Chapter 3: Fundamental of Inviscid and Incompressible Flow

Goal of Chapter 3:
Know the derivation and application of Bernoullis Equation (Book 3.2-3.4)
Know the calculation of pressure coefficient (Book 3.5)
Know the condition for the velocity of incompressible flow (Book 3.6)
Know the concept and derivation of Laplaces Equation (Book 3.7)
Know element flow (Book 3.9-3.15)

Derivation and Applications of Bernoullis Equation (Book 3.2-3.4)

Derivation
Review 1: Momentum Equation

Review 2: Equation of streamline:

Review 3: Given a function = (, , ), then = + +
 Euler Equation:

Integrate Euler Equation

For incompressible flow,

Bernoullis equation:

Note 1: For irrotational flow:

Note 2: For rotational flow:

Note 3:

The difference between Eulers equation and Bernoullis equation?

Example: Consider an airfoil in a flow at standard sea level conditions with a free stream
velocity of 50m/s. At a given point on the airfoil, the pressure is 0.9 105 /2. Calculate the
velocity at this point.
 Application of Bernoullis equation-incompressible flow in a duct
Venturi: the pressure 2 is lower at the throat than the ambient pressure 1
outside the venture.
Can be used to measure airspeeds

Low-speed wind tunnel

Example: Consider a venture with a throat-to-inlet area ratio of 0.8 mounted in a flow at
standard sea level conditions. If the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat is 7
/ 2 , calculate the velocity of the flow at the inlet.

Example: Consider a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel with a 12/1 contraction ratio for the
nozzle. If the flow in the test section is at standard sea level conditions with a velocity of 50
m/s, calculate the height difference in a U-tube mercury manometer with one side connected
to the nozzle inlet and the other to the test section.
 Pressure Coefficient
From Chapter 1.5,

, where

Note: This equation fits for

For incompressible flow, due to Bernoullis equation,

Note: This equation holds for

 Condition on velocity for incompressible flow
For an incompressible flow:

Proof:

Laplaces Equation
For an incompressible and irrotational flow:

Proof:

For a 2D flow:

In summary:
Any irrotational, incompressible flow has a velocity potential and stream
function that both satisfy Laplaces equation
Any solution of Laplaces equation represents the velocity potential or
stream function for an irrotational, incompressible flow.
Note:
 Boundary condition of the external aerodynamic flow over a stationary body

Infinity boundary conditions

Wall boundary conditions

How to find the solution of irrotational, incompressible flows?
 Element flow (slides)

Nonlifting flow over a circular cylinder

 Lifting flow over a circular cylinder