AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE

27 DELHI-HAPUR BYPASS ROAD

GHAZIABAD-201009

AN
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
SWITCHYARD & GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM

AT

SUBMITTED BY:- UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Chanchal Chaudhary (Mr. S.S. Sen ( AGM-EMD)
4Th Year
Branch: EN
Date:

AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING

COLLEGE27KM DELHI-HAPUR BYPASS ROAD
 TRAINING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NISHANT SINGH student of MEERUT INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY B.Tech Final year ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (EE)
branch has undergone training in thermal power plant from June 19 , 2017 to July 6, 2017. .

Dr. SK GOEL

(HOD,EN Dept.)
INTRODUCTION

NTPC Limited (previously known as National Thermal Power Corporation Limited) is an

Indian PSU Public Sector Undertaking, engaged in the business of generation of electricity and

allied activities.The total installed capacity of the company is 45548 MW (including JVs) with

own 18 coal-based and 7 gas-based stations and 6 coal based and 1 gas based in JV/ Subsidiary

Companies, located across the country.

NTPC VISION

To be the worlds largest and best power producer, powering Indias growth.

NTPC MISSION

Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at competitive prices,

integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and

contribute to society.

National Capital Power Station (NCPS) Or NTPC Dadri, is the power project to meet the power

demand of National Capital Region (India). It has a huge coal-fired thermal power plant and a

gas-fired plant and has a small solar power plant. It is located in Gautam Budh Nagar district of

Uttar Pradesh about 25 km from Ghaziabad and about 9 km from Dadri. It is nearly 48 km from

New Delhi towards Hapur. NTPC Dadri is a branch of National Thermal Power Corporation,

which is a public sector

Approved capacity/commissioned capacity of NTPC DADRI COAL is 1820 MW.

UNITS SIZES (4X210 MW + 2X490 MW)

Unit I- 210 MW commissioned in October 1991

Unit II- 210 MW commissioned in December 1992

Unit III- 210 MW commissioned in March 1993

Unit IV- 210 MW commissioned in March 1994

Unit V- 490 MW commissioned in January 2010

Unit VI- 490 MW commissioned in July 2010

Approved capacity/commissioned capacity of NTPC DADRI GAS is 829.78 MW.

GT-I- 130.19 MW commissioned in May 1992

GT II- 130.19 MW commissioned in June1992

GT III-130.19 MW commissioned in August1992

GT IV-130.19 MW commissioned in December1992

ST-I- 154.51 MW commissioned in August 1996

ST-II- 154.51 MW commissioned in April 1997

Approved capacity/commissioned capacity of NTPC DADRI SOLAR is 5 MW.

 SWITCHYARD

It is a switching station establishing main link between generating station and transmission

system. It influences the security of power supply. It steps up or steps down the voltage levels

depending on the network node. It switches ON or OFF the reactive power control devices which

influences the quality of power.

MAIN COMPONENTS AT SWITCHYARD

Current transformers

Potential transformers

Interconnecting transformers(ICT)

Bus bars and clamp fittings

Isolators

Circuit breakers

Supports

Earthing switches

Lightening arresters

Overhead earth wire

Wave traps

Power line carrier communication(PLCC)

 Transformers : Transforms the voltage levels from higher to lower level or vice

versa, keeping the power constant.

Instrument transformers : For stepping-down the electrical parameter

(Voltage or Current) to a lower and safe value for Metering and

Protection logics.

Current transformers: The current transformers" are single phase

oil immersed type. The secondary current is generally 1 amp, but

also 5 amp, in certain cases.

Potential transformers

Interconnecting transformers(ICT)

Generator Transformer (GT)

Circuit breakers : Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits under Loaded

condition.

SF6 Circuit Breaker

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Isolators : Opens or closes the electrical circuits under No-load conditions.

 Earth switch : Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped

charge to

have a safe maintenance zone.

Lightning arrestors : Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due

to Lightning. Lightening arresters are provided at the terminals of the transformers for

protection against lightening or any surges developing in the system. The practice is

also to install lightening arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.

Overhead earth wire : Protects the Over Head transmission line from Lightning

strokes.

Bus bar : Conductors to which a number of circuits are connected.

Wave Traps/Line traps : Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and

telemetering.

Reactive Power control devices : Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by

switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc.,

Current Limiting Reactors : Limits the Short circuit currents in case of faulty

conditions.
 Capacitor voltage transformers (CVTS): The "Capacitor voltage transformers

(CVTS)" are used at 220 KV and above. For the lower voltages, electro-magnetic type

of voltage transformer is mostly used. The secondary voltage is 110/3 volts.

Transmission Line Equipment: Transmission lines are required for transmitting

power form generating stations to the load centers. The important components of the

transmission lines are:

Conductor and accessories: The lines may be single circuit or double

circuit either in vertical or horizontal configurations. A double circuit line

carries double the power than that of a single circuit line. The conductors

used for the transmission lines are aluminum conductors steel reinforced

Supporting structure and accessories: The Supporting structures are

normally of bolted steel lattice type. Angle sections are bolted together to

form a square base lattice structure. The structures are provided with cross

arms through which insulator strings are hung for supporting the

conductors.

