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THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA
I. INTRODUCTION
were to receive $i i a week for the first six months of their employ-
ment. This was to be increased $i every six months, and an
apprenticeship period of one year was established which was
divided into four periods of three months, during the first of
which the apprentice was to receive $ii, with an increase of $i
every quarter. The maximum working week for all of these
groups was set at forty-eight hours.'
Manufacturing.-The next group of occupations considered
was the manufacturing industries. Up to this point, the indus-
tries dealt with had been of such a nature that they did not
compete with firms outside of the province. In the case of
manufacturing, however, the Board and the conference were
faced with the problems of competition. The representatives
of the manufacturers declared that they were not opposed to the
minimum wage, but argued that the wages should not be fixed
at a point which made it difficult to compete with the low wages
which, it was alleged, were paid in the eastern provinces.2 The
Board finally fixed $I4 as the minimum for adult women. Girls
under eighteen were to receive $io a week during the first six
months of employment, which sum was to be increased $i per
week every six months until the minimum for adults was
attained. No definite length of apprenticeship or minimum for
apprentices was fixed-the Board being granted the power to
make different rulings for the various manufacturing industries.3
The conference originally recommended the basic forty-four-
hour week, with a maximum of fifty-two hours in case of an
emergency, provided that time and a half was paid for all
hours over forty-four. The Board refused to approve this
recommendation on the ground that it was in conflict with the
Factories Act which declared forty-eight hours to be the legal
maximum.4 It is difficult to see the force of this contention in
I Order Governing Office Occupation, Minimum Wage Board, Province of
British Columbia.
2 The Pacific Coast states all had minimum wage measures and hence possible
See chap. 8i, Royal Statutes Province of British Columbia, i9ii, sec. I2 (a)
4
and 14 (c). The text of this law is given in the volume, Labour Legislation in
Canada as Existing December 3I, I920, pp. 692-702, published by the Canadian
Department of Labor.
THE MINIMUM WAGEIN CANADA i65
ion" railway, they were not subject to the wage legislation of provincial bodies.
3 Order Governing Telephone and Telegraph Occupation, Minimum Wage
Board, Province of British Columbia.
THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA i67
* Data compiled from Annual Report, Department of Labour, Province of British Columbia.
1919, PP. 97-98; 1920, pp. 63-65.
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF AVERAGE HOURS WORKED PER WEEK AND THE PROPORTION OF
MINORS PRIOR AND SUBSEQUENT TO MINIMUM WAGE ENACTMENTS
IN BRITISH COLUMBIA*
AND DRY-CLEANING
M EMERCANTIL
RCANTL E INDUSTY
DLAUNDRY
INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
when the rulings for eleven industries were revised and made uniform.
THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA 173
V. SASKATCHEWAN
In i9i9 Saskatchewan passed a minimum wage measure pro-
viding for the appointment of a Mimimum Wage Board of five,
two of whom should be women. The act made no provision for the
Board's convening a conference, and authorized it to establish
minimum wages, "adequate to support the necessary cost of liv-
ing," and to fix maximum hours and sanitary conditions in shops
and factories in the cities of the province, all of which may be
extended at the pleasure of the Board to include other localities
as well.' In the sessions of I920 the jurisdiction of the Board
was extended to include hotels and restaurants, to determine the
number of apprentices permitted in any shop or factory, and to
compel employers to keep a record of the number of hours
worked weekly by their employees.2
In the beginning of its work in May, i919, the Board held
meetings in various cities to assist it in determining what was
the proper minimum. As a result of their hearings and investiga-
tions, the Bureau of Labor stated "that a girl dependent on her
own earnings required a sum of $I5 a week to live in reasonable
comfort."3 In July, i919, without resorting to convening a
formal conference of representatives of employers, employees,
and the public, the Board itself issued rulings for laundries and
factories, shops and stores, and for mail-order houses, which were
as follows:
Laundries and factories.-The minimum for all " experienced"
females was set at $I4 a week, and "experienced" was defined to
mean anyone who had been employed in the industry eighteen
months or more. The minimum for the first six months of this
learning period was set at $9.50 a week to be increased $I.50
every six months. It should be noticed that no special ruling
was made for minors, the same provisions as to experienced
and inexperienced workers apparently applying to them as to
I Royal Statutes Province of Saskatchewan, i9i8-i9, chap. 84. The text of
this law as revised can also be found in Labor Legislation in Canada as Existing
December3I, I920, pp. 575-76, published by the Canadian Department of Labor.
