International Journal of Zoology Research

ISSN : 2231-3516 & E-ISSN : 2231-3524, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2014, pp.-082-087.

Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000254

INSECTS USED AS FOOD WITH EMPHASIS TO ACRIDID CULTURE, BIOMASS PRODUCTION

AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION

DAS A.*
Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata- 700 017, WB, India.
*Corresponding Author: Email- dasamlan@yahoo.co.in
Received: November 16, 2013; Accepted: April 24, 2014

Abstract- This paper deals with a new approach of entomology with an economic outlook. Acridid (Orthoptera) biomass by means of its mass
culture could be utilized as a non-conventional source of protein-rich feed supplement to chick rations and fisheries. Moreover, it could be en-
couraged for anthropogenic consumption as well. This paper advocates miscellaneous uses of insects, particularly grasshoppers, as feed in-
gredient and food source. The Acridid mass rearing, culture and management towards biomass production can establish economically. The
mass culture procedure of Acridid is short-sketched with relevant information.
Keywords- Acridid mass culture, rearing, biomass production, protein-source, feed supplement, entomophagism

Citation: Das A. (2014) Insects Used as Food with Emphasis to Acridid Culture, Biomass Production and Scope of Application. International
Journal of Zoology Research, ISSN : 2231-3516 & E-ISSN : 2231-3524, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp.-082-087.

Copyright: Copyright2014 Das A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction meal in maintenance of livestock, particularly for poultry birds and

Economic entomology provides us many untapped natural gifts
which were under revealed in the past. Sericulture, apiculture and
lac culture are three such well-established sciences in the world
today under this economic branch of science. Still there exist many
possibilities that insects can enrich us economically by its scientific
and integrated approach of utilisation. Although insects are one of
the major components of natural food chain, they have seldom
been seriously considered as a possible nutrient source for animal
husbandry or for human consumption. Some species of grasshop-
pers and locusts (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) have some properties
such as rapid lifecycle, high reproductive potential, gregariousness
in habit, high protein content in tissues etc. and that properties are
helpful towards faming and culture of those acridid species. The
present paper advocates about the process of acridid culture and
management towards its high biomass production. The usefulness
of acridid biomass for present and future purposes is also illustrat-
ed.
The Usefulness of Insects
Insects, as a major group of fauna in the kingdom of Animalia, pos-
sess enormous biodiversity. The colossal biomass of insects in
nature they have played important part in the history of human nutri-
tion in Africa, Asia and Latin America [1]. Some comprehensive
information about human use of insects as food and as animal feed
has been listed up by several authors at different times [2-9]. The
usefulness of insects, so far literature surveyed, can broadly be
classified under the following two heads:
Insects as Feedstuff
Several investigations have been reported on utilization of insect
fisheries. Beside Orthopteran insects in most of the instances
house fly (Musca domestica Lin.) pupae or maggot meal [10-13],
face fly (Musca autumnalis De Geer) pupae meal [14-15], soldier fly
(Hermetia illucens Lin.) larvae meal [16-18] or silk worm pupae
meal [19-23] were used as supplementary feed ingredients.
Among Orthopteran insects grasshopper meal has high proportion
of crude protein and fat and is therefore it could be a probable pro-
tein source for poultry feed supplement [24-25]. Working with poul-
try birds scientists suggested that grasshopper meal can replace
significant quantity of fish meal in broiler ration upon a result that
grasshopper meal facilitates rapid weight gain to poultry birds [26].
It was also advocated that grasshopper meal do not hamper pro-
ductive performance in broilers and therefore, their production and
utilization in feed formulation could be encouraged [27-28]. On a
similar investigation it was reported that grasshopper meal could
replace control diet of broiler chicks without any adverse affects on
weight gain or feed intake [29]. In a comprehensive study, on using
of grasshopper feed meal to chick rations, it was strongly supported
that being high nutritional, minerals and calorie values, they could
be use as alternative animal feed supplement to chick rations [30].
Beside the above information, time and again several authors advo-
cated about the usefulness of grasshopper meals to chick rations
and fisheries. All of them mainly furnished about the quantity of
protein, fat and minerals and quality of amino acid present in grass-
hoppers and how that grasshopper, as meals, could be incorpo-
rated in chick or fish rations [31-36].
Insects as Foodstuff
Insects are intentionally eaten in many parts of the world. They are
consumed in an immature or in adult form, cooked or raw, in whole

