18: FIXED, SWITCHABLE AND CONVERTIBLE LINE REACTORS IN NORTH EASTERN REGION.
SR. INSTALLED
UTILITY FROM TO KV MVAR KM
NO. AT (STATION) CONVERTIBLE FIXED
1 POWERGRID BALIPARA MISA MISA 400 50 95.4 . TRUE
2 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BONGAIGAON 400 50 289.9 .... TRUE
3 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BONGAIGAON 400 50 289.9 .... TRUE
4 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 63 289.9 .... TRUE
5 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 63 289.9 .... TRUE
6 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BONGAIGAON 400 63 305.0 TRUE .
7 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BONGAIGAON 400 63 305.0 TRUE .
8 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 63 305.0 TRUE .
9 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 63 305.0 TRUE .
10 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BINAGURI(ER) BONGAIGAON 400 63 218.0 .... TRUE
11 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON BINAGURI(ER) BONGAIGAON 400 63 218.0 .... TRUE
12 POWERGRID MISA KATHALGURI MISA 220 50 382.9 .... TRUE
13 POWERGRID MISA MARIANI MISA 220 50 220.0 . TRUE
14 POWERGRID PALATANA SILCHAR SILCHAR 400 50 247 TRUE .
15 POWERGRID PALATANA SILCHAR SILCHAR 400 50 247 TRUE .
16 POWERGRID PALATANA SILCHAR PALLATANA 400 63 247 . .
17 POWERGRID PALATANA SILCHAR PALLATANA 400 63 247 . .
18 POWERGRID RANGANADI BALIPARA RANGANADI 400 50 166.3 . TRUE
19 POWERGRID RANGANADI BALIPARA RANGANADI 400 50 166.3 . TRUE
20 POWERGRID RANGANADI BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 50 166.3 TRUE ....
21 POWERGRID RANGANADI BALIPARA BALIPARA 400 50 166.3 TRUE ....
22 POWERGRID SILCHAR BYRNIHAT SILCHAR 400 63 217.14 TRUE .
23 POWERGRID SILCHAR BONGAIGAON SILCHAR 400 63 N/A TRUE .
Page 37 of 103
24 POWERGRID SILCHAR AZARA SILCHAR 400 63 264 TRUE .

25 AEGCL SILCHAR AZARA AZARA 400 63 264
NOTE: CONVERTIBLE: LINE REACTORS WHICH CAN BE OPERATED UPON ONLY WHEN LINE IS IN OUT CONDITION.
FIXED : LINE REACTORS WHICH ARE FIXED AND CANNOT BE OPERATED UPON AS A BUS REACTOR
Page 38 of 103
LIST-19: BUS REACTORS IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

INSTALLED AT RATING
SR. NO. UTILITY KV STATUS
(STATION) MVAR MAKE
1 POWERGRID BALIPARA 400 50 BHEL IN SERVICE
2 POWERGRID BALIPARA 400 80 BHEL IN SERVICE
3 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON 400 2 X 50 BHEL IN SERVICE
4 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON 400 2 X 80 BHEL IN SERVICE
5 POWERGRID MISA 400 50 BHEL IN SERVICE
6 POWERGRID SILCHAR 400 2 X 63 CGL IN SERVICE
7 OTPC PALATANA 400 80 BHEL IN SERVICE
8 NEEPCO RANGANADI 400 50 . IN SERVICE
9 ASSAM MARIANI 220 2 X 12.5 .... IN SERVICE
10 ASSAM SAMAGURI 220 2 X 12.5 .... IN SERVICE
11 POWERGRID AIZWAL 132 20 .... IN SERVICE
12 POWERGRID KUMARGHAT 132 20 .... IN SERVICE
13 TRIPURA DHARMANAGAR 132 2X2 .... IN SERVICE
14 POWERGRID ZIRO 132 20 . IN SERVICE
15 POWERGRID IMPHAL 132 20 . IN SERVICE
16 POWERGRID NEW MARIANI 132 20 . IN SERVICE
17 ASSAM SAMAGURI 132 2X12.5 . IN SERVICE
18 ASSAM AZARA 400 63 . IN SERVICE
19 MEGHALAYA BYRNIHAT 400 63 IN SERVICE
LIST-20: TERTIARY REACTORS ON 33 KV SIDE OF 400/220/33 KV ICTS IN

INSTALLED INSTALLED RATING
SR. NO. UTILITY STATUS
AT (STATION) ON MVAR MAKE
33 KV SIDE OF
1 POWERGRID BALIPARA 4 X 25 BHEL IN SERVICE
ICT I
33 KV SIDE OF
2 POWERGRID BONGAIGAON 2 X 25 BHEL IN SERVICE
ICT I
33 KV SIDE OF
3 POWERGRID MISA 4 X 25 BHEL IN SERVICE
ICT I
Page 39 of 103
3 SERIES AND SHUNT CAPACITOR VOLTAGE

CONTROL
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Capacitors aid in minimizing operating expenses and allow the utilities to
serve new loads and consumers with a minimum system investment.
Series and shunt capacitors in a power system generate reactive power to
improve power factor and voltage, thereby enhancing the system capacity
and reducing the losses.
3.1.2 In series capacitors the reactive power is proportional to the square of the
load current, thus generating reactive power when it is most needed
whereas in shunt capacitors it is proportional to the square of the voltage.
Series capacitors compensation is usually applied for long transmission
lines and transient stability improvement. Series compensation reduces
net transmission line inductive reactance. The reactive generation I2XC
compensates for the reactive consumption I2X of the transmission line.
This is a self-regulating nature of series capacitors. At light loads series
capacitors have little effect.
3.1.3 There are certain

unfavorable aspects of
series capacitors.
Generally the cost of
installing series
capacitors is higher than
that of a corresponding
installation of a shunt
capacitor.
3.1.4 This is because the

protective equipment for a
series capacitor is often
more complicated. The
factors which influence
the choice between the
shunt and series
capacitors are
summarized in Table 3. Table 4. Equipment preference
Page 40 of 103
3.1.5 Due to various limitations in the use of series capacitors, shunt

capacitors are widely used in distribution systems. For the same voltage
improvement, the rating of a shunt capacitor will be higher than that of a
series capacitor. Thus a series capacitor stiffens the system, which is
especially beneficial for starting large motors from an otherwise weak
power system, for reducing light flicker caused by large fluctuating load,
etc.
3.2 MeSEB CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING

DOCUMENT SUGGEST (Sub title as given in the PFC
document for corporatization of MeSEB):
3.2.1 Installation of Shunt-capacitors:
Installation of capacitors is a low cost process for reduction of technical

losses. The agricultural load mainly consists of irrigation pump motors.
The PF of pump motors are generally below 0.6, which means the total
reactive power demand of the system is high. The reactive power demand
can be reduced by installation of suitable capacitors. However, proper
maintenance has to be adopted to keep the system in order. In view of the
maintenance problem, reactive compensation technique could be
installed at the distribution transformer centers. Care has to be taken that
it does not lead to over voltage problems during the off peak hours. To
avoid this there should be switch off arrangement in the capacitor bank.
The optimum allocation of LT capacitors at distribution substation by
minimizing a cost function, which includes loss cost in the beneficiary
system and the annual cost of the capacitor bank. The reactive
compensation can also be carried out at the primary distribution feeders
(11 KV) lines. The optimum number, size and location of online capacitors
will depend on the following factors:
Type of load.
Quantum of load.
Load factor.
Annual load cycle.
Power factor.
3.3 AS PER THE ASSAM GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY,

FEBRUARY 10, 2005
IN CHAPTER 9: FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT
Sec 9.1 (d) System voltages levels can be affected by Regional operation.
The SLDC shall optimize voltage management by adjusting
transformer taps to the extent available and switching of
Page 41 of 103
circuits/ capacitors/ reactors and other operational steps.

