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HT = 18 ft
tf
Development of Structural Design Equations. In this example, the structural design of the
three retaining wall components is performed by hand. Two equations are developed in this
section for determining the thickness & reinforcement required to resist the bending moment
in the retaining wall components (stem, toe and heel).
Equation to calculate effective depth, d: Three basic equations will be used to develop an
equation for d.
M u = M n
a
M n = As f y d
2
a
M u = As f y d [ Eqn 1]
2
C = T , 0.85 f c' a b = As f y
f c'
As = 0.85 ab [ Eqn 2]
fy
0.883d
Inserting the material properties: f'c = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi, and b = 12in (1-foot-wide
strip of wall, in the direction out of the paper).
k
M u = 0.90(0.85) 3ksi (12 in )(0.235)(0.883)d 2 M u = 5.71 in d 2
Equation for area of reinforcement, As. The area of reinforcement required is calculated
from Eqn. 1:
1. Determine HT. Usually, the top-of-wall elevation is determined by the client. The
bottom-of-wall elevation is determined by foundation conditions. HT = 18 feet.
3. Design stem (tstem, Asstem). The stem is a vertical cantilever beam, acted on by the
horizontal earth pressure.
ft in in/ft
h = 8 16 /12
ft
h =16.67
h
tf = 16in
ka h ka qs
wtoe tstem wheel
calc. d:
1
Pfill = ( k a h ) h (1 ft out of page)
2
1 sin 1 sin( 32 o )
ka = = = 0.31
1 + sin 1 + sin( 32 o )
1
Pfill = (0.31)(100 pcf )(16.67 ft ) 2 (1 ft ) = 4310 lb
2
h h
M u = ( Earth Pressure LoadFactor)( Pfill )( ) + ( Live LoadFactor)(Psur )( )
3 2
ft ft
16.67 16.67
M u = (1.6)(4310 lb )( ) + (1.6)(2070 lb )( ) = 65.9 k ft
3 2
k
Mu = 5.71 in d2
k
in
65.9 k ft (12 ) = 5.71 in d 2 , d = 11.8in
ft
1
t stem = 11.8in + 2 in cover + (1.0 in ) = 14.3in , ( assume #8 bars ) use t stem = 15in
2
d = 15 2 0.5 = 12.5in
in in in
CE 437/537, Spring 2011 Retaining Wall Design Example 4/8
calc. As:
M u = 47.7 ksi As d
in
65.9 k ft (12 ) = 47.7 ksi As (12.5in ), As = 1.33 in 2
ft
4. Choose Heel Width, wheel Select wheel to prevent sliding. Use a key to force sliding
failure to occur in the soil (soil-to-soil has higher friction angle than soil-to-concrete).
12in
Neglect soil resistance in front of the
wall.
Fresist 18
ft
set = Fsliding
FS
FS = Factor of Safety = 1.5 for sliding
Fresist = (Vertical Force)(coefficient of friction)
Fresist = WT (tan natural soil )
tf = 16in
tan natural soil = tan(32 o ) = 0.62
WT = W fill + Wstem + W found 15in
lb
W fill = (100 pcf )(16.67 ft )( wheel )(1 ft ) = 1670 wheel
ft
12 in + 15in 1 ft
Wstem = (150 pcf )(16.67 ft )( in
(1 ft ) = 2810 lb
2 12 )
16 15
W found = (150 pcf )( ft )( wheel + ft + 3 ft )(1 ft ) = 200 plf wheel + 850
12 12
lb lb lb lb
1670 ft wheel + 2810 + 200 ft wheel + 850 (0.62)
7250lb =
1.5
1.5 lb
7250lb = 3660lb + 1870 wheel , wheel = 7.42 ft , use wheel = 7.5 ft
0.62 ft
18 ft 18 ft
M over = P fill ( ) + Psur ( )
3 2
M over = 5.02 k (6 ft ) + 2.23k (9 ft ) = 50.2 k ft 18
ft
7.5 ft 15
M resist = W fill ( + ft + 3 ft ), assume wtoe = 3 ft
2 12
1.25 ft tf = 16in
+ Wstem (3 ft + )
2
11.75 ft 3' 15" 7.5'
+ W found ( )
2
M resist = (1.67 klf 7.5 ft )(8 ft ) + ( 2.81k )(3.625 ft ) + (0.20klf 7.5 ft + 0.85k )(5.875 ft )