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 Insects Used as Food with Emphasis to Acridid Culture, Biomass Production and Scope of Application
or in part. In most instances the insects are gathered from the wild
while in a few countries they are reared commercially. Older litera-
ture contains numerous accounts provided by explorers, naturalists,
anthropologists and assorted travellers describing the use of insects
as food by the indigenous people of most of the world. In a compre-
hensive review of early literature more than twenty references about
edible insects and their consumption pattern throughout the world
have been cited [1]. In another incident nearly thirty edible insects
that are commonly consumed by mankind in different parts of the
world have been advocated [37]. Among Orthopteroid insects some
species of grasshoppers and locusts viz. Patanga succincta Linn.
and Schistocerca gregaria Forks. are taken as food on account of
their large size and frequent availability in considerable numbers
since very early times; they are roasted and eaten in Africa, Arabia,
Thailand and in India and among crickets, Gryllus testaceous
Walck., Brachytrypes portentosus Licht. and Liogryllus bimaculatus
de Geer are also roasted and eaten in various parts of the world
[37]. Detailed information regarding diversity, mode of consumption
and economic values of the edible insects in all tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world has been compiled in a nearly recent
publication [38].
The Pedi of South Africa prefer certain insects to meat [39] as do
the Yukpa of Colombia and Venezuela [40]. It was recognized the
quantitative importance of insects to indigenous diets in Peru [41]
and in Zimbabwe [42]. Insect consumption credits as averting many
potential cases of Kwashiorkor among the young of rural areas of
Zimbabwe [42]. During studies with Yukpa in Colombia and Vene-
zuela it was reported that people eat insects as either a curiosity or
a relic of barbarism [40]. In a comparative study of food habits
among three ethnic groups of Melanesians of Papua New Guinea it
was reported that coastal people know well which insects are edi-
ble; and they were seen indulging especially frequently in the yellow
leaf ant, Oecophylla smaragdina F. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
[43]. In search of animal protein in Kipushi territory of Zaire caterpil-
lars were indisputably the first supplement chosen, where in South
Africa the caterpillars of saturniid moth (Gonimbrasia belina West-
wood), known as masonja, are very favourite with beef [44]. In
Petersburg, Russia also it was reported that Mopanie caterpillars
were economically profitable [45]. In Southern Mexico food insects
are not only prominent in the market places of rural towns and vil-
lages, but some are sold in the finest restaurants in the largest cit-
ies and exported abroad to Europe and United States [46-48]. In
India it was reported that insects represent the cheapest source of
animal protein in Manipur, their consumption should be encouraged
because many of the people cannot afford fish or animal flesh [49].
The wide spread practice of entomophagy warrants further attention
in any evaluation of availability of protein sources in the Amazonian
ecosystem. In a case study of Tukanoan Indians in the northwest
Amazon, it was described the insect fauna that was included in their
diet, sometimes in large amounts, with a purpose to define the char-
acteristics of their predictability as food resources in the environ-
ment and to evaluate the dietary significance of entomophagy for
this population [50].
The Kiriwinians who live in the Trobriand Islands eat a wide variety
of insects, not because they have to, but because they like them
[40]. According to the author [40], insects are widely consumed in
Asia; despite great modernization and the like they are widely ap-
preciated in Japan, particularly in rural areas. Insect consumption
rates are high in Southeast Asia, particularly among the Thais, Lao-
tians, Burmese and Kampucheans because of a wide variety of
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insects are available in these areas. Insects can make a potentially
enormous contribution to solving problems of human nutrition. It
was considered attempting to produce insects as low-cost feed for
pond fishes as small farms [2]. Dried caterpillars of saturniid moths
are sold in the local market in Zimbabwe and the consumptions of
termites, locusts and tettigoniids by the vast majority of the popula-
