1

1. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT QUALITY CONCRETE

SCOPE:
This mix design procedure is carried out as per IS 10262:2009 which provides
guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes as per the requirements using the concrete
making materials including other supplementary materials identified for this purpose. The
proportioning is carried out to achieve the target strength of 48.25N/mm2 at 28 days for M40
grade concrete with 30% replacement of GGBS by volume method with a water-cement ratio
of 0.50.

MATERIALS:
1. Type of cement: OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
2. Mineral admixture: Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS)
3. Sizes of aggregates: 20mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:

Cementitious material data(as per ANNEXURE:C)

Data cement
Name OPC
Type OPC 43
Source NITK transportation lab
Specific gravity 3.15
Fineness 3107.6 cm2/gm
consistency 31%
 2

Aggregate data (as per ANNEXE :A)

OBTAINED REQUIRED
MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST
VALUE VALUE
Specific gravity of coarse
Specific
aggregates 2.72 2.6-2.8
gravity
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)
Water absorption test on
Water
aggregates 0.2% > 0.6%
absorption
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)

Coarse Flakiness index

Flakiness 3.28%
Aggregates (IS 2386 (Part I)-1963)
Elongation index
Elongation 49.18%
(IS 2386 (Part I)-1963)

Aggregate impact test

Impact 27.4% >30%
(IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963)

Aggregate crushing test

Crushing 28.9% >30%
(IS 2386 (part IV) 1963)

Sieve Sieve analysis Zone IV

analysis (IS: 2386 (Part I) 1963) gradation (IS 383)
Fine
Specific gravity of fine
aggregates Specific
aggregates 2.62 2.6-3.0
gravity
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)

APPARTUS:
i) Batch mixer
ii) Mechanical Vibrator
iii) Frustum to measure slump with steel rule.
iv) Shovel
v) Scoop
vi) Tamping rod
vii) Water-bath
 3

viii) Materials:
a) Cement
b) Coarse aggregate of 20 mm and 10 mm size.
c) Fine aggregate
d) Tap water
With the given materials the four variables factors is to be considered in connection with
specifying a concrete mix.
i) Water- cement ratio
ii) Cement content and cement- aggregate ratio
iii) Gradation of the aggregate
iv) consistency
PARAMETERS FOR MIX DESIGN M40:
Grade Designation = M-40
Characteristics compressive strength required after 28 days = 40MPa.
Maximum size of aggregate= 20 mm
Degree of workability= Slump = 30 mm
Type of exposure= mild
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Cement = 3.15
Fine Aggregate = 2.68
Coarse Aggregate = 2.73
Minimum Cement (As per IS 456:2000=300kg) = 320 kg / m3
Maximum water cement ratio (As per contract) = 0.50
MIX CALCULATION:
i) Target Mean Strength = 40 + ( 5 X 1.65 ) = 48.25Mpa
ii) Selection of water cement ratio:
water cement ratio = 0.5
Calculation of water and cement content:
Cement content = 385 kg/m3 ( according to IS 10262, revision 2009 max. and min. cement
content is 450 and 320 kg/m3 resp. hence average is taken)
Water content = cement content* water cement ratio = 385*0.5= 192.5 kg
 4

Calculation for C.A. & F.A.:

Volume of concrete = 1 m3
Volume of cement = 385 / (3.15 X 1000) = 0.1222m3
Volume of water = 192.5 / (1 X 1000) = 0.1925 m3
Volume of coarse and fine aggregate = 1-.1222-.1925 = .6853 m3

From table 3 of IS 10262:2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to

20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone I) for water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
Volume of concrete = volume of (cement + water + CA + FA)
= (385/3.15 + 192.5/1 + X(.6/2.73 + 0.4/ 2.68)) , where x is total
amount of aggregates

X = 1856.85 kg
Hence, CA = 1856.85 * 0.60 = 1114.17 kg
FA = 1856.85 * 0.40 = 742.78 kg
Cement: F.A.: C.A.: water = 385: 742.78: 1114.17: 192.5 =1:1.93:2.89:0.5
MIXTURE DATA:
Mixture grade M40
w/c ratio 0.50
Cement 385kg
Coarse aggregate 1114.17 kg
Fine aggregate 742.78 kg
Water 192.5 litres
GGBS
slump 30 mm

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE SPECIMEN:

i) Place the mix proportions i.e. cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water in to
the rotating drum mixer
ii) Mix admixtures with the water and place in the drum.
iii) Mix thoroughly for few minutes.
iv) Place out the concrete mix on large pan
v) Measure the slump as per the standard slum measure method.
vi) Keep ready the mould inside surface lubricated with oil.
vii) Fill the cube, cylinder and the prism with scoop and compact it with the
help of vibrator.
viii) Strike off the excess concrete from the surface of the mould.
 5

ix) Keep the filled concrete mould in air for 24 hours. After 24 hours of casting, the concrete
sample is de-moulded and sample is placed for curing inside the water bath.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES

7 days testing
Sampl Grade of Date of Date of Slump Dimension Load Comp.strengt Average
e No. concrete casting testing (mm) (cm) (kN) h (N/mm2) Strength
(N/mm2)
1 M40 23/09/15 30/09/15 30 15*15*15 560 24.89 28
2 M40 23/09/15 30/09/15 30 15*15*15 670 29.78
3 M40 23/09/15 30/09/15 30 15*15*15 660 29.33

28 days testing
Sample Grade of Date of Date of Slump Dimension Load Comp.strength Average
No. concrete casting testing (cm) (cm) (kN) (N/mm2) Strength
(N/mm2)
1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 960 42.67 43.70
2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 990 44.00
3 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 1000 44.44

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BEAMS

Sam Grade of Date of Date of Slum Dimensio Load Comp. Average
ple concrete casting testing p n (cm) (kN) strength Strength
No. (cm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 M40 23/09/15 30/09/15 30 10*10*15 13.5 5.4 5.6

2 M40 23/09/15 30/09/15 30 10*10*15 14.5 5.8

Sam Grade of Date of Date of Slum Dimensio Load Comp. Average

ple concrete casting testing p n (cm) (kN) strength Strength
No. (cm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 10*10*15 20 8 7.6

2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 10*10*15 20 8

3 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 10*10*15 17 6.8

 6

CYLINDER TESTING
(I) Split Tensile = 2P/(DL)
Where, P = load at failure
D = Diameter = 15cm
L = Length = 30 cm
Sampl Grade of Date of Date of Slu Area Load Split Average
e No. concrete casting testing mp (mm2) (kN) Tensile
(cm) strength
(MPa)
1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 141371.67 220 3.11 3.18
2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 141371.67 230 3.25

