Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Shakil parvej
Ring Spinning
The Ring Spinning is the most widely used form of spinning machine due to significant
advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes. The ring spinning machine is
used in the textile industry to simultaneously twist staple fibres into yarn and then wind it
onto bobbins for storage. The yarn loop rotating rapidly about a fixed axis generates a
surface referred to as "balloon". Ring frame settings are chosen to reduce yarn hairiness
and the risk of glazing or melting the fibre.
It is the process of further drawing out roving to the final yarn count needed, inserting
twist to the fibres by means of a rotating spindle and winding the yarn on a bobbin. These
three stages take place simultaneously and continuously.
A mechanically driven spindle, on which the yarn package firmly sits, is responsible for
twist. A stationary ring is around the spindle, which holds the traveler. Yarn from the
drafting unit is drawn under the traveler, and then led to the yarn package. In order to
wind the twisted yarn on a bobbin tube carried by the spindle, the traveler is required to
cooperate with the spindle. The traveler moves on the ring without any physical drive, but
is carried along by the yarn it is threaded with. The rotation rate of traveler is lower than
the spindle, and this difference in the speeds of traveler and the spindle enables the
winding of the yarn on the tube. A controlled up and down movement of the ring
determines the shape of the yarn package, called Cop or Bobbin. Ring spinning
technology provides the widest range in terms of the yarn counts it can produce.
It is the most important part of the machine.It mainly influences eveness and
strength.All modern Ring Spinning machines are fitted with 3/3 double-apron
drafting arrangements.
Drafting Limits
2. Spindle arrangement
1. Tread guide
2. Balloon control ring
3. Ring
4. Spindle
5. Bear
6. Ring Rail
7. Bolster
8. Nut
The spindle consists of two clearly seperate parts namely the upper part and the
bolster part.The upper part is made of aluminium alloy and is slightly
tapered.Near its upper ends and innlarger spindles, also near the lower end, it has
a tube gripping device that ensures firm seating of th tube on the upper part.
9. Tape drive
2. The traveler
o The traveler imparts twist to the yarn
o It enables winding of the yarn on the cop
o Its speed is somewhat less than that of a spindle
o The traveler does not have a drive of its own but is dragged along behind
the spindle
The traveler mass
The traveler mass determines the winding and the balloon tension.If the traeler is
too small the balloon will be too big and the cop too soft, material take-up in the
cop will be too low.An unduly high traveler mass leads to high yarn tensions and
many end breaks
In practice, spindle speed(n spindle) is used instead of traveler speed in the above
equation, the spindle speed is slightly higher than traveler speed
Yarn Winding is performed simulatenously with Twisting
The difference in the speed beween traveler and spindle causes the yarn to wind
on the package
The size of the yarn pckage is limited by the ring diameter, which has to be small
to increase the spindle rotation at the same traveler speed
The draft is the ration between the delivery speed and the feeding speed.
The twist is the ratio between spindle speed and the delivery speed
Winding speed is directly proportional to delivery speed
Contraction occurs in yarn by increasing twists
The traveler speed can be approximated to spindle speed in the above equation
Increase in productivity will be through an increase in traveler speed
(1) A weighting arm
(2) presses three top rollers
(3) on to three bottom cylinders
(4) which rotate at different speeds. The first bottom cylinder and top roller rotate very
slowly, the middle ones move 10 to 20% faster and the front bottom cylinder and top
roller about 12 to 30 times faster, depending on the fibre material. Because of these
different speeds and the loads on the top rollers, the raw material,
(5) which is fed into the drafting system, is drawn, and in case the thread becomes about
12 to 30 times thinner.The top rollers are coated with rubber cots to improve the clamping
effect. Between the middle and the front roller, the fibre mass is guided between two
small rubber belts
(6) the top and bottom aprons. The top apron is tensioned and guided by a top apron
cradle
(7). Smooth and constant running of the aprons is very important to yarn quality.While
leaving the last top roller and bottom cylinder of the drafting system, the fibre mass is
given a twist by a metal ring
(8) with a rotating traveller
(9) and a rotating spindle
(10), which are located underneath the drafting system. The metal ring is the origin for
the name of the ring spinning machine. The twist creates friction between the fibres by
which the strength of the fibre mass increases. In this state, the fibre mass is now called
yarn. The yarn is wound on to a bobbin attached to the spindle. The speed of the spindles
amounts to 10,000 to 14,000 r/min for wool and about 18,000 to 25,000 r/min for cotton.
Thus one metre of yarn contains between 300 and 2,000 twists. The weighting arm is
required to allow different loads to be set on the top rollers. Normally this is achieved by
helical springs which can be adjusted mechanically in steps.
Also the distances between the rollers have to be adjustable. The distance has to be larger
than the length of the longest fibres to avoid the situation where single fibres are torn
between the clamping points of top rollers and bottom cylinders.
1. Drafting Mechanism
To attenuate roving until the desired fineness is reached.
2. Consolidation(strength) Mechanism
To impart strength to the fiber by twisting it.
The ring spinning frame, commonly called the ring, is the conventional spinning system
and it transforms the roving from the roving frame into spun yarn using the operations of:
->Drawing
->Twisting
->Winding
In the last step of yarn production, the staple fibers are fed to the ring spinning frame,
after passing through the blow room (opening and cleaning) and the carding frame,
drawing frame and flyer (separation of individual fibers, parallelization, formation of a
fiber tape). Here, the finished yarn is produced by drawing and rotating operations.
1. To draft the roving fed to the ring spinning frame i,e to convert roving into very
fine strand called yarn.
3. To collect twisted strand called yarn onto handy and transportable package by
winding the twisted thread on a cylindrical bobbin or tube.
Speed of machine makes a major role on the yarn quality, as the speed increase of
ring machine, the imperfection (Neps 200%, Thick +50, Thin -50) of yarn
increase.
Hairiness is also affected in ring production process and mainly produced by the
movement of burnt traveler and high speed of machine.
CV of count is also very important and ring spinning process is the last stage of
process where we can reduce the CV of yarn count.
Imperfection of yarn count from quality point of view is so important that every
customer required this quality standard, that imperfection should be as minimum
as possible.
Ring spinning process also effects on twist variation during manufacturing of
yarn. It causes major problems during working in the next process
Strength of Yarn
If there is need to reduce the defects and improve quality of yarn, strength of yarn
is so important that without it we cant take best results in the next process.
Strength of yarn depends on twist of yarn, as the twist increases the strength is
also increases up to a certain limit.
CV of Yarn
From customers point of view, CV of count is very important and its difficult to
achieve and maintain in the ring spinning process. CV of yarn is the variation of
different parameters like,strength, count etc.
Process stages are more numerous. Roving stage exists as an extra process
compared to the other systems.
Yarn breakages are more numerous as a result of ring traveller friction and yarn
air friction. Interruptions, broken ends and piecing up problems exist because of
the yarn breakages.
The high speed of the traveller damages the fibers.
The capacity of the cops is limited.
Energy cost is very high.
Low production rate.
New spinning processes have difficulty in gaining widespread acceptance. Owing
to their individual limitations, the new spinning processes are confined to
restricted sectors of the market.
The ring frame can only survive in longer term if further success is achieved in
automation of the ring spinning process. Also, spinning costs must be markedly
reduced since this machine is significant cost factor in spinning mill.
The cost structure in ring spinning mill is shown in the graph.