SLDC will instruct generating stations to regulate MVAr
generation within their declared parameters. SLDC shal also
instruct Distribution Licensees to regulate demand, if
necessary.
LIST-21: SUBSTATIONS IN NER
132 KV &
AGENCY 400KV 220 KV TOTAL
66 KV
POWER GRID 4 3 11 18
ARUNACHAL
NIL 1 6 7
PRADESH
AEGCL 1 8 22 31
MANIPUR NIL NIL 7 7
MeECL 1 NIL 9 10
MIZORAM NIL NIL 6 6
NAGALAND NIL NIL 7 7
NEEPCO 1 2 4 7
NHPC NIL NIL 1 1
TSECL 1 NIL 9 10
OTPC 1 NIL NIL 1
TOTAL 9 14 82 105
Page 42 of 103
LIST-22: SHUNT CAPACITOR DETAILS OF NORTH EASTERN REGION
CAPACITY
SR. NO. UTILITY SUBSTATION INSTALLED ON
(MVAR)
1 MeECL MAWLAI 132 KV BUS BAR 12.5
2 MeECL EPIP I 132 KV BUS BAR 20
3 MeECL EPIP II 132 KV BUS BAR 20
6 AEGCL BAGHJAB 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
7 AEGCL KAHELIPARA 33 KV BUS BAR 3X5
8 AEGCL BARNAGAR 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
9 AEGCL GOSAIGAON 33 KV BUS BAR 1X5
10 AEGCL GAURIPUR 33 KV BUS BAR 1X10
11 AEGCL RANGIA 33 KV BUS BAR 2X10
12 AEGCL MARGHERITA 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
13 AEGCL N LAKHIMPUR 33 KV BUS BAR 1X5
14 AEGCL DULLAVCHERRA 33 KV BUS BAR 1X5
15 AEGCL DEPOTA 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
16 AEGCL SARUSAJAI 33 KV BUS BAR 2X10
17 AEGCL ROWTA 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
18 AEGCL DIPHU 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
19 AEGCL DIBRUGARH 33 KV BUS BAR 2X10
SHANKARDEV
20 AEGCL 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
NAGAR
21 AEGCL RUPAI 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
22 AEGCL SRIKONA 33 KV BUS BAR 2X5
Total Capacity of NER 273
Page 43 of 103
4 TRANSFORMER LOAD TAP CHANGER AND

VOLTAGE CONTROL
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Transformers provide the capability to raise alternating-current
generation voltages to levels that make long-distance power transfers
practical and then lowering voltages back to levels that can be distributed
and used. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the number of
turns in the secondary coil determines the ratio of the primary voltage to
the secondary voltage. By tapping the primary or secondary coil at
various points, the ratio between the primary and secondary voltage can
be adjusted. Transformer taps can be either fixed or adjustable under
load through the use of a load-tap changer (LTC). Tap capability is
selected for each application during transformer design.
4.1.2 The OLTC alters the power

transformer turns ratio in a
number of pre defined steps
and in that way changes the
secondary side voltage.
4.1.3 Each step usually represents

a change in LV side no-load
voltage of approximately 0.5-
1.7%. Standard tap changers
offer between 9 to 17
steps (i.e. 19 to 35 positions).
The automatic voltage
regulator (AVR) is designed
to control a power
transformer with a motor
driven on-load tap-changer.
Fig 13. Switching principle of LTC
4.1.4 Typically the AVR regulates voltage at the secondary side of the power
transformer. The control method is based on a step-by-step principle
which means that a control pulse, one at a time, will be issued to the on-
load tap-changer mechanism to move it up or down by one position.
4.1.5 The pulse is generated by the AVR whenever the measured voltage, for a
given time, deviates from the set reference value by more than the preset
dead band (i.e. degree of insensitivity). Time delay is used to avoid
Page 44 of 103
unnecessary operation during short voltage deviations from the pre-set

value.
4.1.6 Transformer-tap changers can be used for voltage control, but the control
differs from that provided by reactive sources. Transformer taps can
force voltage up (or down) on one side of a transformer, but it is at the
expense of reducing (or raising) the voltage on the other side. The
reactive power required to raise (or lower) voltage on a bus is forced to
flow through the transformer from the bus on the other side.
4.1.7 The reactive power consumption of a transformer at rated current is

within the range 0.05 to 0.2 p.u. based on the transformer ratings. Fixed
taps are useful when compensating for load growth and other long-term
shifts in system use. LTCs are used for more-rapid adjustments, such as
compensating for the voltage fluctuations associated with the daily load
cycle. While LTCs could potentially provide rapid voltage control, their
performance is normally intentionally degraded. With an LTC, tap
changing is accomplished by opening and closing contacts within the
transformers tap changing mechanism.
4.2 AS PER THE ASSAM GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY,

FEBRUARY 10, 2005
IN CHAPTER 9: FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT

Sec 9.1(d) System voltages levels can be affected by Regional operation.
The SLDC shall optimise voltage management by adjusting transformer
taps to the extent available and switching of circuits/ capacitors/ reactors
and other operational steps. SLDC will instruct generating stations to
regulate MVAr generation within their declared parameters. SLDC shall
also instruct Distribution Licensees to regulate demand, if necessary.
Page 45 of 103
LIST-23: ICT DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
SL. ICT KV STEP

SUBSTATION AGENCY MVA MAKE TT NT PT
NO. NO. RATIO %AGE KV
400/220
1 BALIPARA POWERGRID 01 315 TELK 17 9 1.25 5 10
/33 kV
400/220
2 BONGAIGAON POWERGRID 01 315 TELK 17 9 1.25 5 12
/33 kV
400/132
3 SILCHAR POWERGRID 01 200 CGL 17 9 1.25 5 9B
kV
400/132
4 SILCHAR POWERGRID 01 200 CGL 17 9 1.25 5 9B
kV
400/220
5 MISA POWERGRID 01 315 TELK 17 9 1.25 5 05
/33 kV
400/220
6 MISA POWERGRID 02 315 CGL 17 9 1.25 5 05
kV
220/132
7 DIMAPUR POWERGRID 01 100 TELK 17 13 1.25 2.75 12
kV
220/132
8 DIMAPUR POWERGRID 02 100 ALSTOM 17 13 1.25 2.75 12
kV
132 /33 KANOHAR
9 NIRJULI POWERGRID 01 10 17 9 1.25 1.65 09
kV ELECT.
132 /33
10 NIRJULI POWERGRID 01 10 BBL 5 3 1.25 1.65 03
kV
220/132
11 SALAKATI POWERGRID 01 50 NGEF 17 13 1.25 2.75 16
kV
220/132
12 SALAKATI POWERGRID 02 50 EMCO 17 13 1.25 2.75 16
kV
132 /33 AREVA
13 ZIRO POWERGRID 01 15 17 9 1.25 1.65 02
kV /ALSTOM
220/132
14 KOPILI POWERGRID 01 160 . . . . . 13
kV
132/33
15 IMPHAL POWERGRID 01 50 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
16 IMPHAL POWERGRID 02 50 . . . . . .
kV
LIST-24: ICT DETAILS OF NEEPCO IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
132/33
1 RHEP NEEPCO 01 7.5 . . . . . 02
KV
132/33
2 RHEP NEEPCO 02 7.5 . . . . . 03
KV
Page 46 of 103
220/132
3 BALIPARA NEEPCO 01 50 . . . . . 09
KV
220/132
4 KOPILI NEEPCO 01 60 . . . . . 09
KV
400/132
5 RHEP NEEPCO 01 360 . . . . . 10
KV
400/132
6 RHEP NEEPCO 02 360 . . . . . 09
KV
LIST-25: ICT DETAILS OF NHPC IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
132/33
1 LOKTAK NHPC 01 5 . . . . . 02
KV
LIST-26: ICT DETAILS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN NORTH EASTERN