tion continues in spite of presence of western cultures. The cone-
headed grasshopper referred to is probably Ruspolia
(=Homorocoryphus) nitidula Scopoli (Tettigoniidae) and winged
termites are eaten in great delicacies among many tribes in Uganda
and other eastern and central African countries [21]. Locusts or
grasshoppers, or both are included in diet of almost every country
for which any published record exists. The desert locust,
Schistocerca gregaria Forks. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea), well known
as a destroyer of crops, was itself treated as a major source of food
in Northern Africa and in Middle East at earlier times. Although few
insects other than this locust were used as food in Northern Africa
and hundreds of species have been used in Central and Southern
Africa, Asia, Australia and Latin America. The reported total approx-
imates 500 species in more than 260 genera and 70 families of
insects are used for anthropogenic consumption. The actual num-
bers are probably far greater than the numbers reported towards
the idea of insects as food [9, 21, 51-52]. A perusal of assorted
literature has revealed variety of information about entomophagy by
different ethnic people around the world. In this regard, the works of
eminent researchers are worth mentioning [1, 4, 7, 42, 49, 50, 53-
66). It was reported that there were approximately 250 edible insect
species in sub-Saharan Africa that were high in nutritive value [9].
Over 1,500 species of edible insects have been recorded in another
report [67] in 300 ethnic groups of the world from 113 countries.
Around the world, in some ethnic groups insects provide 5-10% of
annual protein input as well as fats, calories, vitamins and minerals
[67]. On an account of anthro-entomophagy it was advocated that
edible insects are a natural renewal resource that merit deep study
in order to deliver more food and especially proteins to people with
poor nutrition and it is also necessary to cultivate some species to
continue to sustain them [8].
Insect Farming
A few instances of actual rearing of insects for human consumption
were referred by authors at few occasions [68]. It was suggested
that Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex Haldeman) might be possible
to develop management systems in which harvest would be a via-
ble alternative to chemical control [52]. Insect farming will be a part
of new agricultural system based on symbiotic relationships with
species, which are presently not used as food. It would be possible
to construct insect farms that are physically quite small but having a
high volumetric rate. A high population density will be possible to
produce fresh animal protein without a complicated transportation
and storage system [69].
Coleopteran and Lepidopteran larval stages are often long in propa-
gation to that of adult and therefore offer a greater harvesting op-
portunity; colonies of ants of the genus Atta and termites of the
genus Syntermes are long lived and the soldiers could be harvested
repeatedly throughout the year [50]. A research output on insect
farming indicates that it should be economically feasible to harvest
the biomass of aquatic insects [70-71]. The Food Insects Research
and Development Project (FIRDP), University of Wisconsin, Madi-
son, USA (1986) advocated that food insect harvest would be a part
of pest management program and thus would help to reduce the
83
 Das A.
need for insecticides for crop protection. Insect farming could be
called as production of minilivestock. And the scientific method of
any insect faming for commercial use is still lacking. On an article
[72] minilivestock: production from gathering to controlled, it was
opined that people in tropical and developing countries could start
producing meat by minilivestocks, through a new approach based
on sustainability, on protection of the environment, on rational use
of local species and on high demand. On a comprehensive compila-
tion of world edible insects some valuable comments were made
that, before insects can make a greater contribution to human nu-
trition, research is needed to ensure more dependable supplies
through development of economically feasible methods of mass-
rearing edible species and development of more and better man-
agement programmes for efficiently harvesting wild popula-
tions [73]. Therefore, in concrete, research projects on edible in-
sects should be done on 1) background information on existing
processing technologies of selected edible insects, 2) studies of the
chemical composition and nutritional value of selected edible in-