12.53k 2.35k
M resist = 124.2 k ft
M resist 124.2 k ft
= = 2.47 > 2.0 = FSover , OK
M over 50.2 k ft
6. Check Bearing.
WT M L
v at end of toe = + , equation is valid only if e <
bL bL2 6
6
WT = W fill + Wstem + W found
WT = 12.45 k + 2.81k + 2.35 k = 17.69 k
7.5 ft 1.25 ft
M = M over W fill (5.875 ft ) + Wstem (7.5 ft + 5.875 ft ) + W found (0)
2 2
M = 50.2 k ft 12.53k ( 2.125 ft ) + 2.81k ( 2.25 ft ) = 29.9 k ft
17.69 k 29.9 k ft
v = + = 2.80 ksf < 5.0 ksf = allowable bearing capacity, OK
ft
(1 )(11.75 ) ft 1 ft
(1 )(11.75 ft ) 2
6
7. Heel Design.
Max. load on heel is due to the weight of heel + fill + surcharge as the wall tries to tip over.
Flexure:
W = Wheel + W fill + Wsur
16
W = 1.2(150 pcf )( ft )(1 ft ) wu
12 Vu
+ 1.2(100 pcf )(16.67 ft )(1 ft ) 16
in
Mu
+ 1.6( 400 plf ) 7.5
ft
klf
W = 2.88
wu L2 2.88klf (7.5 ft ) 2
Mu = = = 81.0 k ft
2 2
k 2
M u = 5.71 d
in
in k
81.0 k ft (12 ) = 5.71 d 2 , d = 13.0in for flexure
ft in
Shear:
Vu = wu (7.5 ft ) = 2.88 klf (7.5 ft ) = 21.6 k
setVu = Vc , 21,600lb = (0.75) 2 3000 psi (12 in ) d , d = 21.9 in for shear, controls
Reinforcement in heel:
M u = 47.7 ksi As d
in
81.0 k ft (12 ) = 47.7 ksi As (21.9 in ), As = 1.07in 2
ft
in 2
0.79
bar (12 in ) = 8.83 in , use #8 @ 8"
in 2 ft
1.07
ft
CE 437/537, Spring 2011 Retaining Wall Design Example 7/8
8. Toe Design.
Earth Pressure at Tip of Toe:
Wu Mu
v =
bL 1 2
bL
6
Wu = 1.2(W fill + Wstem + W found ) + 1.6 (Wsur )
Wu = 1.2(12.53k + 2.81k + 2.35k ) + 1.6(0.4 ksf )(18 ft )(1 ft ) = 32.7 k , (did not recalc foundation wt b.c. neglible change)
M u = 1.6 M over 1.2(Wsoil 2.125 ft + Wstem 1.0 ft ) 3' 1.25' 7.5'
[ ]
M u = 1.6(50.2 k ft ) 1.2 12.53k ( 2.125 ft ) + 2.81k (1 ft ) = 45.0k ft
32.7 k 45.0k ft
v = +
(1 ft )(11.75 ft ) 1 (1 ft )(11.75 ft ) 2
6
ksf
vA = 2.78 + 1.96ksf = 4.74 ksf
A B C
vC = 2.78ksf 1.96ksf = 0.82 ksf
4.74 ksf 0.82 ksf
vB = 0.82 ksf + (8.75 ft ) = 3.74 ksf
11.75 ft
d for flexure:
3 ft 1 2
M u = (3.74 ksf )(3 ft )(1 ft )( ) + (1.00 ksf )(3 ft )(1 ft )( 3 ft ) = 19.8k ft
2 2 3
k 2
M u = 5.71 d
in
in k
19.8k ft (12 ) = 5.71 d 2 , d = 6.5in for flexure
ft in
d for shear:
Assume theel = ttoe = 21.5in
Critical section for shear occurs at "d" from face of stem, d = 21.5" 3"cover-1/2"=18"
1 18
Vu = ( 4.74 ksf + 4.24 ksf )(3 ft ft )(1 ft ) = 6.74 k
2 12
Vc = (.75)2 3000 psi (12in )(18in ) = 17,750lb > Vu , OK , d for flexure controls
CE 437/537, Spring 2011 Retaining Wall Design Example 8/8
Reinforcement in toe:
M u = 47.7 ksi As d
in
19.8k ft (12 ) = 47.7 ksi As (18in ), As = 0.28 in 2
ft
in 2
0.79
bar (12 in ) = 33in , try smaller bars , say #4
in 2 ft
0.28
ft
in 2
0.20
bar (12 in ) = 8.6in use #4 @ 8"
in 2 ft
0.28
ft