REGION
SL. ICT KV STEP

ARUNACHAL 132/33
1 ALONG 01 15 . . . . . 03
PRADESH KV
ARUNACHAL 132/33
2 DAPORIJO 01 5 . . . . . 02
PRADESH KV
ARUNACHAL 132/33
3 DAPORIJO 02 5 . . . . . 02
PRADESH KV
ARUNACHAL 220/
4 DEOMALI 01 100 . . . . . 09
PRADESH 132 kV
ARUNACHAL 132/33
5 DEOMALI 01 16 . . . . . 04
PRADESH KV
ARUNACHAL 132/33
6 LEKHI 01 15 . . . . . 05
PRADESH KV
ARUNACHAL 132/33
7 LEKHI 01 20 . . . . . 05
PRADESH KV
LIST-27: ICT DETAILS OF AEGCL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT kV STEP
220/132
1 AGIA AEGCL 01 50 . . . . . 14
kV
220/132 . . . . .
2 AGIA AEGCL 02 100 .
kV
132/33
2 AGIA AEGCL 01 40 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
3 AGIA AEGCL 01 12.5 . . . . . 05
kV
Page 47 of 103
. . . .
4 AZARA AEGCL 01 315 400/220 EMCO 08
. . . .
5 AZARA AEGCL 02 315 400/220 EMCO 08
ASHOK PAPER 132/33
6 AEGCL 01 12.5 . . . . . 05
MILL kV
ASHOK PAPER 132/33
7 AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 05
MILL kV
132/33
8 BAGHJHAP AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
9 BAGHJHAP AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . 05
kV
220 /132
10 BALIPARA AEGCL 01 50 . . . . . 09
kV
220/132
11 BOKO AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 05
kV
220/132
12 BOKO AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
13 B CHARIALI AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 17
kV
132/33
14 B CHARIALI AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . 17
kV
132/33
15 BORNAGAR AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
16 BORNAGAR AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
17 BOKAKHAT AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
18 BOKAKHAT AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
19 BOKAJAN AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
20 BTPS AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
21 BTPS AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . .
kV
220/132
22 BTPS AEGCL 01 80 . . . . . .
kV
220/132
23 BTPS AEGCL 02 80 . . . . . .
kV
220/132
24 BTPS AEGCL 03 160 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
25 CTPS AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
26 CTPS AEGCL 01 30 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
27 DEPOTA AEGCL 01 31.5 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
28 DEPOTA AEGCL 02 31.5 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
29 DHALIGAON AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
30 DHALIGAON AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . .
kV
Page 48 of 103
132/33
31 DHEMAJI AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/66
32 DIPHU AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/66
33 DIPHU AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
34 DIBRUGARH AEGCL 01 31.5 . . . . . 08
kV
132/33
35 DIBRUGARH AEGCL 01 20 . . . . . 08
kV
132/33
36 DIBRUGARH AEGCL 02 20 . . . . . 08
kV
132/33
37 DISPUR AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
38 DISPUR AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
39 DULLAVCHERRA AEGCL 01 3.5 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
kV
132/33
kV
132/33
kV
132/33
KV
132/33
KV
132/33
45 GAURIPUR AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
46 GAURIPUR AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
47 GOHPUR AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
48 GOHPUR AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 03
kV
132/33
49 GOSSAIGAON AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
50 GOLAGHAT AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
51 GOLAGHAT AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
52 HAFLONG AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
53 HAFLONG AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
54 JORHAT AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
55 JORHAT AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
56 KAHELIPARA AEGCL 01 30 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
kV
132/33
kV
Page 49 of 103
132/33/11
kV
132/33/11
kV
132/33
61 LEDO AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 06
kV
132/33
62 LEDO AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . 06
kV
132/33
63 LTPS AEGCL 01 7.5 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
64 LTPS AEGCL 02 7.5 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
65 MAJULI AEGCL 01 5.5 . . . . . .
kV
132/66
66 MARIANI AEGCL 01 20 . . . . . 06
kV
132/66
67 MARIANI AEGCL 02 20 . . . . . 06
kV
220/132
68 MARIANI AEGCL 01 100 . . . . . 13
kV
220/132
69 MARIANI AEGCL 02 100 . . . . . 13
kV
132/33
70 MORAN AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
71 MORAN AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
72 NALBARI AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
73 NALBARI AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
kV
NALKATA
132/33
74 (NORTH AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . .
kV
LAKHIMPUR)
NALKATA
132/33
75 (NORTH AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . .
kV
LAKHIMPUR)
132/33
76 NARENGI AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
77 NARENGI AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
78 NAZIRA AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . 06
kV
132/66
79 NTPS AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/66
80 NTPS AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . .
kV
132/33
81 PAILAPOOL AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
82 PAILAPOOL AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
83 PAILAPOOL AEGCL 03 10 . . . . . 05
kV
132/33
84 PANCHGRAM AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 08
kV
132/33
85 PANCHGRAM AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . 08
kV
Page 50 of 103
132/33
86 PANCHGRAM AEGCL 01 10 . . . . . 01
kV
132/33
87 PANCHGRAM AEGCL 02 10 . . . . . 03
kV
132/33
88 PAVOI AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
89 PAVOI AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
90 RANGIA AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
91 RANGIA AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
92 ROWTA AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
93 ROWTA AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
94 S NAGAR AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
95 S NAGAR AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . 05
KV
220/132
96 SAMAGURI AEGCL 01 50 . . . . . 12
kV
220/132
97 SAMAGURI AEGCL 02 50 . . . . . 12
kV
220/132
98 SAMAGURI AEGCL 03 50 . . . . . 12
kV
132/33
99 SAMAGURI AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
100 SAMAGURI AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
101 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 01 31.5 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
102 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 02 31.5 . . . . . 06
KV
220/132
103 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 01 100 . . . . . 10
KV
220/132
104 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 02 100 . . . . . 12
kV
220/132
105 SARUSAJAI AEGCL 03 100 . . . . . 11
kV
132/33
106 SISUGRAM AEGCL 01 31.5 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
107 SISUGRAM AEGCL 02 31.5 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
108 SIBSAGAR AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
109 SIBSAGAR AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
110 SIPAJHAR AEGCL 01 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
111 SIPAJHAR AEGCL 02 16 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
112 SRIKONA AEGCL 01 25 . . . . . 05
KV
132/33
113 SRIKONA AEGCL 02 25 . . . . . 05
KV
Page 51 of 103
132/66
114 TINSUKIA AEGCL 01 20 . . . . . 02
KV
132/66
115 TINSUKIA AEGCL 02 20 . . . . . 04
KV
132/66
116 TINSUKIA AEGCL 03 20 . . . . . 03
KV
220/132
117 TINSUKIA AEGCL 01 50 . . . . . 16
kV
220/132
118 TINSUKIA AEGCL 02 50 . . . . . 16
kV
LIST-28: ICT DETAILS OF MANIPUR IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
132/33
1 CHURACHANDPUR MANIPUR 01 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
2 IMPHAL MANIPUR 01 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
3 IMPHAL MANIPUR 02 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
4 IMPHAL MANIPUR 03 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
5 KAKCHING MANIPUR 01 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
6 KARONG MANIPUR 01 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
7 NINGTHOUKHONG MANIPUR 01 12.5 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
8 NINGTHOUKHONG MANIPUR 02 12.5 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
9 YANGANGPOKPI MANIPUR 01 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
10 YANGANGPOKPI MANIPUR 02 20 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
11 JIRIBAM MANIPUR 01 6.3 . . . . . .
KV
LIST-29: ICT DETAILS OF MEGHALAYA IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
132/33
1 CHERAPUNJEE MeECL 01 12.5 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
2 EPIP I MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
3 EPIP I MeECL 02 20 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
4 EPIP II MeECL 01 50 . . . . . 08
KV
132/33
5 KHLIEHRIAT MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 05
KV
Page 52 of 103
132/33
6 KHLIEHRIAT MeECL 02 20 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
7 MAWLAI MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
8 MAWLAI MeECL 02 20 . . . . . 08
KV
132/33
9 MAWLAI MeECL 01 10 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
10 MAWLAI MeECL 01 12.5 . . . . . 07
KV
132/33
11 NANGALBIBRA MeECL 01 10 . . . . . 07
KV
132/33
12 NANGALBIBRA MeECL 01 12.5 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
13 NEHU MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
14 NEHU MeECL 02 20 . . . . . 06
KV
132/33
15 NEIGRIHMS MeECL 01 10 . . . . . 05
KV
132/33
16 NEIGRIHMS MeECL 02 10 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
17 NONGSTOIN MeECL 01 12.5 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
18 UMIUM ST III MeECL 01 10 . . . . . 08
KV
132/33
19 TURA MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 15
KV
132/33
20 TURA MeECL 01 15 . . . . . 15
KV
132/33
21 TURA MeECL 02 15 . . . . . 15
KV
132/33
22 TURA MeECL 03 15 . . . . . 15
KV
132/33
23 LUMSHNONG MeECL 01 10 . . . . . .
KV
132/33
24 UMTRU MeECL 01 20 . . . . . 02
KV
25 BYRNIHAT MeECL 01 315 400/132
26 BYRNIHAT MeECL 02 315 400/132
27 NANGALBIBRA MeECL 01 12.5 132/33
28 NANGALBIBRA MeECL 02 12.5 132/33
LIST-30: ICT DETAILS OF MIZORAM IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
AIZAWL 132/33
1 MIZORAM 01 12.5 . . . . . 05
LUANGMUAL KV
AIZAWL 132/33
2 MIZORAM 02 12.5 . . . . . 05
LUANGMUAL KV
Page 53 of 103
AIZAWL 132/33
3 MIZORAM 01 12.5 . . . . . 05
ZUANGTUI KV
AIZAWL 132/33
4 MIZORAM 02 12.5 . . . . . 05
ZUANGTUI KV
132/66
5 KOLASIB MIZORAM 01 12.5 . . . . . 10
KV
132/66
6 KOLASIB MIZORAM 02 12.5 . . . . . 09
KV
132/33
7 LUNGLEI MIZORAM 01 12.5 . . . . . 05
KV
132/33
8 LUNGLEI MIZORAM 02 12.5 . . . . . 09
KV
132/33
9 SERCHHIP MIZORAM 01 12.5 . . . . . 02
KV
132/33
10 SERCHHIP MIZORAM 02 6.3 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
11 SAITUAL MIZORAM 01 6.3 . . . . . 06
KV
LIST-31: ICT DETAILS OF NAGALAND IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
SL. ICT KV STEP

132/66
1 DIMAPUR NAGALAND 01 20 . . . . . 05
KV
132/66
KV
132/66
KV
132/66
4 KIPHIRE NAGALAND 01 6.5 . . . . . 04
KV
132/66
KV
132/66
KV
132/33
7 KOHIMA NAGALAND 01 8 . . . . . 03
KV
132/33
KV
132/33
KV
132/33
10 MELURI NAGALAND 01 5 . . . . . 01
KV
132/66
11 MOKOKCHUNG NAGALAND 01 12.5 . . . . . 04
KV
132/66
12 MOKOKCHUNG NAGALAND 02 12.5 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
13 WOKHA NAGALAND 01 5 . . . . . 03
KV
Page 54 of 103
LIST-32: ICT DETAILS OF TSECL IN NORTH EASTERN REGION

