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Chemical oxidation
Precoat filtration
sedimentation or
Reverse osmosis
activated carbon
activated carbon
DAF,* filtration
and disinfection
Electrodialysis/
Lime softening
Nanofiltration
Aeration and
Coagulation,
ED reversal
Powdered
Activated
Granular
stripping
alumina
Cation
Anion
Contaminant categories
Primary contaminants
Inorganics
Antimony X X
Arsenic (+3) XO XO X X X X
Arsenic (+5) X X X X X X
Barium X X X X
Beryllium X X X X
Cadmium X X X X X
Chromium (+3) X X X X X
Chromium (+6) X X X
Cyanide X
Fluoride X X X X
Lead
Mercury (inorganic) X X X
Nickel X X X X
Nitrate X X X
Nitrite X X X
Selenium (+4) X X X X X
Selenium (+6) X X X X
Thallium X X X
3.6
TABLE 3.1 General Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes for Removal of Soluble Contaminants (Continued)
Chemical oxidation
Precoat filtration
sedimentation or
Reverse osmosis
activated carbon
activated carbon
DAF,* filtration
and disinfection
Electrodialysis/
Lime softening
Nanofiltration
Aeration and
Coagulation,
ED reversal
Powdered
Activated
Granular
stripping
alumina
Cation
Anion
Contaminant categories
Primary contaminants
Organic Contaminants
Volatile organics X X
Synthetic organics X X X
Pesticides/Herbicides X X X X
Dissolved organic carbon X X X X X
Radionuclides
Radium (226 + 228) X X X X
Uranium X X X
Secondary contaminants and constituents causing aesthetic problems
Hardness X X X X X
Iron XO XO X X
Manganese XO XO X X
Total dissolved solids X X
Chloride X X
Sulfate X X X
Zinc X X X X
Color X X X X X X
Taste and odor X X X X
* DAF, dissolved air flotation.
X, appropriate process for this contaminant.
XO, appropriate when oxidation used in conjunction with this process.
Lead is generally a product of corrosion and is controlled by corrosion control treatment rather than removed by
3.7
water treatment processes.