Airliquide EC Handbook - v1.3 PDF

Cryogenics
Lurgi
Technology
Handbook
2
Technology
Handbook
General: This Technology Handbook is intended for general information purposes only and is not intended as an offer, representation or warranty of any kind, or as a statement of any terms or conditions of sale.
The information herein is believed to be correct, but is not warranted for correctness or completeness, or for applicability to any particular customer or situation.
Intellectual property: All the information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Air Liquide or one of its affiliates. Trademarks contained herein, including Yango, HYOS, Cryocap, Phenosolvan, Lurgi MPG, Lurgi MegaMethanol, Lurgi MTP,
MTP, Rectisol, Distapex, G2G, SMR-X, Medal, OxyClaus, LTGT, Omnisulf, Purisol, Sulfreen, Degasulf, Lurgi Biofuels and MPG belong to either LAIR LIQUIDE, Socit Anonyme pour ltude et lExploitation des Procds Georges Claude or
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Germany GmbH or Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions US Inc.
Economic hypothesis and definitions: Unless otherwise specified, OPEX calculations include variable operating costs (utilities, feedstock) and fixed costs (labour). Natural gas cost is assumed to be $4/mmBTU HHV. In addition, unless otherwise specified, CAPEX
is calculated either: a) including all EPC costs (process units, offsite and utilities) but excluding owners costs for a plant built on the USGC; or, b) using 1.8xEP costs (process units, offsite and utilities). Price base is 2015. OPEX and CAPEX are indicative and can vary
according to the basis of design, such as: product(s) yield and quality, site conditions, feedstock quality, utilities, project scope and plant capacity. Units are metric. Gallons (gal) are US Gallons (3.785 liters). Barrel (bbl) refers to oil barrel (42 gal). Heating value shall be
understood as Lower Heating Value (LHV). Exchange rate used is: 1 Euro = 1.1 US Dollar.
Editor: Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions US Inc.

Contact information for suggestions, improvements... email at EditorTH@airliquide.com
January 2016, version 1.3
2015 Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions
Cryogenics
3 Lurgi
This handbook is also availble in the following formats
PAPERBACK DIGITAL VERSION DIGITAL VERSION
ask any email address on pages 10/11 or

any Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions representative)
Apps from Air Liquide:
GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA EASY GAS CONVERTER

Allows users to quickly access a host of information Gives users the ability to instantly calculate volume
on the physical and chemical properties of 64 gas conversions from gaseous to liquid state for 14 gas
molecules (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) in their molecules such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.
solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Available on Google Play and Appstore
Available on Google Play and Appstore
(for iPad only)
Cryogenics
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Value Through Technology
Dear Customer,
We are pleased to share with you our most recent Technology Handbook. This comprehensive overview of some
60 different advanced technologies was made possible thanks to the valuable input of the sought-after experts within
our company.
We always strive to leverage our network and engage our experts, scientific and technical leads, solutions development
teams and our own Air Liquide plant operators worldwide, so as to increase the value of our technologies and expand
our knowledge in order to serve you better. As well, through our product line organization, we are able to be closer to
the markets and customers we serve and this allows us to develop and continuously improve on our technological
leadership.
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions goal is to provide competitive solutions that are safe and reliable so that our customers
can optimize their operations as well as their use of natural resources.
We encourage you to contact us through our regional offices or send an email to one of our technology groups.
Our experts and project leaders will be at your disposal to answer your questions and offer additional information to help
you move forward with your projects.
Thank you,
Domenico DElia
Vice President and Chairman
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Technology and Sales

activity is organized into six product lines: Standard Plants,
Cryogenics, Hydrogen, Downstream & Petrochemicals,
Hydrocarbons and Oleochemicals; while operating in four
regions: Americas, Asia, Europe and Middle-East & Africa.
Such a worldwide set-up allows us to efficiently manage and
develop our technology portfolio, be close to the markets
we serve, in line with the needs of our customers.
Cryogenics
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Who We Are
Air Liquide Group Air Liquide Global

E&C Solutions
The World leader in gases, tech-
nologies and services for Indus- A technology partner of choice
try and Health
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions, the
Air Liquide is present in 80 countries engineering and construction activity
with approximately 68,000 employees of the Air Liquide Group, builds the
and serves more than 3 million custom- Groups production units (mainly air gas
ers and patients*. Oxygen, nitrogen and separation and hydrogen production
hydrogen are essential small molecules units) and also supplies external
for life, matter and energy.They em- customers with its portfolio of
body Air Liquides scientific territory and technologies. Its industrial gas, energy
have been at the core of the companys conversion and gas purification
activities since its creation in 1902. solutions enable customers to optimize
the use of natural resources.
Air Liquides ambition is to lead its
industry, deliver long-term performance Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions covers
and contribute to sustainability. The the entire project life-cycle: license
companys customer-centric trans- engineering services / proprietary equip-
formation strategy aims at profitable ment, high-end engineering & design
growth over the long term. It relies on capabilities, as well as project manage-
operational excellence, selective investment & execution services. Its exclusive
ments, open innovation and a network and innovative technologies are making
organization implemented by the Group a contribution to the
worldwide. Through the commitment transition of the energy sector.
and inventiveness of its people, Air Liq-
uide leverages energy and environment With more than 1,600 patents and
transition, changes in healthcare and 3,500 employees, Air Liquide Global
digitization, and delivers greater value E&C Solutions is at work connecting
to all its stakeholders. people and ideas everywhere to create
advanced technologies to solve
* following the acquisition of Airgas on customer issues and position Air Liquide
23 May 2016 Group for growth over the long term.
Cryogenics
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Key Figures
15 engineering
centers
1,600
patents
3,500
employees 60 proprietary
technologies

3 manufacturing
centers
6,000
plants built
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Commitment to Safety
At Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions, Embodying a

we have one goal with respect to safety-first culture
Health, Safety, Environment and
Security: To achieve zero accidents Our safety commitment applies not
and zero environmental incidents. only to our employees, but also to our
contractors, customers, adjacent
In pursuit of this goal, we strive to: facilities and local communities.
Provide a secure work environment We ensure that safety is the

responsibility of everyone and is a
Prevent all injuries, damage to the part of the Air Liquide Global E&C
environment and damage to property Solutions culture. In this way, we are
all safety leaders, and all share a
Identify and reduce risks and exposure commitment to the golden rule of
to hazards in a sustainable way safety first.
Improve our Health, Safety, We will not hesitate to stop an

Environment and Security activity of whatever nature (design,
performance continuously engineering, construction execution,
or manufacturing) if it is not safe or if
Enforce Air Liquide Life Saving Rules there is any suspicion that it may end
in an accident or incident, now or in
the future.
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Enabling Cleaner Solutions
Our solutions designed to protect life and the environment represent more than 40% of the companys sales. As a
responsible partner and technology provider, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions is constantly seeking to reduce the
environmental impact of the production facilities it builds for the Air Liquide Group but also offers its third-party
customers the most environmentally-friendly technologies and applications available.
Cleaner Natural Gas

Natural gas represents 15% of the worlds energy
consumption and is the fastest growing energy source.
Our technologies enable efficient pollutants removal: Cleaner fuels

Amine wash Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions has multiple technologies
Membranes to remove pollutants from conventional fuels, as well as
61%
CryocapTM technologies for the production of biofuels and alternative
Omnisulf clean fuels:
Hydrogen production for sulfur removal
Biodiesel
Cleaner Power Sulfur free fuels: LNG, Methanol or Gasoline (G2GTM)
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions pioneered the
development of oxycombustion as a way to capture CO2
of our technologies Cleaner Water
in coal powered plants.
contribute to Industrial gases offer alternative solutions to conventional
Key technologies are: Large Air Separation Units and water and waste treatment processes:
CryocapTM Oxy. the protection
VSA for pure oxygen introduction into biological basins
of the environment with in-house gas injectors, or oxygen for ozone
production
Cleaner Chemicals CO2 for pH adjustment (such as CryocapTM)
Everyday goods such as cosmetics and detergents are
Removal of chemical contaminants
produced more and more using green chemicals. Air
(Phenosolvan, GLS and CLL, part of the FBDB
Liquide Global E&C Solutions suite of 13 oleochemicals
technology package)
technologies is a key contributor to the developement
of such products with a share of more than 60% of the
market.
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How to reach us
Technology Groups
Standard plants
Email: standard-plants@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
Email: cryogenics@airliquide.com
Hydrogen
Email: hydrogen@airliquide.com
Syngas
Email: syngas@airliquide.com
Petrochemicals Calgary
Email: petrochemicals@airliquide.com Montreal
Houston
G2G Gas-to-Gasoline
Email: g2g@airliquide.com
Natural Gas Treatment

Email: gas-treatment@airliquide.com Sao Paulo
Sulfur
Email: sulfur@airliquide.com
LNG
Email: lng@airliquide.com
Oleochemicals
Email: oleo@airliquide.com
Services Johannes
Email: engineering-services@airliquide.com
Our other locations contact information
can be found at www.engineering-airliquide.com
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Regions & Centers
Vitry
Champigny Africa
Frankfurt Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
Krakow Beijing Lurgi Place, Turnberry Office Park
Kiev Hangzhou 180 Cumberland Avenue Bryanston 2191 - SOUTH AFRICA
Moscow Shanghai Tel: +27 11 2 44 46 00 Email: africa.engineering@airliquide.com
Kobe
Americas
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions US Inc.
9807 Katy Freeway, Suite 100
Houston TX 77024 - USA
Tel: +1 713 624 80 03 Email: americas.engineering@airliquide.com
New Delhi Asia

