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note:analysis of specimen cannot begin until highly viscous and clumped=incompletely liquefied
liquefaction has occurred spec.;>2cm thread
Sperm motility
Sperm capability of forward, progressive movement Progressive Sperm moving
is critical for fertility=sperm must propel themselves motility(PM) linearly or in a
from cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes to ovum large circle
Nonprogressive Sperm moving
N=50% w/ a rating of 2.0 after 1 hr. motility(NP) with an absence
of progression
Assessed using a well-mixed, liquefied semen within Immotility(IM) No movement
1 hr. of collection
air-dried slide are stable for 24 hrs. Differentiation and enumeration of round
cells(immature sperm and leukocytes) can also be
atleast 200 sperm should be evaluated and the made during the morphology examination.
percentage of abnormal sperm reported Peroxidase-positive granulocytes=predominant
form of leukocyte in semen and can be further
Routinely identified abnormalities in head: differentiated from spermatogenic cells and
double heads lymphocytes using a peroxidase stain
giant and amorphous heads
pinheads 1. count the no. of spermatids or leukocytes seen
tapered heads with 100 mature sperm
constricted heads 2. calculate the amount per ml using this formula:
Abnormal sperm tails: NxS
C=
doubled 100
coiled or bent N=# of spermatids or neutrophils per 100 mature
sperm
Abnormally long neckpiece=cause the sperm head to S=sperm concentration in millions/ml
bend backward and interfere with motility
N=<1.0 million/ml
Aditional parameter in evaluating sperm
>1.omillion/ml=inflammatory condition associated
morphology:
with infection and poor sperm quality and may
measure: acrosome, head, neck, tail size impair sperm motility and DNA integrity
ADDITIONAL TESTING N=13umol/ejaculate
Eosin-nigrosin stain=stain used to count no. of dead cells in can be present in both men and women but male antisperm
100 sperm using a bright-field or phase-contrast antibodies are more frequently encountered
microscope
may be detected in semen, cervical mucosa or serum and
Living cells=remain bluish white are considered a possible cause of infertility
Dead cells= stain red against the purple background
blood-testes barrier=separates sperm from the male
N=>50% living cells immune system
Low sperm concentration=lack of the support medium damaged sperm= causes the production of antibodies in the
produced in the seminal vesicles;can be indicated by a low female partner
to absent fructose level
Clumps of sperm and decrease motility=presence of male
Low fructose level=caused by the abnormalitites of the antibodies
seminal vesicles;bilateral congenial absence of the vas
deferens;obstruction of the ejaculatory duct;partial sperm-agglutinating antibodies=cause sperm to stick to
retrograde ejaculation;androgen deficiency each other in a head-to-head, head-to-tail, or tail-to-tail
pattern
Resorcinol test=produces an orange/orange-red color
when fructose is present
agglutination is graded as few, moderate or many under tail-directed Ab= affect movement through the
microscopic exam cervical mucosa
female antisperm antibodies= normal semen analysis but Reporting: IgM tail antibodies, IgG head antibodies,
with continued infertility etc