2 Royal Statutes Province of Saskatchewan I9I9-20, chap. 78.
3 Ninth Annual Report of Bureau of Labor,Departmentof Agriculture, I920, p. I 7 -
I76 KATHLEEN DERRY AND PAUL H. DOUGLAS
Board of the Province of Ontario. See also the Labour Gazette,XXI, September,
I92I, pp. II56-57.
THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA i8i
Ontario. See also the Labour Gazette,XXII, January, I92I, pp. 7I-72.
2
See Order No. 3, Minimum Wage Board, Province of Ontario. Also the
Labour Gazette,XXII, September, 19 2 I, pp. I I 56-5 7.
3 At the time of writing no decision has been made by the Board for the
smaller centers of population.
THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA I83
I Order No. 6, Minimum Wage Board, Province of Ontario. Also the Labour
Gazette,XXI, December, I92I, pp. I485-86.
i84 KATHLEEN DERRY AND PAUL H. DOUGLAS
VIII. QUEBEC
OFC
METHODOFSELECTING
OCCUPATION ~~~JURISDICTIO
PROVINCE
AND DATE BODYEMPOWERED
To ADMINISTER MORINDOSTR TOBE CONSIDERG
D OFARRIVING
METHODS ATWAGE: MISSION
AS REGA
oENACTMENT LAWS By THSaBODYAWR HUSNDCNI
OF WORK
ALBERTA, 1917. * Chief factory inspector. Minimum wage fixed by law; flat rate No jurisdiction ovei
R.S.A. 1917, chap. 20. and conditions of
R.S.A. 1919, chap. 4. Factories Act
R.S.A. 1920, chap. 40. dishes nine-hour
whichmay be ex
by inspector.
BRITISHCOLUMBIA, 1918 "MinimumWageBoard,"to consistof Investigation at the discretion of the The Boardmay call publicmeeting,at Board given power
R.S.B.C. 1918, chap. 56. three members, one of whom shall be Board. Board has full power to which representatives of employers conditions of woi
R.S.B.C. 1919, chap. 61. the deputy minister of labor, who shall examine all books, pay rolls, and and employees may be heard, together maximum hour
be the chairman of the Board. One other records for its information, with all persons interested. At this amendment of
member shall be a woman. The with full and true statement by meeting evidence is submitted and (R.S.B.C. 1919,
Boardto be appointedby the lieuten- employerof wages paid. A register witnesses heard, after which the 61)
to hold office
ant-governor-in-council of names,ages, and addressesof all mattermay be submittedto a con-
during pleasure. No salary to be employeesmust be kept by employer. ferencecomposedof an equalnumber
paid to members. of representatives of employers and
employees,togetherwith one or more
disinterested persons representing the
public. A member of the Board is to
b chairman of the conference. It is
the duty of the conference to recom-
mend to the Board an estimate of the
minimum wage proper in the occupa-
tion in question, which the Board may
either accept or reject, or may recom-
mit the subject to the same or a new
conference.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. "Coal Miners' Minimum Wage Board," Board has access to all time books and A public meeting shall be held, to Board given no
R.S.B.C. 1919, chap. 58. to consist of chief inspector of mines records of pay rolls of miners. enable all interested parties to be over hours or conc
Coal Miners' Minimum as chairman and two other members present. These regulate(
Wage Board. one appointed by the mine owners Coal Miners' I
and one by the coal miners, to hold tions Act. An
office during pleasure. This body hour day provid
has never been created. this Act.
MANITOBA, 1918. "Minimum Wage Board," to consist of Investigation at the discretion of Board. No provision is made in the Act for Board empowered
R.S.M. 1918, No. 140. five persons, as follows: two repre- Board has full powers to conduct all calling of a conference. Board may act conditions of wo
R.S.M. 1919, No. 17. sentatives of employers, one of whom necessary inquiries and investigations, directly. In practice, the Board has maximum hours.
shall be a female; two representatives enforce attendance of witnesses, etc., met with representatives of employers
of employees,one to be a female; and andmay punishpersonsguiltyof con- and employees. This body however
one disinterested person as chairman tempt of the Board. The Board has makes no formal recommendations.
of the Board. Membersof the Board all the powers,rights,and privileges
to be paid for their services and that arevestedin the King'sBenchof
expensesas may be determinedby the Manitoba. Register of names, age,
lieutenant-governor-in-council. earnings, and addresses of all employ-
ees to be kept by employer.