(ii) Vertical Compression = P/ r2

Where r is the radius of the cylinder

Sample Grade Date of Date of Slump Area Load Split Average

No. of casting testing (cm) (kN) Tensile
concrete (mm2) strength (MPa)
(MPa)

1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 17671.46 540 30.56 31.125

2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 17671.46 560 31.69

RESULT:
Materials Tested Age (days) Test values (n/mm2)
Compressive Strength
CUBES 7 28.00
28 43.70
BEAMS 7 5.60
28 7.60
Cylinder Testing
SPLIT TENSILE 28 3.18
VERTICAL 28 31.12
COMPRESSION

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 7

2.DESIGN OF GRANULAR SUBBASE

SCOPE:

This work consists of determination of Optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density of a GSB to obtain a mix up to which mix has to be compacted on the field.

MATERIALS USED:

Coarse aggregate of grade 6 with Nominal Aggregate Size 26.5 mm.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL:

As per ANNEXURE:A

OBTAINED REQUIRED
MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST
VALUE VALUE
Specific gravity of coarse
Specific gravity aggregates 2.72 2.6-2.8
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)
Water absorption test on
Water
aggregates 0.2% > 0.6%
absorption
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)

Coarse Flakiness index

Flakiness 3.28%
Aggregates (IS 2386 (Part I)-1963)
Elongation index
Elongation 49.18%
(IS 2386 (Part I)-1963)

Aggregate impact test

Impact 27.4% >45%
(IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963)

Aggregate crushing test

Crushing 28.9% >45%
(IS 2386 (part IV) 1963)
 8

APPARATUS:

1. Proctor mould (capacity, internal diameter 150 mm, and effective height 175 mm )
2. Rammer for heavy compaction (4.8 Kg, with free drop of 450 mm).
3. Mould accessories including detachable base plate, removable Collar.
4. I.S. sieve 4.75 mm.

TEST PROCEDURE:
Preparation of Specimen:

1. Take about 10 kg of the aggregate as per GSB grading 6 and add water to get the
moisture content round 2%.
2. Clean and grease gently the inside surface of the mould, and the base plate.
3. Take the weight of empty mould with the base plate.
4. Fix the collar and place the mould on a solid base.
5. Place first batch of sample inside the mould and apply 56 blows of rammer, so that
the compacted layer thickness is about one-fifth height of the mould. Place the second
batch of wet GSB mix and follow the same procedure. In all the aggregates are
compacted in five layers, each given 56 blows of the standard rammer weighing 4.8
Kg and having a drop of 450 mm.
6. Remove the collar, and trim of the excess of GSB mix with trimming knife. Clean the
mould, and weight the mould with the compacted soil and the base plate.
7. Take a representative sample from the mould and determine its water content.
8. Repeat the above procedure for water content values increasing in manner of 1 % till
dry density starts to decrease.
 9

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

Wt. of
Empty Wt. Wt. of Water
Sample Container Container + Average
of Container + Content
No No. Oven dried (%)
Container Sample (gm) (%)
Sample (gm)
22 29.11 85.72 84.5 2.20
1 2.61
80 27.94 79 77.5 3.03

31/37 39.18 91.58 89.5 4.13

2 3.73
4/22A 24.24 91.67 89.5 3.33

65 31.81 86.7 84.5 4.18

3 39 35.97 85.59 83.5 4.40 4.59

24/27 28.24 99 95.5 5.20

29/46 26.28 79.04 75.5 7.19

4 19/17 28.15 99.72 96.5 4.71 6.02

25/21 27.85 89.05 85.5 6.16

43 35.16 69.39 67.05 7.34

5 18/61 25.28 68.27 66 5.57 6.91

63 37.14 77.96 75 7.82

67 25.44 47 45.5 7.48

6 7.15
51/42 30.84 46.5 45.5 6.82

9/6 30.5 50 48 11.43

7 9.16
14 28 43.5 42.5 6.90

28 19 29.5 29 5.00
8 9.57
73 28 38.5 37.2 14.13

24 28.1 48.5 46.5 10.87

9 10.45
9A 21.07 54 51 10.02
 10

Diameter of Mould = 150mm

Height of the mould = 175mm
Volume of the mould (cc)= 3090.9375

DENSITY DETERMINATION

Density
Empty Wt. Wt. of Mould Wt. of
Sample Water of the
of Mould + Compacted Compacted
No. Content(%) Sample
(kg) Sample(kg) Sample(kg)
(g/cc)
1 2.615 13.278 6.498 2.102

2 3.729 13.484 6.704 2.169

3 4.592 13.702 6.922 2.239

4 6.020 13.874 7.094 2.295

5 6.910 6.78 14.1 7.32 2.368

6 7.149 14.286 7.506 2.428

7 9.163 14.48 7.7 2.491

8 9.565 14.402 7.622 2.466

9 10.446 14.332 7.552 2.443

 11

MDD vs OMC
2.550

2.500 Max. Dry Density 2.482 g/cc

2.450

2.400

2.350
Dry Density

2.300

OMC = 9.35 %
2.250

2.200

2.150

2.100

2.050
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000

Water Content %
MDD vs OMC MDD vs OMc
 12

CONCLUSION:

1. Optimum Moisture Content = 9.35%

2. Maximum Dry Density = 2.482 g/cc

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ _ _
 13

3.MARSHALL MIX DESIGN

Source of material: TE lab of NITK campus.
SCOPE:

This mix method according to ASTM D6927-15 covers the measurement of resistance
of plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral
surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. The Marshall method for asphalt concrete mix
design is a rational approach to selecting and proportioning aggregates, asphalt cement and
mineral aggregate to obtain the specified properties in the finished asphalt concrete surfacing
structure. The method is intended for laboratory design of asphalt hot mix paving mixture.
The test method is for use with SMA mixture prepared with asphalt, aggregate with
maximum size of 25mm and mineral aggregate.This method allows the designer a visual
evaluation of the mix at various asphalt content, as well as the determination of density and
void properties.