sects, 3) developing storage and packaging procedures, 4) improv-
ing the technology presently available and developing training pro-
grams in the production of new insect foods and 5) studies of prob-
ability of insect farming as a means of increasing production [74].
Biomass Production
Literatures on insect biomass production are very insufficient. How-
ever, a few of them describe a little on biomass production on some
insects including grasshoppers and locusts [75-77]. In some find-
ings seasonal changes in number and biomass of arthropods in
herbaceous layer of Savannas have been studied [78] and in some
other findings seasonal changes in the arthropods biomass in
burnt and unburnt Savannas was also given [79]. It was reported
that among grasshoppers (Acridoidea), efficiencies of food utilisa-
tion, biomass and energy budgets have been studied in only about
twenty five species worldwide [80]. Some authors [81] studied bio-
mass production of Melanoplus sanguinipes fed on different diets.
On a somewhat similar study of fall army worm Spodoptera litura
(F.) larvae, it was reported that biomass production depends on
host plants they consumed [82]. The knowledge of biomass produc-
tion of insects has great importance for rearing and mass culture of
the species.
Considering all of the above criteria on edible insects, a framework
of Acridid biomass production method has been tried to establish.
The culture procedure is very simple, inexpensive without any re-
curring expenditure and easy to understand. Hence, small farmers
and rural people, especially the weaker women section of villages,
can adopt it very quickly to improve their economic condition.
Mass Culture of Acridids
In laboratory, mass culture of acridids (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) may
be done following a series of rearing set-up, specially designed for
this purpose. And for this some commonly occurred grasshopper
species (one or more species together) from the culture area could
be selected. For better yielding of biomass throughout the year
selection of multivoltine species are ideal. Upon a preliminary filed
survey at the culture area, the frequently occurred (abundant) spe-
cies (with considerable weight) could be marked and catch (by net
sweeping) from the field to maintain a primary mother-stock. Sub-
sequently, the following seven steps may be followed for their mass
culture. In our laboratory we followed this procedure using four
acridid species viz., Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall), Acrida exaltata
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(Walker), Hieroglyphus banian (Fab.) and Spathosternum prasi-
niferum prasiniferum (Walker) and got valuable responses.
Step-1: Preparation and maintenance of mother stock for egg pro-
duction
Step-2: Collection of egg pods
Step-3: Incubation of eggs and allowed to hatching
Step-4: Nymphal rearing up to fledgling stage (0-day adult)
Step-5: Adult rearing for breeding
Step-6: Quantitative estimation of biomass
Step-7: Qualitative test of biomass
Step-1: Preparation and Maintenance of Mother Stock for Egg
Production
Acridids may be collected from nearby agricultural or grassland
fields by sweeping using conventional insect nets of 30 cm diame-
ter. The collected nymphs and adults can be acclimatized in spe-
cially designed cages for the purpose of rearing at natural condition.
Each cage was made of nylon net gauge on a wooden frame meas-
ured 4'x3.5'x3'. The floor of the cage was also wooden and at the
floor centre there was an outlet measuring 5x5 cm with a valve for
cleaning the faecal matters from the cage. Fine fresh washed (by
running tap water) and sterilized (by boiled water) sand in small
glass/plastic cups1 (300 ml) were placed on the floor of the cages in
porcelain tray for oviposition. Four cups1 in a tray and five such
trays were placed on cage floor in an orientation of four at the four
corners and one at the middle. A few drops of water can be added
daily to keep the sand moist. Green shoots of fresh mixed common-
ly occurred grasses might be provided in cage as their food in small
water filled containers (100ml). As most of the grasshoppers prefer
plants to families Poaceae and Cyperaceae, hence, plants from
these two families would be effective for their culture in addition to
other plants. In our case we used equally mixed proportion of Cyno-
don dactylon (Poaceae) and Cyperus kyllingia (Cyperaceae). The
collected adult individuals were then allowed to copulate and ovi-