SL. ICT KV STEP
132/66
1 AGARTALA TSECL 01 15 . . . . . 09
KV
132/33
2 AGARTALA TSECL 01 15 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
3 AGARTALA TSECL 02 15 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
4 AGARTALA TSECL 03 15 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
5 AGARTALA TSECL 04 15 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
6 AGARTALA TSECL 01 20 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
7 AGARTALA TSECL 02 20 . . . . . 13
KV
132/11
8 AGARTALA TSECL 01 15 . . . . . 13
KV
132/33
9 AMBASA TSECL 01 7.5 . . . . . 08
KV
132/33
10 AMBASA TSECL 02 7.5 . . . . . 08
KV
132/66
11 BARAMURA TSECL 01 30 . . . . . 05
KV
132/33
12 DHALABIL TSECL 01 7.5 . . . . . 04
KV
132/33
13 DHARMANAGAR TSECL 01 7.5 . . . . . 07
KV
132/33
KV
132/33
KV
132/33
16 KAILASHOR TSECL 01 7.5 . . . . . 08
KV
132/11
17 KAMALPUR TSECL 01 7.5 . . . . . 08
KV
132/33
18 P K BARI TSECL 01 15 . . . . . 05
KV
132/11
19 P K BARI TSECL 01 10 . . . . . 05
KV
132/66
20 ROKHIA TSECL 01 30 . . . . . 05
KV
132/66
21 UDAIPUR TSECL 01 15 . . . . . 05
KV
132/66
22 UDAIPUR TSECL 02 10 . . . . . 05
KV
132/66
23 UDAIPUR TSECL 03 10
kV
132/11
kV
66/33
kV
Page 55 of 103
LIST-33: ICT DETAILS OF OTPC IN NORTH EASTERN REGION
SL. ICT KV STEP

400/132
1 PALLATANA OTPC 01 125 BHEL . . . . .
kV
LIST-34:TRANSMISSION/TRANSFOMATION/VAR COMPENSATION
CAPACITY OF NER
TRANSMISSION LINE (CKT KM)

AGENCY 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV 66 KV
POWERGRID 1719.2 1317 1988 NIL
NEEPCO NIL NIL 67 NIL
NETC 973.14 NIL NIL NIL
STATES 37 1639 5702 1809
TOTAL 2729.34 2956 7757 1809
TRANSFORMATION CAPACITY (MVA)
POWERGRID/NEEPCO/
2375/860/125/5 MVA
OTPC/NHPC
STATES 7285 MVA
TOTAL 10650
REACTIVE COMPENSATION (MVAR)
POWERGRID/NEEPCO/
1318/150/206 MVAR
OTPC
STATES 117 MVAR
CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION 273 MVAR
Page 56 of 103
5 HVDC AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.1.1 Basically for transferring power over a long distance or submarine power
transmission, High voltage DC transmission lines (HVDC) are preferred
which transmits power via DC (direct current). They normally consist of
two converter terminals connected by a DC transmission line and in some
applications, multi-terminal HVDC with interconnected DC transmission
lines. Back-to-Back DC and HVDC Light are specific types of HVDC
systems. HVDC Light uses new cable and converter technologies and is
economical at lower power levels than traditional HVDC.
5.2 HVDC CONFIGURATION

5.2.1 Bipolar
In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is used, each at a high

potential with respect to ground, in opposite polarity. Since these
conductors must be insulated for the full voltage, transmission line cost
is higher than a monopole with a return conductor. However, there are a
number of advantages to bipolar transmission which can make it the
attractive option.
Under normal load, negligible earth-current flows, as in the

case of monopolar transmission with a metallic earth-return.
This reduces earth return loss and environmental effects.
When a fault develops in a line, with earth return electrodes
installed at each end of the line, approximately half the rated
power can continue to flow using the earth as a return path,
operating in monopolar mode.
Since for a given total power rating each conductor of a
bipolar line carries only half the current of monopolar lines,
the cost of the second conductor is reduced compared to a
monopolar line of the same rating.
In very adverse terrain, the second conductor may be carried
on an independent set of transmission towers, so that some
power may continue to be transmitted even if one line is
damaged.
Page 57 of 103
A bipolar system may also be installed with a metallic earth return

conductor. Bipolar systems may carry as much as 3,200 MW at voltages
of +/-600 kV (viz., 2500 MW +/- 500 KV TALCHER KOLAR HVDC link in
INDIA connecting NEW GRID to SR GRID ) Submarine cable installations
initially commissioned as a monopole may be upgraded with additional
cables and operated as a bipole.
5.2.2 Back to back
A back-to-back station (or B2B for short) is a plant in which both static
inverters and rectifiers are in the same area, usually in the same building.
The length of the direct current line is kept as short as possible. HVDC
back-to-back stations are used for
Coupling of electricity mains of different frequency (as in

INDIA; the interconnection between NEW GRID and SR GRID
through 1000 MW HVDC BHADRAVATI and 1000 MW HVDC
GAZUWAKA)
Coupling two networks of the same nominal frequency but
no fixed phase relationship (viz., HVDC SASARAM, HVDC
VINDHYACHAL).
Different frequency and phase number (for example, as a
replacement for traction current converter plants)
The DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC

back-to-back stations because of the short conductor length. The DC
voltage is as low as possible, in order to build a small valve hall and to
avoid series connections of valves. For this reason at HVDC back-to-back
stations valves with the highest available current rating are used.
5.2.3 A high voltage direct current (HVDC) link consists of a rectifier and an
inverter. The rectifier side of the HVDC link is equivalent to a load
consuming positive real and reactive power and the inverter side of the
HVDC link as a generator providing positive real power and negative
reactive power (i.e. absorbing positive reactive power).
5.2.4 Thyristor based HVDC converters always consume reactive power when
in operation. A DC line itself does not require reactive power and voltage
drop on the line is only the IR drop where I is the DC current. The
converters at the both ends of the line, however, draw reactive power
from the AC system. The reactive power consumption of the HVDC
Page 58 of 103
converter/inverter is 50-60 % of the active power converted. It is

independent of the length of the line.
5.2.5 The reactive power requirements of the converter and system have to be
met by providing appropriate reactive power in the station. For those
reason reactive power compensations devices are used together with
reactive power control from the ac side in the form of filter and capacitor
banks.
5.2.6 Both AC and DC harmonics are generated in HVDC converters. AC

harmonics are injected into the AC system and DC harmonics are injected
into the DC line. These harmonics have the following harmful effects:
Interference in communication system.

Extra power losses in machines and capacitors connected in
the system.
Some harmonics may produce resonance in AC circuits
resulting in over voltages.
Instability of converter controls.
Basic Components of HVDC Terminal
Converter Xmers
DC Line
400 kV Smoothing Reactor
AC PLC
DC Filter DC Filter
DC Filter DC Filter
AC Filter AC Filter
Valve Halls Electrode station

-Thyristors -Control & Protection
-Firing ckts -Telecommunication
-Cooling ckt
Control Room
Fig 14. HVDC Fundamental components

5.2.7 Harmonics are normally minimized by using filters. The following types of
filters are used:
AC filters.
Page 59 of 103
DC filters.
High frequency filters.
AC Filters
AC filters are RLC circuits connected between phase and earth. They
offer low impedance to harmonic frequencies. Thus, AC harmonic
currents are passed to earth. Both tuned and damped filter arrangements
are used. The AC harmonic filters also provide reactive power required
for satisfactory operation of converters and also partly injects reactive
power into the system.
DC Filters
DC filters are similar to AC filters. A DC filter is connected between pole
bus and neutral bus. It diverts DC harmonics to earth and prevents them
from entering DC lines. Such a filter does not supply reactive power as
DC line does not require reactive power.
HIGH FREQUENCY FILTERS

HVDC converters may produce electrical noise in the carrier frequency
band from 20 Khz to 490 Khz. They also generate radio interference noise
in the mega hertz range of frequencies. High frequency (PLC-RI) filters are
used to minimize noise and interference with PLCC. Such filters are
connected between the converter transformer and the station AC bus.
5.3 REACTIVE POWER SOURCE

Reactive power is required for satisfactory operation of converters and
also to boost the AC side voltages. AC harmonic filters which help in
minimizing harmonics also provide reactive power partly. Additional
supply may be obtained from shunt (switched) capacitor banks usually
installed in AC side.
5.4 800 KV HVDC BI-POLE