MATERIALS USED
1. Aggregate of following gradation
IS Sieve(mm) Cumulative % by weight of total
aggregate passing
26.5 100
19 90-100
13.2 45-70
9.5 25-60
4.75 20-28
2.36 16-24
1.18 13-21
0.6 12-18
0.3 10-20
0.075 8-12

2.Asphalt
3.Mineral aggregate-dust

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

The materials used in the test method has the following properties
As per ANNEXURE:A and ANNEXURE:B
 14

OBTAINED REQUIRE
Material PROPERTY TEST
VALUE D VALUE

Specific
Specific gravity of bitumen 1.02 0.97-1.02
gravity
(IS 1202:1978)
Softening point of bitumen
Softening point 55C
(IS: 1205 -1978)
Ductility of bitumen
Ductility 82 cm
Bitumen (IS: 1208 -1978)
Penetration Penetration test
83.75 cm
value (IS: 1203-1978)
Flash
Flash and fire Flash and fire point test for point=320C
220C
point bitumen(IS 1209-1978) Fire
point=360C
Specific gravity of coarse
Specific
aggregates(IS 2386 (part 3)- 2.73 2.6-2.8
gravity
1963)

Water absorption test on

Water
aggregates(IS 2386 (part 3)- 0.2% > 0.6%
absorption
1963)
Coarse Flakiness index(IS 2386 (Part
Flakiness 3.28%
Aggregate I)-1963)
Elongation index
Elongation 49.18%
(IS 2386 (Part I)-1963)
Aggregate impact test (IS: 2386
Impact 27.4% >30%
(Part 4) 1963)

Aggregate crushing test

Crushing 28.9% >30%
(IS 2386 (part IV) 1963)
 15

APPARATUS:

i) Compaction Mould of 100mm diameter, 75mm height consist of base plate forming mold
and extension collars
ii) Compaction hammer consisting of flat circular tamping face 4.5kg sliding weight with free
fall of 450mm height.
iii) Mold holder
iv) Paper disks
v) Compaction pedestal
vi) Breaking head
vii) Marshall testing machine
viii)Flow meter
ix) Water bath
x) Thermometer
xi) Bituminous of viscous grade

PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN

i) Preparation of aggregates:The aggregates of following gradation with respective

grade are considered for the preparation of the each sample.

IS sieve cumulative % mid value Cumulative % retained amount (gm)

by wt. of total % retained
aggregates
passing
26.5 100 100 0 0 0
19 90-100 95 5 5 60
13.2 45-70 57.5 42.5 38 456
9.5 25-60 42.5 57.5 15 180
4.75 20-28 24 76 19 228
2.36 16-24 20 80 4 48
1.18 13-21 17 83 3 36
.6 12-18 15 85 2 24
.3 10-20 15 85 5 60
.075 8-12 10 90 5 60
dust 4 48
Total = 1200

As per the above gradation total 1200 gms of blended aggregates is selected.

ii) Appropriate amount of asphalt cement based on the following table is considered.
 16

% of Bitumen Bitumen wt. Total wt. of mix

for 1200gms (gm)
of aggregates

6 72 1272

6.5 78 1278

7 84 1284

7.5 90 1290

iii) Heat the weighted aggregate up to 1700C for 24 hrs. to remove moisture
content.Determination of mixing and compaction temperature: The temperature to asphalt
must be heated to produce viscosities of 17020 centistokes kinematics and 28030
centistokes kinematics shall be established as the mixing and compaction temperature. The
mixing and the compaction temperature for this experiment are 1700C and 1300C.
iv) Weight aggregates in to separate pans for each test specimen and the amount of each size
fraction required to produce a batch of specimen of 63.51.27 mm in height.
v) Place the pans to the burner flame, add dry blended aggregates to mix and mix
thoroughly
vi) Mix the asphalt to the pan of dry heated aggregate in accordance to the calculated batch
weights.
vii) Mix the asphalt and the aggregates with the help of mixer at the specified mixing
temperature.
viii) Place a paper disk in the mould and place the entire one batch in the mould.
ix) Spade the mixture vigorously with a trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 10 times
over the interior.
x) Place a paper disk on the top of the mould and the mould assembly is kept over the
compaction pedestal in the mould holder.
xi) Blows 50 times hammer on both sides of the mould by reversing the face of mould.
xii) After blows remove base plate and color, allow the mould to cool in air.
xiii) A series of the 3 sample of each bitumen content with the variation in 0.5% is prepared
in similar way.

TESTING PROCEUDURE OF SPECIMEN:

i) Before testing the specimen is kept in water bath at temperature 600C for half an hour.
ii) Thoroughly clean the inside surface of the testing head and apply lubricate of thin film so
that upper test head will slide freely without binding.
iii) The providing ring which indicates applied load should be kept to zero.
iv) Remove the specimen from water bath and place it in the lower segment of the breaking
head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the
complete assembly on the testing machine.
 17

v) Place the flow meter over one of the post and adjust it to read zero.
vi) Apply a load at a rate of 51 mm/minute until the maximum load reading is obtained, at the
same instant of maximum load; obtain the flow as recorded on the flow meter (mm).

CALCULATION:

i) Theoretical maximum specific gravity:

Gmm =
+

Where,
PMM= total weight of mix
PS: weight of aggregate,
PB: weight of asphalt,
GSE: effective specific gravity of aggregate coated with asphalt,
GB:specific gravity of asphalt.

ii) Bulk specific gravity:

Gmb=

Where,
Wd: sample wt. in dry air,
Wsub: sample allowed soaking for 3 minutes in water,
Wssd: submerged wt. in water.

iii)Voids in Total mix:

VTM=(1- )*100

iv) Voids in mineral aggregate:

(1)
VMA=(1- )*100

v) Voids Filled with asphalt:

VFA= *100

 18

OBSERVATION:
Asphalt Content (%)
Description 6 6.5
Specimen name A1 A2 A3 Avg B1 B2 B3 Avg

Thickness(mm) 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5

Height(mm) 67 67 68 67.33 67.5 68 68 67.83

Volume (cm) 541.85 541.85 549.93 544.54 545.89 549.93 549.93 548.59

Wt. In air(g) 1254 1257 1260 1257 1264 1270 1267 1267

Dial reading 250 295 260 268.33 230 245 265 246.667

Flow(mm) 9.1 9.4 7.8 8.77 7.5 6.7 10.5 8.23

Stability Value(kN) 20.18 23.81 20.99 21.66 18.56 19.78 21.39 19.91
Bulk
density(kg/m) 2314.31 2319.84 2291.18 2308.36 2315.48 2309.37 2303.91 2309.57
Theoretical
density(kg/m) 2456.66 2456.66 2456.66 2456.66 2440.79 2440.79 2440.79 2440.79
Percent Air Voids,
Va(%) 5.795 5.569 6.736 6.037 5.134 5.384 5.608 5.376
Volume of Asphalt
Vb(%) 13.48 13.51 13.35 13.45 14.61 14.57 14.54 14.57
Percent voids in
Mineral
Agg.VMA(%) 19.28 19.08 20.08 19.48 19.75 19.96 20.15 19.95
Percent voids in
Asphalt VFA(%) 69.94 70.82 66.46 69.02 74.00 73.02 72.17 73.05
Marshall
Quotient(kN/mm) 2.22 2.53 2.69 2.47 2.48 2.95 2.04 2.42
 19