posit. In mother stock at 3:1 ratio of male to female would be ideal
for copulation and oviposition.
Step-2: Collection of Egg Pods
From glass cups1 oviposited egg pods should be collected by hand
picking and transferred to another sets of glass/plastic cups2 (300
ml) filled with sterilized sand. In cups2 egg pods should be placed
up to 1-2" depth in sand and 1-2" space of cups2 should be kept
free from sand surface (after nymphal emergence, the new-borns
will take their position at the free space of covered cups2). 4-5 egg
pods may be placed in one cup2 based on the pod size. A few drops
of water should be added daily in cup2 to keep the sand moist. The
mouths of cups2 should be covered by fine nylon net using rubber
bands.
Step-3: Incubation of Eggs and Hatching
Cups2 with egg pods should be then placed at BOD incubator under
controlled 35C temperature for egg incubation. The incubating
temperature may be calibrated manually @ 1 to 2C deviating from
35C to make sure maximum hatching. After 2 to 3 trials, the incu-
bating temperature for a particular species could be fixed (based on
maximum hatchlings). Day to day observation should be done to
notice the hatchlings, if emerged in cups2. By noticing first emer-
gence of mymph, the incubating period could be recorded for future
trials. In absence of incubator (and electricity), cups2 (with moist
84
 Insects Used as Food with Emphasis to Acridid Culture, Biomass Production and Scope of Application
sand) can be placed under open sunlight until sand dries, then a
few drops of water should be added on dried sand again to keep it
moist. The alternate moistening and drying up may be continued
daily till emergence of nymphs.
Step-4: Nymphal Rearing up to Fledgling Stage
Newly hatched nymphs (0-day, Ist instar hatchling) should transfer
immediately to nymphal rearing chamber whenever they popped up
from sand and see through from cups2 nylon net. During hatchling
transfer the mouth-cover-nylon-net of cups2 should unwrap only
after keeping the cups2 in nymphal rearing chamber. Thus, hatch-
lings can easily be transferred into the nymphal rearing chamber
without any contact injury. Hatchlings should be reared in the nym-
phal rearing chamber up to fledgling stage (0-day adult). The struc-
tural design of nymphal rearing chamber was similar to mother
stock chamber. Here also four small moist sand filled trays
(6"x4"x3") were placed at four corners of the chamber floor. Sand
should keep moist by watering daily. Fresh green grasses prefera-
bly from families Poaceae and Cyperaceae in water filled containers
should be provided as food to nymphs. Faecal discharge should
also clean daily through the central outlet of rearing chamber. To
keep the rearing chamber moist 5-6 wet cotton balls can be placed
in chamber. We used four-tired nymphal rearing chamber (four
boxes stacked one by one) as a single unit to keep maximum indi-
viduals at a time using the same ground space.
Step-5: Adult Rearing for Breeding
The structural design of adult rearing chamber was also same as
mother stock chamber but its size may be altered according to pop-
ulation number. Food and other environmental conditions were also
same as mother stock rearing. Another set of ovipositing glass/
plastic cups3 filled with moist sand were placed here for oviposition.
Both male and female fledglings (0-day adult) obtained from nym-
phal rearing chamber should transfer to the adult rearing chamber
carefully for their copulation and oviposition. Here also 3:1 male
female ration would be ideal for culture.
Thus rearing cycle may be completed in five steps initially, but sub-
sequently culture procedure would be completed in four steps as
because after one generation adult stock could serve as mother
stock for the next generations.
Step-6: Quantitative Estimation of Biomass and its Qualitative
Test
To estimate the amount of biomass production/year of a species the
following factors should be taken under consideration as they play
the key role in biomass production. The factors are:
Fertility of that species
Nymphal mortality during culture
Sex ratio among males and females
Calculation of mean wet weight of male individual
Calculation of mean wet weight of female individual and
Voltine nature of the species
In biomass estimation one or many gravid female individual(s) may
consider initially. Thereafter biomass in subsequent generations per
year, obtained either from one female or females considered initial-
ly, might be estimated using the following particulars.
Only the viable (on basis of fertility) offspring (nymphs) emerged