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Shanghai Co., Ltd.
A3, Cao He Jing Modern Service High-Tech Park
No. 1528 Gu Mei Road Shanghai 200233 - CHINA
Tel: +86 21 60 91 90 00 Email: asia.engineering@airliquide.com
Singapore
Selangor Europe
Calgary Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions France S.A.
Montreal 57 avenue Carnot, BP 313
94503 Champigny-sur-Marne - FRANCE
Houston
Tel: +33 1 49 83 55 55 Email: europe.engineering@airliquide.com
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Germany GmbH

Olof-Palme-Str. 35
60439 Frankfurt am Main - GERMANY
Tel: +49 69 580 80 Email: europe.engineering@airliquide.com
India
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions India Private Ltd.
Ras Al Khaimah A24/10 Mohan Cooperative
Abu Dhabi Industrial Estate Mathura Road Delhi 110 044 - INDIA
Dubai Tel: +91 11 42 59 50 50 Email: india.engineering@airliquide.com
Al Khobar
Middle-East
Air Liquide Engineering Middle East
Johannesburg Dubai Airport Free Zone, 5 East, Block A
Suite 301, P.O. Box 54368
Dubai - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Tel: +97 1 42 05 55 00 Email: middleeast.engineering@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
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Other Centers
Americas Kobe Moscow
Calgary Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Japan Ltd Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions ooo
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Canada LP 7-1-15, Goko-dori, 17 Ulitsa Vorontsovskaya
140 - 4th Avenue SW - Suite 550 Chuo-ku, Kobe Moscow 109147 - RUSSIA
Calgary, Alberta, T2P 3N3 - CANADA 651-0087 - JAPAN Tel: +7 49 56 41 28 94
Tel: +1 403 774 4300 Tel: +81 78 265 0201
Singapore
Middle-East
Montreal Ras-Al-Khaimah
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Canada LP Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Singapore Pte Ltd
Air Liquide Middle East Manufacturing
5125 du Trianon 3 HarbourFront Place
Maritime City Free Zone Company
Suite 200 #09-04 HarbourFront Tower Two
PO Box 29341
Montreal Quebec H1M2S5 - CANADA Singapore 099254
Ras-Al-Khaimah - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Tel: +1 514 798 5590 Tel: +65 6373 7299
+97 1 42 05 55 00
Sao Paulo Selangor

Abu Dhabi
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Brazil Ltda Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Germany GmbH - Abu Dhabi
Av. das Naes Unidas C-31-6, Jaya One, No 72 A, Jalan University,
Al Maryah Island, Abu Dhabi Global Market Square
14 andar, Cep 04578-000 46200, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Al Maqam Tower, Office# 3506, 35th Floor
Brooklin Novo Tel: +603 7947 5688
P.O. Box 62594
Sao Paulo-SP - BRAZIL Abu Dhabi - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Tel: +55 11 55 09 84 36 Europe Tel: +971 2418 7554 / 56
Vitry
Asia Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions France S.A. Al Khobar
Beijing 18 Quai Jules Guesde Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Arabia Engineering Consultancy Partnership
Beijing Lurgi Engineering 94407 Vitry-sur-Seine - FRANCE 1st Floor, Office D-301, Al Salah Building
Consulting Co. Ltd Tel: +33 1 48 82 66 64 Khalid bin Al Waleed Street
Unit 0408, Landmark Tower 2 Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions France S.A. Al Rakah, Khobar - SAUDI ARABIA
8 North Dongsanhuan Road 4, rue des Fusills Tel: +966 1 3857 7031
Chaoyang District 94781 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex - FRANCE
Beijing 100004 - CHINA Tel: +33 1 45 73 66 66
Tel: +86 10 65 90 67 97
Krakow
Hangzhou Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Poland S.A.
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Hangzhou Co. Ltd Mogilska 41
Sanliyang, North Gongchen Bridge 31-545 Krakow - POLAND
No. 398 Shixiang Road Gongshu District Tel: +48 12 6 27 22 0
Hangzhou 310015 - CHINA
Tel: +86 571 89 01 91 18 Kiev
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Ukraine
Hangzhou Office 301
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Hangzhou Co. Ltd 8A, Ryzka Str.
Floor 20~26, Tower 1, DELIXI Building 04112 Kiev - UKRAINE
No. 28 Xueyuan Road Tel: +38 044 2255909
West Lake District, Hangzhou 310012 - CHINA
Tel: +86 571 2816 6118
Cryogenics
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Table of Contents
STANDARD PLANTS PETROCHEMICALS OLEOCHEMICALS
16 Yango Standard Air Separation Unit 44 Low Pressure (LP) Methanol 74 Sliding Cell Extractor Seed Crushing and Extraction
17 Sigma Standard Air Separation Unit 45 Lurgi MegaMethanol 75 Natural Oil Refining
Vacuum Swing Adsorbtion (VSA) On-Demand 46 Lurgi MTP Methanol-to-Propylene 76 Lurgi Biodiesel
18
Oxygen Generation
47 Butadiene Extraction (BASF NMP Licensed) 77 Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Distillation/Fractionation
19 Nitrogen Generation System
48 Lurgi / Nippon Kayaku Acrylic Acid 78 Glycerin Distillation and Bleaching
20 HYOS R Hydrogen Generation System
49 Methyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed) 79 Fatty Acid Production (Oil Splitting)
CRYOGENICS
50 Ethyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed)
80 Fatty Acid Distillation/Fractionation
22 Large Air Separation Unit 51 Butyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed)
81 Fatty Acid Hydrogenation
23 CO Cold Box Syngas Separation and Purification 52 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed)
82 Fatty Alcohol Wax Ester Route
24 Liquid Nitrogen Wash 53 Distapex Aromatics Extractive Distillation
83 Fatty Alcohol Methyl Ester Route
25 Hydrogen and Argon Recovery 54 G2G Gas-to-Gasoline
84 LP3 Low Pressure Fatty Alcohol Production
26 Cryocap H2 Cryogenic CO2 Separation NATURAL GAS TREATMENT
85 Bio Propylene Glycol (BASF Licensed)
Cryocap Oxy Cryogenic CO2 Separation for 56 Nitrogen Rejection Unit
27
Oxycombustion 86 Sorbitol Production
57 Combined Natural Gas Liquids Recovery & NRU
28 Helium Extraction and Liquefaction ENGINEERING SERVICES
58 Amine Wash for Acid Gas Removal
HYDROGEN 88 Conceptual and Feasibility Studies
59 Combined Membrane/Amine Wash for Acid Gas Removal
30 Small-Scale Steam Methane Reformer 89 Oil Refineries Optimization/Hydrogen Management
60 Omnisulf Acid Gas Enrichment and Removal
31 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Hydrogen Production 90 Project Execution
61 Cryocap for Acid Gas Removal
32 SMR-X Zero Steam Hydrogen Production 91 Oil Refineries Engineering Design
SULFUR
33 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Hydrogen Purification 92 Customer Services
64 OxyClaus Sulfur Recovery Unit
SYNGAS 93 Focus on: Engineering for Existing Plants
65 Sulfur Recovery Unit
36 Autothermal Reforming (ATR) Syngas Generation 94 Focus on: Customer Training
66 Claus Emission-Free Sulfur Recovery Unit
37 Lurgi MPG Multi-Purpose Gasifier 95 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
LNG
38 Lurgi FBDB Fixed Bed Dry Bottom Coal Gasification 68 Small-scale LNG (Nitrogen Refrigeration Cycle)
39 Rectisol Syngas Purification 69 Mid-scale LNG (Mixed Refrigerant Cycle)
40 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Syngas Production 70 Boil-Off Gas Reliquefaction Unit
41 Gas POX Natural Gas Partial Oxidation 71 Boil-Off Gas Reliquefaction (LIN)
Cryogenics
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Standard Plants
Standard
Plants
Cryogenics
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Yango Standard Air Separation Unit Standard Plants
Application Description Nitrogen vent

Steel making (basic oxygen furnaces, YangoTM air separation unit is based on HP GAN
Booster Air
blast furnaces, electric arc furnaces), air compression, adsorption purification, Main Air HP GOX
Compressor
chemicals (ethylene oxide, ammonia, cryogenic distillation of main Compressor LP GAN
etc.) components and internal compression
Clean Dry Air
of high pressure products.
Feedstock Precooling &
Air + Energy (electrical or steam) Yango is a standardized, highly Front End Purification
packaged ASU solution to support Pumps
Product short-time-to-start-up projects. Expander
Oxygen from 99.6% to 99.8% purity and Booster
up to 50 bar Several process schemes are available
to optimize both CAPEX and OPEX
LOX To Storage
Co-Product depending on customer product
Nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, requirements, energy cost and custom- LIN To Storage
liquid argon, compressed dry air er process integration potential.
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions

Capacity
offers optimized solutions in terms
330 to 770 tpd
of construction strategy, operating
philosophy and reliability.
Economics
Specific energy: 400 to 600 kWh/t References
>20
Capital
Yango intensity:
Contact
standard-plants@airliquide.com
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD

Sigma
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD Cryogenics
16 Lurgi
Vzcuum Swing Absorption
Sigma Standard Air Separation Unit Standard Plants

Steel making (oxygen boosting, electric Sigma units are based on air HP GAN
Booster Air
arc furnace), chemicals (ethylene oxide, separation with the following steps: Main Air HP GOX
Compressor
etc.), glass, non-ferrous metals, waste air compression, adsorption, Compressor LP GAN
water treatment, pulp and paper purification, cryogenic distillation
Clean Dry Air
of main components, internal
Feedstock compression. Precooling &
Air + Energy (electrical) Front End Purification
Several process schemes are available Pumps
Product to optimize both CAPEX and OPEX Expander
Oxygen up to 99.6% purity depending on customer product Booster
requirements.
Co-product LOX To Storage
Nitrogen, liquid oxygen, nitrogen The Sigma units are designed to reduce
and argon, compressed dry air construction and time to production with LIN To Storage
a highly packaged architecture.
Capacity
Some liquid co-production could be
150 to 350 tpd
available to refill backup liquid storages.
Yango
Economics
Specific
0 energy:
10 280
5 15 to 460
20 kWh/t
25 30 References
mm USD

>40
Capital
Sigma intensity:
Latest projects: Baku Steel, Klondyke, Klabin, COP
Contact
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD
Cryogenics
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Nitrogen Generation System
Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) On-Demand Oxygen Generation Standard Plants
Application Description Air compression Adsorption Oxygen compression

& Vacuum & Backup
Steel making, glass, pulp and paper, VSA uses the process of air separation generation
waste water treatment, mining by adsorption. The basic principle of air
separation by adsorption relies on the
Feedstock use of specific zeolite adsorbents for
Air + Energy (electrical) the selective adsorption of nitrogen over
Gaseous
oxygen and argon. Oxygen
Product
Oxygen from 90% to 93% purity Main features are:
Compact design layout

Co-product Fully packaged and pre-tested skids
none
Yango Minimized schedule, erection and
start-up times
Capacity Automatic and unattended operation
40 to 150 tpd
Capitalization of more than 20 years of
Air Filter Exhaust
operating and maintenance experience. Air Blower Oxygen Booster
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD Adsorber(s) Gas buffer
Vacuum Pump Liquid oxygentank
Sigma
Economics
Specific
0 5
energy:
10
26515 kWh/t20 25 30 References
mm USD

>100
Capital intensity:
Contact
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD Cryogenics
18 Lurgi
HYOS
Nitrogen Generation System Standard Plants
Application Description Residual rich gas Gaseous N2 LIN to

(>35% O2) Heat exchanger to Customer backup
LNG terminal, crude oil refinery, This nitrogen generation system
error
electronics is based on air separation with the
following steps: air compression,
Feedstock
Yango
adsorption, purification, cryogenic
Air + Energy (electrical) distillation of main components.
Product Several process schemes are available

Nitrogen (gaseous, liquid) with to optimize both CAPEX and OPEX
100 ppm to 1 ppb O2 depending on customer product
0 5 10 15
mm USD
20 25 30 requirements. R01 R02

Co-product
Sigma
none Some liquid co-production could be
available to refill backup liquid storages. D01
Air
Capacity inlet
Systems often include backup K01
500 Nm3/h to 70,000 Nm3/h
vaporizers and storages designed as
of nitrogen C01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
per customers requirements
mm USD (availability and reliability).

These systems are safe, reliable and
easy-to-operate and maintain. Compression Purification Cold Production Heat Exchange Distillation
Economics
Specific energy: 175 to 280 KWh/t
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 References
mm USD

>100
Capital intensity:
Latest projects: Gorgon LNG, South Hook LNG, Peru LNG, Moscow Refinery, Toshiba
Contact
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD

HYOS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD Cryogenics
19 Lurgi
HYOS R Hydrogen Generation System Standard Plants
Yango
Application Description
Hydrogen
Glass manufacturing, steel making, HYOS R plants are skidded, modular Burner Air Feed
NG Feed Product
food, chemicals, electronics, hydrogen hydrogen generators, that produce high Air
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
energy mm USD purity gaseous hydrogen from natural NG Compressor
gas (methane) and water. Compressor
Sigma
Feedstock Hot NG
Natural gas HYOS R uses the Steam Methane Module Preheat
Reforming (SMR) process to generate Water
the reformate (mixture of H2, CO2, Knockout
Product Air
Drum
Gaseous hydrogen of 99.999% purity water) and the Pressure Swing Preheat
0 5 10 15
mm USD
20 25 30 Adsorption (PSA) process to purify

Co-product the reformate into pure hydrogen.
Vzcuum Swing Absorption Low Temp Water
none PSA
Turndown ratio can reach 50%. Gas Shift
Capacity Hydrodesulfurization
The benefits of HYOS R are a small
270 Nm3/h
footprint and low installation cost
by skidded design, no steam import Waste Gas Tank
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD required due to an integrated steam

generator.
Economics HYOS R is designed as a stand-

Yield: 0.47 (Nm3 Natural gas/Nm3 alone plant which can be operated
Hydrogen) unattended.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 References
mm USD
9
Capital
HYOS intensity:
Latest project: Ternium (2011), Sisecam (2012)
Contact
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm USD
Cryogenics
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Cryogenics
Cryogenics
Cryogenics
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Large Air Separation Unit Cryogenics

Steel making (basic oxygen furnaces, Large air separation units are based HP GAN
Booster Air
blast furnaces, electric arc furnaces), on adsorption purification, cryogenic Main Air HP GOX
Compressor
gas monetization (gas-to-methanol, distillation of main components and Compressor LP GAN
-propylene, -liquids), coal gasification, internal compression of high pressure
Clean Dry Air
chemicals (ethylene and propylene products.
oxide, etc.), clean power (IGCC, Precooling &
oxycombustion) From the small standard of a few Front End Purification
hundred tonnes per day to Mega ASU Pumps
Feedstock complex (multi train) of more than Expander
Air + Energy (electrical or steam) 15,000 tonnes per day, Air Liquide Booster
Global E&C Solutions offers optimized
Product solutions in terms of construction
LOX To Storage
Oxygen up to 99.8% purity and 100 bara strategy, operating philosophy and
reliability. LIN To Storage
Co-product
Nitrogen, rare gases (Kr, Xe, He, Ne),
liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon,
compressed dry air
Capacity
Up to 6,000 tpd
Economics
Specific energy: 160 to 500 kWh/t References
>4000
Capital intensity:
Latest project: Sasol: 5,800 tpd (at sea level) in construction in South Africa
Contact
cryogenics@airliquide.com
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mm USD
Several processes are available
to optimize economics depending
on product requirements, energy cost
and process integration.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD
Cryogenics
22 Lurgi
with LNG
CO Cold Box Syngas Separation and Purification Cryogenics
Application Description Heat

Exchanger
Carbon monoxide (CO) production CO cold box process is based on
from synthesis gas and/or a ratio- cryogenic separation technology using Fuel
adjusted synthesis gas stream for use the difference in boiling points of the H2
in chemical industry main components from the synthesis COCH4
Column
gas.
Feedstock
Synthesis gas from natural gas/naphtha Feed gas is pretreated to remove Wash Stripping
Column Column
or coal/residue gasification impurities which will freeze at cryogenic
temperatures encountered in the CH4
Product process. Every cryogenic process Pumps
CO up to 99.99% purity is tailor-made to fit the customers

specifications and other requirements
Co-product on co-products.
Hydrogen, oxogas, methane, LNG
Available CO Cold Box processes:
Capacity M: Methane Wash
Up to 2,400 tpd P: Partial Condensation CO CO Expander
C: Carbon Monoxide Wash Compressor
Economics
Specific energy: 18 to 600 kWh/tonne Syngas
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mm USD
Capital intensity:
References
>40
Latest project in 2015 (Malaysia)
0 50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 300 Contact

Economics are highly dependent on

thewith
type LNG
and quality of feedstock (coal
gasification or natural gas), as well as of
the required
0 50 CO pressure
100 150 (MDI/TDI,
200 250 PC,
300
AcAc, MEG, etc.).mm USD

Cryogenics
23 Lurgi
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD
Liquid Nitrogen Wash Cryogenics
Application Description MP GAN

Production of synthesis gas for Raw hydrogen and high pressure
Synthesis gas
ammonia plants nitrogen are fed to the liquid nitrogen
Product
wash unit. Both streams are cooled 3H2=N2
Feedstock down against product gas.
Raw hydrogen (from shift/RectisolTM) LNW Offgas
Raw hydrogen is fed to the bottom
Product of the nitrogen wash column and
Ammonia synthesis gas with a condensed nitrogen liquid is fed to
stoechiometric N2/H2 ratio of 1:3 the top. Trace impurities, like methane,
argon and carbon monoxide, are
Co-product removed and recycled as fuel gas.
Methane, LNG GN2
To establish the desired H2/N2 ratio, Front End
high pressure nitrogen is added to the Purification
Capacity
process stream. Feed Synthesis gas
Up to 2,200 tpd
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD
LIN
Economics
Utilities:
LIN: 0 to 0.02 tonne/tonne of syngas
Power (if LNG co-production):
900 kWh/tonne (of LNG) References
0 50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 300 17