NOVASCOTIA,1920. "Minimum Wage Board," to consist of Investigation at the discretion of Board. No wage awards issued. No provisions Board given power
R.S.N.S. 1920,chap. 11. five members,two of whomshall be Boardhas full powers,privileges,and in Act for creationof separatetrade- maximum hour
females. Members appointed by immunities of commissionersap- boardconferences. conditionsof wor
and shallbe paid
governor-in-council, pointed under Public InquiriesAct
for theirservicesand expenses. 1909. Employersmust keep register
of names,addresses,and actualearn-
ings of all employees,whichshall be
opento inspectionof Board.
ONTARIO, 1920. "MinimumWage Board" of five per- Investigationat the discretionof the After investigationthe Boardsummons Board given no poi
R.S.O.1920,chap.87. sons, two of whom shall be women, Board. Boardhas powerto examine representativesof the employersand fix either ma)
R.S.O. 1921,chap. 78. appointedby lieutenant-governor-in- books, etc.; employersmust keep a employeesto meet with them, but hours or conditi
council. Onememberto be namedas registerwith list of employees,ages, does not create a separate trade- work. Factory
chairman,whoshallholdofficeduring and addresses,to be open to inspec- boardconference. Shop Act prove
pleasure. Of the remainingmembers tion by the Board. The Boardmay maximumten-ho
of the Board,two shall be appointed also call a conferenceof employees and sixty-hourw
in the firstinstancefor one year,and and employers in the industry
two fortwo years,everymembersub- affected.
sequently appointed for a term of
five years. A memberabsent from
three successive meetings of the
Board is automatically suspended.
Membersto be paid a perdiemallow-
ancewith travelingexpenses.
QUEBEC,1919. "A commission"of threemembers,one Investigationat discretionof commis- Act not activelyin operation. The Act The commissionh
R.S.Q. 1919,chap.11. of whomshall be the deputyminister sion. Has full power to examine providesthat the commissionmay powerto fix mw
of labor,whoshall be chairman;and books,etc. holdsittingsand summonany person hours or conditi
one of whomshallbe a woman;to be to appear before it. A conference work. The Ind
appointedby the lieutenant-governor- may then be convened; an equal Establishments A(
in-council, during pleasure. No numberof employersand employees, videsfora ten-ho
memberto receive remunerationfor with a numberof disinterestedper- and sixty-hour
services. sons. A member of commission whichmay be ext
to be chairmanof the conference. by the inspect
TABLE IV
OF CANADIAN MINIMUM WAGE LAWS
OFCOM-
JURISDICTrION MEANS PROVIDED
FOR PRINCIPLESBy which OCCUPATIONS
OR CLASSOF APPRENTICES,
missionAs SE CURING ENFORCE- AMOUNT OF AWARD INDUSTRIES EmpLOYEES AN
LEARNERS, EXCEPTIONS
HOURSAND CONDITIONS S-ECRNGrAAD ISDT~i COVERED
BY COVERED MINORS
OF WORK ETO WR sDTRIE LAW By LAW
be No jurisdictionoverhours Penalty of fine. Maxi- No standardsset. "Anyfactory,shop,office, All employeesin Shops, offices,
and conditions of work. mum fine, $25. or office building." occupations and officee build-
Factories Act estab- covered by ings in cities or
lisbes nine-hour day Act, male and towns of less
which may be extended female. than 5,000.
by inspector.
it Board given power to fix Penalty of fine of from Amount "adequate to "Every female person who Women, adult Special licenses Farm laborers,
rs conditions of work and $25 to $100. Employ- supply the necessary is in receipt of or en- apprentices may be granted fruit pickers, and
Ir hours by ees may recover hack cost of living." titled to any compensa- (over eighteen to physical defec- domestic serv-
is amendment of 1919 wages with costs. tion for labor or for years), and tives and to ap- 9tS.
d (R.S.B.C. 1919, chap. services performed." girls (under prentices. Num-
ie 61) eighteenyears) ber of such not
to exceed one-
or seventh of whole
number of em-
re ployees.
ieidl 4 | | 1 |
is
ie
3,-
1-
w
I-
o Board given no powers Violationof law a misde- No standardset. "All coal miners in the All persons em-
ie overhoursorconditions. meanor. Fine of from province." ployed in coal
These regulated by $10 to $100 and over. mines.
Coal Miners' Regula- Employeemay recover
tions Act. An eight- back wages with costs.
hour day providedby
this Act.
Ir Board empoweredto fix Penaltyof fineof from$25 Amount "adequate to "Any shop, mail-orderFemales, adult Special licenses 1. Localities other
It conditionsof work and to $100or imprisonment supply necessary cost or factory, apprentices, may be granted than cities.
