AUTOMATIC

FAN
CONTROLLER
AND
TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR
 ABSTRACT

The various electronic equipments that we are using is effected by temperature

variations while they are in use. So it is necessary to have a temperature controller
inbuilt in them. An exhaust fan is the most common and widely used temperature
controller.
Cooling fans are an important part of thermal management for electronic
equipments (such as CPUs, FPGAs, and GPUs) and systems. Automatic fan
controller and temperature indicator is used to control the fan according to the
temperature variations experienced and also it displays the temperature. The
system will get the temperature sense from the silicon transistor BC327 by sensing
the voltage drop across the base-emitter junction. It has got negative temperature
coefficient. Then comes the body of circuit, An analog to digital converter. Which
is included with 7 segmented decoders, display drivers, and can drive a maximum
of four seven segmented displays. It also consist of a reference and a clock. Power
supply is by means of 9v battery. A seven segmented display of non-multiplexed
common anode is used for display.

The voltage from seven segmented display is given to a digital circuit. The
circuit is designed in such a way that the output will be active high when the
temperature is greater than or equal to 30 degree Celsius and active low otherwise.
Then comes a relay circuit, where the switching action of fan is controlled.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO.
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS i ii

LIST OF FIGURES ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION BEHIND THE PROJECT 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 5
3.1.1 Sensor 6
3.1.2 ADC 7
3.1.3 Seven segment display 8
3.1.4 Digital circuit 9
3.1.5 Relay circuit 10
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 13

4.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN 13

4.2.1 Digital circuit 13
4.2.2 ICL 7016 14
 4.3 CALIBERATION 15

4.4 HARDWARE DESIGN 15

5 PCB EXPLANATION 17

5.1 PCB FABRICATION PROCEDURE 17

5.1.1 Components layout and design 17

5.1.2 PCB layout and designing 18

5.1.3 Etching of the PCB 20

5.1.4 Drilling 20

5.2 SOLDERING 20

5.2.1 Soldering equipments 20

5.2.2 Soldering process 21

6 CONCLUSION 23

6.1 ADVANTAGES 23

6.2 DISADVANTAGES 23

6.3 APPLICATIONS 23

REFERENCES

APPENDICES
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADC Analog to Digital Converter

C Capacitor

IC Integrated Circuit

P Port

PCB Printed Circuit Board

Q Transistor

R Resistor

RL Relay

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
FIGURE NAME
NO. NO.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5

3.2 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS BC 327 6
3.3 PIN OUT DIAGRAM ICL 7106 7
A TYPICAL LED DISPLAY COMPONENT WITH DECIMAL 8
3.4
POINT
INDIVIDUAL SEGMENTS OF SEVEN SEGMENTED 8
3.5
DISPLAY
3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT 11
4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
4.2 ICL 7106 TEST CIRCUIT WITH LED DISPLAY 14
4.3 HARDWARE DESIGN 16
5.1 PCB LAYOUT 19

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Cooling fans are an important part of thermal management for electronic

equipments (such as CPUs, FPGAs, and GPUs) and systems. Cooling will aid for
the better performance as well as to increase the life of the system. Unfortunately,
their use can sometimes raise a system's acoustic noise level to the point where it
is objectionable to the user. Here we are describes about a digital thermometer and
automatic switching of a fan according to temperature.

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A

thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor in which some
physical change occurs with temperature, and (2) some means of converting this
physical change into a numerical value.

An automatic fan controller using temperature indicator is designed to detect the

unwanted presence of temperature by monitoring environmental changes. In
general, it is either classified as automatic, manually activated, or both. Automatic
temperature controlled variable speed of fan systems have become increasingly
sophisticated and functionally more capable and reliable in recent years. They are
designed to fulfil two general requirements :protection of electronic equipment
and assets and protection of life.. As a result of institutes and industries, the
equipment safety aspect of automatic cooling has become a major factor in the last
two decades. By simple modifications , the circuit may have applications in many
systems where power electronic equipment produces heat and regular cooling is
required for proper and efficient working of equipments such as computers,
laptops,VCRs,kDVDpplayers,pprojectors,etc.

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1.1 MOTIVATIONoBEHINDoTHEoPROJECT
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
The various electronic equipments that we are using is effected by temperature
variations while they are in use. So it is necessary to have a temperature
controller inbuilt in them. An exhaust fan is the most common and widely
used temperature controller. But the problem is that most of the equipments
does not have a temperature controller inbuilt. So we want to connect it
externally and to operate it manually. And even if the equipment has a
temperature controller, it is more convenient to have a display unit to show the
temperature. Thus we can improve our system performance by incorporating
various modifications in the systemIn our limited knowledge there is no such
device which shows the temperature and a control strategy by make use of that
temperature variation. Here we are presenting a low cost temperature
indicator employed with automatic fan controller. We can control our air
conditioner , cooler etc. by using this technique. Here we are choosing a fan to
demonstrate it.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Several studies and literature were published regarding the Automatic fan
controller systems and temperature indicator systems. Here we are attempting
to incorporate these two features in a single system without a microcontroller
circuit. An interesting article in the International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975 8887) Volume 81 No5, November 2013 explains about
Room Temperature based Fan Speed Control System. This paper presents the
design and simulation of a novel fan speed control system based on room
temperature using Pulse width Modulation Technique. The duty cycle is made to
vary according to the room temperature and the fan speed is controlled
accordingly. This paper elucidates how the autonomous speed control of fan is
done based on data from the temperature sensor. The design proposed here is
appropriate according to the modern lifestyle. The simulation of the system has
been done on Proteus Professional Software v 8.0 and the various graphs showing
relationship between temperature and different parameters have been plotted in
MATLAB R2013a v8.1 to validate the accuracy of the system.

There is also a case study of automatic temperature control system on diagnosable

discrete event system design This paper proposes an invention of Smart Electric
Fan for various applications. It has an automation operation by using a
microcontroller. It uses a unique design such as 2 fans, 2 LEDs and 2 temperature
sensors. This is to enhance its functionality to become more efficient and effective
for large space and hot weather condition. The circuit provides a comfort for
humans life, especially for senior citizens. It really helps to solve the problem of
handicapped person when to switch on the fan. Finally, the circuit can also detect

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handicapped person when to switch on the fan. Finally, the circuit can also detect
when fire occurs by alarming the buzzer.