Asphalt Content(%)
Description 7 7.5
Specimen name C1 C2 C3 Avg D1 D2 D3 Avg

Thickness(mm) 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5

Height(mm) 68 68.5 69 68.50 68.5 69 69.1 68.87

Volume (cm) 549.93 553.98 558.02 553.98 553.98 558.02 558.83 556.94

Wt. In air(g) 1281 1280 1281 1280.67 1286 1287 1289 1287.33

wt. in water
Dial reading 255 240 220 238.33 175 225 320 240.00

Flow(mm) 13.6 8.6 5.1 9.10 8.4 11.6 10.2 10.07

Stability Value(kN) 20.58 19.37 17.76 19.24 14.12 18.16 25.83 19.37
Bulk
density(kg/m) 2329.37 2310.56 2295.61 2311.77 2321.39 2306.36 2306.6 2311.43
Theoretical
density(kg/m) 2425.26 2425.26 2425.26 2425.26 2410.08 2410.08 2410.08 2410.08
Percent Air Voids,
Va(%) 3.954 4.729 5.346 4.680 3.680 4.303 4.293 4.092
Volume of Asphalt
Vb(%) 15.83 15.70 15.60 15.71 16.90 16.79 16.80 16.83
Percent voids in
Mineral
Agg.VMA(%) 19.78 20.43 20.95 20.39 20.58 21.10 21.09 20.92
Percent voids in
Asphalt VFA(%) 80.01 76.85 74.48 77.05 82.12 79.60 79.64 80.44
Marshall
Quotient(kN/mm) 1.51 2.25 3.48 2.11 1.68 1.57 2.53 1.92

GRAPH:

vma vs binder content

21.00

20.50
VMA

20.00

19.50 vma vs binder content

19.00
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
binder content
 20

VFA VS BINDER CONTENT

82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
VFA

74.00
72.00
70.00 VFA VS BINDER CONTENT
68.00
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT

7.000 Va VS BINDER CONTENT

6.000
5.000
4.000
Va

3.000
Va VS BINDER CONTENT
2.000
1.000
0.000
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT

12.00
FLOW VS BINDER CONTENT
10.00
8.00
FLOW

6.00
4.00
FLOW VS BINDER
2.00 CONTENT
0.00
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT
 21

22 STABILITY VS BINDER CONTENT

21.5

21
STABILITY

20.5
STABILITY VS BINDER
20 CONTENT
19.5

19
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT

UNIT WGT VS BINDER CONTENT

2312.5
2312
2311.5
2311
2310.5
2310 UNIT WGT VS BINDER
2309.5 CONTENT
2309
2308.5
2308
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

RESULT:

Binder Content
For 4 % air voids 7.5
For maximum density 7
For maximum stability value 6
 22

Optimum bitumen content is the average of Bitumen content corresponding to

i)maximum density ii) maximum stability iii) mid range of recommended voids content

Optimum bitumen content=6.8%

Maximum Stability of the bitumen=21.98kN

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 23

ANNEXURE 1: SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM: To determine the particle size distribution of the given fine aggregate as per IS: 2386
(Part I) 1963.
APPARATUS:

1. A set of IS Sieves of sizes 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 425m, 300m,

150m and 75m and pan.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample
PROCEDURE:

1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and
weighed.
2. The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
3. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
4. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the
total sample weight.
5. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained
on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Source of material: NITK Total Dry wt.: 1000gms.

Wt. % %
IS Sieve
Retained % Retained Cumulative Cumulative
(g) Retained Passing
(mm)
4.75 4.6 0.46 0.46 99.54
2.36 6.6 0.66 1.12 98.88
1.18 53.8 5.38 6.5 93.5
0.6 145.8 14.58 21.08 78.92
0.3 459.8 45.98 67.06 32.94
0.15 274.8 27.48 94.54 5.46
0.075 31.2 3.12 97.66 2.34
Pan 23.4 2.34 100 0
Total 1000 100 - -
 24

%Finer Vs Particle Size

120

100

80
%Finer

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10

Particle Size

DISCUSSION:

Percentage passing for fine aggregate

I.S. Sieve
Designation Grading Grading Grading Grading
Zone - I Zone - II Zone - III Zone IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300 micron 05- 20 8- 30 12- 40 15-50
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15

As per table-4 of IS 383-1970, the given sand conforms to Zone-IV Grade.

ANNEXURE 2 : SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES

AIM:
To determine the particle size distribution of the given coarse aggregate as per IS: 2386
(Part I) 1963.
 25

APPARATUS:

1. A set of IS Sieves of sizes 40mm, 37.5mm, 26.5 mm, 19mm, 13.2m, 9.5m,
4.75mm and pan.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample
PROCEDURE:
1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and
weighed.

2. The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.

3. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
4. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of
the total sample weight.
5. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates
retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Source of material: NITK Total Dry wt.: 1000gms.

IS Sieve Wt. % % %
(mm) Retained (g) Retained Cumulative Cumulative
Retained Passing
40 - - - -
37.5 - - - -
26.5 - - - -
19 360 36 36 64
13.2 488 48.8 84.8 15.2
9.5 128 12.8 97.6 2.4
4.75 22 2.2 99.8 0.2
pan 2 0.2 100 0
Total 1000 100 - -
 26

%finer Vs Particle size

70
60
50
% Finer

40
30 %finer Vs Particle size
20
10
0
1 10 Size
Particle 100

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 27

ANNEXURE 3: AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST

AIM:

To determine the Aggregate Impact Value of coarse aggregates to assess its resistance to
disintegration against impact loading as per IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963.