Is maximumhours. or bothforthe violation of living to employees offices and places of and minors in to physical de- 2. All occupations
rs of Act by employers. and maintain them in amusementin any city any city in fectives and to not specifically
Ir Employeesmay recover health." of Manitoba." Manitoba. learners. coveredby Act.
3. hackwageswith costs. Public institu-
tions.
Is Board given powerto fix Penaltyof fineof from$25 Amount "adequate to "Any female personwho All females. Special licenses All occupations
maximum hours and $100 for employers supply necessary cost is in receipt of or who may be granted outside of those
conditionsof work. violating law. Em- of living." is entitledto any com- to physical de- classifiedas "fac-
ployees may recover pensationfor labor or fectives and to tories or shops."
backwageswith costs. services performed in apprentices.
a factoryor shop."
Ls Board given no powerto Penaltyof fineof from$50 "If it is determinedthe Every female person in Allfemales. Handicapped em- Farm laborersand
d fix either maximum to $500 for employer scale of wagesis inade- "any trade or occupa- ployees, part- domestic serv-
It hours or conditionsof who violateslaw. Up- quateor unfair." tion in Ontario who time employees ants.
work. Factory and on convictionemployer worksfor wages." and apprentices
Shop Act providesfor must pay back wages may be paid a
maximumten-hourday to employees. lowerwage than
and sixty-hourweek. the minimum
fixed for others.
Board empow-
ered to limit
theirnumber.
t The commissionhas no Fine of not morethan $50 If commissionis of opin- Industrial establishmentsAll female Specialpermitmay Alloccupationsand
y power to fix maximum for employersviolating ion wages are insuffi- in provinceof Quebec. workers. be issued to ap- trades not cov-
n hours or conditionsof the law. Employees cient. prenticesor those eredby the term
e work. The Industrial may recoverbackwages physicallydefec- "Industrial Es-
l Establishments Act pro- with costs. tive for whom tablishments, "
videsfora ten-hourday lower rates may i.e., hotels,
and sixty-hour week, be fixed. Special offices, stores,
a whichmay be extended scale may be etc.
by the inspector to
-1ABLl IV
PRINCIPAL PROVISIONS OF CANADIAN
OFC
METHODOFSELECTING
OCCUPATION ~~~JURISDICTIO
PROVINCEAND DATE BODYEMPOWERED
To ADMINISTER MORINDOFSTRECTINGOCCUPATIO OFARRIVINGATWAGE
METHODS MISSION
As REGA
oENACTMENT LAWS By THSaBODYAWRSHUSNDCNI
OF WORK
ALBERTA, 1917. * Chief factory inspector. Minimum wage fixed by law; flat rate No jurisdiction ovei
R.S.A. 1917, chap. 20. and conditions of
R.S.A. 1919, chap. 4. Factories Act
R.S.A. 1920, chap. 40. dishes nine-hour
whichmay be ex
by inspector.
BRITISHCOLUMBIA, 1918 "MinimumWageBoard,"to consistof Investigation at the discretion of the The Boardmay call publicmeeting,at Board given power
R.S.B.C. 1918, chap. 56. three members, one of whom shall be Board. Board has full power to which representatives of employers conditions of woi
R.S.B.C. 1919, chap. 61. the deputy minister of labor, who shall examine all books, pay rolls, and and employees may be heard, together maximum hour
be the chairman of the Board. One other records for its information, with all persons interested. At this amendment of
member shall be a woman. The with full and true statement by meeting evidence is submitted and (R.S.B.C. 1919,
Boardto be appointedby the lieuten- employerof wages paid. A register witnesses heard, after which the 61)
to hold office
ant-governor-in-council of names,ages, and addressesof all mattermay be submittedto a con-
during pleasure. No salary to be employeesmust be kept by employer. ferencecomposedof an equalnumber
paid to members. of representatives of employers and
employees,togetherwith one or more
disinterested persons representing the
public. A member of the Board is to
b chairman of the conference. It is
the duty of the conference to recom-
mend to the Board an estimate of the
minimum wage proper in the occupa-
tion in question, which the Board may
either accept or reject, or may recom-
mit the subject to the same or a new
conference.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. "Coal Miners' Minimum Wage Board," Board has access to all time books and A public meeting shall be held, to Board given no
R.S.B.C. 1919, chap. 58. to consist of chief inspector of mines records of pay rolls of miners. enable all interested parties to be over hours or conr
Coal Miners' Minimum as chairman and two other members present. These regulate(
Wage Board. one appointed by the mine owners Coal Miners' I
and one by the coal miners, to hold tions Act. An
office during pleasure. This body hour day provid
has never been created. this Act.