In order to reduce the complexity and microcontroller circuit the idea of variable
speed is omitted.

Another interesting article in Electronics hub entitled digital thermometer deals

about a temperature indicator with ICL 7106 which is a highperformance,
lowpower, 31/2 digit A/D converters. Included are seven segment decoders,
display drivers, a reference, and a clock. The ICL7106 is designed to interface
with a liquid crystal display (LCD) and includes a multiplexed backplane drive;
the ICL7107 will directly drive an instrument size light emitting diode (LED)
display. The ICL7106 bring together a combination of high accuracy, versatility,
and true economy. It features auto zero to less than 10V, zero drift of less than
1V/oC, input bias current of 10pA(Max), and rollover error of less than one
count. True differential inputs and reference are useful in all systems, but give the
designer an uncommon advantage when measuring load cells, strain gauges and
other bridge type transducers. Finally, the true economy of single power supply
operation, enables a high performance panel meter to be built with the addition of
only 10 passive components and a display. Here the sensor used is a silicon
transistor. By passing through various circuitries about digital thermometer its
become clear that the transistor sensor can be replaced by a silicon diode or a
sensorpICplikepLM35.

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 CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SENSOR ADC 7 SEGMENTED

DISPLAY

POWER DIGITAL
SUPPLY CIRCUIT

RELAY
switch
CIRCUIT

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of automatic fan controller and temperature indicator

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

The system consist of five units.A temperature sensor,analog to digital converter,

7 segmented lcd display,a digital circuit portion and a relay circuitary. A 9V
batteryoispusedbforktheopowerpsupply.

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3.1.1 SENSOR

Silicon transistor BC 327 is used as a sensor. The temperature is measured by

voltage drop. Temperature dependency is approximately -2.2mv/c. The voltage
across base-emitter junction of a NPN transistor is proportional to temperature.
The transistor used in this way makes a low cost sensor. We can use silicon diode
instead of this.

Fig 3.2 Typical characteristics BC 327

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3.1.2 ADC

The Maxim ICL7106/ICL7107 are monolithic analog-to digital converters

(ADCs). They have very high input impedances and require no external display
drive circuitry. On-board active components include polarity and digit drivers,
segment decoders, voltage reference and a clock circuit. The ICL7106 will
directly drive a non-multiplexed liquid crystal display (LCD), whereas the
ICL7107 will directly drive a common anode light emitting diode(LED) display.
Versatility and accuracy are inherent features of these converters. The dual-slope
conversion technique automatically rejects interference signals common in
industrial environments. The true differential input and reference are particularly
useful when making ratio metric measurements (ohms or bridge transducers).
Maxim has added a zero-integrator phase to the ICL7106 and
ICL7107,eliminating over range hangover and hysteresis effects. Finally, these
devices offer high accuracy by lowering rollover error to less than one count and
zero reading
drift to less than 1FV/NC. These devices are used in a wide range of digital panel
meter applications. Most applications, however, involve the measurement and
display of analog data.

Fig 3.3 Pin out diagram ICL 7106

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3.1.3 SEVEN SEGMENTED DISPLAY

A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of

electronic display device for displaying decimalnumerals that is an alternative to
the more complex dot matrix displays. And the fig. is given below,

Fig 3.4 A typical LED display component with decimal point

Fig 3.5: Individual segments of a seven segmented display

The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each
side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the
seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-
segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumeric); however,
these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays.

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The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where
the optional decimal point (an "eighth segment", referred to as DP) is used for the
display of non-integer numbers.

Implementation:

Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting

diode (LED) for each segment, or other light-generating or controlling techniques
such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments,
and others. For gasolineprice totems and other large signs, vane displays made up
of electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments are still commonly used.
An alternative to the 7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the
cold-cathode, neon-lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display
device known as the Numitron that used incandescent filaments arranged into a
seven-segment display.

In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all
of the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment LEDs are connected and brought

out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common

anode" device. Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require
nine pins, though commercial products typically contain more pins, and/or spaces
where pins would go, in order to match standard IC sockets. Integrated displays
also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays
incorporate their own internal decoder, though most do not: each individual LED
is brought out to a connecting pin as described

3.1.4 DIGITAL CIRCUIT

Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital
signals discrete bands of analog levels rather than by continuous ranges (as
used in analogue electronics). All levels within a band of values represent the
same numeric value. Because of this discretization, relatively small changes to the
analog signal levels due to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation or parasitic
noise do not leave the discrete envelope, and as a result are ignored by signal state
sensing circuitry.

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In most cases, the number of these states is two, and they are represented by two
voltage bands: one near a reference value (typically termed as "ground" or zero
volts), and the other a value near the supply voltage. These correspond to the
"false" ("0") and "true" ("1") values of the Boolean domain respectively, named
after its inventor, George Boole, yielding binary code.

Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to

switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a
continuous range of values. Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large
assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic representations of Boolean logic
functions

3.1.5 RELAY CIRCUIT

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing
contacts in another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is
normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized.
When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the
relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts
will change their state. Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a
control circuit and do not usually control power consuming devices except for
small motors and Solenoids that draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays can "control"
larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying effect because a small
voltage applied to a relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched by the
contacts.
Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical
abnormalities, including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents.
In addition, relays are also widely used to switch starting coils, heating elements,
pilot lights and audible alarms.

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 Fig 3.6 Relay circuit

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 CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figp4.1oCircuitodiagram:oAutomaticofanOcontrolleroandotemperatureoindicator

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4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

The circuit consist of a sensor,BC 327, An analog to digital converter ICL 7106, A
seven segmented display, a digital circuitary, and a relay circuit.

BC327 is a silicon transistor is used as a temperature sensor. The temperature is

determined by the voltage drop, temperature dependence is approximately -2.2
mV / C. Its base and collector terminals are shorted so that it act as a
diode.Power can be either a 9V battery or a suitable power supply.

