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An experiment has high _____ if one has confidence that the experimental treatment has been the
source of change in the dependent variable.
a) Internal validity
b) External validity
c) Internal and external validity
d) Internal and external reliability
Q No.6. A sampling design in which the elements in the population do NOT have a known or
predetermined chance of being selected as sample subject is:
a) Convenience sampling
b) Stratified sampling
c) Non-Probability sampling
d) Probability sampling
Q No.8. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial
equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research setting.
a) One-group pretest-posttest design
b) Pretest-posttest control group design
c) Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
d) Both b and c
Q No.9. Where do you provide a step-by-step account of what the researcher and participants did during
the research study?
a) Introduction
b) Abstract
c) Procedure
d) Design
Q No.10. Which of the following has high response rate?
a) Mail interviewing
b) Telephone interviewing
c) Personal interviewing
d) None of the given options
Q No.13. Which one of the following is NOT a major method of data collection:?
a) Questionnaires
b) Interviews
c) Focus groups
d) All of the given options are methods of data collection
Q No.16. All of the following are true statements about action research EXCEPT;
a) Data are systematically analyzed.
b) Data are collected systematically.
c) Results are generalizable.
d) Results are used to improve practice.
Q No.23. Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to conduct a
chemistry experiment in the lab?
a) Aptitude
b) Interest inventory
c) Performance assessment
d) Standardized test
Q No.24. Mr. Ali has described in great detail the major steps he will follow in conducting his study. This
information is likely found in which section of his research plan?
a) Introduction
b) Participants
c) Methodology
d) Data Analysis
Q No.27. Cover letter must include all of the following information, except:
a) How was the respondent selected?
b) Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
c) Motivation for the respondent
d) Data collecting tools
Q No.34. Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research studies?
a) Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
b) Hypotheses are never used.
c) Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed.
d) Hypotheses are deductively tested
Q No.35. Which of the following is true about the ethics in research context?
a) Ethics means to avoid plagiarism
b) Ethics in the research is applied at all stages
c) Goals of the research should be informed to the respondents
d) All of the given options
Q No.36. The degree to which the measurement questions provide ample coverage of the investigative
questions usually refers to:
a) Face and Content Validity
b) Content and Criterion Validity
c) Criterion and Predictive Validity
d) None of the given options
Q No.37. Personal interviews that are conducted in the shopping plazas are example of:
a) Mail interviews
b) Mall intercept interviews
c) Shopping interview
d) None of the given options
Q No.39. Which of the following terms represents the most general, broad concept?
a) Apple
b) Fruit
c) Vegetation
d) None of the given option
Q No.40. Research can help in the following ways for developing methodologies, EXCEPT;
a) Tools of data collection
b) New technique for gathering data
c) Defining a problem
d) Data analysis
Q No.50. Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to conduct a
chemistry experiment in the lab?
a) Aptitude
b) Interest inventory
c) Performance assessment
d) Standardized test
Q No.52. Which of the following surveys are more impersonal than face-to-face interviews?
a) Mail
b) Recorded Interview
c) Focus group
d) Telephonic
Q No.53. All of the following are the characteristics of scientific methods of research, EXCEPT;
a) Cumulative
b) Deterministic
c) Unethical
d) Rationalism
Q No.55. Which of the following study requires the collection of data at one point in time from a large number
of respondents?
a) Case study
b) Cross-sectional study
c) All of the given options
d) Longitudinal study
Q No.56. Which of the following is NOT the goal of the explanatory research?
a) Testing theory
b) Establishing the relationship between different phenomenon
c) Generating new ideas about the topic
d) Replicating a theory to a new area
Q No.61. Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research studies?
a) Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
b) Hypotheses are never used.
c) Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed.
d) Hypotheses are deductively tested
Q No.65. Which of the following effect in internal validity occurs when test units with extreme scores are
used.
a) Statistical regression
b) Selection Bias
c) Maturation
d) Instrumentation
Q No.66. The design where we have no control over the variables and report only what has happened or what
is happening is called___________
a) Research design
b) Contrived design
c) Ex-post-facto design
d) Explanatory design
Q No.67. Which of the following disadvantage of personal interview can be overcome by rapport building?
a) Cost
b) Lack of anonymity of the respondents
c) Scarcity of highly trained interviewers
d) Call backs
Q No.75. Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this
statement?
a) The type of data collected.
b) The data-collection technique.
c) The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
d) All of the given options.