Capital intensity:
Latest project in 2015 (China)
with LNG Contact

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mm USD

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD
Cryogenics
24 Lurgi
Hydrogen and Argon Recovery Cryogenics
Application Description N2 expander

Recover hydrogen, nitrogen, argon and Water is removed from ammonia plant
methane from ammonia plant purge gas purge gas before it enters the cold N2 compressor
N2
using the cryogenic process box. The feed is cooled and partially
condensed in a two stage exchanger. Fuel
gas
Feedstock The hydrogen goes mainly in the vapor
Ammonia plant purge gas phase while the condensed phase is Distillation
columns
sent to separation pots and distillation MP H2
Product columns. Nitrogen, argon and methane HP H2
HP Flash pot
Liquid argon, H2 (> 97% recovery) are further separated. Purge gas LIN
Purification
feed
LAR
0
Co-product
50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 300 A nitrogen cycle compressor and a LNG

N2, fuel gas, LNG, liquefied nitrogen nitrogen turbine ensure the necessary
MP Flash pot
cold production and duty for the
distillation.
Capacity
Up to 50 tpd of argon
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD

with LNG
Economics
Specific energy: 85kW/tonne
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Capital intensity:
mm USD References

13
Latest project: Shiraz (Iran)
Contact
0 50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 300 cryogenics@airliquide.com

Hydrogen and argon recovery plants are

economically favored when there is a
need for recovery argon in remote areas
where 50
0 the price
100 of argon
150 is 200
high. 250 300
mm USD

Cryogenics
25 Lurgi
Cryocap H2 Cryogenic CO2 Separation Cryogenics
Application Description H2 product

CO2 capture from H2 production plants The offgas is compressed, dried and
sent to a cryogenic unit, where the CO2
Feedstock is separated from the other components
Offgas from H2 plant by a combination of partial condensation Natural
SMR Shift H2 PSA
Gas
and distillation. A pure and pressurized
Product CO2 flow is produced from the cold box.
CO2
The non condensed gases are recycled Off gas
Co-product through a membrane system to recover Fuel
H2 H2 and CO2. Residual gas is sent to the Membranes

Residue to fuel gas
burners of the reformer.
Capacity
The CO2 product is compressed up to
From 500 to 2,000 tpd CRYOCAPTM H2
supercritical pressure or liquefied and
stored in liquid storage.
Economics Food-grade quality can be achieved by CO2 Product Cold box
OPEX+CAPEX: 45 USD/tonne of CO2
an additional purification on a catalytic
bed where all remaining hydrocarbons
Increase H2 production by 13% to 20%
and alcohols are destroyed.
Cyocap H2 offers the lowest costs
Cyocap H2 can be installed for
for CO2 production from H2 plant
greenfield as well as brownfield H2
(20%less capex than amines)
plants.
References
France, Port Jrme, 2015, 100 kt/year food-grade CO2
Contact
Cryogenics
26 Lurgi
Cryocap Oxy Cryogenic CO2 Separation for Oxycombustion Cryogenics
Application Description Non condensable

CO2 capture from power plants The flue gas issued from the boiler plant to vent
is first treated in a pre-treatment unit,
Feedstock which aims to cool the gas and remove
Oxycombustion flue gas the SOx, HF, HCl, most of the NOx, and
the dust. Then the gas is compressed
and dried before entering the cryogenic Flue Gas
Product
CO2 purification unit.
Cold Box
Co-product In the cold box, CO2 is recovered by Low Pressure

Pre-Treatment
none combination of partial condensation and
distillations, which allow the removal of
the heavy compounds such as NOx and
Capacity CO2 Product
the light elements such as O2, Ar, N2,
From 1,000 to 15,000 tpd
NO and CO.
The CO2 product is compressed,

condensed and pumped up to
supercritical pressure.
Economics
Cyocap Oxy allows very high CO2
recovery and near zero-emission to the
atmosphere (SOx, particulate matters,
NOx, Hg). References
Australia, Callide, 2012, 75 tpd
Capital intensity:
Spain, Ciuden, 2012, 200 tpd (warm) and 10 tpd (cold box)
United States, FutureGen2.0, 2013, 3,200 tpd
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Contact
mm USD cryogenics@airliquide.com

He Liq. only incl. He purif.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mm USD
Cryogenics
27 Lurgi
Helium Extraction and Liquefaction Cryogenics
Application Description Helium Purification Helium Liquefaction

Pure liquid helium production and The impure helium feed gas is purified N2 purge Air
loading into ISO containers in a first section, where N2, CH4, H2, HE Cycle
CO, Ar, O2, water and CO2 are Compressor
Helium Rich Cryogenic H2
Feedstock separated from helium. It is composed Feed Gas Compressor Upgrader Removal PSA
Natural gas or impure helium gas of a cryogenic partial condensation unit,
extracted as non-condensable a hydrogen removal system and a HE
side-product from LNG units or impure Pressure Swing Adsorber (PSA) unit. Liquefier
Offgas
helium gas extracted from nitrogen Recycle
Dryers
rejection units Then, the pure gaseous helium is
cooled and liquefied via a helium cycle
Product and the use of cryogenic expanders with Helium Storage
and Loading Helium
Liquid helium a highly optimized cryogenic exchanger Storage
arrangement. Expanders are based on
Liquid
Co-product a proprietary technology using static Nitrogen
none gas bearing, ensuring high reliability Vapor
Gasbag
and efficiency. Recycle
Loading
Capacity Bays
Liquid helium is continuously
Up to 20 tpd (one train)
produced and stored in tanks. The unit Vapor Recovery System
is equipped with loading bays to fill ISO
containers. All helium vapors from the
Economics containers are collected and recycled Pure liquid
helium
The highly efficient process combined within the unit.
with the vapor recovery system allows
for a very high helium recovery (> 99%). References
0 50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 300 Qatar, Ras Laffan, 2013, 20 tpd

Capital intensity:
Qatar, Ras Laffan, 2005, 9 tpd
He Liq. only incl. He purif. Contact

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mm USD
Cryogenics
28 Lurgi
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Cryogenics
29 Lurgi
Small-Scale Steam Methane Reformer Hydrogen
Application Description Flue Gas HP Steam

Highly modularized and standardized The small-scale SMR product is a
production of hydrogen hydrogen plant concept including four
different plant sizes with pre-defined Process Steam Heat
Feedstock equipment, piping arrangement and Recovery
modules. Flue Gas
Natural gas, refinery offgas Fuel Gas
Tail Gas
Product A steam ejector can be included to allow
Hydrogen a wide range of feed pressures.
Co-product For export steam production of high Natural H2

Co Shift
quality, the plant can include a process Gas Product
Steam
condensate vaporizer.
Hydro- Reformer
Capacity desulfurization
OPEX can be optimized for high and Boiler Feed PSA
10,000 to 40,000 Nm3/h Hydrogen Pre-Treatment
Water
low export steam flow rates.
Recycle
Those units are highly modularized Hydrogen
and standardized units with compact
layout and short project execution time
(<15 months FOB).
Economics
Feed+fuel-steam: 12.5 to 13.2 MJ/Nm3 References
>10
Capital intensity:
Latest reference: Huafon H2 Plant in China
Contact
hydrogen@airliquide.com
0 50 100 150 200
mm USD

0 50 100 150 200

mm USD
Cryogenics
30 Lurgi
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Hydrogen Production Hydrogen

Production of hydrogen by steam Desulfurized feed gas is mixed with
methane reforming of hydrocarbon steam and pre-heated.
feed in catalyst filled tubes heated in Process Steam Heat
a top-fired furnace Feed and steam are reformed to H2, Recovery
Flue Gas
CO and CO2 in the proprietary top-fired Fuel Gas
Feedstock steam reformer at pressures in the Tail Gas
Natural gas, refinery offgas, LPG, range of 15-45 barg.
naphtha
Methane conversion requirements of
Natural Pre- H2
Product downstream steps are adjusted via the Co Shift
Gas Reformer Product
Hydrogen main process parameters, reforming
temperature and steam-to-carbon ratio. Hydro- Reformer
Co-product desulfurization
Boiler Feed PSA
Steam CO is shifted with steam to hydrogen Pre-Treatment
Water
and CO2. Hydrogen is separated in
a pressure swing adsorption and the Recycle
Capacity Hydrogen
remaining gas is used as fuel in
40,000 to 200,000 Nm3/h H2
the reformer.
Economics
Feed+fuel-steam: 12.3 to
13.2 MJ/Nm3 H2
Steam production: 0.4 to 1.2 kg/Nm3 H2 References

0 50 100
mm USD
150 200 130 (all types of SMRs)

Capital intensity:
Latest references: Yanbu K.S.A, Canada, Netherlands and USA
Contact
0 50 100 150 200
mm USD

0 50 100 150 200

mm USD
Cryogenics
31 Lurgi
SMR-X Zero Steam Hydrogen Production Hydrogen
Application Description Flue Gas