Then comes ICL 7106 .it is an ADC with 7 segmented decoders. Oscillator with
R1 and C1 determines the sampling frequency - using 100k and 100p the
frequency is 3 Hz. Theoretical temperature range is from -199.9 to 199.9 C, the
real temperature range is limited by the measuring transistor to approximately -
65.0 To 150.0 C. Resolution to 0.1 C. If you want to use it as a room
thermometer, it is not necessary to use the hundreds digit, (left) or minus sign.
Also digit right from the decimal point may be omitted if 1 C resolution is
sufficient. A simple room thermometer thus requires only two-digit display

The output from ADC is fed to a digital circuitary where the output will be at
active high when the output of seven segmented display is greater than or equal to
30.Then comes a relay circuit to control the switching action of fan.

4.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN

4.2.1DIGITAL CIRCUIT

The output of 3rd seven segmented display unit for the values MSB 1 and 0 will
be like this,

a b c d e f g
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Y= a b c d e f g + a b c d e f g

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4.2.2pICL7106

Fig 4.2 ICL7107 test circuit with led display for 200mV full scale

Oscillator frequency
fOSC = 0.45/RC
COSC > 50pF; ROSC > 50k
fOSC (Typ) = 48kHz
Auto-Zero Capacitor
0.01F < CAZ < 1f
Reference Capacitor
0.1F < CREF < 1F
ICL7106 Power Supply: 9V Battery
V+ - V- = 9V
Digital supply is generated internally
VGND V+ - 4.5V
ICL7107 Display: LED Type: Non-Multiplexed Common Anode

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4.3 CALIBERATION

The thermometer must be calibrated. The calibration is performed using the

trimmers P1 and P2 in two steps. The first step is to set the zero using crushed ice
(the ice and the water mix).Set P2 approximately in the center. Probe (transistor)
place in a waterproof container and dip into crushed ice(ice pieces in water).After
stabilizing the set p1 and to display 00.0 degree celsius. In the second step P2 is
set accordingly to a known temperature, preferably in boiling water at 100 degree
celsius. Alternatively the P2 setting can be made according to another
thermometer at room temperature. For accurate setting multiturn trimmers are
used.

4.4 HARDWARE DESIGN

The hardware of the system is designed in such a way that the sensor comes
outside the case. The seven segmented display and fan are partially covered with
case. For the ease of that purpose seven segmented display is connected with a
conduit RMC connector. Conduit systems are classified by the wall thickness,
mechanical stiffness, and material used to make the tubing. Materials may be
chosen for mechanical protection, corrosion resistance, and overall cost of the
installation. Rigid metal conduit (RMC) is a thick-walled threaded tubing, usually
made of coated steel, stainless steel or aluminum.

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 Fig 4.3 Hardware of Automatic fan controller and temperature indicator.

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 CHAPTER 5

PCB EXPLANATION

5.1 PCB FABRICATION PROCEDURE

You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent artwork film. You
will prints holes without good artwork, so it is important to get the best possible
quality at this stage. The most important thing is to get a clear sharp image with a
very solid opaque black. Artwork in the middle of pads, which will act as centre
marks when drilling. It is virtually impossible to accurately hand drill boards
without these holes. Here layout is printed on a butter paper(transparent paper),It
is screen printed on the copper clad, etched by using ferric chloride solution and
drilled by using a PCB drill.

Generally the making of the PCB can be divided into four simple steps:

1. Components layout and design

2. PCB layout and designing
3. Etching of the PCB
4. Drilling

5.1.1 Components layout and design

This involves the proper replacement of ICs ,resistors, capacitors and other
components of the circuits. By component layout designing the PCB size is
determined. A graph sheet is used to draw a sketch of the placement of various
components . This is done in such a way as to occupy the least PCB size.

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5.1.2 PCB Layout and design

Draw the circuit connection of the component layout. While drawing the track
should be kept in mind. For example, the track size for the power supply is about
1.5mm to 3mm. It depends upon the current flowing through the track. The
spacing between the two tracks should not be very less. The next step is to
transfer PCB layout to PCB laminate. Always use good quality, pre-coated photo
resist fiber glass (FR4) board. Check carefully for scratches in protective
covering. You dont need dark room or subdued lighting when handling boards ,
as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize unnecessary exposure, and develop
immediately after UV exposure. Instagraphic micro track board develops really
want to make low-resolution PCBs is essential , and should allow exposure times
from 2 to10 minutes in 15 to 30 seconds increments. It is useful if the timer has an
audible indication when the timing period has completed. A timer from a scrap
microwave oven would be ideal. Use glass sheet rather than plastic for the top of
the UV unit and a light-box for lining up double sided exposure unit, where the
PCB can be sandwitched between two light sources to expose both sides
simultaneously. To find the exposure time for a particular UV unit and laminate
type, a test piece in 30 seconds increment from 2 to 8 minutes.

The photo resist board needs to be exposed to UV light through artwork, using a
UV exposure box. UV exposure units can easily be made using standard
fluorescent lamp ballasts and UV tubes. For small PCBs two or four 8-watts,
30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger(A3) units, four 38cm tubes are ideal. To
determine the tube-to-glass spacing, place a sheet of tracing paper on the glass and
adjust the distance to get the most even light level over the surface of the paper.
Even illumination is a lot easier to obtain with 4-tube units. Generally speaking
over exposure is better than under exposure. For a single sided PCB, place the
artworks toner side up on the UV box glass, peel of the protective film from the
laminate, and place its sensitive side down on printers. You may need to specify a
vertical offset in your PCB software to make it print on the right of the page.

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For this we should select the suitable PCB laminate. Usually two types of
laminates are available :

1. Phenolic board
2. Fibre glass epoxy board

Phenolic boards are cheaper than latter. By transferring the layout to the laminate,
clean the copper side of the laminate using petrol or alcoholic spirit or using
commercially available cleaning sprays. Place a carbon paper on the copper spoof
the PCB and the design layout next to carbon paper. Neatly redraw the trace on
the design layout on to the carbon paper. Using a marvel pen or fine brush redraw
the trace of the carbon paper on to the carbon paper on to the PCB laminate.