APPARATUS:

1. Impact testing machine

2. Cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm and depth 50 mm for
measuring aggregates.
3. Hammer of weight 14kg and with a free fall of 380mm
4. Tamping Rod
5. Weighing balance
6. Sieve of size 12.5mm and 10mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a test sample of aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10mm
sieve.
2. Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3rd depth of measuring cylinder.
3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the Tamping rod.
4. Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.
5. Strike off the surplus aggregates.
6. Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W1).
7. Pour this aggregates into the cup and give 15 impact blows with the help of the hammer.
8. Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves.
9. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the fraction
retained in the sieve.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Date Tested: Range of Sieve: 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm

Material: Coarse aggregate No. of Blows: 15
Location: NITK Height of Fall: 380 mm
Method of Sampling: By means of scoop Method of Crushing: Sudden

Wt. of Wt. of the Wt. of Wt. of Aggregate

Container + Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Impact value
Aggregate(kg) before Retained on Passing on 2.36 (%)
compaction (kg) 2.36 mm sieve (kg)
mm sieve (kg)
1.566 0.350 .254 .096 27.42
 28

RESULT:
The Aggregate impact value of given coarse aggregate is 27.42%.
DISCUSSION:
Specified limits of percent aggregate impact value for different types of road
construction by Indian Roads Congress is given below.

Sl.No. Type of Pavement Aggregate impact value

not more than
1 Wearing Course 30
2 Bitumen bound macadam base course 35
3 WBM base course with bitumen surfacing 40
4 Cement concrete base course 45

The given coarse Aggregates are suitable for all the above pavement layers in road
construction.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 29

ANNEXURE 4: DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

AIM:

To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate to assess the suitability
of aggregate for use in different types of road pavement as per IS 2386 (part IV) 1963

APPARATUS:

1. A 15 cm dia. open ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base plate.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular section of 16mm in dia. and 45 to 60 cm long
rounded at one end.
3. A balance of capacity 3 kg readable and accurate to 1gm.
4. IS sieves of size 12.5,10,2.36 mm
5. A CTM machine capable of applying load of 40tons and which can be operated to give
uniform rate of loading so that the max load is reached in 10min.
6. For measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity of height 18 cm
dia. 11.5cm.

PROCEDURE:

1. Put the cylinder in position on the base plate and weigh it (W)
2. Put the sample in 3 layers ,each layer being subjected to 25 strokes using the tamping rod
weigh it (W1)
3. Level the surface of aggregate carefully and insert the plunger so that it rests horizontally
on the surface.
4. Place the cylinder with plunger on the loading platform of the compression testing
machine.
5. Apply load at a uniform rate so that a total load of 40T is applied in 10 minutes.
6. Release the load and remove the material from the cylinder.
7. Sieve the material with 2.36mm IS sieve, care being taken to avoid loss of fines.
8. Weigh the fraction passing through the IS sieve (W2)

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Data Observed : Range of Sieve: 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm
Material: Coarse aggregate Method of testing: IS 2386(part IV) 1963
Location: NITK To be used in structure: Pavement Layers

A=Weight of surface dry sample = 2674gms.

B= Weight of fraction passing the 2.36mm IS sieve = 934gms.
Aggregate crushing value (in percent) = (934/2674)*100 = 35 %
 30

RESULTS:

Aggregate crushing mean value = 35 %

DISCUSSION

1. Aggregate crushing value for cement concrete pavements shall not exceed 30%.
2. Aggregate crushing value for wearing surfaces shall not exceed 45%.
The given aggregate sample can be used for wearing surfaces but not for cement
concrete pavements.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 31

ANNEXURE 5: SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE

AGGREGATE(IS 2386 Part-III 1963)

AIM:

To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate larger than 10mm
as per.

APPARATUS:

1. Wire basket perforated with wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
2. Dry soft absorbent cloth
3. Weighing balance
4. Water bucket
5. Oven

PROCEDURE:

1. Take a sample of 2000g of coarse aggregates passing through 20mm sieve and retained on
16mm sieve.
2. The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and
then placed in the wire basket and immersed in water at a temperature between 22 and 32C.
3. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it
to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed a period of
24 hrs afterwards.
4. Then the weight of basket with aggregates suspended in water is taken (W1).
5. The aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and
gently surface-dried with the cloth
6. The weight of empty basket suspended in water is then taken (W2).
7. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight W3).
8. The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110C for
24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (W4)

CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

Specific Gravity of fine aggregate:
Pycnometer empty wt.(M1) = 0.630 kg
Pycnometer + sample(M2) = 1.078 kg
Pycnometer + sample + water(M3) = 1.820 kg
Pycnometer + water(M4) = 1.544 kg
(21) 1.0780.630
Specific gravity= 21 = 1.0780.630 =2.605
(34) (1.821.544)
 32

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate:

Pyconometer empty weight=.630 kg

Pyconometer + sample=1.060 kg

Pyconometer + sample +water= 1.818 kg

Pyconometer + water=1.544 kg
(1.0600.630)
Specific gravity= 1.0600.630 =2.756
(1.8181.544)

Water absorbtion

Wt of aggregate taken=2kg

Wt of saturated surface dry(w1)=1.996kg

Wt of oven dried aggregate(w2)=1.992kg

Water absorbtion=((w2-w1)/w2)*100=0.2%

RESULT:
1. The Specific gravity of given coarse aggregate is 2.756
2. The Specific gravity of given fine aggregate is 2.605
3. water absorption =0.2%
DISCUSSION:
The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from
about 2.5 to 3.0 with an average of about 2.68. So the given coarse aggregates are suitable for
road construction. Water absorption shall not be more than 0.6 per unit by weight. So the
given coarse aggregates are within the acceptable limits.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 33

ANNEXURE 6: FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX OF COARSE

AGGREGATES (IS 2386 Part I)
AIM:
To determine the Flakiness and Elongation index of given coarse aggregates as per
APPARATUS:
1. A standard thickness gauge
2. A standard length gauge
3. IS sieves of sizes 50 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5,10 and 6.3mm
4. A balance of capacity 5kg, readable and accurate up to 1 gm.
PROCEDURE:
1. Sieve the sample through the IS sieves.
2. Take a minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested and weigh them.
3. In order to separate the flaky materials, gauge each fraction for thickness on a thickness
gauge.
4. Weigh the flaky material passing the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 per cent of the
test sample.
5. In order to separate the elongated materials, gauge each non-flaky fraction for length on a
length gauge.
6. Weigh the elongated material retained on the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of
the test sample.
OBERVATION AND CALCULATION
Sieve Size (mm) Total Wt. of Wt. Passing through Wt. Retained on
Aggregates Retained Thickness Gauge Length Gauge
(grams
(grams) (grams)
40-37.5 - - -
37.5-26.5 - - -
26.5-19 132 8 28
19-13.2 86 0 66
13.2-9.5 26 0 26
Total 244 8 120