Production of hydrogen without co- Compared to conventional steam
producing steam in a radiative heat reformers, the reformed gas at the
exchange steam methane reformer outlet of the catalyst-filled reformer Process Steam Heat
(SMR) tubes is cooled by heat exchange with Recovery
Flue Gas
process gas inside the tubes. Fuel Gas
Feedstock Tail Gas
Natural gas, naphtha The geometry and material of the
internal heat exchange coils is optimized
Product for reliability and high efficiency, so the
Natural Pre- H2
Hydrogen new generation SMR does not produce Co Shift
Gas Reformer Product
export steam like conventional medium
Co-product to large-sized ones. H2 Hydro- Reformer
None desulfurization
Boiler Feed PSA
The plants steam system is simplified Pre-Treatment
Water
and fewer reformer tubes are required,
Capacity
because approximately 20% of the
Up to 100,000 Nm3/h hydrogen
process heat is supplied by internal
heat exchange.
0 50 100 150 200
mm USD
Ecology: CO2 emissions are 5% lower
than those of a conventional SMR.
Economics
Feed+fuel: 13.8 MJ/Nm3 H2 References
0 50 100
mm USD
150 200 Callisto Plant, Belgium

Capital intensity:
Contact
0 50 100 150 200

mm USD

0 50 100 150 200

mm USD
Cryogenics
32 Lurgi
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Hydrogen Purification Hydrogen
Application Description PRODUCTION

Recovery and purification of pure Pure H2 product is delivered at
hydrogen from different H2-rich streams a pressure close to feed pressure
(pressure drop across PSA could be
Feedstock as low as 0.5 bar) and impurities are
Raw hydrogen from SMR, POX, removed at a lower pressure (typical
cryogenic purification, methanol plant PSA offgas pressures range from 1.1
purge gases, ethylene off-gas, styrene to 10 bara).
offgas, gasification, ammonia plant,
CCR, and other offgases or any The PSA tail-gas, containing impurities,
combination of the above. can be sent back to the fuel system
(SMR burners or refinery fuel network)
Product
0 50 100 150 200 with or without the need of a tail-gas
mm USD
Hydrogen up to 99.9999% purity compressor. Operation is fully

automatic.
Co-product
none PSA units use the most advanced
OFF
adsorbents on the market and patented FEED GAS
high efficiency cycles to provide
Capacity DRUM
0 50 100 150 200 maximum recovery and productivity. OFF GAS
5,000 to 200,000 mm
Nm3/h USD
Typical on-stream factors are >99.9%.
Turndown can be as low as 25%.
Economics PSA units are compact, fully skid-

H2 recovery rate: 60 to 90% mounted and pre-tested units designed References
0 50 100
mm USD
150 200
for outdoor and unmanned operation. > 70 (in operation or under construction)

Capital intensity:
Contact
0 50 100 150 200

mm USD
Cryogenics
33 Lurgi
Syngas
Syngas
Cryogenics
35 Lurgi
Autothermal Reforming (ATR) Syngas Generation Syngas
Application Description Feed

Production of syngas by partial Desulfurized feed gas is preheated and
oxidation of hydrocarbon feed followed optionally pre-reformed prior to entering
by a catalytic reforming conversion in the ATR reactor. The gas is fed via the Desulfurization
a single refractory lined reactor proprietary burner into a refractory lined
reactor operating at 30 to 100 barg,
Feedstock where it reacts with oxygen and steam
Natural gas, refinery offgas, pre- to form syngas. The syngas is further Fired Heater Stream
reformed gas, Fischer-Tropsch tail-gas, reformed via a Ni-based catalyst bed
LPG, Naphtha located in the same reactor. The syngas
is cooled in a waste heat boiler
Product producing high pressure steam. The Pre-Reforming
Syngas (H2+CO) syngas can then be used as feedstock
for different synthesis processes such
Co-product as methanol or Fischer-Tropsch
synthesis. Syngas components can be ATR O2
none
also separated to pure products (H2,
CO, CO2).
Capacity
Up to 1,000,000 Nm3/h (dry)
Depending on the needed syngas Heat Recovery Syngas
properties of the downstream process
Economics this technology can be applied as
Yield: 2.5- 4.0 Nm3 syngas / Nm3 stand-alone ATR or as a combination
natural gas (including fuel for fired of SMR and ATR known as Combined
heater) Reforming.
References
Oxygen consumption: 0.15 - 0.25 kg >30
O2 / Nm3 syngas
Recent references:
Capital intensity: NatGasoline, USA, 550,000 Nm3/h, start up exp. 2017
YCI, USA, 550,000 Nm3/h, start up exp. 2017
Contact
syngas@airliquide.com
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD

Cryogenics
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 36 Lurgi
mm USD

Lurgi MPG Multi-Purpose Gasifier Syngas
Application Description Residue Value

Utilization of all kind of liquid residues The feedstock together with oxygen High BTU
from refinery or chemical processes for and steam is fed via the proprietary Low Sulfur
Steam LP-Steam Pure CO2 Fuel Gas
the production of syngas by non-catalytic MPG-burner into the refractory lined re-
partial oxidation of hydrocarbon feed. actor operating at 30 to 100 barg, where
Feedstock
it reacts in a non-catalytic partial oxida- Hydrogen
MPGTM Raw Gas Gas
Feedstock tion at typically 1,200 to 1500 C to form
(Quench) Shift Cooling
RectisolTM PSA
Typical feedstocks are high viscous, low syngas. The syngas leaving the bottom O2
reactivity, heavy residue from oil refining of the reactor is cooled by quench or in H2S+CO2
Quench
like: asphalt, bitumen, tar, visbreaker a waste heat boiler, depending on feedwater
Sulfur
residue, hydrocracker residue, FCC stock characteristics and downstream OxyClausTM Claus Off-Gas
residue, vacuum residue, coal tar, oil usage. O2
sand tar, etc.
The proprietary MPG-burner design Soot Water
allows a wide variety of feedstock ASU
Product Filtration
Syngas (H2 + CO) properties to be handled safely and
reliably, covering high viscosity and
even particles up to millimeter size. Air Filter cake MPG based H2 Production
Co-product
none The pressurized water cooling of the
burner insures safe operation under all
conditions.
Capacity
Up to 200,000 Nm3/h dry syngas per
The technology may also be adapted to
gasifier
the usage of slurries with solid content
or bio-based syncrude.
Economics References
Individual costs vary significantly Pre-1997: 26 gasification plants with 76 reactors build as exclusive sub-licensor for
depending on feedstock, size, location, Shell Gasification Process;
integration in refinery, etc. 1997: acquisition of commercially proven technology SVZ and enhancements by Lurgi
Oxygen consumption: 1 Nm3 O2/kg feed regarding operating pressure and lifetime of burner;
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD since 2000: 3 gasifications (heavy residue) with MPG-technology
Capital intensity:
Latest reference: 130,000 Nm3/h H2 from hydro-cracked residue/vacuum residue from
oil sand upgrading in Canada; start up expected 2016
Contact
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 syngas@airliquide.com
mm USD

Cryogenics
37 Lurgi
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

mm USD

Lurgi FBDB Fixed Bed Dry Bottom Coal Gasification Syngas
Application Description ASU

Sulphur
Elemental Sulphur
Coal gasification process for the Coal is converted into syngas by Recovery Unit
production of syngas reacting with oxygen and steam. The GOX

raw syngas will be further processed FBDB
CO2 Rich Gas
Feedstock (CO-shift, RectisolTM) to meet the
DRI
Low-rank (high ash, high water) coals downstream requirements of the Coal
FBDBTM (CO Shift) & Gas Syngas Ammonia
Purification
processes. Internal streams (e.g. Gasification Gas Cooling
(RectisolTM) SNG
Product gas-liquor etc.) will be further treated HP Steam Liquid Fuels
Syngas (H2+CO) particularly suited for using proprietary technologies
Rectisol Naphtha
the production of SNG (synthetic natural (PhenosolvanTM, CLL) to reduce the Ash
gas) or DRI (direct reduction of iron ore) environmental impact of the gasification
process.
Gas Liquor Phenosolvan
Co-Product Separation CLLTM ZLD / Water reuse
Crude tar acids (phenols), sulfur, tar, oil, The key differentiator of this technology GLS ProcessTM WW Treatment
naphtha, ammonia is its suitability for low-rank coals which Liquid Ammonia
cannot be processed economically by
Phenols
entrained flow gasification.
Capacity
40,000 to 120,000 Nm3/h dry syngas Tar / Oil
Notes:
per gasifier, typically more than
Lurgi FBDBTM is a trademark of Sasol
5reactors per plant, largest plant
Lurgi Technology Company (Pty) Ltd
40reactors at one site
CLL process is also known as Chemie
Linz Lurgi process.
Economics
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD
Individual costs depend strongly on

location, coal quality, etc. References
> 100 gasifiers
Yield: 2000 Nm3 dry syngas / ton dry
coal Largest plant: Sasol, RSA, 3.3 mmNm3/h (2 x 40 gasifiers, start up 1977 / 1982)
Most recent plant: JSPL Coal gasification island for DRI in India (225,000 Nm3/h,
Capital
0 100 intensity
200 (cost
300 base:
400
mm USD
7500
Mk+600 700
6+1 Mk IV gasifiers), start up 2014

in China)
Contact
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

mm USD

Cryogenics
38 Lurgi
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

mm USD
Rectisol Syngas Purification Syngas
Application Description Lurgi Rectisol - The 5 in 1 Solution:

