AREA OF TENSION STEEL

1. The area of tension steel is given by the equation

=
2. In design, to ensure that concrete beams fail in ductile manner (visible warring if failure is
imminent), the code requires that beams in regions of low seismic activity be reinforced
with an area of steel, As as: NSCP 2001:
a. Maximum steel area

=
= 0.75
0.851 600
where: =
600+
b. Minimum steel area

=
1.4
where: = but not less than
4

NSCP 2010: (ACI Code 2002)

a. Maximum steel area:

=
0.851
where: = ( )
+0.005

Note: The above equation for

The maximum reinforcement ratio is for a tension controlled beam to obtain =

0.90
The ACI Code Section 10.3.5 in 2002 establishes a minimum net tensile strain
at the nominal member strength of 0.004 to ensure under reinforced behavior.
With = 0.004 the equation of that provides maximum reinforcement ratio for
beam i
0.851
= ( )
+ 0.004
However, for a given cross-section, using = 0.004 will result in a higher
reinforcement ratio and thus a higher nominal flexural strength than using =
0.005. This strength however, cannot be used to full advantage in design because
the increase in flexural strength is cancelled by the drop is as decreases for
 0.005 to 0.004. As result, the maximum practical reinforced ratio for beam is
attained at a net tensile strain of 0.005.
b. Minimum steel ratio:

=
1.4
= but not less
4

3. Other value values of steel ratio (for design) from the area of tension steel, = , the
value of steel ratio can be takes as
a. If defection will control

=

where: w = 0.18 = tension reinforcement index
b. If flexural moment will govern

0.85 2 <
= [1 1 ]
0.85 >

= = coefficient of resistance

SPACING LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

1. The spacing s of reinforcement closest to a surface in tension shall not exceed that
given by
280
= 380 ( ) 2.5

(280)
But not greater than 300 where is the least distance from the surface of

reinforcement to the external tension face. Calculated stress in reinforcement in MPa
closest to the tension face shall be computed on the unfactored moment. It shall be
2
permitted to take =
3
2. Minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a larger shall be but not less than 25
mm
3. When parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layer shall
be placed directly above the bottom layer which a clear distance between layers not less
than 25 mm.
Problem
A single reinforced concrete beam, 305mm x 510mm in dimension, is reinforced with 3-25mm-
diameter bars. The design properties used are = 21MPa, = 276MPa, = 200,000MPa
and effective cover of 50mm. Determine the following:
a. the actual steel ratio, the balance steel ratio, the maximum steel ratio, and the
minimum steel ratio;
b. the type of flexural failure the beam will undergo;
c. the ultimate flexural capacity of the beam;
d. the maximum and minimum number of 25mm bars to be use if we are to replace the
existing 3 pieces; and
e. verify the flexural adequacy of the beam if it is to carry the given loads as shown.
(Weight of beam is assumed to be included in the dead load).
Use NSCP 2001 and NSCP 2010.
Solution:
NSCP 2001
a. For the steel ratio
Actual steel ratio
3 490.87
= = = 0.0105
305(460)
Balance steel ratio
0.851 600
=
600 +
1 = 0.85 since = 21MPa < 30MPa
0.85(21)(0.85) 600
= = 0.0377
276 600 + 276
Maximum steel ratio
= 0.75 = 0.75(0.0377) = 0.0283
Minimum steel ratio
the minimum steel ratio is the larger between
21
= 4 = 4(276) = 0.00415
1.4 1.4
= = = 0.005072 govern
276
= 0.005072
b. Type of flexural failure
b.1. by strain compatibility
Assume tension steel yields, =
From stress diagram:
 = 0: =
0.85 =
(3 490.87)(276)
= =
0.85 0.85(21)(305)
= 74.65mm
From the strain diagram, by :
0.003
=


= 0.003 ( )

But: =
1

1
= 0.003 ( )

0.85(460) 74.65
= 0.003 [ ]
74.65

= 0.0124
276
Also, = = = 0.001379
200,000

Since > , then = or beam is in tension failure

b.2. by steel ratio

< = 0.0283
. = 0.0105
> = 0.005072
Hence, = or beam, is under tension failure
c. Ultimate flexural capacity of the beam
For tension failure