MANITOBA,1918. "Minimum Wage Board," to consist of Investigation at the discretion of Board. No provision is made in the Act for Board empowered
R.S.M. 1918, No. 140. five persons, as follows: two repre- Board has full powers to conduct all calling of a conference. Board may act conditions of wo
R.S.M. 1919, No. 17. sentatives of employers, one of whom necessary inquiries and investigations, directly. In practice, the Board has maximum hours.
shallbe a female; two representatives enforceattendanceof witnesses, etc., met with representatives of employers
of employees,one to be a female; and andmay punishpersonsguiltyof con- and employees. This body however
one disinterested person as chairman tempt of the Board. The Board has makes no formal recommendations.
of the Board. Membersof the Board all the powers,rights,and privileges
to be paid for their services and that arevestedin the King'sBenchof
expensesas may be determinedby the Manitoba. Register of names, age,
lieutenant-governor-in-council. earnings, and addresses of all employ-
ees to be kept by employer.
NOVASCOTIA,1920. "Minimum Wage Board," to consist of Investigation at the discretion of Board. No wage awards issued. No provisions Board given power
R.S.N.S. 1920,chap. 11. five members,two of whomshall be Boardhas full powers,privileges,and in Act for creationof separatetrade- maximum hour
females. Members appointed by immunities of commissionersap- boardconferences. conditionsof wor
and shallbe paid
governor-in-council, pointed under Public InquiriesAct
for theirservicesand expenses. 1909. Employersmust keep register
of names,addresses,and actualearn-
ings of all employees,whichshall be
opento inspectionof Board.
ONTARIO, 1920. "MinimumWage Board" of five per- Investigationat the discretionof the After investigationthe Boardsummons Board given no poi
R.S.O.1920,chap.87. sons, two of whom shall be women, Board. Boardhas powerto examine representativesof the employersand fix either ma)
R.S.O. 1921,chap. 78. appointedby lieutenant-governor-in- books,etc.; employersmust keep a employeesto meet with them, but hours or conditi
council. Onememberto be namedas registerwith list of employees,ages, does not create a separate trade- work. Factory
chairman,whoshallholdofficeduring and addresses,to be open to inspec- boardconference. Shop Act proved
pleasure. Of the remainingmembers tion by the Board. The Boardmay maximumten-ho
of the Board,two shall be appointed also call a conferenceof employees and sixty-hourw
in the firstinstancefor one year,and and employers in the industry
two fortwo years,everymembersub- affected.
sequently appointed for a term of
five years. A memberabsent from
three successive meetings of the
Board is automatically suspended.
Membersto be paid a perdiemallow-
ancewith travelingexpenses.
QUEBEC,1919. "A commission"of threemembers,one Investigationat discretionof commis- Act not activelyin operation. The Act The commissionh
R.S.Q. 1919,chap.11. of whomshall be the deputyminister sion. Has full power to examine providesthat the commissionmay powerto fix mw
of labor,whoshall be chairman;and books,etc. hold sittingsand summonany person hours or conditi
one of whomshallbe a woman;to be to appear before it. A conference work. The Ind
appointedby the lieutenant-governor- may then be convened; an equal Establishments A(
in-council, during pleasure. No numberof employersand employees, videsfor a ten-ho
memberto receiveremunerationfor with a numberof disinterestedper- and sixty-hour
services. sons. A member of commission whichmay be ext
to be chairmanof the conference. by the inspect
The conference,by majority vote twelve a day
of members,determinesthe minimum seventy-twoa we
wage to be paid. The decisionshall
then be submitted to the commis-
sion, which may approve,reject or
amend, the same, or may orderthe
holdingof a new conference.
-1ABLl IV
~y
w
I-
o Board given no powers Violationof law a misde- No standardset. "All coal miners in the All persons em-
se overhoursorconditions. meanor. Fine of from province." ployed in coal
These regulated by $10 to $100 and over. mines.
Coal Miners' Regula- Employeemay recover
tions Act. An eight- back wages with costs.
hour day providedby
this Act.
)r Board empoweredto fix Penaltyof fineof from$25 Amount "adequate to "Any shop, mail-orderFemales, adult Special licenses 1. Localities other
It conditionsof work and to $100or imprisonment supply necessary cost or factory, apprentices, may be granted than cities.
Is maximumhours. or both forthe violation of living to employees offices and places of and minors in to physical de- 2. All occupations
rs of Act by employers. and maintain them in amusementin any city any city in fectives and to not specifically
Ir Employeesmay recover health." of Manitoba." Manitoba. learners. coveredby Act.