Feedstock Gasification 1 Trace contaminant removal
Removal of acid gases (CO2, H2S, COS, Acid gases contained in raw gases are 2 Deep Desulfurization (total S < 80 ppb)
mercaptans, NH3, HCN) and nearly all removed by absorption with a physi- 3 Bulk CO2 removal (up to 100%)
trace components from syngas typically cal solvent (cold methanol). The rich 4 CO2 purification (total S < 5 ppmv)
COS Dry CO2 Capture Ready (> 98.5 vol%)
produced by gasification of coal, solvent leaving the contactor is regener-
Hydrolysys 5 Acid Gas Enrichment (S > 25 vol%)
petcoke, residue or heavy oil ated by flashing and stripping. Different
process configurations are available to
Feedstock deliver a tailored solution optimised for Trace
Raw syngas deriving from gasification CAPEX and OPEX for a given syngas Removal
Acid gas suitable for
of all carbon containing feedstocks specification. sulfur recovery
processes
Product RectisolTM is the leading process when it Sulfur Acid Gas H2S Sulfur
Clean/high
0 100 purity300
200 syngas 400 (H500
+CO)600 700 comes to the purification of gasification- Removal Enrichment CO2 Recovery
2
mm USD based syngas for catalytic applications,
Syngas suitable for
Co-product such as: SNG, methanol, ammonia and
catalytic synthesis
CO2, H2S rich gas for SRU Fischer-Tropsch. processes CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2
Removal Treatment Compressor
Using inexpensive solvent in CO2 suitable for
Capacity compression, synthesis
combination with optimized heat integra- or venting
100,000 to 1,000,000 Nm3/h per train
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 tion, the Rectisol process has extremely
mm USD
low operating costs and
high availability.
Economics
Individual costs vary significantly
depending on feedstock, size, purity
request, etc. References
0 100 200 300 400
mm USD
500 600 700 >110 (> 35 since 2005)

Capital intensity:
Largest reference: SNCG CTL project (4.2 mmNm3/h, 4 trains), start up expected 2016.
Contact
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

mm USD
Cryogenics
39 Lurgi
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Syngas Production Syngas

Production of carbon monoxide, Feed gas is desulfurized, mixed with
CO+H2 and syngas by steam methane steam and pre-heated.
reforming of hydrocarbon feed in Process Steam
catalyst filled tubes heated in a top-fired Feed and steam are reformed to H2, Heat
Recovery
furnace. CO and CO2 in the proprietary top-fired Flue Gas
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
steam reformer at pressures in the Fuel Gas
mm USD
Feedstock(s) range of 15 - 45 barg.
Tail Gas
Natural gas
Methane conversion requirements of
Product(s) downstream conversion steps are
Carbon monoxide, oxogas, syngas adjusted via the main process Natural Pre- Syngas
(H2+CO)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 parameters, reforming temperature and Gas Reformer
mm USD steam to carbon ratio. Syngas
Reformer Cooling
Co-product Hydro-
Steam, hydrogen Carbon dioxide can be recycled and/or H2 desulfurization Boiler Feed
Pre-Treatment Water
imported to save natural gas feed.
Capacity
Up to 40,000 Nm3/h carbon monoxide
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Up to 350,000 Nm3/h syngas, dry
mm USD

Economics
Feed+Fuel: 45.6 MJ/Nm3 CO
Feed+Fuel+CO2: 19.3 MJ/Nm3 CO References
0 100 200 300 400
mm USD
500 600 700 130 (all types of SMRs)

Capital intensity:
Recent contracts:
2x H2+CO plant in Germany (Air Liquide and BASF) start-up in 2014 and 2015
3x Syngas plants for methanol in the US
CO plant in the Netherlands
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD Contact
Cryogenics
40 Lurgi
Gas POX Natural Gas Partial Oxidation Syngas
Application Description Feedstock

Production of CO, oxogas and syngas Feed gas is desulfurized, mixed with
by partial oxidation of hydrocarbon feed steam and preheated in a fired heater.
in a refractory lined reactor HP Steam Fired
Heater /
Feed, steam and oxygen are fed from HDS CO2
Feedstock the proprietary burner to a refrac-
Natural gas, refinery offgas tory lined reactor operating at 40 to
100barg, where H2, CO and CO2 are
produced via partial oxidation. PSA /
Product Gas
WHB
WHR / Gas Amine
CO Coldbox
POX Cooling Wash
CO, syngas (H2+CO) O2 Membrane Product
Reformed gas is cooled down producing
Co-product high pressure steam. CO2 is removed
none from the syngas in an amine wash unit.
The required product ratio (H2+CO) can

Capacity
be adjusted by a membrane, PSA or CO
Up to 150,000 Nm3/h syngas, dry Waste
coldbox. ASU Waster
Air
Economics
Feed+fuel: 1.1 Nm3 NG/Nm3 CO References
4
Capital intensity:
Latest: Freiberg (2004), Confidential customer (Germany, 2013)
Contact
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
mm USD
Cryogenics
41 Lurgi
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
Cryogenics
43 Lurgi
Low Pressure (LP) Methanol Petrochemicals
Application Description Cooler Saturated

Steam
Medium-scale production In the LP methanol unit (either with Separator Steam Drum
(< 1 million tpa) of methanol from integrated gas generation based on Interchanger BFW
synthesis gas derived from all kinds of natural gas or downstream of a coal
carbonaceous material (mainly natural gasification unit) syngas is converted
83 bar
gas and coal) over a copper catalyst in water-cooled HP Steam
reactor to produce raw methanol.
Feedstock Recycles Gas
Natural gas or synthesis gas (H2+CO) Unconverted synthesis gas is recycled Compressor
back to the synthesis loop to enhance Synthesis Gas Product Final
yield and carbon efficiency. Compressor
Product Separator Cooler
Methanol
Synthesis Gas
Methanol in the required specification 20 bar Reactor
(AA, IMPCA, etc.) Raw methanol leaving the synthesis
LP Steam
loop is further distilled to meet the re-
Sea Water
Co-product quired specification.
Purge Gas
none Crude Methanol Blow Down
Capacity Note: scheme represents only the methanol synthesis unit

Up to 3,500 tpd
Economics
With combined reforming:
Yield:
Natural gas consumption:
29 MMBTU (LHV)/tonne References
(this includes the energy for the oxygen 45 in operation
production: 0.4-0.5 tonne oxygen/tonne)
Key reference: Hainan Methanol (China), 2,000 tpd
Capital intensity:
Contact
petrochemicals@airliquide.com
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD

Cryogenics
0 500 1 000
mm USD
1 500 2 000 44 Lurgi

Lurgi MegaMethanol Petrochemicals
Application Description Gas Cooled Water Cooled

Reactor Reactor
Large scale production (> 1 million tpa) In the Lurgi MegaMethanolTM unit (either
of methanol from synthesis gas derived with integrated gas generation based HP Steam
from all kinds of carbonaceous material on natural gas or down-stream of a coal
(mainly natural gas and coal) gasification unit) syngas is converted
over a copper catalyst in a two-stage
Feedstock reactor system (water-cooled followed Make Up Gas
Natural gas or synthesis gas (H2+CO) by gas-cooled) to produce raw
methanol. Unconverted synthesis gas
Product is recycled back to the synthesis loop to
Methanol in the required specification enhance yield and carbon efficiency.
(AA, IMPCA, etc.)
Raw methanol leaving the synthesis
Co-product loop is further distilled to meet the re-
none quired specification.
Due to high energy integration of the

Capacity
unit and the low recycle ratio in the
2,500 to 7,000 tpd
synthesis loop, Lurgi MegaMethanolTM
10,000 tpd (GigaMethanol) Purge Crude Boiler Feed
yields the lowest production cost. Gas Methanol Water
Economics Our most recent design (GigaMethanol)
With combined reforming: Note: scheme represents only the methanol synthesis unit
can produce up to 10,000 tpd in one
Yield:
single train.
29 MMBTU (LHV)/tonne
(this includes the energy for the oxygen References
production: 0.4-0.5 tonne oxygen/tonne) 7 in operation (4 gas based, 3 coal based), 4 in construction (2 gas based, 2 coal based).
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000
mm USD
Capital intensity: Largest reference: 11,000 tonnes per day in two trains (coal based, under construction).
Contact
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 Cryogenics

mm USD
45 Lurgi
Lurgi MTP Methanol-to-Propylene Petrochemicals
Application Description Fuel Gas

MTP Reactors Internal Use
The on-purpose production of In a first step, methanol is converted
2 Operating Ethylene
propylene from methanol is a way to into dimethyl-ether (DME) which is, 1 Regeneration 60 t/d
produce propylene independently from together with recycled hydrocarbon
Propylene
crude oil and/or natural gas liquids. streams, the feedstock for the fixed- Product
1410 t/d
Hence it supports the utilization of land- bed MTP reactor filled with proprietary Conditioning
DME Product
locked coal or natural gas reserves as zeolite catalyst. The effluent from the Pre-Reactor Fractionation
feedstock for petrochemical processes. MTP reactor is cooled and enters a
separation sequence similar to the one
Feedstock applied in steam-crackers. During this
Methanol sequence, the effluent is separated into
different hydrocarbon streams which are LPG
109 t/d
Product partially recycled to the reactor in order
Polymer-grade propylene to maximise the propylene yield. The
last step of the separation sequence
Co-product is the production of polymer-grade
Gasoline and LPG propylene.
Water Recycle
Compared to crude-based processes Olefin Recycle
Capacity
(naphta cracking, metathesis, PDH) the Gasoline
500 to 1,500 tpd 540 t/d
MTP process has the lowest cash cost.
Process
Water
Economics
Yield: 3.5 tonnes methanol/tonne
propylene References
3 references in operation (all coal based), first natural gas based plant in engineering
Capital intensity: stage.
Contact
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD
Cryogenics
46 Lurgi
Butadiene Extraction (BASF NMP Licensed) Petrochemicals
Application Description C3/C4 - HC