= ( 2) = ( 2)

74.65 1
= (3 490.87)(276) (460 )
5 (1000)2
= 171.792
and the ultimate flexural capacity
= = 0.90(171.792)
 = 154.613
d. Maximum and minimum bars
d.1. maximum value
= = (0.0283)(305)(460)
= 3970.492
using 25: = 490.872
39970.49
= =
490.87
= 8.09 say 8
Use 8 pcs.
d.2. minimum value
= = 0.005072(305)(460)
= 711.62
711.6
= = 490.87 = 1.44 say 2

Use 2 pcs.
e. Flexural adequacy of the beam
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(25) + 1.7(10)

= 52
For reactions:
2 = 0
51 (52 6) = 0
1 = 124.8
1 = 0
52 + (52 6)(3) = 0
2 = 187.2
point of zero shear:
124.8 = 52
= 2.4
(5 ) = 2.6
 since the maximum bending moment due to load is less than the bending moment
capacity of the beam, hence the beam is adequate
= 149.76 < = 154.613
NSCP 2010
a. For the steel ratio
Actual steel ratio
(3 490.87)
= = = 0.0105
305(460)
Balance steel ratio
0.851
= ( )
+

If = 0.003 and = ; = 200,000 MPa

0.851
= ( )
+
0.851 600
= ( )
600 +
1 = 0.85, = 21MPa < = 28MPa
0.85(21)(0.85) 600
= ( )
276 600 + 276
= 0.0377
To obtain a reduction factor of 0.90, the maximum steel ratio corresponding to a
net tensile strain of 0.005 is
0.851
= ( )
+
0.851 0.003
= ( )
0.003 + 0.005
0.851 0.003
= ( )
0.008
0.85(21)(0.85) 0.003
= ( )
276 0.008
= 0.02061
Problem:
Determine the ACI design moment capacity of a singly reinforced rectangular section with
a width of 355mm and an effective depth of 585mm. Use = 28MPa, = 414MPa, =
200,000MPa, and
a) = 24652
 b) = 49262
c) = 67742
Use NSCP 2010 and NSCP 2001.
Solution:
NSCP 2010
a) = 24652
1. Solve for the value of a.
Assume tension steel yields ( = ):
=
0.85 =
2465(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 120.8mm
2. Check whether =
-by strain compatibility


<
414
= = = 0.00207
200,000
From strain diagram, by :

=


= ( )

with = and = 0.003
1

1
= 0.003 ( )

0.85(585) 120.8
= 0.003 [ ]
120.8

= 0.0093
since > ( = )

= 120.8
3. For the capacity/strength reduction factor.
-for the net tensile strain: ( = )
from strain diagram, by :

=


= ( )

1
or = 0.003 ( )

0.85(585) 120.8
= 0.003 [ ]
120.8

= 0.0093
since, = 0.0093 > 0.005, we have tension-controlled beam
120.8
0.85
or = 1 = = 0.243 < 0.375, we have tension-controlled beam
585

hence: = 0.90
4. For the design moment capacity,
= = ( 2) = [ ( 2)]
120.8 1
= 0.90 [2465(414) (585 )]
2 (1000)2
= 481.82
b. = 49262
1. Solve the value of a
Assume tension steel yield: fs=fy
C=T
0.85 =
4926(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 241.37
2. Check whether =
-by strain compatibility
= 0.00207
1 0.85(585) 241.37
= 0.003 [ ] = 0.003 [ ]
241.37
= 0.0032
since = 0.0032 > , then fs=fy and a=241.37mm

3. For capacity reduction factor

-for the net tensile strain.
=
1 0.85(585) 241.37
= 0.003 ( ) = 0.003 [ ]
241.37
= 0.0032
 < 0.005
since = 0.0032 , hence the beam is in transition zone
> 0.002
241.37
0.85 > 0.375
or = = 0.485 , hence the beam is in transition zone
585 < 0.600
For Grade 60 steel
250
= 0.65 + ( 0.002) ( )
3
250
= 0.65 + (0.0032 0.002) ( )
3
= 0.75
Or
= 0.48 + 83
= 0.48 + 83(0.0032)
= 0.75
4. For the design moment capacity,

