1. Bonding in Carbon 4. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
Carbon form covalent bonds. In saturated compounds the valencies of all the Formation of covalent bond : Covalent bond carbon atoms are satisfied by single bonds formation involves sharing of electrons between between them. bonding atoms which may be either same or While in the unsaturated compounds, the different. valencies of all the carbon atoms are not satisfied Covalency : The number of electrons contributed by single bonds, thus in order to satisfy their by an atom for sharing is known as its covalency. valencies, they form double or triple bond Characteristics of covalent compounds : between the carbon atoms. (i) These compounds are molecular in nature 5. Straight chain compounds : The compounds (i.e. they exist as single molecules) which contain straight chain of carbon atoms (ii) These are insoluble in water and soluble in e.g. normal butane (C4H10 ), normal pentane benzene, kerosene and petrol etc. (C5H12) etc. (iii) These compounds are poor conductor of 6. Branched chain compounds : Those electricity. compounds which are branched e.g. iso-butane 2. Allotropy in Carbon (C 4 H10 ), isopentane (C 5 H12 ), neopentane The property due to which an element exists in (C5H12) etc. two or more forms, which differ in their physical 7 Closed chain compounds or Ring compounds : and some of the chemical properties is known as Cyclic compounds are called closed chain or ring Allotropy and the various forms are called compounds e.g. cyclohexan e (C 6 H 12 ), Allotropes. cyclopentane (C 5H10 ), cyclobutane (C 4 H8), Carbon exists in two allotropic form (i) cyclopropane (C3H6) etc. crystalline (ii) amorphous. The crystalline 8. Hydrocarbons forms are diamond and graphite whereas All those compounds which contain just carbon the amorphous forms are coal, charcoal, and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. lamp black etc. 9. Functional Group Fullerenes form another class of carbon The atom or group of atoms which determine allotropes. The first one to be identified was the properties of a compound is known as C-60, which has carbon atoms arranged in functional group. e.g. OH (alcohol), CHO the shape of a football. (aldehyde), > C = C < (alkene), C C (alkyne) 3. Unique Nature of Carbon etc. Catenation : The property of elements to form 10. Homologous Series long chains or rings by self linking of their own A series of compounds in which the same atoms through covalent bonds is called functional group substitutes hydrogen in a catenation. The extent of catenation depends carbon chain is called a homologous series. e.g. upon the strength of the bonds between the CH3Cl and C2H5Cl differ by a CH2 unit. atoms involved in catenation. Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/school-foundation-books/books-for-class-9-10.html 2
11. Nomenclature In case a functional group is present, it is
Chemists developed a set of rules, for naming indicated in the name of the compound with organic compounds based on their structures either as a prefix or as a suffix. which is known as IUPAC rules. While adding the suffix to the word root The IUPAC name of an organic compounds the terminal e of carbon chain is removed consists of three parts. If the carbon chain is unsaturated then the Prefix word root Suffix final ane in the name of the carbon chain Word Root : A word root indicates the nature of is substituted by ene or yne respectively basic carbon skeleton. for double and triple bonds.
Functional group Prefix/Suffix Functional group Example IUPAC Name
H H H | | | 1. Halogen Chloro, bromo, Iodo -Cl, - Br, - I H - C - C - C - Br -Bromopropane | | | H H H H H | | 2.Alcohol -ol -OH H - C - C - OH -ethanol | | H H 3. Aldehyde -al -CHO CH3CH 2 CH 2 CHO -Butanal 4. Ketone -one -CO CH3COCH 3 -Propanone 5. Carboxylic acid -oic acid -COOH CH3CH 2COOH -Propanoic acid 6. Amine Amino - NH 2 CH3CH 2 NH 2 -Amino ethane 7. Ester oate - -COOR CH3COOCH3 -Methyl ethanoate 8. Double bond ene CH3 - CH = CH 2 - Propene 9. Triple bond yne CH3 - CH 2 - C CH -Butyne
12. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds : (iv) Substitution reaction : Saturated
(i) Combustion : Carbon compound undergo hydrocarbons give substitution reaction combustion reaction to produce CO2 and e.g. methane in presence of sunlight H2O with the evolution of heat and light. undergo chlorination. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2 O + heat and light 13. Some Important Carbon Compounds (ii) Oxidation : Alcohols : Compounds containing OH group alk. KMnO / D attached to a carbon atom are known as alcohols. CH3CH 2OH 4 CH3COOH Example : Ethanol (C2H5OH) : commonly known ethanol ethanoic acid as alcohol. The substance which are used for oxidation Properties of ethanol : are known as oxidising agent. e.g alkaline 1. Reaction with sodium : Due to its weakly KMnO4, acidified K2Cr2O7. acidic nature, ethanol reacts with sodium (iii) Addition reaction : to librate H2 gas. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes undergo addition reaction in 2C2 H5OH + 2Na 2C2 H5ONa + H 2 presence of catalysts e.g. Sodium ethoxide
H H 2. Reaction with conc. H2SO4 :
R R | | Ni conc. H SO C=C R - C- C - R CH3CH 2 OH 2 4C H + H O H2 | | 2 4 443 K 2 R R H H Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/school-foundation-books/books-for-class-9-10.html 3 Alcohol as a fuel : Alcohol (ethanol) is added to (ii) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates : petrol upto 20% and the mixture is called 2CH 3 COOH + Na 2 CO 3 2CH 3 COONa gasol. Harmful Effects of Drinking Alcohol : + CO2 + H 2 O (i) If the alcohol used for drinking purposes CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO2 CH3 COOH + NaHCO 3 contains some methyl alcohol (CH3OH) as impurity then it may cause serious (iii) Reaction with alcohol : (Esterification) poisoning and loss of eye sight. CH3COOH + C2 H5OH CH3COOC2 H5 + H 2O (ii) It is habit forming and damages liver if taken Ethyl ethanoate (ester) regularly in large quantities. Esters react is the presence of an acid or a base Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid) CH3COOH: to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid-this Ethanoic acid, commercially known as acetic acid reaction is known as saponification. belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic 14. Soaps and Detergents : acid. Soaps : Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of Chemical properties : long chain acid carboxylic acids. (i) Reaction with a base : Detergent : They are ammonium or sulphurate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. 2CH3 COOH + 2NaOH 2CH 3COONa + H 2 O