Recovery of 1,3 butadiene from a In the pre-distillation tower methyl Rafinate
crude C4 stream from olefins plants by acetylene, propadiene and other light C4 - Acetylene
extractive distillation components are removed from the raw Water
C4 cut feedstock which then enters
Feedstock the bottom section of the main washer NMP
Crude C4 column while NMP solvent enters at the NMP
top. C4 raffinate consisting of butanes
Product and butenes is drawn off as overhead
1,3 butadiene product. The loaded solvent is sent to the C4 - HC
Butadiene
rectifier. The divided wall arrangement
Co-product in the upper part allows it to strip less
none
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 soluble butenes in the first compartment
mm USD which are fed back to the main washer

and to separate C4 acetylenes in the
Capacity
second compartment. The solvent from
6 to 35 t/h
the rectifier is sent to the degassing
tower where hydrocarbons are removed.
The solvent is the recycled to the rectifier C3/C4 - HC
NMP to Heat
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 via compression. Recovery

Economics mm USD
Utility consumption (per tonne Predistillation Extractive Distil- Degasing BD
The side stream of the degassing tower lation Distillation
butadiene) containing diluted C4 acetylenes is fed
Steam 1.7 t/t into a scrubber to recover NMP solvent.
Electricity 150 kWh/t After further dilution with raffinate
Water, cooling 150 m3/t or other suitable materials, the References
0 500 1 000
mm USD
1 500 2 000
C4 acetylene stream is discharged to 36 units in operation

Capital intensity: battery limits for further processing. The
crude butadiene withdrawn as overhead Contact
product from the rectifier is sent to the petrochemicals@airliquide.com
butadiene column for final purification.
The butadiene product is withdrawn as
0 100 200 300 400 500 liquid side product.
mm USD

Ecology: NMP biodegrades readily
and has low toxicity to aquatic life.
Compared to other technologies, this
process is much more eco-friendly.
0 100 200 300 400 500

mm USD
Cryogenics
47 Lurgi
Lurgi / Nippon Kayaku Acrylic Acid Petrochemicals
Application
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000
Quench: The AA is recovered from the
The combined Lurgi/Nippon
mm USD Kayaku reactor product gas in a quench tower.
The AA solution is routed to an extractor.
technology produces ester-grade acrylic Solvent Crude
acid (EAA). Main uses are adhesives, Uncondensed gases are sent to an Extraction AA
Recovery
paints and coatings (acrylic esters). offgas treater to recover the remaining Separation
AA. A side draw from the offgas is sent Offgas
Feedstock to incineration. Overhead gas is recycled Recycle
Propylene500
0 1 000 1 500 2 000 to the first reactor. Propylene Offgas to
mm USD
Solvent extraction: Liquid-liquid Air incinerator Rafinate
Product extraction is used to separate water and Steam
Stripping
Ester-grade acrylic acid AA. The solvent is recovered and
recycled.In a first step, water and acetic Quench/
Offgas Treater
Co-product acid are removed to achieve a crude AA Reaction
none
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000
to be further purified in the next process
mm USD steps. The extractor bottom is sent to the

Capacity raffinate stripper to recover remaining AA EAA
solvents. Purification Product
Up to 20 t/h (single train)
Crude AA recovery: In this section,
Economics solvent and acetic acid are removed Organic
Utility costs: 7.7 USD/tonne from crude AA using two columns. Waste
0 100 200 300 400 500 Wastewater
mm USD Raffinate stripping: The raffinate stripper
Capital intensity:
recovers solvents from the wastewater
streams.
The Lurgi/Nippon Kayaku technology References
combines high performance catalysts One plant with a capacity of 140,000 tpa of EAA is operated in China; startup took place
with highest acrylic acid yields and in 2012.
0 100 200 300 400 500
mm USD outstanding catalyst longevity with an
optimized process. With low raw materi- Contact
Description al and energy consumption, low petrochemicals@airliquide.com
Reaction: Acrylic acid is produced by environmental impact and high onstream
catalyzed oxidation of propylene time, this technology exhibits competi-
in a two-stage tubular fixed-bed reactor tive production costs.
system. The reactors are cooled by Acrylic acid purification: Crude AA is
circulating molten heat transfer salt. purified in the Ester grade AA column.
The heat of reaction is used to produce To maximize AA recovery dimer could be
steam. converted to AA in a dedimerizer.
Cryogenics
48 Lurgi
Methyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed) Petrochemicals
Application Further purification of the crude meth-

Production of methylacrylate (MA) by ylacrylate takes place in the alcohol
the esterification reaction of acrylic acid extractor and the light ends
with methanol. The methylacrylate is column where process water and
used mainly for adhesives, paints and methanol as well as other light ends Extraction Distillation
coatings. are removed. The final product column

separates high boiling components to
Feedstock be routed to the AA regeneration Fractionation
Acrylic acid, methanol section and the purified MA product
can be send to storage. MeOH
Product
Methylacrylate In the AA regeneration section acrylic AA
acid is recovered to be recycled to the
Co-product reactor. The high boiling components
none are routed to the decomposer where
they could partly be converted back to AA Regeneration
Decomposition
methanol, methylacrylate and acrylic
Capacity Methylacrylate
acid to be recycled. Remaining
Up to 4 t/h
unconverted components are Heavy Ends MeOH Waste Water
discharged to battery limit for further Regeneration
Economics treatment.
Process configuration is optimized
resulting in low raw material The bottom product of the alcohol
consumption, optimized energy extractor is routed to the methanol
integration and low utility requirements. regeneration section to recover
Environmental impact minimized. methanol to be recycled to the reactor. References
On stream times exceeding 8,000 hours The water is partly reused in the One plant with 12,000 tpa operated by Hexion in Czech Republic
per year could be achieved. process as well as routed to battery limit
for further treatment. Contact
Description petrochemicals@airliquide.com
The reaction is catalyzed in a fixed bed Methylacrylate is prone to
reactor by means of a strong acid solid polymerization. In order to minimize
catalyst (ion-exchange resin). polymerization effects, an inhibitor
injection system is foreseen at critical
The reactor effluents are routed to the locations in the plant.
fractionation section to separate unre-
acted acrylic acid from crude methy-
lacrylate, process water and methanol.
Cryogenics
49 Lurgi
Ethyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed) Petrochemicals
Application ethanol. Further purification of the crude

Production of ethylacrylate (EA) by ethylacrylate takes place in the alcohol
the esterification reaction of acrylic acid extractor and in the light ends column
with ethanol. The ethylacrylate is used where process water and ethanol as
mainly for adhesives, paints and well as other light ends are removed. Extraction Distillation
coatings. The final product column separates high
boiling components to be routed to the
Feedstock AA regeneration section and the purified Fractionation
Acrylic acid, ethanol EA product can be sent to storage.
EtOH
Product In the AA regeneration section the
Ethylacrylate acrylic acid is recovered and recycled AA
to the reactor. The high boiling
Co-product components are routed to the
none decomposer where they are partly
converted back to ethanol, ethylacrylate AA Regeneration
and acrylic acid to be recycled.
Capacity Ethylacrylates
Remaining unconverted components
Up to 4 t/h
are discharged to battery limit for further Waste Water
Heavy Ends EtOH
treatment. Regeneration
Economics
Process configuration is optimized The bottom product of the alcohol ex-
resulting in low raw material tractor is routed to the EtOH
consumption, optimized energy regeneration section to recover ethanol
integration and low utility requirements. to be recycled to the reactor. The water
Environmental impact minimized. On is partly reused in the process as well as References
stream times exceeding 8,000 hours routed to battery limit for further treat- One plant with 11,000 tpa operated by Hexion in Czech Republic
per year could be achieved. ment.
Contact
Description Ethylacrylate is prone to polymerization. petrochemicals@airliquide.com
The reaction is catalyzed in a fixed bed In order to minimize polymerization
reactor by means of a strong acid solid effects, an inhibitor injection system is
catalyst (ion-exchange resin). foreseen at critical locations in the plant.
The reactor effluents are routed to the

fractionation section to separate unre-
acted acrylic acid from crude ethylac-
rylate, process water and
Cryogenics
50 Lurgi
Butyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed) Petrochemicals
Application reactor system are separated in the