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out from only one gravid female individual in her life span may
be considered initially.
According to the sex ratio the viable nymphs may be grouped
into males and females separately.
By deducting total nymphal mortality from both male and female
nymphs, the survived male and female adult individuals should
be calculated. To calculate nymphal mortality dead nymphs of
both sexes should be counted accordingly after completion of
each instar stage.
By multiplying the mean weight (wet) of a male to total male
individuals of that population, the total male biomass (wet
weight) may be estimated. And similarly, by multiplying the
mean weight (wet) of a female individual to total female individ-
uals of that population, the total female biomass (wet weight)
may also be estimated.
Survived female individuals from first generation may be multi-
plied further to its fertility number to estimate its offspring for the
next generation (i.e, IInd generation).
In generation II also offspring may be separated according to its
sex ratio as earlier.
Nymphal mortality may be then deducted from male and female
offspring as earlier.
The survived adult male and female adult individuals then may
be multiplied by their mean weight (wet) again to estimate the
male and female biomasses.
The total biomass (wet weight) may be then calculated by sum-
mation of male and female biomass together.
Dry biomass may be calculated by deducting the water content (%)
from their fresh (wet) values. To calculate water content insects can
be placed in micro-oven under 60C for one hour or more depend-
ing upon the size of the insect. From fresh wet weight dried weight
may be deducted and then calculate the water content accordingly.
Here it can be noted that initially (up to IInd and IIIrd instar stage)
the nymphal sex may not be recognized; and if so, calculation can
be progressed whenever sex would be understandable.
Step-7: Estimation of Nutritional Value of Biomass
Tissue constituents like total crude protein [83], total soluble carbo-
hydrates [84], total fat [85] and total ash contents [86] may be esti-
mated in both adult males and females using standard methods.
Scope of Application
The commonly used fish meal (fresh or sea water origin) to poultry
and fish rations contains 13.7-20.2% protein, 0.5-4.4% carbohy-
drates and 0.8-2.6% fat, where the meat meal or meat tankage
contains 15-26% protein and 1.2-6.7% fat [86-87]. The acridid bio-
mass, can be named as acridid feed stuff, is at per with, or even
some time superior to any kind of commonly used animal protein
supplementary feedstuffs concerning protein (15.07-16.69%), car-
bohydrates (7.11-8.11%) or fat (5.46-6.49%) [88]. In preparation of
poultry feed it is reported that fish meals are used @ 5-10% as
animal protein supplement diet ingredient and among other protein
supplementary meals, meat meals are used @ 7.5-10% [86]. These
fish meals or meat meals can be replaced from the standard com-
monly used poultry feed by acridid meal.
The recommended formula patterns for all-mash poultry rations [86]
give a picture that to produce 1 ton feed 23-45 kg animal protein
85
 Das A.
supplements are to be required for chick starter, 14-36 kg for grow-
er and 23-45 kg for breeder (average- 31 kg for starter/grower/
breeder). The biomass obtained from a single female individual of
Oxya fuscovittata Marschall (Acridoidea: Orthoptera) [from starting
generation (Ist) and along with its subsequent IInd, IIIrd and IVth
generations that completed in a year], can be able to produce
3058.71 kg poultry feeds [88]. And noteworthy to say that a huge
amount of biomass as well as its chick feed would be produced if
more than one female individual may consider at starting genera-
tion!
Cited with several references it has already been stated that not
only in underdeveloped or developing countries but also in devel-
oped countries entomophagism took attention to the people. And
thus, it would not be surprising in near future if cooked or fried
grasshoppers were widely served in delicious dishes in a roadside
caf, pub, motel or restaurants, though, presently, it is not a rare
picture in civilised society.
Acknowledgement: SERB (SR/FT/LS-174/2012), Govt. of India,
Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan and Depart-
ment of Zoology, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, WB.
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International Journal of Zoology Research

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