Q No.77. When constructing a questionnaire, there are few principles to which you should adhere.Which of
the following is NOT one of those principles?
a) Avoid using "leading" or "loaded" questions
b) Avoid double-barreled questions
c) Avoid ambiguity and confusion
d) Avoid arranging questions in a sequence
Q No.78. Which of the following represents excellent advice for conducting an interview?
a) Listen more and talk less
b) Don't interrupt
c) Don't be judgmental about the interviewee's beliefs or views
d) All of the given options
Q No.79. Which of the following could NOT be a cause of variation in high school achievement?
a) Reading ability
b) Parental involvement
c) Teacher expectations
d) College attendance
Q No.80. The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:
a) Analysis of covariance
b) Chi square
c) Standard deviation
d) Pearson "r"
Q No.81. Which of the following is true about validity?
a) A study can be internally valid but not externally valid.
b) A study can be externally valid but not internally valid.
c) A study must be both internally and externally valid.
d) The internal and external validity of studies are not related in any way.
Q No.85. Which advice would you offer a novice researcher conducting his first observation?
a) Observe only one behavior at a time
b) Allow variables to emerge from the context
c) Record behaviors only after leaving the site
d) Develop a preconceived notion of what is going to help structure the observation
Q No.86. How the Procedure for data processing and analysis can be evaluated in Pilot Testing ?
a) Make dummy tables
b) Work output of each member
c) Length of Questionnaire
d) Format Tools
Q No.87. Which of the following is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to
the research project?
a) Element
b) Target Population
c) Sampling Frame
d) Sampling Unit
Q No.88. Which of the following is the summary description of a given variable in a population?
a) Statistic
b) Observation Unit
c) Parameter
d) Sampling Unit
Q No.89. Which of the following is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of
sampling?
a) Parameter
b) Sampling Unit
c) Observation Unit
d) Statistic
Q No.90. If you are going on the street and suddenly a TV reporter starts taking your interview regarding any
issue, which of the following sampling technique is used by the TV reporter?
a) Purposive Sampling
b) Snowball Sampling
c) Convenience Sampling
d) Quota Sampling
Q No.91. Which of the following sampling is most often used during the exploratory phase of a
research project and is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly and efficiently?
a) Convenience Sampling
b) Quota Sampling
c) Snowball Sampling
d) Purposive Sampling
Q No.92. Which of the following sampling method is the best way to select a group of people for a study if
you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Random sampling
Q No.93. In which of the following conditions, each part of the construct should be measured with at least
one indicator?
a) Unidimensionality
b) Scale
c) Weighing
d) Index Construction
Q No.96. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically
equate groups on a protest or some other variable?
a) Experimental control
b) Differential influence
c) Matching
d) Analysis of covariance
Q No.97. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by
which of the following?
a) Dependent variable
b) Extraneous variable
c) Independent variable
d) Confounding variable
Q No.98. Which of the following is referred to as the influence of a single independent variable?
a) Interaction effect
b) Reactive effect
c) Main effect
d) Proactive effect
Q No.99. Which of the following is the process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words
or category?
a) Concurring
b) Coding
c) Coloring
d) Segmenting
Q No.100. A census taker often collects data through which of the following?
a) Standardized tests
b) Interviews
c) Secondary data
d) Observations
Q No.102. All of the following are the characteristics of scientific methods of research, EXCEPT;
a) Cumulative
b) Deterministic
c) Unethical
d) Rationalism
Q No.105. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
a) Discontinuous variable
b) Dependent variable
c) Independent variable
d) Intervening variable
Q No.107. There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency is an example of
which type of hypothesis?
a) Alternative
b) Correlational
c) Null
d) Research
Q No.108. Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature
review: Constructing intertextual coherence, 2. Deconstruction of textual coherence, 3. Problematizing the
situation, 4. Resolving discovered problems?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 2 and 4
Q No.109. Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely
published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review"?
a) Integrative review
b) Theoretical review
c) Self-study review
d) Historical review
Q No.110. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
a) Context review
b) Integrated review
c) Methodological review
d) Theoretical review
Q No.112. Which type of measurement scale describes the typical test scores that range from 0 to 100?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Q No.113. Which of the following is the appropriate way in which to view the reliability of observational data?
a) Test-retest
b) Parallel forms
c) Internal consistency
d) Inter-observer reliability
Q No.114. Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to conduct a
chemistry experiment in the lab?
a) Performance assessment
b) Interest inventory
c) Aptitude
d) Standardized test
Q No.117. Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experimental design?
a) Maturation
b) Interaction of setting and treatment
c) Interaction effects of pre-testing
d) Reactive effects of experimental arrangements
Q No.118. Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this
statement?
a) The type of data collected.
b) The data-collection technique.
c) The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
d) All of the given options.
Q No.121. Time consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type?
a) High
b) Moderate
c) Low
d) Nill
Q No.122. Which of the following is to convince reviewers that the researcher is capable of successfully
conducting the proposed research project?
a) Literature review
b) Research question
c) Research proposal
d) Research project