The first 800kV HVDC bi-pole line in INDIA has been planned from a
pooling substation at Bishwanath Chariali in North-eastern Region to
Agra in Northern region. This is being programmed for commissioning
matching with Subansiri Lower HEP in 2016-17. The transmission line
would be for 6000 MW capacity and HVDC terminal capacity would be
3000 MW between Bishwanath Chariali and Agra. In the second phase, for
transmission of power from hydro projects at Sikkim and Bhutan pooled
at Alipurduar, another 3000 MW terminal modules would be added
between Siliguri and Agra. It is envisaged to take-up the proposed 800kV,
6000MW HVDC bi-pole line from Bishwanath Chariali to Agra under a
scheme titled Inter-regional Transmission system for power
export from NER to NR/WR which is under execution.
Page 60 of 103
6 FACTS AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 The demands of lower power losses, faster response to system parameter
change, and higher stability of system have stimulated the development
of the Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS). Based on the success
of research in power electronics switching devices and advanced control
technology, FACTS has become the technology of choice in voltage
control, reactive/active power flow control, transient and steady-state
stabilization that improves the operation and functionality of existing
power transmission and distribution system.
6.1.2 The achievement of these studies enlarge the efficiency of the existing
generator units, reduce the overall generation capacity and fuel
consumption, and minimize the operation cost. The power electronics-
based switches in the functional blocks of FACTS can usually be
operated repeatedly and the switching time is a portion of a periodic
cycle, which is much shorter than the conventional mechanical switches.
6.1.3 The advance of semiconductors increases the switching frequency and

voltage-ampere ratings of the solid switches and facilitates the
applications. For example, the switching frequencies of Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are from 3 kHz to 10 kHz which is several
hundred times the utility frequency of power system (50~60Hz). Gate turn-
off thyristors (GTOs) have a switching frequency lower than 1 kHz, but the
voltage and current rating can reach 5-8 kV and 6 kA respectively.
6.2 Static Var Compensator (SVC)

6.2.1 Static Var Compensator is a shunt-connected static Var generator or
absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive
current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
power system (typically bus voltage) .SVC is based on thyristors without
gate turn-off capability.
6.2.2 The operating principal and characteristics of thyristors realize SVC

variable reactive impedance. SVC includes two main components and
their combination: (1) Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-switched
Reactor (TCR and TSR); and (2) Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC).
Figure 15 shows the diagram of SVC.
Page 61 of 103
6.2.3 TCR and TSR are both composed of a shunt-connected reactor controlled
by two parallel, reverse-connected thyristors. TCR is controlled with
proper firing angle input to operate in a continuous manner, while TSR is
controlled without firing angle control which results in a step change in
reactance.
6.2.4 TSC shares similar

composition and same
operational mode as TSR, but
the reactor is replaced by a
capacitor. The reactance can
only be either fully connected
or fully disconnected zero
due to the characteristic of
capacitor. With different
combinations of TCR/TSR,
TSC and fixed capacitors, a
SVC can meet various
requirements to
absorb/supply reactive power
from/to the transmission line.
Fig 15. Static VAR Compensators (SVC):
TCR/TSR, TSC, FC and Mechanically Switched
Resistor
6.3 Converter-based Compensator

6.3.1 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the key
Converter-based Compensators which are usually based on the voltage
source inverter (VSI) or
current source inverter (CSI),
as shown in Figure 16 (a).
Unlike SVC, STATCOM
controls the output current
independently of the AC
system voltage, while the DC
side voltage is automatically
maintained to serve as a
voltage source. Mostly,
STATCOM is designed based
on the VSI (VOLTAGE
SOURCE INVERTER).
Fig 16. STATCOM topologies: (a) STATCOM
based on VSI and CSI (b) STATCOM with storage
Page 62 of 103
6.3.2 Compared with SVC, the topology of a STATCOM is more complicated.

The switching device of a VSI is usually a gate turn-off device paralleled
by a reverse diode; this function endows the VSI advanced controllability.
6.3.3 Various combinations of the switching devices and appropriate topology

make it possible for a STATCOM to vary the AC output voltage in both
magnitude and phase. Also, the combination of STATCOM with a different
storage device or power source (as shown in Figure 16b) endows the
STATCOM the ability to control the real power output.
6.3.4 STATCOM has much better dynamic performance than conventional

reactive power compensators like SVC. The gate turn-off ability shortens
the dynamic response time from several utility period cycles to a portion
of a period cycle. STATCOM is also much faster in improving the
transient response than a SVC. This advantage also brings higher
reliability and larger operating range.
6.4 Series-connected controllers

6.4.1 As shunt-connected controllers, series- connected FACTS
controllers can also be divided into either impedance type or
converter type.
6.4.2 The former includes

Thyristor-Switched Series
Capacitor (TSSC),
Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-
Switched Series Reactor,
and Thyristor-Controlled
Series Reactor.
6.4.3 The latter, based on VSI, is

usually in the Compensator
(SSSC). The composition and
operation of different types are
similar to the operation of the
shunt connected peers. Figure
shows the diagrams of various
series-connected controllers.
Fig 17. Series-connected FACTS controllers:
(a) TCSR and TSSR; (b) TSSC; (c) SSSC
Page 63 of 103
7 GENERATOR REACTIVE POWER AND

VOLTAGE CONTROL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.2 An electric-power generators primary function is to convert fuel (or other
energy resource) into electric power. Almost all generators also have
considerable control over their terminal voltage and reactive-power
output.
7.1.3 The ability of a generator

to provide reactive
support depends on its
real-power production
which is represented in
the form of generator
capability curve or D -
curve. Figure 18 shows
the combined limits on
real and reactive
production for a typical
generator. Like most
electric equipment,
generators are limited by
their current-carrying
capability. Near rated
voltage, this capability
becomes an MVA limit for
the armature of the
generator rather than a
MW limitation, shown as
the armature heating limit Fig 18. D-Curve of a typical Generator
in the Figure.
7.1.4 Production of reactive power involves increasing the magnetic field to

raise the generators terminal voltage. Increasing the magnetic field
requires increasing the current in the rotating field winding. This too is
current limited, resulting in the field-heating limit shown in the figure.
Absorption of reactive power is limited by the magnetic-flux pattern in the
stator, which results in excessive heating of the stator-end iron, the core-
end heating limit. The synchronizing torque is also reduced when
absorbing large amounts of reactive power, which can also limit
Page 64 of 103
generator capability to reduce the chance of losing synchronism with the

system.
7.1.5 The generator prime mover (e.g., the steam turbine) is usually designed
with less capacity than the electric generator, resulting in the prime-
mover limit in Fig. 18. The designers recognize that the generator will be
producing reactive power and supporting system voltage most of the
time. Providing a prime mover capable of delivering all the mechanical
power the generator can convert to electricity when it is neither
producing nor absorbing reactive power would result in underutilization
of the prime mover.
7.1.6 To produce or absorb additional VARs beyond these limits would require
a reduction in the real-power output of the unit. Capacitors supply
reactive power and have leading power factors, while inductors consume
reactive power and have lagging power factors. The convention for
generators is the reverse. When the generator is supplying reactive
power, it has a lagging power factor and its mode of operation is referred
to as overexcited. When a generator consumes reactive power, it has a
leading power factor region and is under excited.
7.1.7 Control over the reactive output and the terminal voltage of the generator
is provided by adjusting the DC current in the generators rotating field.
Control can be automatic, continuous, and fast. The inherent
characteristics of the generator help maintain system voltage.
7.1.8 At any given field setting, the generator has a specific terminal voltage it
is attempting to hold. If the system voltage declines, the generator will
inject reactive power into the power system, tending to raise system
voltage. If the system voltage rises, the reactive output of the generator
will drop, and ultimately reactive power will flow into the generator,
tending to lower system voltage.
7.1.9 The voltage regulator will accentuate this behavior by driving the field
current in the appropriate direction to obtain the desired system voltage.
Because most of the reactive limits are thermal limits associated with
large pieces of equipment, significant short-term extra reactive-power
capability usually exists. Power-system stabilizers also control generator
field current and reactive-power output in response to oscillations on the
power system. This function is a part of the network-stability ancillary
service.
Page 65 of 103
7.2 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS

7.2.1 Every synchronous machine (motor or generator) has the reactive power
capability. Synchronous motors are occasionally used to provide voltage
support to the power system as they provide mechanical power to their
load. Some combustion turbines and hydro units are designed to allow
the generator to operate without its mechanical power source simply to
provide the reactive-power capability to the power system when the real
power generation is unavailable or not needed.
7.2.2 Synchronous machines that are designed exclusively to provide reactive

support are called synchronous condensers. Synchronous condensers
have all of the response speed and controllability advantages of
generators without the need to construct the rest of the power plant (e.g.,
fuel-handling equipment and boilers). Because they are rotating machines
with moving parts and auxiliary systems, they may require significantly
more maintenance than static alternatives. They also consume real power
equal to about 3% of the machines reactive-power rating. That is, a 50-
MVAR synchronous condenser requires about 1.5 MW of real power.
7.2.3 As per planning philosophy and general guidelines in the Manual on