Fig 5.1 PCB layout of Automatic fan controller and temperature indicator

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5.1.3 Etching of the PCB

Etching is the process where all the excess copper is removed and only the painted
portion is left behind. To remove this excess copper, various chemicals are used
like ferric chloride. Depending upon the PCB size the solution is prepared by
adding 40-50 gms of ferric chloride to water. The solution, which is nicely stirred,
is then taken in a flat plastic tray. The PCB is immersed in the solution and the
laminate is thoroughly washed with water.

Alcohol and acetone are used to remove the paint. Oxidation of copper is
prevented by using insulating material.

5.1.4 Drilling

The diameter of the holes varies depending upon the component that it should
hold. It is about 1mm for ICs ,about 1.25mm for capacitors and resistors and
about 1.5mm for diodes. Specific drills are used for drilling all these holes
properly.

5.2 SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining by heat using a filter material for the purpose of
making continuous and permanent path for the flow of electricity.

Features are:

1. Retain adequate strength at low as well as at high temperature.

2. Provide an electrically conducting path
3. Connects the components together to form joints
4. Allow heat flow between components.
5. Form a liquid gas tight seat.

5.2.1 Soldering Equipments

1. Solder
Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperature below

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 their metal point. The popularly used solders are the alloys of tin(60%)
and lead(40%) that melts at 190 degree C and solidifies when it cools.
Most of the wire is flux cored type. When such soldering wires are
used there is no extra soldering flux is required or needed.

2. Flux
In order to make the surface accept the solder readily the component
terminal should be free from oxides and other obstructing films. The
soldering flux cleans the oxides from the metal surface. The leads
should be cleaned chemically or by abrasion usingpbladesporpknives.

3. SolderingpIron
It is the tool used to melt the solder and apply the joints in the circuit. It
operates at 230V ac supply. The power range of the soldering iron are
low, 25W, 35W, 65W, 125W etc. The iron bit at the tip of it gets
heated up within a few minutes.

4. SolderingoTool
It is a gun shaped soldering tool used especially when heat is required.
Its trigger is a switch that controls the ac voltage to the bit.

5. SolderingpStation
It is equipment that provides a iron a control console that controls the
temperature. The temperature is maintained by a feed back control
loop.

5.2.2 Soldering Process

Make the layout of component in the circuit. Plug in the cord of the soldering iron
in to the mains to get it heated. Straighten and clean the component leads using a
blade or knife. Apply a little flux on the leads. Take a little solder from the iron
and heated. Apply the molten solid on the leads. Care must be taken to avoid the
components from heated up. Mount the components on the PCB by lending the

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leads of the components. Use nose-pliers. Apply flux on the joints and solder the
joints. Soldering must be done in minimum time to avoid dry soldering and
heating up of the components. Wash the residue using Isopropanol and brush.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

An automatic fan controller and temperature indicator is a device that detects the
environmental temperature changes relating to power electronics equipments. In
some cases by simple modifications it can be a part of our home air conditioning
system such as in blowers, heat exhauster, room cooler etc. & Notify people that
instrument is being over heated.

6.1 ADVANTAGES
Multipurpose device.
Low power dissipation.
Used for protection.
Simple, easy to handle.
Low cost.
Provisions for modifying the circuit with your needs.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES
Practically the range of temperature is limited from -65 degree celcius to
150 degree celcius.
Speed of the fan cannot be controlled.

6.3 APPLICATIONS
It can be used for automatic fan control in home.
It is used in electronic devices like computer, laptop where regular cooling
is required.
Itocanobeousedoasoaosimpleotemperatureoindicator.

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 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Anand kumar, Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, Prentice Hall of India,

2008.
2. Brain Holdesworth, Digital Logic Design, Elsevier, 4th edition, 2002.

3. http://www.danyk.cz/teplo_en.html

4. http://andy-progetti.com/precise-thermometer-with-3%C2%BD-digit-
lcd-display-icl7106-ad590/

5. http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2013/03/automatic-temperature-
controlled-fan_4.html

6. ijsr.net/archive/v2i9/MjEwODEzMDE=.pdf

7. http://www.intersil.com/content/dam/Intersil/documents/icl7/icl7106-
07-07s.pdf

8. http://datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/B/C/3/2/BC327.shtml
 APPENDICES

Test wiring of the room temperature with LED display

Zero caliberation in crushed ice

 BC327/328
BC327/328

Switching and Amplifier Applications

Suitable for AF-Driver stages and low power output stages
Complement to BC337/BC338

1 TO-92
1. Collector 2. Base 3. Emitter

PNP Epitaxial Silicon Transistor

Absolute Maximum Ratings Ta=25 C unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter Value Units
V
CES Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC327 -50 V
: BC328 -30 V
V
CEO Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC327 -45 V
: BC328 -25 V
V
EBO Emitter-Base Voltage -5 V
IC Collector Current (DC) -800 mA
PC Collector Power Dissipation 625 mW
TJ Junction Temperature 150 C
T
STG Storage Temperature -55 ~ 150 C

Electrical Characteristics Ta=25 C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units
BV
CEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC= -10mA, IB=0
: BC327 -45 V
: BC328 -25 V
BV
CES Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC= -0.1mA, VBE=0
: BC327 -50 V
: BC328 -30 V
BV
EBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage IE= -10 A, IC =0 -5 V
I
CES Collector Cut-off Current
: BC327 VCE= -45V, V BE=0 -2 -100 nA
: BC328 VCE= -25V, V BE=0 -2 -100 nA
h
FE1 DC Current Gain VCE= -1V, IC= -100mA 100 630
h
FE2 VCE= -1V, IC= -300mA 40
VCE (sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC= -500mA, IB= -50mA -0.7 V
VBE (on) Base-Emitter On Voltage VCE= -1V, IC= -300mA -1.2 V
fT Current Gain Bandwidth Product VCE= -5V, IC= -10mA, f=20MHz 100 MHz
C
ob Output Capacitance VCB= -10V, IE=0, f=1MHz 12 pF

hFE Classification

2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. B1, August 2002

 BC327/328
Package Dimensions

TO-92

+0.25
4.58 0.15

4.58 0.20

0.46 0.10
14.47 0.40

+0.10
1.27TYP 1.27TYP 0.38 0.05
[1.27 0.20] [1.27 0.20]

3.60 0.20
3.86MAX

(0.25)
+0.10

0.05
1.02 0.10

(R2.29)
0.3
8

Dimensions in Millimeters

2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. B1, August 2002

 TRADEMARKS

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As used herein:
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provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result
in significant injury to the user.

PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS

Definition of Terms

Datasheet Identification Product Status Definition

Advance Information Formative or In This datasheet contains the design specifications for
Design product development. Specifications may change in
any manner without notice.
Preliminary First Production This datasheet contains preliminary data, and
supplementary data will be published at a later date.
Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make
changes at any time without notice in order to improve
design.
No Identification Needed Full Production This datasheet contains final specifications. Fairchild
Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at
any time without notice in order to improve design.

Obsolete Not In Production This datasheet contains specifications on a product

that has been discontinued by Fairchild semiconductor.
The datasheet is printed for reference information only.

2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. I1

 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Data Sheet August 2002 FN3082.4

1
3 /2 Digit, LCD/LED Display, A/D Features
Converters Guaranteed Zero Reading for 0V Input on All Scales
The Intersil ICL7106 and ICL7107 are high performance,
True Polarity at Zero for Precise Null Detection
1
low power, 3 /2 digit A/D converters. Included are seven 1pA Typical Input Current
segment decoders, display drivers, a reference, and a
clock. The ICL7106 is designed to interface with a liquid True Differential Input and Reference, Direct Display
crystal display (LCD) and includes a multiplexed backplane Drive - LCD ICL7106, LED lCL7107
drive; the ICL7107 will directly drive an instrument size light
emitting diode (LED) display. Low Noise - Less Than 15VP-P

The ICL7106 and ICL7107 bring together a combination of On Chip Clock and Reference
high accuracy, versatility, and true economy. It features Low Power Dissipation - Typically Less Than 10mW
o
auto-zero to less than 10V, zero drift of less than 1V/ C, No Additional Active Circuits Required
input bias current of 10pA (Max), and rollover error of less Enhanced Display Stability
than one count. True differential inputs and reference are
useful in all systems, but give the designer an uncommon
advantage when measuring load cells, strain gauges and
other bridge type transducers. Finally, the true economy of
single power supply operation (ICL7106), enables a high
performance panel meter to be built with the addition of only
10 passive components and a display.

Ordering Information
TEMP.
o
PART NO. RANGE ( C) PACKAGE PKG. NO.
ICL7106CPL 0 to 70 40 Ld PDIP E40.6

ICL7106CM44 0 to 70 44 Ld MQFP Q44.10x10

ICL7107CPL 0 to 70 40 Ld PDIP E40.6

ICL7107RCPL 0 to 70 40 Ld PDIP (Note) E40.6

ICL7107SCPL 0 to 70 40 Ld PDIP (Note) E40.6

ICL7107CM44 0 to 70 44 Ld MQFP Q44.10x10

NOTE: R indicates device with reversed leads for mounting to PC
board underside. S indicates enhanced stability.

1 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2002. All Rights Reserved
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Pinouts
ICL7106, ICL7107 (PDIP) ICL7107R (PDIP)
TOP VIEW TOP VIEW
V+ 1 40 OSC 1
OSC 2 OSC 1 1 40 V+
D1 2 39

OSC 3 OSC 2 2 39 D1
C1 3 38

TEST OSC 3 3 38 C1
B1 4 37

(1s) REF HI TEST 4 37 B1

A1 5 36

REF LO REF HI 5 36 A1 (1s)

F1 6 35

C +
REF REF LO 6 35 F1
C -
G1 7 34

C +
E1 8 33
REF REF 7 34 G1
C -
REF 8 33 E1
D2 9 32 COMMON

COMMON 9 32 D2
C2 10 31 IN HI

IN HI 10 31 C2
B2 11 30 IN LO

(10s) IN LO 11 30 B2
A2 12 29 A-Z (10s )

A-Z 12 29 A2
F2 13 28 BUFF

BUFF 13 28 F2
E2 14 27 INT

INT 14 27 E2
D3 15 26 V-

V- 15 26 D3
B3 16 25 G2 (1 0s )

(100s) G2 (10s) 16 25 B3
F3 17 24 C3 (100 s)

(100s) C3 17 24 F3
E3 18 23 A3

(100s) A3 18 23 E3
(10 00) A B4 19 22 G3

G3 19 22 (1000) AB4
POL 20 21 BP/GND

(MINUS) BP/GND 20 21 POL (MINUS)

ICL7106, ICL7107 (MQFP)

TOP VIEW
COMMO
HIREFL
REF

CF +-

V
O

T
IN LO

-
BUFFI
RE
RE

A-Z
HI
IN
C

N
F

44 4 3 42 41 4 0 39 38 37 3 6 35 3 4

NC 1 33 NC
NC 2 32 G2
TEST 3 31 C3
OSC 3 4 30 A3
NC 5 29 G3
OSC 2 6 28 BP/GND
OSC 1 7 27 POL
V+ 8 26 AB4
D1 9 25 E3
C1 10 24 F3
B1 11 23 B3
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

A1 F1 G1 E1 D2 C2 B2 A2 F2 E2 D3

[
T
2y
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information

Supply Voltage o
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 2) JA ( C/W)
ICL7106, V+ to V-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15V PDIP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ICL7107, V+ to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6V MQFP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
o
ICL7107, V- to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9V Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 C
o o
Analog Input Voltage (Either Input) (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ to V- Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -65 C to 150 C
Reference Input Voltage (Either Input). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ to V- o
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 C
Clock Input (MQFP - Lead Tips Only)
ICL7106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEST to V+
ICL7107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND to V+

Operating Conditions
o o
Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 C to 70 C
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.

NOTES:
1. Input voltages may exceed the supply voltages provided the input current is limited to 100A.
2. JA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 f or details.