= = [( 2)] = [ ( 2)]

241.37 1
= 0.75 [4926(414) (585 )]
2 (1000)2
= 710.18
c. = 67742
1. Solve for the value of a
Assume tension steel yields (fs=fy)
C=T
0.85 =
6774(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 331.93
2. Check whether =
-by strain compatibility
= 0.00207
1 0.85(585) 331.93
= 0.003 ( ) = 0.003 [ ]
331.93
= 0.00149
Since = 0.00149 < , therefore and 331.93
3. Solve for the actual value of a
=
 0.85 =

Where: = = 0.003 ( 1 )
1
= 0.003 ( ) (200,000)

1
= 600 ( )

0.85 585
0.85(28)(355) = 6774 [600 ( )]

1.2472 = 298350 600
1.2472 + 600 298350 = 0
By Q.F.

(481.15) (481.15)2 4(1)(239254.21)

=
2(1)
= 240.575 545.1
= 304.525
4. for the capacity reduction factor
-for the net tensile strain
1
= 0.003 ( )

0.85(585) 304.525
= 0.003 [ ]
304.525
= 0.00189
Since = 0.00189 < 0.002, hence the beam is compression-controlled
304.5250.85
Or, = = 0.612 > 0.600, hence the beam is compression-
585
controlled
Therefore = 0.65
5. Solve for the design moment capacity,
1 0.85(585) 304.525
= 600 ( ) = 600 [ ]
304.525

= 379.72

= = [( 2)] = [ ( 2)]
1
= 0.65 [6774(379.72)(585 304.5252)] [ ]
(1000)2
= 723.51
NSCP 2001:
a. = 24652
1. Solve for the value of a
Assume tension steel yield ( = )
=
0.85 =
2465(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 120.8mm
2. Check whether =
-by strain compatibility


<
414
= = = 0.00207
200,000
From strain diagram, by :

=


= ( )

1
= 0.003 ( )

0.85(585) 120.8
= 0.003 [ ]
120.8

= 0.0093
since > , ( = ) (tension failure) and a=120.8mm

3. Solve for the design moment capacity

= = [( 2)] = [ ( 2)]
120.8 1
= 0.90 [2465(414) (585 )]
2 (1000)2
= 481.82
b. = 49262
1. Solve for the value of a
Assume tension steel yields ( = )
=
0.85 =
4926(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 241.37
2. Check whether =
 -by strain compatibility
= 0.00207
1 0.85(585) 241.37
= 0.003 ( ) = 0.003 [ ]
241.37
= 0.0032
Since = 0.0032 > , = (tension failure) and = 241.37
3. Solve for the design moment capacity
= = ( 2)
= = [ ( 2)]
241.37 1
= 0.90 [(4926)(414) (585 )]
2 (1000)2
= 852.27
c. = 67742
1. Solve for the value of a
Assume tension steel yields ( = )
=
0.85 =
6774(414)
= =
0.85 0.85(28)(355)
= 331.93
2. Check whether =
-by strain compatibility
= 0.00207
1 0.85(585) 331.93
= 0.003 [ ] = 0.003 [ ]
331.93
= 0.00149
Since = 0.00149 < , therefore (compression failure) and
331.93
3. Solve for the actual value of a
=
1
Where: = 600 ( )

0.85 585
0.85(28)(355) = 6774 [600 ( )]

1.2472 = 298350 600
2 + 481.15 239254.1 = 0
By Q.F
= 304.525
4. Solve for the design moment capacity,
 1 0.85(585) 304.525
= 600 ( ) = 600 [ ]
304.525
= 379.72
= = ( 2) = [ ( 2)]
304.525 1
= 0.90 [6774(379.72) (585 )]
2 (1000)2
= 1001.79