Transmission planning criteria issued by CEA (MOP, India), Thermal /
Nuclear Generating Units shall normally not run at leading power factor.
However for the purpose of charging unit may be allowed to operate at
leading power factor as per the respective capability curve.
7.2.4 Generator capability may depend significantly on the type and amount of
cooling. This is particularly true of hydrogen cooled generators where
cooling gas pressure affects both the real and reactive power capability
Table 5. List of units in NER required to be normally operated with free governor action
and AVR in service.
UNIT
SL. NO. STATION UTILITY UNIT NO. CAPACITY TYPE
(MW)
1 KOPILI HEP NEEPCO 1,2,3 & 4* 50 HYDEL
RANGANADI
2 NEEPCO 1,2 & 3 135 HYDEL
HEP
*Units running in 132 KV pocket is exempt from FGMO.
Page 66 of 103
1. LTPS UNIT 5, 6 & 7 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 67 of 103
2. NTPS UNIT 1, 2 & 3 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 68 of 103
3. NTPS UNIT 4 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 69 of 103
4. NTPS UNIT 6 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 70 of 103
5. LTPS CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 71 of 103
6. NTPS CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 72 of 103
7. UMIUM ST I CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 73 of 103
8. UMIUM STAGE II CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 74 of 103
9. UMIUM STAGE III CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 75 of 103
10. UMIUM STAGE IV CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 76 of 103
11. AGBPP UNIT 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 77 of 103
12. AGBPP UNIT 1, 2, 3 & 4 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 78 of 103
13. AGTPP CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 79 of 103
14. DOYANG HEP UNIT 1 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 80 of 103
15. KHANDONG HEP UNIT 2 CAPABILITY CURVE

Page 81 of 103
16. KOPILI HEP UNIT 1 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 82 of 103
17. KOPILI HEP UNIT 2 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 83 of 103
18. KOPILI HEP ST II CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 84 of 103
19. RANGANADI HEP CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 85 of 103
20. LOKTAK HEP CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 86 of 103
21. ROKHIA UNIT 3, 4 & 6 CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 87 of 103
22. ROKHIA & BARAMURA CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 88 of 103
23. OTPC PALATANA GTG CAPABILITY CURVE
Page 89 of 103
24. OTPC PALATANA STG CAPABILITY CURVE

Page 90 of 103
8 CONCLUSION
8.1 Generators, synchronous condensers, SVCs, and STATCOMs all provide
fast, continuously controllable reactive support and voltage control. LTC
transformers provide nearly continuous voltage control but they are slow
because the transformer moves reactive power from one bus to another,
the control gained at one bus is at the expense of the other. Capacitors
and inductors are not variable and offer control only in large steps.
8.2 An unfortunate characteristic of capacitors and capacitor-based SVCs is

that output drops dramatically when voltage is low and support is needed
most. The output of a capacitor, and the capacity of an SVC, is
proportional to the square of the terminal voltage. STATCOMs provide
more support under low-voltage conditions than capacitors or SVCs do
because they are current-limited devices and their output drops linearly
with voltage.
8.3 The output of rotating machinery (i.e., generators and synchronous

condensers) rises with dropping voltage unless the field current is
actively reduced. Generators and synchronous condensers generally
have additional emergency capacity that can be used for a limited time.
Voltage-control characteristics favour the use of generators and
synchronous condensers. Costs, on the other hand, favor capacitors.
8.4 Generators have extremely high capital costs because they are designed
to produce real power, not reactive power. Even the incremental cost of
obtaining reactive support from generators is high, although it is difficult
to unambiguously separate reactive-power costs from real-power costs.
Operating costs for generators are high as well because they involve real-
power losses. Finally, because generators have other uses, they
experience opportunity costs when called upon to simultaneously
provide high levels of both reactive and real power.
8.5 Synchronous condensers have the same costs as generators but,

because they are built solely to provide reactive support, their capital
costs do not include the prime mover or the balance of plant and they
incur no opportunity costs. SVCs and STATCOMs are high-cost devices,
as well, although their operating costs are lower than those for
synchronous condensers and generators.
Page 91 of 103
9 SUMMARY
9.1 The process of controlling voltages and managing reactive power on
interconnected transmission systems is well understood from a technical
perspective. Three objectives dominate reactive-power management.
First, maintain adequate voltages throughout the transmission system
under current and contingency conditions. Second, minimize congestion
of real-power flows. Third, minimize real-power losses.
9.2 This process must be performed centrally because it requires a

comprehensive view of the power system to assure that control is
coordinated. System operators and planners use sophisticated computer
models to design and operate the power system reliably and
economically. Central control by rule works well but may not be the most
technically and economically effective means.
9.3 The economic impact of control actions can be quite different in a

restructured/regulated industry than for vertically integrated utilities.
While it may be sufficient to measure only the response of the system in
aggregate for a vertically integrated utility, determining individual
generator performance will be critical in a competitive environment.
9.4 While it reduces or eliminates opportunity costs by providing sufficient

capacity, it can waste capital. When an investor is considering
construction of new generation, the amount of reactive capability that the
generator can provide without curtailing real-power production should
depend on system requirements and the economics of alternatives, not
on a fixed rule.
9.5 The introduction of advanced devices, such as STATCOMs and SVCs,

further complicates the split between transmission- and generation based
voltage control. The fast response of these devices often allows them to
substitute for generation-based voltage control. But their high capital
costs limit their use. If these devices could participate in a competitive
voltage-control market, efficient investment would be encouraged.
9.6 In areas with high concentrations of generation, sufficient interaction

among generators is likely to allow operation of a competitive market. In
other locations, introduction of a small amount of controllable reactive
support on the transmission system might enable market provision of the
bulk of the reactive support. In other locations, existing generation would
be able to exercise market power and would continue to require economic
regulation for this service.
Page 92 of 103
9.7 A determination of the extent of each type within each region would be a
useful contribution to restructuring. System planners and operators need
to work closely together during the design of new facilities and
modification of existing facilities. Planners must design adequate reactive
support into the system to provide satisfactory voltage profiles during
normal and contingency operating conditions. Of particular importance is
sufficient dynamic support, such as the reactive output of generators,
which can supply additional reactive power during contingencies.
9.8 System operators must have sufficient metering and analytical tools to be
able to tell when and if the operational reactive resources are sufficient.
Operators must remain cognizant of any equipment outages or problems
that could reduce the systems static or dynamic reactive support below
desirable levels. Ensuring that sufficient reactive resources are available
in the grid to control voltages may be increasingly difficult because of the
disintegration of the electricity industry.
9.9 Traditional vertically integrated utilities contained, within the same entity,
generator reactive resources, transmission reactive resources, and the
control center that determined what resources were needed when.
Presently, these resources and functions are placed within three different
entities. In addition, these entities have different, perhaps conflicting,
goals. In particular, the owners of generating resources will be driven, in
competitive generation markets, to maximize the earnings from their
resources. They will not be willing to sacrifice revenues from the sale of
real power to produce reactive power unless appropriately compensated.
9.10 Similarly, transmission owners will want to be sure that any costs they
incur to expand the reactive capabilities on their system (e.g., additional
capacitors) will be reflected fully in the transmission rates that they are
allowed to charge.
9.11 Failure to appropriately compensate those entities that provide voltage-

control services could lead to serious reliability problems and severe
constraints on inter regional links and other congested areas as TTC
(Total Transfer Capability) has a voltage limit function as a baggage with
it which is directly linked to var compensation. With dynamic ATCs
(Available Transfer capability), Var compensation if not seriously thought
of may have serious commercial implications in time to come due to the
amount of bulk power trading happening across the country in todays
context.
Page 93 of 103
10 Statutory Provisions for Reactive Power

Management and voltage Control
10.1 Provision in the Central Electricity Authority (Technical
Standard for connectivity to the grid) Regulations 2007 [8]:
Extracts from this standard is as reproduced below for ready reference.
Part II : Grid Connectivity Standards applicable to the Generating Units

The units at a generating station proposed to be connected to the grid
shall comply with the following requirements besides the general
connectivity conditions given in the regulations and general requirements
given in part-I of the Schedule:-
1. New Generating Units

Hydro generating units having rated capacity of 50 MW and
above shall be capable of operation in synchronous
condenser mode, where ever feasible.
2. Existing Units
For thermal generating unit having rated capacity of 200
MW and above and hydro units having rated capacity of 100
MW and above, the following facilities would be provided at
the time of renovation and modernization.
(1) Every generating unit shall have Automatic Voltage

Regulator. Generators having rated capacity of 100
MW and above shall have Automatic Voltage Regulator
with two separate with two separate channels having
independent inputs and automatic changeover.
10.2 Provision in The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC),