Electrical Specifications (Note 3)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Zero Input Reading VIN = 0.0V, Full Scale = 200mV -000.0 000.0 +000.0 Digital
Reading
Stability (Last Digit) (ICL7106S, ICL7107S Fixed Input Voltage (Note 6) -000.0 000.0 +000.0 Digital
Only) Reading
Ratiometric Reading VlN = VREF, VREF = 100mV 999 999/10 1000 Digital
00 Reading
Rollover Error -VIN = +VlN 200mV - 0.2 1 Counts
Difference in Reading for Equal Positive and Negative
Inputs Near Full Scale
Linearity Full Scale = 200mV or Full Scale = 2V Maximum - 0.2 1 Counts
Deviation from Best Straight Line Fit (Note 5)

Common Mode Rejection Ratio VCM = 1V, VIN = 0V, Full Scale = 200mV (Note 5) - 50 - V/V
Noise VIN = 0V, Full Scale = 200mV - 15 - V
(Peak-To-Peak Value Not Exceeded 95% of Time)

Leakage Current Input VlN = 0 (Note 5) - 1 10 pA

o o o
Zero Reading Drift VlN = 0, 0 C To 70 C (Note 5) - 0.2 1 V/ C
o o o
Scale Factor Temperature Coefficient VIN = 199mV, 0 C To 70 C, - 1 5 ppm/ C
o
(Ext. Ref. 0ppm/ C) (Note 5)
End Power Supply Character V+ Supply VIN = 0 (Does Not Include LED Current for ICL7107) - 1.0 1.8 mA
Current

End Power Supply Character V- Supply Current ICL7107 Only - 0.6 1.8 mA
COMMON Pin Analog Common Voltage 25k Between Common and 2.4 3.0 3.2 V
Positive Supply (With Respect to + Supply)
o
Temperature Coefficient of Analog Common 25k Between Common and - 80 - ppm/ C
Positive Supply (With Respect to + Supply)

DISPLAY DRIVER ICL7106 ONLY

Peak-To-Peak Segment Drive Voltage V+ = to V- = 9V (Note 4) 4 5.5 6 V
Peak-To-Peak Backplane Drive Voltage

3
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Electrical Specifications (Note 3) (Continued)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT

DISPLAY DRIVER ICL7107 ONLY

Segment Sinking Current V+ = 5V, Segment Voltage = 3V
Except Pins 19 and 20 5 8 - mA

Pin 19 Only 10 16 - mA
Pin 20 Only 4 7 - mA

NOTES:
o
3. Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to both the ICL7106 and ICL7107 at T A = 25 C, fCLOCK = 48kHz. ICL7106 is tested in the
circuit of Figure 1. ICL7107 is tested in the circuit of Figure 2.
4. Back plane drive is in phase with segment drive for off segment, 180 degrees out of phase for on segment. Frequency is 20 times
conversion rate. Average DC component is less than 50mV.
5. Not tested, guaranteed by design.
6. Sample Tested.
Typical Applications and Test Circuits
+ - 9V
IN + -
R 1 R5
C
R3 C R4 C1 5 C2 R2 C3 DISPLAY
4
29
REF HI 36

R + 34

F - 33

27
26
30

28
40
39

37

REF RLO 35
38

32
31

25
24
23

22
21
C1 = 0.1F
OSC 1
OSC 2

C2 = 0.47F
IN LO

BUFF
OSC 3

E
E
F
TEST

A-Z
COM
IN HI

INT

C3 = 0.22F
V-

BP
G2

G3
C

C3
A3
C

C4 = 100pF
ICL7106 C5 = 0.02F
R1 = 24k
20 POL
5 A1

12 A2

19 AB4
D3
G1
8 E1

E2
B2
B1
D1
V+

F2

E3
6 F1
C1

9 D2
10 C2

16 B3
17 F3

R2 = 47k
14
15
11

13

R3 = 100k
7

18
1
2

4
3

R4 = 1k
DISPLAY R5 = 1M

FIGURE 1. ICL7106 TEST CIRCUIT AND TYPICAL APPLICATION WITH LCD DISPLAY COMPONENTS SELECTED FOR 200mV
FULL SCALE

FIGURE 2. ICL7107 TEST CIRCUIT AND TYPICAL APPLICATION WITH LED DISPLAY COMPONENTS SELECTED FOR 200mV
FULL SCAL

4
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Design Information Summary Sheet

OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY DISPLAY COUNT
V
IN
fOSC = 0.45/RC COUNT = 1000 --------------

COSC > 50pF; ROSC > 50k V

REF
fOSC (Typ) = 48kHz
CONVERSION CYCLE
OSCILLATOR PERIOD
tCYC = tCL0CK x 4000
tOSC = RC/0.45 tCYC = tOSC x 16,000

INTEGRATION CLOCK when fOSC = 48kHz; tCYC = 333ms

f =f /4 COMMON MODE INPUT VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY CLOCK OSC
(V- + 1V) < VlN < (V+ - 0.5V)
INTEGRATION PERIOD
AUTO-ZERO CAPACITOR
tINT = 1000 x (4/fOSC)
0.01F < CAZ < 1F
60/50Hz REJECTION CRITERION
REFERENCE CAPACITOR
tINT/t60Hz or tlNT/t60Hz = Integer 0.1F < CREF < 1F
OPTIMUM INTEGRATION CURRENT V
COM
IINT = 4A Biased between Vi and V-.
FULL SCALE ANALOG INPUT VOLTAGE VCOM V+ - 2.8V
Regulation lost when V+ to V- < 6.8V
VlNFS (Typ) = 200mV or 2V
If VCOM is externally pulled down to (V+ to V-)/2, the
INTEGRATE
V
RESISTOR VCOM circuit will turn off.
R INFS
INT = ---------------- ICL7106 POWER SUPPLY: SINGLE 9V
I
INT V+ - V- = 9V
INTEGRATE CAPACITOR Digital supply is generated
t I
C INT INT internally VGND V+ - 4.5V
INT = -------------------------------
V ICL7106 DISPLAY: LCD
INT
Type: Direct drive with digital logic supply amplitude.
INTEGRATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING
t I
V INT INT ICL7107 POWER SUPPLY: DUAL 5.0V
INT = -------------------------------
C V+ = +5V to GND
INT
V- = -5V to GND
VINT MAXIMUM SWING: Digital Logic and LED driver supply V+ to GND
ICL7107 DISPLAY: LED
(V- + 0.5V) < VINT < (V+ - 0.5V), VINT (Typ) = 2V
Type: Non-Multiplexed Common Anode
Typical Integrator Amplifier Output Waveform (INT Pin)