Percentage of Flakiness Index: (Wt. of Aggregates Passing on Flakiness Gauge/ Total Wt.
Of Aggregates Retained)*(100)= (8/244)*100= 3.28%
 34

Sieve Size (mm) Total Wt. of Wt. Retained on Wt. Retained on

Aggregates Retained Thickness Gauge Length Gauge
(grams) (grams) (grams)
40-37.5 - - -
37.5-26.5 - - -
26.5-19 124
132 7
19-13.2 86 86 13
13.2-9.5 26 26 10
Total 244 236 30

Percentage of Elongation Index:

(Wt. of Aggregates.Ret. on Elongation Gauge/ Total Wt. Of Aggregates Retained)*(100)
=(30/236)*100=12.71%
COMBINED PERCENTAGE OF FLAKINESS & ELONGATION=52.46%
Remarks:
The given coarse aggregates are suitable for Bituminous / Asphaltic concrete, bituminous
surface dressing.
RESULT:
1. The Flakiness index of given coarse aggregate is 3.28%
2. The Elongation index of given coarse aggregate is 12.71%
3. The Combined index of given coarse aggregate is 15.99%
 35

SPECIFICATION
SL.NO Type of Pavement Maximum limits of
flakiness index, %
Bituminous carpet
1 30
1. Bituminous / Asphaltic
concrete
2. Bituminous 25
2 Penetration macadam
3. Bituminous surface dressing
(single coat, two coats &
precoated)
4. Built up spray grout

1. Bituminous macadam
3 15
2. WBM base course and
surface course
As the Flakiness index of the given coarse aggregate is 11.26%, it can be used for all
bituminous layers, WBM Base course and Surface course

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 36

ANNEXURE 7: DETERMINATION OF DUCTILITY OF BITUMEN(IS 1208:1978)

AIM:
To measure the ductility of the given sample of bitumen
PRINCIPLE
The ductility test gives a measure of the adhesive property of bitumen and its abilityto
stretch. In a flexible pavement design, it is necessary that the binder should form a thin
ductile film around the aggregates so that the physical interlocking of the aggregate is
improved. Binder materials having insufficient ductility gets cracked when subjected to
repeated traffic loads and it provides previous pavement surface.
Ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the distance in centimetres to
whichit will elongate before breaking when two ends of a standard briquette specimen of the
material are pulled apart at the specified speed and at a specified temperature.

The apparatus for the standard ductility test as per IS: 1208-1978 consist of the
followingBriquette mould: it is made up of brass with the shape, dimensions and tolerances
as shown in figure. The ends b and b are known as clips and a and a aresides of the mould.
(i) The circular holes are provided in the clips to grid the fixed and movable end of the testing
machine. The mould when properly assembled forms a briquette specimen of the following
dimensions
Total length 75.0+/_ 0.5mm
Distance between clips 30.0+/_0.3mm
Width at the mount of clip 20.0+/_0.2mm
 37

Width at minimum cross-

Section (halfway between clips) 10.0+/_0.1mm
Thickness throughout 10.0+/_0.1mm

(ii) Water bath

(iii)Testing machine
PROCEDURE
1. Heat the bituminous material completely at a room temperature of 750c to 1000c above
the approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid
2. After stirring the fluid, pour it in the mould assembly, placed on a brass plate . In
order to prevent the materials under test from sticking. Coat the surface of the plate
and interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with a minute of equal parts of
glycerine and dextrin
3. After about 30-40 minutes, keep the plate assembly along with the sample in a water
bath. Maintain the temperature of the water bath at 270c for half an hour
4. Remove the sample and mould assembly from the water bath and trim the specimen
bylevelling the surface using a hot knife
5. Replace the mould assembly in the water bath maintained at 270c for 80 to 90 minutes
6. Remove the sides of the mould
7. Hook the clips carefully on the machine without causing any initial strain
8. Adjust the pointer to read zero. Start the machine and pull the two clips horizontally at
a speed of 50 mm per minute
9. Note the distance at which the bitumen thread of specimen breaks.
 38

10. Record the observations in the Proforma and compute the ductility value. Report the
mean of two observations, rounded to nearest whole number as the ductility value.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
1. Bitumen Grade = Bitumen 80-90
2. pouring Temperature = 75c 100c
3. Test Temperature = 27c
4. Periods Of Cooling (Minutes)
a) In Air = 30 Minutes
b) In Water Bath Before Trimming =30 Minutes
c) In Water Bath After Trimming = 90 Minutes

DESCRIPTION BRIQUETTE

Initial reading(a) 0
Final reading(b) 82
Ductility=(b-a) 82

RESULT:

Ductility value of bitumen = 82cm

INTERPRETATION AND RESULTS

The suitability of bitumen is judged, depending upon its type and purpose of use.
 39

Bitumen with low ductility value may get cracked specially in cold weather. ISI has specified
the following values of minimum ductility for various grades of bitumen as follows

MINIMUM DUCTILITY FOR VARIOUS GRADES OF BITUMEN

Source Of Paving Bitumen And Penetration Minimum Ductility Value (cms)
Grade

Assam Petroleum A25 5

Assam Petroleum A35 10

Assam Petroleum A45 12

A65 , A90 And A200 15

Bitumen From Sources Other than Assam 50

Petroleum S35

S45, S65, And S90 75 75

INFERENCE
The given sample of plain bitumen is having the ductility value 82cm. It will not get
cracked especially in cold weather. As per IS 1208:1978 the minimum ductility value for
bitumen from sources other than Assam petroleum S35 is 50 cm and the obtained value is 82.
So that given bitumen is most suitable for roads under cold weather.

Submitted by: Approved by: Checked by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 40

ANNEXURE 8 : DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION VALUE OF BITUMEN(IS:

1203-1978)

AIM:
To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS :1203-1978

PRINCIPLE
Penetration is measure of hardness and consistency of bitumen material. The
penetration of bitumen material is the distance in tenth of mm, that a standard needle will
penetrate vertically in to a sample of material under standard condition of temperature, load
and time.The objective of penetration test was to determine the consistency of bitumen
material and to assess the durability of bitumen for its use under different climatic condition
and type of construction.It is not regarded as suitable for use in connection with testing of
road tar because of the high surface tension exhibited by these materials and the fact that they
contain relatively large amount of carbon.