Insulators and hardwares: The steel structures support these conductors

attached through insulator strings. The string consists of a number of

hardwares namely suspension tension clamps, socket clevis, ball clevis,

anchor shackles, etc, Under standard atmospheric conditions, for 66KV

lines 5 to 6 discs insulator are used for 132 KV lines, 9 to 10 and for 220

KV lines 13 to 14 whereas for 400 line 21 to 22 discs are employed.

 Earth wire and accessories: Earth wire is provided for giving protection to

the transmission line against lightning strikes. These wires are supported

in such a manner as to provide a shield angle of 30 to the conductors for

400KV lines, 2 ground wires are used with reduced shield angle of 20.

These earth wires are of galvanized stranded steel, high tensile steel

quality. Earth wire is connected to the tower steel. The tower footings are

further earthed thorough a suitable earthing arrangement.

The following empirical relationship to phase voltage of the transmission line:

U = 5.5(0.62 L + 3P/100)

Where,

U=Phase to phase voltage in KV

L=Length of the line in KM

P=Power to be transmitted in KW
Figure:1 Switchyard showing PLCC insulators and Circuit Breaker
 Figure:2 Single Line Diagram showing stage-II Power Transmission

There are two main buses and one transfer bus for changeover of bus. The Main Bus as well as

Transfer Bus is of 400KV. The generator Transformer steps up the voltage from 20KV to

400KV, the same is transmitted through 400 KV lines.

Loni-1 Maharani Bagh Mandaula-1 Malerkotla
Panipat-1

Loni-2 Greater Noida

Mandaula-2 Panipat-2 Muradnagar

Figure-3 Details of line showing the transmission of power from NTPC Dadri to different places.

Figure-4 Showing different parts of a Inter Connecting Transformer.

 GENERATOR & ITS PROTECTION SYSTEMS

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an

external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may vary widely from a hand crank to

an internal combustion engine. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power

grids.

Classification of generator on basis of excitation

Separately excited generator

Self excited generator

Classification of generator on basis of cooling system

Water cooled

Air cooled

Hydrogen cooled

Main parts of generator

Stator-stator frame

Core assembly - Stator Core, Core Suspension Arrangement

End Shield

stator Winding Assembly - Stator Winding , Winding Assembly, Connecting Bus bar

Rotor - Rotor Shaft, Rotor Wedges, Rotor Coils, Wound Rotor, Rotor Assembly

Completing Assembly - Bearing Assembly, Shaft Seal Assembly, Oil Catchers, Insert

Cover etc
 Exciter

Auxiliary System

Specifications of generator at stage-2 NTPC Dadri

Manufacturer BHEL
Rated Maximum Output 577 KVA
Power Factor 0.85 Lagging
Power Output rating 490MW
Stator Voltage 21 KV
Stator Current 15800 Amp
Rotor Voltage 334 V
Rotor Current 3973 Amp
RPM 3000
Frequency 50 Hz
Connection Y-Y
Phase 3
Coolant Water & Hydrogen

Specifications of generator at stage-1 NTPC Dadri

Manufacturer BHEL
Rated Maximum Output 247 KVA
Power Factor 0.85 Lagging
Power Output rating 210 MW
Stator Voltage 16.5 KV
Stator Current 8645 Amp
Rotor Voltage 355 V
Rotor Current 3000 Amp
RPM 3000
Frequency 50 Hz
Connection Y-Y
Phase 3
Coolant Water & Hydrogen
The modern generators are generally provided with the following protections:

1. Over load protection: This protection is provided to safeguard the generator from rise in

temperature in the stator winding due to overload. This protection initiates an alarm to

guide the operator for reducing the load. If overload is accompanied by under voltage,

tripping will occur.

2. Negative sequence current protection: Negative phase sequence currents will flow

through the generator for phase-to-phase faults, during asymmetrical loading, due to open

circuit on any one phase or during single phase to earth faults.

3. Unit differential protection: This protection is intended to safeguard the generator against

phase to phase fault or three phase short circuits in the windings; or inter connected bus

ducts between the generator and generator transformer; or the transformer against phase

to phase fault in primary, or phase to earth fault in the secondary side up to the protected

zone. CT-10 & I provide protection through suitable relay connection.

4. Loss of excitation protection: Sudden loss of excitation in an alternator makes the

generator to run as an induction generator. Generally all the generators shall be designed

to run as induction generator with a reduced load for a short period but the rotor will get

over-heated from the induced current flowing in the rotor iron particularly at the retaining

rings of the rotor. "Continuous operation of the generator as induction-generator is

prohibited. Further when generator runs as an induction generator it draws the reactive

power from the grid and there may be a voltage dips in the system, which is not desirable

from system point of view.