3. backwageswith costs. Public institu-
tions.
Ls Board given powerto fix Penaltyof fineof from$25 Amount "adequate to "Any female personwho All females. Special licenses All occupations
maximum hours and $100 for employers supply necessary cost is in receipt of or who may be granted outside of those
conditionsof work. violating law. Em- of living." is entitledto any com- to physical de- classifiedas "fac-
ployees may recover pensation for labor or fectives and to tories or shops."
backwageswith costs. services performed in apprentices.
a factoryor shop."
LsBoard given no powerto Penaltyof fineof from$50 "If it is determinedthe Every female person in Allfemales. Handicapped em- Farm laborersand
d fix either maximum to $500 for employer scale of wagesis inade- "any trade or occupa- ployees, part- domestic serv-
It hours or conditionsof who violates law. Up- quateor unfair." tion in Ontario who time employees ants.
work. Factory and on convictionemployer worksfor wages." and apprentices
Shop Act providesfor must pay back wages may be paid a
maximumten-hourday to employees. lowerwage than
and sixty-hourweek. the minimum
fixed for others.
Board empow-
ered to limit
theirnumber.
t The commissionhas no Fine of not morethan $50 If commissionis of opin- Industrial establishmentsAll female Specialpermitmay Alloccupationsand
y power to fix maximum for employersviolating ion wages are insuffi- in provinceof Quebec. workers, be issued to ap- trades not cov-
n hours or conditionsof the law. Employees cient. prenticesor those eredby the term
e work. The Industrial may recoverbackwages physicallydefec- "Industrial Es-
l Establishments Act pro- with costs. tive for whom tablishmente, "
videsfor a ten-hourday lower rates may i.e., hotels,
and sixty-hour week, be fixed. Special offices, stores,
a whichmay be extended scale may be etc.
by the inspector to fixed for females
e twelve a day and undereighteen.
a seventy-twoa week.
r
THE MINIMUM WAGE IN CANADA i87
the cabinet must answer at the polls for its deeds of commission
and omission. If it thus "pocket-vetoes" a measure, the people
can fasten definite responsibility upon it and the party it repre-
sents, and can punish the party at the next election, even though
the skirts of the individual members of the legislature may be
ostensibly clean.
8. That so far as the experience of the one province (i.e.,
British Columbia) upon which we have reliable data is concerned,
the introduction of the minimum wage has by no means resulted
in the minimum becoming the maximum, although it has pro-
duced a considerably greater uniformity of wages than existed
before by leveling up the wages of the more poorly paid workers.
9. The attempts to cope with the problem of short-time and
irregular employment. While the early attempt of British
Columbia to enforce weekly minimums, rather than hourly rates,
was checked by legal opinion, Manitoba has, in the main,
carried out such a system and has thus fully protected the
employee from the losses incident to irregular employment
(aside from absent eeism) during the week. British Columbia
has, in its regulation of amusement places, provided higher
hourly rates for those employed less than thirty-six hours a
week than for those employed more. It is highly desirably
(a) that the power of the boards in Ontario and Quebec be
extended to include hours as well as weekly wages; (b) that the
principle of forcing employers to stabilize their production and
lessen the irregularity of employment should be further developed
and extended. Apparently the best method of dealing with this
problem is that of the penalty differential wage for short time.
Both Manitoba and British Columbia have at least pointed
the way along which future progress should proceed.'
MRS. KATHLEEN DERRY
LONDON, ONTARIO
PAUL H. DOUGLAS
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
' For the importance of irregular employment see Irene Osgood Andrews,
"The Relation of Irregular Employment to the Living Wage for Women," Fourth
Annual Report, New YorkState Factory Investigating Commission. For the attempts
of some American states to meet the situation see Dorothy W. Douglas, " American
Minimum Wage Laws at Work," American Economic Review, IX, December, i9i9,
pp. 72I-24.