APPARATUS
1)Container
2)Needle
3)Water bath
4)penetration apparatus or penetrometer
5)Thermometer

PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of test specimen
Soften the bitumen to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than 90c for
bitumen about the appropriate softening point . stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water. Pour the melt into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess of expected
penetration cool it at an atmosphere temperature of 15c 30c for 1 hour then place it along
with the transfer disc in the water bath at 250.1c and allow it to remain for 1-1.5 hours. The
test is carried out at 250.1unless otherwise stated.
2. Fill the transfer disk with water from the water bath to a depth sufficiently to cover
the container completely. Place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of penetration
apparatus.
3. Clean the needle with benzene and load it with the weight the total moving required is
1000.25gm including the weight of the needle carrier and superimposed weight.
4. Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. This may be done
by placing the needle in contact with the image reflected by the surface of bitumen material.
5. Make the pointer of the dial to read zero note the initial dial reading
6. With the help of the timer release the needle for exactly 5 seconds.
7. Record the dial reading.
Make at least 3 readings at point on the surface of the sample not less than 10mm
apart and not less than 10mm from the side of the dish. After each test return the sample and
transfer dish to the water bath and wash the needle with benzene and dry it.
 41

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Observations of penetration test ( bitumen)

Sl.no Dial reading (0.1mm) Penetration Bitumin grade

(0.1mm)
initial Final

1 0 83 83 80/90

2 0 80 80 80/90

3 0 88 88 80/90

4 0 84 84 80/90

Average=83.75

INFERENCE

As per IS 1203 and IRC suggests for bituminous macadam and penetration macadam
30/70, 60/70, 80/90. Here the obtained value is 83.75. Hence it is 80/90 grade macadam.

Submitted by: Approved by: Checked by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 42

ANNEXURE 9: DETERMINATION OF SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMEN(IS:

1205-1978)

AIM

To determine the softening point of bitumen/tar.

PRINCIPLE

The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains
a particular degree of softening. It is the temperature (in 0c) at which a standard ball passes
through a sample of bitumen bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5cm when
heated under water of glycerine at specified conditions of test.
The binder should have sufficient fluidity before its application in road uses. The
determination of the softening point helps to know the temperature up to which a bituminous
binder should be heated for various road use applications.
Softening point is determined by the ring and ball apparatus

APPARATUS

(i) The ring and ball apparatus consists of the following.

a) Steel balls Two numbers, each of 9.5mm diameter and weight 3.5+ 0.05g.
b) Brass rings Two numbers, each having a depth of 6.4mm. The inside diameter at
the bottom and top is 15.9mm and 17.5mm respectively.
c) Ball guides to guide the movement of steel balls centrally.
d) Support That can hold rings in position and also allows for the suspension of a
thermometer, the distance between the bottom of the rings and the top surface of the
bottom plate of the support in 25mm.
(ii) Thermometer that can red up to 1000c with an accuracy of 0.20c.
(iii) Bath
(iv) Stirrer.

PROCEDURE

1.Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a temperature between 75-1000c

above its softening point. Place the rings, previously heated to a temperature approximately
to that of the molten materials, on a metal plate which has been coated with a mixture of
equal parts of glycerine and dextrin. After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the materials in
the ring by removing the excess with a warmed, sharp knife.
2.Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
3.Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm above the upper surface of the rings.
The starting temperature should be 50c.
4.Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid, so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of
5+0.50c per minute.
 43

5.As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the ball sinks through the
ring carrying a portion of the material with it.
6.Note down the temperature when any of the steel balls with bituminous coating touches the
bottom plate. Record the temperature when the second ball also touches the bottom plate. The
average of the two readings is reported as the softening point.

RESULT

OBSERVATIONS OF SOFTENING POINT

Description Sample 1 Sample 2

Temperature when the ball touches the bottom, (c) 58 52

Average=55C
Softening point of bitumen=55C

IS SPECIFICATION

Softening point for different grades of bitumen is given in the following table

SOFTENING POINT FOR DIFFERENT GRADES OF BITUMEN

Bitumen grade Softening point
A25 ,A35 55 to 70
S35 55 to 65
A35,S45,A65 45 to 65
S65 40 to 55
A90 S90 35 to 50
A200,S200 30 to 45

INFERENCE

The softening point of the bitumen lies within the range of 30-70. The softening point
obtained for bitumen is 55C which lie within the range. The grade of the given sample may
be A25 A35,and S35.It is preferred in warm places.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 ______
 44

ANNEXURE 10: DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BITUMEN(IS

1202:1978)

AIM
To determine the specific gravity of bitumen.

PRINCIPLE
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of bitumen
to the mass of an equal volume of water, the temperature of both being specified at 27 +/- 1
degree Celsius.

APPARATUS

Specific gravity bottle

Weight balance.

PROCEDURE

1.Clean and dry the specific gravity bottle and weigh it (weight W1)
2.Heat the bituminous material to a pouring temperature and pour it in the empty bottle,
taking all precautions that it is clean and dry before filling the sample material. Fill the
material up to one third taking care to prevent the entry of air bubbles and weigh it (weight
W2). Fill the remaining space of the bottle with water and again weigh it (weightW3).
3.Fill the bottle with water only and take the weight (weight W4)
4.Specific gravity of the material can be calculated as
 45

Specific gravity = [W2-W1]/[(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)]

OBSERVATIONS

Observations of Specific Gravity ( bitumen)

Weight Of Empty Specific Gravity Bottle, W1(in gm)

32
Weight Of Bottle + Sample, W2 (in gm) 52
Weight Of Bottle + Sample + kerosene, W3 (in gm) 72

Weight Of Bottle + kerosene, W4 (in gm) 72

Specific gravity =[52-32]/[(72-32)-(72-52)]=1.02

RESULTS

The specific gravity of bitumen = 1.02

INFERENCE

The specific gravity of pure bitumen lies within the range of 0.97 to 1.02. The specific
gravity obtained for the given plain sample is 1.02.