2010:
10.2.1 As per sec 3.5 of IEGC planning criterion general policy
(a) The planning criterion are based on the security philosophy
on which the ISTS has been planned. The security
philosophy may be as per the Transmission Planning
Criteria and other guidelines as given by CEA. The general
policy shall be as detailed below:
i) As a general rule, the ISTS shall be capable of
withstanding and be secured against the following
contingency outages
Page 94 of 103
a. without necessitating load shedding or rescheduling

of generation during Steady State Operation:
- Outage of a 132 kV D/C line or,
- Outage of a 220 kV D/C line or,
- Outage of a 400 kV S/C line or,
- Outage of single Interconnecting
Transformer, or
- Outage of one pole of HVDC Bipole line, or
one pole of HVDC back to back Station or
- Outage of 765 kV S/C line.
b. without necessitating load shedding but could be
with rescheduling of generation during steady
state operation-
- Outage of a 400 kV S/C line with TCSC, or
- Outage of a 400kV D/C line, or
- Outage of both pole of HVDC Bipole line or
both poles of HVDC back to back Station or
- Outage of a 765kV S/C line with series
compensation.
ii) The above contingencies shall be considered assuming
a pre-contingency system depletion (Planned outage) of
another 220 kV D/C line or 400 kV S/C line in another
corridor and not emanating from the same substation.
The planning study would assume that all the
Generating Units may operate within their reactive
capability curves and the network voltage profile shall
also be maintained within voltage limits specified
(e) CTU shall carry out planning studies for Reactive Power
compensation of ISTS including reactive power
compensation requirement at the generators /bulk
consumers switchyard and for connectivity of new
generator/ bulk consumer to the ISTS in accordance with
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission ( Grant of
Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open
Access in inter-state Transmission and related matters)
Regulations, 2009.
10.2.2 As per Sec 4.6.1 of IEGC, Important Technical Requirements for
Connectivity to the Grid:
Reactive Power Compensation
a) Reactive Power compensation and/or other facilities, shall
be provided by STUs, and Users connected to ISTS as far
as possible in the low voltage systems close to the load
Page 95 of 103
points thereby avoiding the need for exchange of Reactive

Power to/from ISTS and to maintain ISTS voltage within the
specified range.
b) The person already connected to the grid shall also provide
additional reactive compensation as per the quantum and
time frame decided by respective RPC in consultation with
RLDC. The Users and STUs shall provide information to
RPC and RLDC regarding the installation and healthiness
of the reactive compensation equipment on regular basis.
RPC shall regularly monitor the status in this regard.
10.2.3 In chapter 5 of IEGC operating code for regional grids:
5.2(k) All generating units shall normally have their automatic
voltage regulators (AVRs) in operation. In particular, if a
generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size is required to be
operated without its AVR in service, the RLDC shall be
immediately intimated about the reason and duration, and
its permission obtained. Power System Stabilizers (PSS) in
AVRs of generating units (wherever provided), shall be got
properly tuned by the respective generating unit owner as
per a plan prepared for the purpose by the CTU/RPC from
time to time. CTU /RPC will be allowed to carry out
checking of PSS and further tuning it, wherever considered
necessary.
5.2(o) All Users, STU/SLDC , CTU/RLDC and NLDC, shall also
facilitate identification, installation and commissioning of
System Protection Schemes (SPS) (including inter-tripping
and run-back) in the power system to operate the
transmission system closer to their limits and to protect
against situations such as voltage collapse and cascade
tripping, tripping of important corridors/flow-gates etc..
Such schemes would be finalized by the concerned RPC
forum, and shall always be kept in service. If any SPS is to
be taken out of service, permission of RLDC shall be
obtained indicating reason and duration of anticipated
outage from service.
5.2(s) All Users, RLDC, SLDC STUs , CTU and NLDC shall take all
possible measures to ensure that the grid voltage always
remains within the following operating range.
Page 96 of 103
Voltage (KV rms)
Nominal Maximum Minimum
765 800 728
400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
110 121 99
66 72 60
33 36 30
Table 6: IEGC operating voltage range

5.2(u) (ii) During the wind generator start-up, the wind generator
shall ensure that the reactive power drawl (inrush
currents incase of induction generators) shall not affect
the grid performance.
10.2.4 In chapter 6 of IEGC Section-6.6 Reactive Power & Voltage Control:

1. Reactive power compensation should ideally be provided
locally, by generating reactive power as close to the
reactive power consumption as possible. The Regional
Entities except Generating Stations are therefore expected
to provide local VAr compensation/generation such that
they do not draw VArs from the EHV grid, particularly under
low-voltage condition. To discourage VAr drawals by
Regional Entities except Generating Stations, VAr
exchanges with ISTS shall be priced as follows:
- The Regional Entity except Generating Stations pays
for VAr drawal when voltage at the metering point is
below 97%
- The Regional Entity except Generating Stations gets
paid for VAr return when voltage is below 97%
- The Regional Entity except Generating Stations gets
paid for VAr drawal when voltage is above103%
Page 97 of 103
The Regional Entity except Generating Stations pays for

VAr return when voltage is above 103% Provided that there
shall be no charge/payment for VAr drawal/return by a
regional Entity except Generating Stations on its own line
emanating directly from an ISGS.
2. The charge for VArh shall be at the rate of 10 paise/kVArh
w.e.f. 1.4.2010, and this will be applicable between the
Regional Entity, except Generating Stations, and the
regional pool account for VAr interchanges. This rate shall
be escalated at 0.5paise/kVArh per year thereafter, unless
otherwise revised by the Commission.
3 Notwithstanding the above, RLDC may direct a Regional
Entity except Generating Stations to curtail its VAr
drawal/injection in case the security of grid or safety of any
equipment is endangered.
4. In general, the Regional Entities except Generating Stations
shall endeavor to minimize the VAr drawal at an
interchange point when the voltage at that point is below
95% of rated, and shall not return VAr when the voltage is
above 105%. ICT taps at the respective drawal points may
be changed to control the VAr interchange as per a
Regional Entity except Generating Stationss request to the
RLDC, but only at reasonable intervals.
5. Switching in/out of all 400 kV bus and line Reactors
throughout the grid shall be carried out as per instructions
of RLDC. Tap changing on all 400/220 kV ICTs shall also be
done as per RLDCs instructions only.
6. The ISGS and other generating stations connected to
regional grid shall generate/absorb reactive power as per
instructions of RLDC, within capability limits of the
respective generating units, that is without sacrificing on
the active generation required at that time. No payments
shall be made to the generating companies for such VAr
generation/absorption.
7. VAr exchange directly between two Regional Entities
except Generating Stations on the interconnecting lines
owned by them (singly or jointly) generally address or
cause a local voltage problem, and generally do not have
an impact on the voltage profile of the regional grid.
Accordingly, the management/control and commercial
handling of the VAr exchanges on such lines shall be as
per following provisions, on case-by-case basis:
Page 98 of 103
i) The two concerned Regional Entities except Generating

Stations may mutually agree not to have any
charge/payment for VAr exchanges between them on an
interconnecting line.
ii) The two concerned Regional Entities except Generating
Stations may mutually agree to adopt a payment
rate/scheme for VAr exchanges between them identical
to or at variance from that specified by CERC for VAr
exchanges with ISTS. If the agreed scheme requires any
additional metering, the same shall be arranged by the
concerned Beneficiaries.
iii) In case of a disagreement between the concerned
Regional Entities except Generating Stations (e.g. one
party wanting to have the charge/payment for VAr
exchanges, and the other party refusing to have the
scheme), the scheme as specified in Annexure-2 shall
be applied. The per kVArh rate shall be as specified by
CERC for VAr exchanges with ISTS.
iv) The computation and payments for such VAr exchanges
shall be effected as mutually agreed between the two
Beneficiaries.
10.3 THE AEGCL GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY, FEBRUARY

10, 2005
10.3.1 IN CHAPTER 9: FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT
10.3.1.1 (9.1) Introduction

(a) This section describes the method by which all Users of the
State Grid shall cooperate with SLDC in contributing towards
effective control of the system frequency and managing the
grid voltage.
(b) State Grid normally operates in synchronism with the North-

Eastern Regional Grid and NERLDC has the overall
responsibility of the integrated operation of the North-
Eastern Regional Power System. The constituents of the
Region are required to follow the instructions of NERLDC for
the backing down generation, regulating loads, MVAR drawal
etc. to maintain the system frequency and the grid voltage.
Page 99 of 103
(c) SLDC shall instruct SSGS to regulate Generation/Export and

hold reserves of active and reactive power within their
respective declared parameters. SLDC shall also regulate the
load as may be necessary to meet the objective.
(d) System voltages levels can be affected by Regional

operation. The SLDC shall optimise voltage management by
adjusting transformer taps to the extent available and
switching of circuits/ capacitors/ reactors and other
operational steps. SLDC will instruct generating stations to
regulate MVAr generation within their declared parameters.
SLDC shall also instruct Distribution Licensees to regulate
demand, if necessary.
10.3.1.2 (9.2) Objective