AUTO ZERO PHASE SIGNAL INTEGRATE DE-INTEGRATE PHASE

(COUNTS) PHASE FIXED 0 - 1999 COUNTS
2999 - 1000 1000 COUNTS

TOTAL CONVERSION TIME = 4000 x tCLOCK = 16,000 x tOSC

5
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

Detailed Description reduced to less than the recommended 2V full scale swing
with little loss of accuracy. The integrator output can swing
Analog Section
to within 0.3V of either supply without loss of linearity.
Figure 3 shows the Analog Section for the ICL7106 and
ICL7107. Each measurement cycle is divided into three
Differential Reference
phases. They are (1) auto-zero (A-Z), (2) signal The reference voltage can be generated anywhere within
integrate (INT) and (3) de-integrate (DE). the power supply voltage of the converter. The main source
of common mode error is a roll-over voltage caused by the
Auto-Zero Phase reference capacitor losing or gaining charge to stray
During auto-zero three things happen. First, input high and low capacity on its nodes. If there is a large common mode
are disconnected from the pins and internally shorted to analog voltage, the reference capacitor can gain charge (increase
COMMON. Second, the reference capacitor is charged to the voltage) when called up to de-integrate a positive signal but
reference voltage. Third, a feedback loop is closed around the
lose charge (decrease voltage) when called up to de-
system to charge the auto-zero capacitor CAZ to compensate integrate a negative input signal. This difference in
for offset voltages in the buffer amplifier, integrator, and reference for positive or negative input voltage will give a
comparator. Since the comparator is included in the loop, the roll-over error. However, by selecting the reference
A-Z accuracy is limited only by the noise of the system. In any capacitor such that it is large enough in comparison to the
case, the offset referred to the input is less than 10V. stray capacitance, this error can be held to less than 0.5
Signal Integrate Phase count worst case. (See Component Value Selection.)
critical applications the integrator output swing can be
During signal integrate, the auto-zero loop is opened, the internal
short is removed, and the internal input high and low are
connected to the external pins. The converter then integrates the
differential voltage between IN HI and IN LO for a fixed time. This
differential voltage can be within a wide common mode range: up
to 1V from either supply. If, on the other hand, the input signal has
no return with respect to the converter power supply, IN LO can be
tied to analog COMMON to establish the correct common mode
voltage. At the end of this phase, the polarity of the integrated
signal is determined.

De-Integrate Phase
The final phase is de-integrate, or reference integrate. Input
low is internally connected to analog COMMON and input
high is connected across the previously charged reference
capacitor. Circuitry within the chip ensures that the
capacitor will be connected with the correct polarity to
cause the integrator output to return to zero. The time
required for the output to return to zero is proportional to
the input signal. Specifically the digital reading displayed is:
VIN
DISPLAY COUNT = 1000 .
--------------
V
REF

Differential Input
The input can accept differential voltages anywhere within the
common mode range of the input amplifier, or specifically from
0.5V below the positive supply to 1V above the negative
supply. In this range, the system has a CMRR of 86dB typical.
However, care must be exercised to assure the integrator
output does not saturate. A worst case condition would be a
large positive common mode voltage with a near full scale
negative differential input voltage. The negative input signal
drives the integrator positive when most of its swing has been
used up by the positive common mode voltage. For these

6
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

STRAY C STRAY R C C
REF INT AZ INT
C + C - V+
REF REF HI REF LO REF BUFFER A-Z INT
V+ 34 36 35 33 28 1 29 27
INTEGRATOR
A-Z A-Z TO
10A - -
+
-
+ DIGITAL
31 + 2.8V SECTION
IN HI
INT DE- DE+ INPUT 6.2V A-Z
HIGH

A-Z
- COMPARATOR
N +
32 DE+ DE-
COMMON
INT A-Z AND DE INPUT
30 LOW
IN LO

V-
FIGURE 3. ANALOG SECTION OF ICL7106 AND ICL7107
Analog COMMON
This pin is included primarily to set the common mode voltage
for battery operation (ICL7106) or for any system where the
input signals are floating with respect to the power supply. The
COMMON pin sets a voltage that is approximately 2.8V more
negative than the positive supply. This is selected to give a
minimum end-of-life battery voltage of about 6V. However,
analog COMMON has some of the attributes of a reference
voltage. When the total supply voltage is large enough to
cause the zener to regulate (>7V), the COMMON voltage will
have a low voltage coefficient (0.001%/V), low output
impedance ( 15 ), and a temperature coefficient typically
o common mode voltage from the reference system.
less than 80ppm/ C.
The limitations of the on chip reference should also be
recognized, however. With the ICL7107, the internal
heating which results from the LED drivers can cause some
degradation in performance. Due to their higher thermal
resistance, plastic parts are poorer in this respect than
ceramic. The combination of reference Temperature
Coefficient (TC), internal chip dissipation, and package
thermal resistance can increase noise near full scale from
none of these problems. In either case, an external
reference can easily be added, as shown in Figure 4.
Analog COMMON is also used as the input low return
during auto-zero and de-integrate. If IN LO is different from
analog COMMON, a common mode voltage exists in the
system and is taken care of by the excellent CMRR of the
converter. However, in some applications IN LO will be set
at a fixed known voltage (power supply common for
instance). In this application, analog COMMON should be
tied to the same point, thus removing the common mode
voltage from the converter. The same holds true for the
reference voltage. If reference can be conveniently tied to
analog COMMON, it should be since this removes the
Within the lC, analog COMMON is tied to an N-Channel FET
that can sink approximately 30mA of current to hold the voltage
2.8V below the positive supply (when a load is trying to pull the
common line positive). However, there is only 10A of source
current, so COMMON may easily be tied to a more negative
voltage thus overriding the internal reference.
V+