Submitted by: Approved by: Checked by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 46

ANNEXURE 11: DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF

BITUMEN(IS 1209-1978)
AIM

To determine the flash and fire points of the bitumen as per IS: 1209-1978

PRINCIPLE

Flash Point: - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the
application of test flame caused the vapours from the material to momentarily catch fire in
the form of a flash under specified condition of test.
Fire point: - The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the binder material
catches fire and continues to burn..
At a high temperature , bituminous material limit hydrocarbon vapour which are
susceptible to catch fire Therefore the heating temperature of bituminous materials should
berestricted to avoid hazardous conditions . Flash and Fire point tests are used to determine
the temperature to which bituminous materials can be safely heated.

APPARATUS
Closed cup apparatus
Thermometer

PROCEDURE

a. Flash Point
1. Soften the bitumen between 75 and 1000c. Stir this thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.
2. Fill the cleaned and dried up with the material to be tested up to the filling mark.
3. Set the cup in the stove. Insert the thermometer.
4. Light the test-flame. Supply heat such that the temperature increases.
5. Apply the test flame initially at a temperature 170c below the expected flash point.
6. Note down the flame point as the temperature at which the flame application causes a
distinct flash in the interior of the cup.

b. Fire Point
1.After flash point, heating should be continued such that the temperature increases.
2.The fire point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at which the
application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn at least 5 seconds.

RESULT
The fire point and flash point of bitumen was studied.
Flash point = 320 C
Fire point = 360 C
 47

INFERENCE

As per IS:1209-1978,the minimum value of flash point by open cup test is 220C for
all the grades of paving bitumen. Obtained value is 320C and 360C (Flash & fire
point),hence it is safe.

Submitted by: Approved by: Checked by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 48

ANNEXURE 12: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT (IS: 4031 (Part 11)-1988)

AIM:

To determine the specific gravity of cement as per

APPARATUS:

1. Le Chatelier flask,
2. Analytical balance (accuracy of 0.0002 g)

MATERIALS:

1. Kerosene (free from water).

2. OPC grade 43 cement

PROCEDURE:

1. Dry the flask carefully and fill with kerosene or naphtha to a point on the stem
between zero and 1 ml. The inside of flask above the level of liquid shall be dried.
2. Record the level of the liquid in the flask as initial reading.
3. Put a weighted quantity of cement (about 60gm) into the flask so that level of
kerosene rise to about 20.5 ml mark, care being taken to avoid splashing and to see
that cement does not adhere to the sides of the above the liquid.
4. After putting all the cement to the flask, the stopper shall be placed in the flaskand
roll the flask gently in an inclined position to expel air until no further air bubble rises
to the surface of the liquid.
5. Note down the new liquid level as final reading.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample Initial reading Final reading Volume of Weight Equal Sp. Gravity
No. of flask (ml) of flask (V2) cement particles volume of of cement
(V1) (ml) (V2 - V1 ) (ml) water (gm)
1 0 19 19 19 3.157
2 0 19.1 19.1 19.1 3.141
Average 3.149
 49

CALCULATION:

Weight of cement used = 60gm

Initial reading of flask = 0 ml
Final reading of flask = 19 ml
Volume of cement particle = V2-V1 ml
= 19 ml
Weight of equal Volume of water = (V2-V1) x specific weight of water.
= 19*1
= 19.00 gm
Specific gravity of cement = (Weight of cement/ Weight of equal volume of water)
= W/ (V2-V1)
= 60/19
= 3.15

RESULT:

The specific gravity of given cement sample is 3.15

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________
 50

ANNEXURE 13: FINENESS OF CEMENT (IS: 4031 (Part 2)-1988)

AIM:

To determine the fineness of cement by Blaines permeability Apparatus. (IS: 4031

(Part 2)-1988)

APPARATUS:

1. Variable Flow Type Air PermeabilityApparatus(Blaine Type)

2. Timer
3. Weighing Balance

MATERIALS:

1. Manometer Liquid
2. OPC grade 43 cement

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the perforated disc on the ledge at the bottom of the cell and place on it a new
filter paper disc. Ensure that the filter paper disc fully covers the perforated disc and is
flat by pressing with a clean dry rod.
2. Place the weighed quantity of cement,in the cell taking care to avoid loss. Tap the cell
to level the cement. Place a second new filter paper disc on the levelled cement. Insert
the plunger to make contact with the filter paper disc.
3. Press the plunger gently but firmly until the lower face of the cap is in contact with
the cell. Slowly withdraw the plunger about 5 mm, rotate it through 90 and gently
but firmly press the bed once again until the plunger cap is in contact with the cell.
4. The bed is now compacted and ready for the permeability test. Slowly withdraw the
plunger. Insert the conical surface of the cell into the socket at the top of the
manometer, using if necessary a little light grease to ensure an airtight joint. Take care
not to disturb the cement bed.
5. Close the top of the cylinder with a suitable plug. Open the stopcock and with gentle
aspiration raise the level of the manometer liquid to that of the highest etched line,
close the stopcock and observe that the level of the manometer liquid remains
constant.Close the stopcock.
 51

6. Remove the plug from the top of the cylinder. The manometer liquid will begin to
flow.
7. Start the timer as the liquid reaches the second etched line and stop it when the liquid
reaches the third etched line. Record the time. Repeat the procedure on the same bed
and record the additional, values of time.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample No. Weight of cement taken Time (t) (sec) Fineness of Cement
(m1) (gm) (cm2/gm)

1 2.88 62 3107.6

2 2.88 69 3278.62

Average 3193.11

CALCULATION:

Weight of cement used = 2.88gm.

Time required to reach 3rd etched line = 62 sec

= 394.7

= 394.7 62

= 3107.6 cm2/gm

RESULT: The fineness of given cement sample is 3107.6 cm2/gm.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-2 __________ ___________
 52

ANNEXURE 14: CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE (IS: 4031 (Part 4-1988)

AIM:

To determine the Consistency of standard cement paste.

APPARATUS:

1. Vicat Apparatus (Confirming to IS : 5513-1976)

2. Weighing Balance

MATERIALS:

1. OPC grade 43 cement

PROCEDURE:

The standard consistency of a cement pasteis defined as that consistency which will
permitthe Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould
when the cement paste is tested.
1. Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or
distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor
more than 5 min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting
occurs.
2. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After
completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with
the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
3. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under
the rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test
block, and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be
carried out immediately after filling the mould.
4. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above
until the amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency as
defined.
 53

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample No. % of water added Penetration (mm) Consistency

1 28 26
2 29 13
31%
3 30 9
4 31 7
5 32 4

RESULT:

The consistency of given cement paste is 31%.

Submitted by: Checked by: Approved by:

Batch-4 __________ ___________