TABLE V. ANALYSIS OF AWARDS ISSUED UNDER CANADIAN MINIMUM \W
ADULTAPPREmNTICES MINORS
Manitoba Iday
(3 9.00 16 8.00 1Adu
July 27, 1918...... Laundries 11.00 6 .....13 00068.50 cxc
t3 10.00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~69.00
250
ADULT
APPREmNTICES MINORS Pretg f j HusOhrPoiin
Apprentices,Minors, (perrPrWeek)n
vrniehpand Wagesof Yearsof Inexperience Sub-Periods Wages etc., Permitted 1 prWek
Periods Apprentices
~nstituent foMirsiMnts
foMiosnMnts prWe
prWe
(in Months) per Week
S~~~eptember 24~~~~~~(
1 91}Craeisgop1.00 8.3000 ( V
Le
September24, 1918. C 110 6 (3 9.00 1 8.00 Lear
November26, 1921.: creameriesgrou 11.00 6 Q 3 10.00 1 1 . 00 not
9.00 48.00
December2, 1918.. Paperboxfactories
November
26, 1921, ~3 11.00 6..1....4 [3 10.00 4
9.00
10.00
no
Lean
December
27, 1918. . . 9.00 1 8.00 Learn
Novemer2,26,
November 192I..}Cigarfactories
192.: 11.00 3
6....10.0049.00 10.00 not
4 ~~~~~~~~
6 . f~3
9.00 Minorsto be classedas........... ......Learners (including9 perday,48 perweek,I loverime todbeoarkd
3 10.50 learners minors)not to ex- Saturday haif-holi- only on permitand for
ceed 25% day not morethan 36 days a
year
2. Usual deduction for
lodgingandboard
ClassA ........ 15 years 7.00 Minorsor adult learn-9 perday,48 perweek,i. Overtimeto 'be worked
as A 24 let 12 10.00 16 years 8.00 ers not to exceed Saturday half-bobi-; only on permitand not
sBl12 2d 12 11.00 17yoam 9.00 25% day to exceed3 hoursaday
ClassB 10.00 (4 on Saturday) nor
normally 10 a week;
extra amountsmay be
workedbetweenOctober
15 andDecember22 and
I MarchIS and May 15
12. Usual deduction for
Lodging,and board
6 8.00 Minorsto be classedas ........... ......Learners (includingmi- 9 perday, 48 perweek,l1. Overtimeto be worked
~~
k~~edlS 10.00
11.00
learners nors) not to exceed Saudy
25%c' day
hl-u- only on permitand for
not morethan 36 days a
skilled, no laning year
period 2. Usual deduction for
Lodging andboard
6 9.00 ........... 14-15years 7.00 Learnersnot to exceed'81per day, 114 'Satur-,
1. Overtimeshall not be
is.....8 10.00 16 years 8.00 25%; minors25%0'oday, 51 per week: -worked morethan3 days
11.00 17years 9. 00 exceptions made a week and must be
from June to Sep- reported
tember, during fair 2. Usual deduction for
week, and seen[ lodgingandboard
days priorto Christ-;'
mas1
(3 9.00 (3 7.50 Learnersnot to exceed9 perday,48 perweek,1. Overtime not to he
9..... 1 0,093 8.50 25%';minors25% one hall-holidayper1 okdmr hn3
13 11.00 3 00 ek ad seil1days a year and to 'be
Brandon
3 900
9.00
6 9~~~~~~
9.00 2 lea
June3, 1919......... Furriers' establsh- 126. 10.00 2
ments in Winnipeg 1 10516
and St. Boniface
Placesof amusement in Ticket sellers 12.00 No learners ............ No minors ........................e ...
July 26, 119 . 12.00
Winnipeg,SL Boni- Ushers
face, andSt. James Cleaners,35 cents per
hour
September30, 1919... Restaurantsin Bran- 12.50 No learningperiod . No minorsto be em-..................... ........... ..
don ployed
10.50 . 1 er .0 W
October6, 1919...... in Brandon
Offices 12.50 6.1.1............ 3 11.50 .1.5.
.W.
years
~~~~~~16
years 8.00
9.00
17 years 10.00
l7j yeqrs 10.50
(3 0.00 ~6 7.00 A
exemptionup Tonzi reported
hoursduringcertainr22 Usual deduction for
seasons lodgingand board
assA 12 Cll 6 10.00 Minors come under........... ......Learners (includingmi- 9 perday, 50 perweek, 1. Ovrtm toh worked
assB 6 ss 11.00 ClassC nors) not to exceed Saturday half-holi- onlyme onperifont
isaC 6OClamB 6 10.00 25%' day morethanl36ldays year
ClamC 6 9.00 2. Usual deduction for
8.00 Minorsnot.9 and board
perday, 11 Saturday, ~~~~~~~~~lodging
6 8.0 Minos notpermitted ...........................9peda,1Stuay .Overtime to be worked
18.....6 9.50 to work except by 48 per week, half- only on permit for not
6 11.00 ~
specialpermission
the Board
Of holiday each week morethan3 hoursa day,
during July and 6 a wtek and lii days a
August year
2. Usual deduction for
~~o period ..........