The objectives of this section are as follows:
(a) To define the responsibilities of all Users in contributing to
frequency and voltage management.
(b) To define the actions required to enable SLDC to maintain

System voltages and frequency within acceptable levels in
accordance Planning and Security Standards of IEGC.
10.3.1.3 (9.3) Frequency Management

The rated frequency of the system shall be 50 Hz and shall normally
be regulated within the limits prescribed in IEGC Clause 4.6(b). As a
constituent of North-Eastern Region, the SLDC shall make all
possible efforts to ensure that grid frequency remain within normal
band of 49.5 50.2Hz (Presently IEGC band is 49.7-50.2 Hz).
10.3.1.4 (9.4) Basic philosophy of control

Frequency being essentially the index of load-generation balance
conditions of the system, matching of available generation with load,
is the only option for maintaining frequency within the desired limits.
Basically, two situations arise, viz., a surplus situation and a deficit
situation. The automatic mechanisms available for adjustment of
load/generation are (i) Free governor action; (ii) Maintenance of
spinning reserves and (iii) Under-frequency relay actuated shedding.
These measures are essential elements of system security. SLDC
shall ensure that Users of the State Grid comply with provisions of
clause 6.2 of the IEGC so far as they apply to them. The SLDC in
coordination with Users shall exercise the manual mechanism for
frequency control under following situations:
10.3.1.5 (9.5) Falling frequency:
Page 100 of 103

Under falling frequency conditions, SLDC shall take appropriate

action to issue instructions, in coordination with NERLDC to arrest
the falling frequency and restore it to be within permissible range.
Such instructions may include dispatch instruction to SSGS and/or
instruction to Distribution Licensees and Open access customers to
reduce load demand by appropriate manual and/or automatic load
shedding.
10.3.1.6 (9.6) Rising Frequency

Under rising frequency conditions, SLDC shall take appropriate
action to issue instructions to SSGS in co-ordination with NERLDC,
to arrest the rising frequency and restore frequency within
permissible range through backing down hydel generation and
thermal generation to the level not requiring oil support. SLDC shall
also issue instructions to Distribution Licensees and Open access
customers in coordination with NERLDC to lift Load shedding (if
exists) in order to take additional load.
10.3.1.7 (9.7) Responsibilities

SLDC shall monitor actual Drawal against scheduled Drawal and
regulate internal generation/demand to maintain this schedule. SLDC
shall also monitor reactive power drawal and availability of capacitor
banks. Generating Stations within AEGCL shall follow the dispatch
instructions issued by SLDC.Distribution Licensees and Open
access customers shall co-operate with SLDC in managing load &
reactive power drawal on instruction from SLDC as required.
10.3.1.8 (9.8) Voltage Management

(a) Users using the Intra State transmission system shall make
all possible efforts to ensure that the grid voltage always
remains within the limits specified in IEGC at clause 6.2(q)
and produced below:
Nominal Maximum Minimum
400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
(b) AEGCL Gridco and/or SLDC shall carry out load flow studies
based on operational data from time to time to predict where
voltage problems may be encountered and to identify
Page 101 of 103

appropriate measures to ensure that voltages remain within

the defined limits. On the basis of these studies SLDC shall
instruct SSGS to maintain specified voltage level at
interconnecting points. SLDC and AEGCL Gridco shall co-
ordinate with the Distribution Licensees to determine voltage
level at the interconnection points. SLDC shall continuously
monitor 400/220/132kV voltage levels at strategic sub-
stations to control System voltages.
(c) SLDC in close coordination with NERLDC shall take

appropriate measures to control System voltages which may
include but not be limited to transformer tap changing,
capacitor / reactor switching including capacitor switching
by Distribution Licensees at 33 kV substations, operation of
Hydro unit as synchronous condenser and use of MVAr
reserves with SSGS within technical limits agreed to between
AEGCL Gridco and Generators. Generators shall inform
SLDC of their reactive reserve capability promptly on
request.
(d) APGCL and IPPs shall make available to SLDC the up to date
capability curves for all Generating Units, as detailed in
Chapter 5.indicating any restrictions, to allow accurate
system studies and effective operation of the Intra State
transmission system. CPPs shall similarly furnish the net
reactive capability that will be available for Export to / Import
from Intra State transmission system.
(e) Distribution Licensees and Open access customers shall

participate in voltage management by providing Local VAR
compensation (as far as possible in low voltage system close
to load points) such that they do not depend upon EHV grid
for reactive support.
10.3.1.9 (9.9) General

Close co-ordination between Users and SLDC, AEGCL Gridco and
NERLDC shall exist at all times for the purposes of effective
frequency and voltage management.
Page 102 of 103

11. Bibliography:
1. Best practice manual of transformer for BEE and IREDA by Devki energy
consultancy pvt. ltd.
2. NERPC progress report August, 2010.
3. Document on MeSEB capacity building and training document
4. Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria, CEA, Govt. of India, June 1994
5. Indian Electricity Grid Code, CERC, India, 2010
6. The Central Electricity Authority (Technical Standard for connectivity to the grid)
Regulations 2007.
7. Operation procedure for NER January 2010.
8. Document on Metering code for AEGCL grid.
9. Principles of efficient and reliable reactive power supply and consumption, staff
report, FERC, Docket No. AD05-1-000, February 4, 2005
th th
10. Proceedings of workshop on grid security & management 28 and 29 April,
2008 Bangalore.
11. Extra High Voltage AC transmission Engineering R D Begamudre.
12. Electrical Engineering Handbook SIEMENS.
13. C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
14. THE AEGCL GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY, FEBRUARY 10, 2005
Page 103 of 103

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Powergrid)
(A GOVT. OF INDIA UNDERTAKING)
NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
DONGTIEH-LOWER NONGRAH,
LAPALANG,
SHILLONG 793 006
Page 104 of 103
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One Nation.

REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED

Prepared by: System Operation - I department

1 Reactive Power Management and Voltage Control 6

7 Generator Reactive Power and Voltage Control 64

10.1 Provision in the Central Electricity Authority (Technical 94

LIST-1: 400 KV LINE DETAILS OF POWERGRID IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 26

LIST-25: ICT DETAILS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN NORTH EASTERN REGION 47

Annexure: Capability Curve of generating machines of NER

1 LTPS UNIT 5, 6 & 7 CAPABILITY CURVE 67

20 LOKTAK HEP CAPABILITY CURVE 86

Table 1 Reactive power compensation sources 16

Quality of power to the stakeholders is the question of the hour worldwide.

Three objectives dominate reactive power management. Firstly, maintaining

This manual is in continuation to the previous edition to understand the basics of

1 Reactive Power Management and Voltage

1.1.3 In an interconnected AC grid,

1.1.6 VAR Management? It is defined as the control of generator voltages,

1.1.8 Voltage and current may not pulsate up and

Although AC voltage and current pulsate at the same frequency, they

1.2 Analogy of Reactive Power

Visualize a boat on a canal, pulled by a horse on the bank of the canal.

Fig 3. Boat pulled by a Horse Fig 4. Direction of pull

In actual the horse is not in front of the boat to do a meaningful work of

Fig 5. Vector representation of the analogy

The description of the puzzle begins to

1.2.5 Both of these examples illustrate how important it is to understand the

1.3 Understanding Vectorially

1.3.2 The useful power that can be drawn

1.4 Voltage Stability

1.4.2 Voltage control (keeping voltage within defined limits) in an electric

failures. If voltage drops too low, some generators will automatically

1.4.4 Usually the causes of under voltages are:

1.4.5 If the declines continue, these voltage reductions cause additional

1.5 Voltage Collapse

Usually voltage stability is categorized into two parts

Large disturbance voltage stability

Fig 8. Time frames for voltage stability phenomena

1.6 Proximity to Instability

1.6.3 This phenomenon can be seen from

These are curves drawn between V and P of a critical bus at a

1.7 Reactive Reserve Margin

1.7.2 Voltage collapse normally occurs when sources producing reactive

directly related to voltage collapse, it can be used as a measure of voltage

1.7.4 In case of reactive reserve criteria, the reactive power reserve of an

STATIC SOURCES: Static sources are typically transmission

DYNAMIC SOURCES: It includes pure reactive power

1.7.7 Reactive power absorption occurs when current flows through an

Sources of Reactive Power Sinks of Reactive Power

Table 1. Reactive power compensation sources

1.7.8 A transmission line also has capacitance. When a small amount of

Fig 10. Average cost of Reactive power technologies

1.8 NER GRID Overview

Fig 11. NER Grid map

many a grid incidents in the past in the form of cascade tripping

1.8.9 Operationally in NER, Voltage is normally controlled by managing

Switching in and out of Line reactance compensators such

Fault levels of major substation in NER are as below:

Off Peak Peak

Azara (Mirza) 3.2 2238 3.2 2217

Langpi 3.8 1438 3.8 1437

The generating units provide the basic means of voltage

1.9 Reliability Improvement Due to Local Voltage Regulation