5. Reverse Power Protection: When the input to the prime mover suddenly goes off and the

generator is in service delivering power to the system, the machine will not cease to

function, but would continue to rotate at the same speed; now as motor deriving the

requisite energy from the system to keep the frictional and windage losses Both the

direction and magnitude of the active power between the system and the machine

therefore changes, while the reactive or watt less power controlled by the field excitation

remains unaltered. Although this abnormal condition would not harm the generator, it

could, however damage the prime mover. It has been the general practice to provide

protection against any such contingencies, by thermal or mechanical devices in the form

of temperature detectors and hydraulic flow indicators.

6. Over voltage and over fluxing protection: The generator can develop dangerously high

voltages in the event of mal-operation of AVR or a load throws off while generator

excitation is under manual control. An overvoltage relay should be provided to detect

 this and give an alarm in UCB. Over fluxing of the generator transformer and can occur

due to overvoltage on generator terminals or due to excitation application while generator

is at lower speed. Its persistence can cause gradual overheating and damage to the

transformers and generators.

7. Backup impedance protection: A three phase zone impedance relay (216) is to be

provided for the backup protection of generator against external three phase and phase to

phase faults in the 400/220 KV system which may be hanging on due to failure of this

own system primary protection. The zone of 216 should be extended beyond 400 KV/220

KV switchyard as far as possible and it should be connected to trip the generator after a

time delay of 1 to 1.5 seconds so that the generator is tripped only when 400 KV/220 KV

protections has not cleared the faults even in the second zone.

Following are some Fault Conditions , their effects and Protection

Fault/Abnormal condition Effect Protection

Thermal over loading Over heating of stator wdg/insulation Thermo couples/
failure Over current relays
External fault Unbalanced loading stress Over load/negative
phase sequence relay
Stator faults: ph to Ph / Winding burn out Differential prot
Ph to Earth / Inter-turn 100% E/F prot/95% E/f
Inter turn protection
Rotor fault Damage to shaft/bearing 2 stage rotor E/F
protection
O/V,O/F,U.F Insulation failure, Heating of core, O/V relay Volt/Hz relay
failure of blades U/F relay
Loss of field Induction gen operation Loss of field
Absorb MVAR from system/damage to
rotor winding
Other important systems for Generator Protection are:

Seal oil system: Generator shaft seals are supplied with pressurized seat oil to prevent

hydrogen losses at the shaft and ingress of air into the generator. During normal

operation, shaft seals are supplied with seal oil by a separate system, consisting of

hydrogen side seal oil circuit and air side seal oil circuit. The oil used in seal oil circuit is

same as that used in turbine generator journal bearings. During normal operation, in the

air side AC pump draws seal oil from the seal oil storage tank and feeds it to the seals via

cooler and filters which drains towards the air side and return back to the seal oil storage

tank. Similarly H2 side oil pump supplies oil to seal through a separate strainer and

cooler. By dividing the seal oil system into two separate circuits, hydrogen losses at the

seals are kept to a minimum and good hydrogen purity is also maintained. For the air side

seal oil circuit three seal oil pumps are provided. In the event of failure of one AC pump

the second AC pumps automatically takes over. If both pumps fail the seal oil supply is

taken over by the standby D.C. pump. On the other hand one seal oil pump is used for oil

circulation in H2 side seal oil circuit. In the event of failure of this pump, seal oil in

hydrogen side is derived from air side seal oil circuit. Prolonged operation in this fashion

may result in deterioration of hydrogen purity.

Primary water system: When the turbine generator is on load heat produced in the stator

winding is removed by continuously circulating low conductivity de-mineralized water

through hollow conductors of the stator windings and passage ways within the terminals.

The losses occurring in the generator stator winding components e.g. Stator winding,

terminal bushings and phase connectors are dissipated directly through water. The
 cooling water being in contact with the high voltage winding must have an electrical

conductivity of the order of 0.5 to 1 micro mho/cm. Primary water supply system

comprises of the following components. Primary water is circulated by one of the

2X100% duty pump through a strainer type filter with magnet bar and cooler. The

primary water is drawn from the primary water tank and passes to a primary water

manifold (inlet) via coolers and filters and from there to stator bars via Teflon hoses. The

primary water leaving the stator winding is passed through similar Teflon hoses to anther

primary water manifold (outlet) and is then returned to the primary water tank. A separate

flow path from a point before the stator winding inlet cools the bushings and phase

connectors.

H2 Cooling system: The hydrogen is circulated in the generator in a closed circuit by a

multi-stage axial fan located at the turbine end. The fan draws hot gas from the air gap

and delivers it to the coolers where it is cooled and re-circulated. Gas system comprises

of the following components. As a precaution against explosion hazard, the air must

neither be directly replaced with hydrogen during generate- filling nor the hydrogen

directly replaced with air driving emptying operation. In both the cases CO2 is used for

scavenging.