25V to 80VP-P. Also the linearity in going from a high

dissipation count such as 1000 (20 segments on) to a low V
dissipation count such as 1111(8 segments on) can suffer REF HI
6.8V
by a count or more. Devices with a positive TC reference REF LO
ZENER
may require several counts to pull out of an over-range
condition. This is because over-range is a low dissipation
ICL7106 IZ
mode, with the three least significant digits blanked.
ICL7107
Similarly, units with a negative TC may cycle between over-
range and a non-over-range count as the die alternately
heats and cools. All these problems are of course
V-
eliminated if an external reference is used.
FIGURE 4A.
The ICL7106, with its negligible dissipation, suffers from

7
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

V+
V+
V+
V 6.8k BP
ICL7106 20k
ICL7107 TO LCD
ICL7106 DECIMAL DECIMAL
REF HI ICL8069 POINT POINTS
1.2V SELECT
REF LO REFERENCE
TEST
COMMON CD4030
GND
FIGURE 4B.
FIGURE 4. USING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE FIGURE 6. EXCLUSIVE OR GATE FOR DECIMAL POINT DRIVE

TEST
Digital Section
The TEST pin serves two functions. On the ICL7106 it is
Figures 7 and 8 show the digital section for the ICL7106
coupled to the internally generated digital supply through a
and ICL7107, respectively. In the ICL7106, an internal
500 resistor. Thus it can be used as the negative supply
digital ground is generated from a 6V Zener diode and a
for externally generated segment drivers such as decimal
large P-Channel source follower. This supply is made stiff
points or any other presentation the user may want to
to absorb the relative large capacitive currents when the
include on the LCD display. Figures 5 and 6 show such an
back plane (BP) voltage is switched. The BP frequency is
application. No more than a 1mA load should be applied.
the clock frequency divided by 800. For three
readings/sec., this is a 60Hz square wave with a nominal
amplitude of 5V. The segments are driven at the same
V+ 1M frequency and amplitude and are in phase with BP when
TO LCD OFF, but out of phase when ON. In all cases negligible DC
DECIMAL voltage exists across the segments.
POINT
ICL7106
Figure 8 is the Digital Section of the ICL7107. It is identical
BP to the ICL7106 except that the regulated supply and back
21
plane drive have been eliminated and the segment drive
TEST
37 TO LCD has been increased from 2mA to 8mA, typical for
BACKPLANE instrument size common anode LED displays. Since the
FIGURE 5. SIMPLE INVERTER FOR FIXED DECIMAL POINT 1000 output (pin 19) must sink current from two LED
segments, it has twice the drive capability or 16mA.
The second function is a lamp test. When TEST is
In both devices, the polarity indication is on for negative
pulled high (to V+) all segments will be turned on and the
analog inputs. If IN LO and IN HI are reversed, this
display should read 1888. The TEST pin will sink about
indication can be reversed also, if desired.
15mA under these conditions.
CAUTION: In the lamp test mode, the segments have a constant
DC voltage (no square-wave). This may burn the LCD display if
main-tained for extended periods.

8
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

a a a
a f b f b f b
g c g g
b e c e c e c
d d d
BACKPLANE
2
1

LCD PHASE DRIVER

200
7 7 7
TYPICAL SEGMENT OUTPUT SEGMENT SEGMENT SEGMENT
V+ DECODE DECODE DECODE
0.5mA
SEGMENT LATCH
OUTPUT
2mA
1000s 100s 10s 1s
COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER
INTERNAL DIGITAL GROUND

TO SWITCH DRIVERS
FROM COMPARATOR OUTPUT 1
V+
CLOCK
4 LOGIC CONTROL
6.2V

500
THREE INVERTERS INTERN AL 37
TEST
ONE INVERTER SHOWN FOR CLARITY DIGITAL VTH = 1V
GROUND

26
V-
40 39 38

OSC 1 OSC 2 OSC 3

FIGURE 7. ICL7106 DIGITAL SECTION

9
 ICL7106, ICL7107, ICL7107S

a a a
a f b f b f b
g g g
c
b e c e c e c
d d d

7 7 7
SEGMENT SEGMENT SEGMENT
DECODE DECODE DECODE

TYPICAL SEGMENT OUTPUT

V+ LATCH
0.5mA

TO 1000s 100s 10s 1s

SEGMENT COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER
8mA
TO SWITCH DRIVERS
DIGITAL GROUND FROM COMPARATOR OUTPUT 1
V+ V+
CLOCK TEST
4 LOGIC CONTROL 37
500
THREE INVERTERS DIGITAL
ONE INVERTER SHOWN FOR CLARITY 27 GROUND
40 39 38

OSC 1 OSC 2 OSC 3

FIGURE 8. ICL7107 DIGITAL SECTION

System Timing
Figure 9 shows the clocking arrangement used in the INTERNAL TO PART
ICL7106 and ICL7107. Two basic clocking
arrangements can be used:
4 CLOCK

1. Figure 9A. An external oscillator connected to pin 40.

2. Figure 9B. An R-C oscillator using all three pins.
40 39 38
The oscillator frequency is divided by four before it clocks
the decade counters. It is then further divided to form the
three convert-cycle phases. These are signal integrate GND ICL7107
(1000 counts), reference de-integrate (0 to 2000 counts) TEST ICL7106
and auto-zero (1000 to 3000 counts). For signals less than FIGURE 9A.
full scale, auto-zero gets the unused portion of reference
de-integrate. This makes a complete measure cycle of INTERNAL TO PART
4,000 counts (16,000 clock pulses) independent of input
4 CLOCK
voltage. For three readings/second, an oscillator frequency
of 48kHz would be used.
To achieve maximum rejection of 60Hz pickup, the signal
integrate cycle should be a multiple of 60Hz. Oscillator 40 39 38
frequencies of 240kHz, 120kHz, 80kHz, 60kHz, 48kHz,
1 R C
40kHz, 33 /3kHz, etc. should be selected. For 50Hz
rejection, Oscillator frequencies of 200kHz, 100kHz, RC OSCILLATOR
2
66 /3kHz, 50kHz, 40kHz, etc. would be suitable. Note that
40kHz (2.5 readings/second) will reject both 50Hz and
60Hz (also 400Hz and 440Hz).

10