learningpeiod No
Nminors.,
minrs ...........................................52 52pr
perwekOvertter- andboard
week,two after. 1. ~~~~~~lodging
nolarnig .
me t be workedke
tort
noons off from 2 only on permitfor not
P.M. or one whole more than 6 hours per
day off each week week and 20 days. per
year; never more than
I1 hoursto be workedin
a day
2. Usual deduction for
lodgingandboard
(3 9.00 '6 &.00 Learners(includingmi- 9 perday, 48 perweek,tIOvertime to be worked
6.....13 3 so8s
10.50 6 9.00 nors) not to exceed Saturday half-huhi- only on permitfor not
16 ~~~~~~~~10.00
25% day more than 36 days a
year
2. Usual deduction for
not to exceed 84prdy 9pr1lodging and board
8.00 Probatioayprd
onary of ...........
period ......Learners eed,8j per day, 49 per 1.~~~~~Overtimeto be worked
9,00 4 no 25%; minors week, Saturday, only on permit and for
129.0
12 ........ 3 weeks, wage 25%~7 114
~~~~~~~~~~10.00stipulated: then $6 jhalf-holiday a week not more than 36 days a
11.00 for 6 months, with year
$1 perweekincrease 2. Usual deduction for
at the end of each lodgingand board
succeeding6mnh
fI 10.50 ..r eas15 years 8.00 Where more than 8 8 perday,44 perweek,1. Overtimeto be worked
3 11.50 16 year 9.00 employed, learners 1 full day off each' only on permit not to
17 years 10.00 (including minors)' week exceed3 hoursper day,
17 years 10.50 not to exceed25%7, 6 per week, nor more
than 36 daysa year
No learningperiod.......No eninore'rates........... ...... ..........10 per day, 48 per,1. Overtimeto be worked
No minorunder 16 to week, 1 full day off only on permitfor not
be employed eachweek more than 1 hour per
day, 6 per week,nor on
morethan 20 days per
year
2. Maximum of $4.00 a
f3 10.00
is
6f 9.00
10.00
Adult learners 25%;No regulationsissuedMaximumfor lodging $2;
minaors25%1 by Board, maximum forboard$5
6... 11.00 10 hourday fixedby
(6 11.00
Factory, Shop, and
OfficeBuildingAct
Adult learners 25%;o............Maximum for lodging $2;
(3 10.00 f6 7.00
0 18 08.50 A
Ii3 ;
of over
September1,1921.... (b) In citiesexcepting 12.00 6.......
6 . 0 6 1
50,000, 1 97.00
.0 ........ .00 | 6 8.50
September1, 1921.... (c) Province of On- . 6 10.00
tario,exceptin cities
of over50,000
2. Confectionery,bis-
cuits, etc.; paper
box, manufacturing
stationery, tag, B 8.00 A
checkbook,etc. 6 10.00 .00
912.50 12........ 12 6
August1,1921. .....In city of Toronto
(a) t6 10.00
9.50 (6 8.00 A
9.00
December, 1921..... (b) In cities of oYer 11.50 12 ...... 16
9050 18 16 1.00
50,000, excepting
Toronto 6 7.00 A
9. 00
11.00 12 6.......6 10.00 is 6 8.50
December, 1921 ...... (c) In cities of from 6 10.00
5,000to 50,000
16 8.00 (6 6.00 A
12. . 9.00 18 16 7.50
December,1921. (d)In Province of 10.00 66 9.00
Ontario, excepting
localities of over 10.00 .... .......... Girls commencingat
5,000 6
12.50 12 ...... 11.00 16 years
August 1, 1921 . 3. Retail stores 6 1st6moths 8.00
(a) In city of Toronto 2d 6 months 9.00
3d 6 months 10.00
4thmonths 11.00
Girls commencingat
16j years
lst 6 months 8.50
2d months 9.50
3d months 10.50
Girls commencingat
17 years
lst 6 months 9.00
2d 6 months 10.00
3d 6 months 11.00
Girls commencingat
17j years
lst 6 months 9.50
2d 6 months 10.00
0 24 ( 8900
S5, 1921. 12.00 12 {6 ?0? 06 10.00
November
Novembr 121..... (b) In cities of over 116
50,000, excepting 6 10.00
Toronto
Saskatchewan
9.50 .
Only two classes pro-.-.--.----1.--.--.-----1
6 |
October
October1,1, 199. ...-
1919 andfactories
Laundries 14.00 18.. 11.00 vided for, experi-
i 12.50 enced and inexperi-
November15, 1921....... ... J t6 .
enced
saleswoman,and after
that the fullminimum