Production of butylacrylate (BA) by dehydration columns. The organic
Waste Water
the esterification reaction of acrylic acid phase (mainly butanol and AA) is
(AA) with butanol. The butylacrylate is recycled. The liquid crude BA and
the catalyst are routed to the catalyst NaOH Solution
used mainly for adhesives, paints and
coatings. extraction column where the catalyst is
extracted by means of process water
Feedstock and is recycled to the reactors.
Acrylic acid, butanol Residual acrylic acid in the crude BA is
neutralized in the neutralization column
Product by means of a caustic soda solution.
Purification Butyl
Butylacrylate Section Acrylate
In the purification section light ends Distillation
Co-product are removed from the crude BA and

none recycled back to the reactor system. BuOH
In a second step high boiling Waste Water
components are separated and the final AA
Capacity Catalyst Acrylic Acid
pure BA product is generated to be sent Recovery Neutralization
Up to 20 t/h Extraction
to storage. The high boiling components Decom- Organic
are transferred to the decomposer position Waste
Economics where they could partly be converted
Process configuration is optimized back to mainly BA to be recycled to the Catalyst Reaction
resulting in low raw material reactor section. Remaining unconverted
consumption, optimized energy components are discharged to battery
integration and low utility requirements. limit for further treatment.
Environmental impact minimized. References
On stream times exceeding 8,000 hours Butylacrylate is prone to polymerization. One plant with 16,500 tpa operated by Hexion in Czech Republic
per year can be achieved. In order to minimize polymerization
effects, an inhibitor injection system is Contact
Description foreseen at critical locations in the plant. petrochemicals@airliquide.com
The reaction is catalyzed by means
of para-toluene sulphuric acid (PTSA). A
four stage reactor system ensures
the conversion. The process water
generated by the reaction is
continuously removed from the reactor
system. Process water, unconverted
butanol and acrylic acid leaving the
Cryogenics
51 Lurgi
2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate (Hexion Licensed) Petrochemicals
Application effluent which contains the reacted Catalyst

Regeneration
Production of 2-ethylhexylacrylate 2EHA, non reacted 2EHOH and PTSA
(2EHA) by the esterification reaction is routed to the extraction section Distillation
of acrylic acid with 2-ethylhexanol where the PTSA catalyst is extracted by 2EHOH
(2EHOH). The 2EHA produced is means of process water and recycled
used mainly for adhesives, paints and to the Catalyst Regeneration Column.
coatings. Additional 2EHOH is introduced via this
column into the process and the
Feedstock extraction water is separated. The
Acrylic acid, 2-ethylhexanol recovered PTSA catalyst and the
preheated 2EHOH is routed to the first
Product reactor.
2Ethyl-hexyl
2-ethylhexylacrylate Purification Acrylate
In the Coalescer Section water is Coalescence
Section
Co-product removed from the extracted crude Reaction
none 2EHA. The following Purification Extraction

AA
Section separates unreacted alcohol
which is recycled to the Reaction
Capacity Catalyst Waste Water
Section. Furthermore, high boiling
Up to 5 t/h
components are removed and the final
Dcom- Organic Waste
pure 2EHA product is generated to be
Economics sent to storage. The high boilers are
position
Process configuration is optimized discharged to the Heavy End
resulting in low raw material Decomposer where they are partly
consumption, optimized energy Tuolene
converted back to 2EHA and EHOH
integration and low utility requirements. and recycled to the reactor section.
Environmental impact minimized. Remaining unconverted components
On stream times exceeding 8,000 hours are discharged to battery limit for further
per year could be achieved. treatment.
References
Description 2EHA is prone to polymerization. One plant with 26,500 tpa operated by Hexion in Czech Republic
The reaction is catalyzed by means In order to minimize polymerization
of para-toluene sulphuric acid (PTSA). A effects, an inhibitor injection system is Contact
three stage reactor system ensures the foreseen at critical locations in the plant. petrochemicals@airliquide.com
conversion. The process water generat-
ed by the reaction is removed continu-
ously by an azeotropic distillation step
with a carrier agent. The reactor
Cryogenics
52 Lurgi
Distapex Aromatics Extractive Distillation Petrochemicals
Recovery of aromatics from a heart-cut The aromatics in the feedstock are
feedstock by extractive distillation separated by extractive distillation CW
using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a Combinate Rafinate
Feedstock solvent. The raffinate product containing Rafinate and
Pyrolysis gasoline the non-aromatics leave the extractive ED-Culumn
distillation column via the top. The
Product loaded solvent is routed to a stripper CW
CW
Benzene column where the final aromatic product Benzene
is recovered at the column top and Solvent
Co-product routed to battery limit. The lean solvent Stripper
none is recycled to the extractive distillation Aromatics
column. Cut
Capacity
Ecology: Due to the unique properties
Up to 40 t/h HP Steam HP Steam
of NMP, the process has an excellent
ecological footprint.
Economics The DistapexTM process requires

Recovery rate: > 99.5% a minimum number of equipment items Rich Solvent
Utility costs: 8.8 USD/tonne and is especially renowned for reliability
Utilities (per tonne benzene) and availability as well as low operating Lean Solvent
Steam, tonne 0.7 costs. Due to the low boiling point of the
Electricity, kWh 8 solvent only medium-pressure steam is
Water, cooling, m3 19 required.
Solvent loss, kg 0.01 References
> 27
Capital intensity:
Contact
0 100 200 300 400 500

mm USD

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD
Cryogenics
53 Lurgi
G2G Gas-to-Gasoline Petrochemicals
Lurgi MegaMethanol and ExxonMobil G2G technology presents an Natural Gas Syngas Lurgi MTG ~ 16.100bpd
160 MMSCFD Plant Methanol Plant Gasoline
MTG technologies licensed in an opportunity to monetize low cost
integrated approach to monetize low feedstock into transportation fuels either
5.000 mtpd
cost feedstock, usually natural gas or for domestic use or for export markets. Methanol
coal, to high value oil products. Projects are driven by the spread
Air Liquide Lurgi Technologies
Air Liquide can also leverage its global between the price of feedstock and oil ASU
network of ASUs and syngas facilities products. Low cost gas or stranded Exxon Mobil Technologies
to provide synergistic solutions for gas can enhance profitability even at
G2G projects. low-moderate oil price scenarios. The
gasoline product from G2G is low in
Feedstock benzene and has no sulfur compounds.
Natural gas (NG), coal, heavy Product can be used as on-spec
hydrocarbons, biomass gasoline that meets or exceeds any
typical (stringent) environmental
Product standards or as a refinery blending
Sulfur free gasoline/petrol stock.
Co-product Profitability is driven by low feedstock

LPG (optional) prices relative to market value of
wholesale oil products. References
Capacity Lurgi Methanol is well referenced with more than 50 units in service.
1,000 to 32,000 bpd
Standardized design: 16,100 bpd ExxonMobil Zealand MTG plant operated from 1985 until 1997 with a high on-stream
factor, plus new units underway in China.
Economics
Yield: 9,100 scf natural gas/barrel Contact
Opex: 8.5 USD/barrel g2g@airliquide.com
0 100 200 300 400 500
mm USD
Capital intensity:
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

mm USD

Cryogenics
54 Lurgi
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000
mm USD
Natural Gas Treatment
Natural
Gas Treatment
Cryogenics
55 Lurgi
Nitrogen Rejection Unit Natural Gas Treatment
Removal of nitrogen from natural gas, Natural gas feed is partially condensed,
associated gases and unconventional then methane and nitrogen are
gas sources separated into a system of distillation
column(s). Depending on the feed Low
Nitrogen Presure
Feedstock composition and pressure, the system
Natural gas with high nitrogen content can include one to three distillation
columns.
Product
Natural gas, nitrogen The process scheme selection is done Methane
according to project-specific parameters
Co-product such as such as feed evolution with
LNG, liquid nitrogen, crude helium time and and product specifications.
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers

Capacity Natural Gas
a wide range of solutions, such as the
Up to 1,000,000 Nm3/h High
ability to treat any N2/CH4 mixtures Presure
(5-90%), high efficiency, flexibility and
Economics recovery (>99% methane), minimization
Economics are highy dependent on
of greenhouse gases emissions to the
feedstock and requirements (high
atmosphere (methane in N2 vent
efficiency or low CAPEX).
<< 1%), CAPEX optimization, operation
flexibility thanks to proprietary design.
Contact us for more information.
References
Nitrogen Rejection from syngas: QIANXI COAL CHEMICAL (China), BASF ANTWERP
(Belgium), YIMA CSU (China)
Nitrogen Rejection from natural gas: FEED major gas processing plant (Russia), Bayern
Gas (Germany)
Contact
gas-treatment@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
56 Lurgi
Combined Natural Gas Liquids Recovery & NRU Natural Gas Treatment
Application Description Nitrogen

NGL recovery associated with the Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions
removal of nitrogen from natural gas, offers state-of-the art NGL technology Methane
associated gases and unconventional with high efficiency C2 recovery
gas sources (90% to >98%) and low energy
NRU Cold
consumption. Box
Feedstock
Natural gas with NGL Combined with Air Liquides know-how
in nitrogen rejection and expertise in
Product cryogenics, Air Liquide solutions
NGL (C2+), natural gas differentiate through thermal integration
and synergies to provide overall
Co-product optimised NGL/ NRU plants.
LNG, liquid nitrogen, crude helium
Feed
Capacity
Up to 1,000,000 Nm3/h
Natural Gas
Liquids
Economics
High NGL recovery with sales gas
on specifications easily achieved with
significant reduction in capital and
operating costs when compared to
conventional independent units.
References
Economics are highy dependent FEED major gas processing plant (Russia), many references of NGL separation
on feedstock and requirements (high (NGL plants, Lurgi MTPTM columns) and nitrogen rejection (syngas and natural gas
efficiency or low CAPEX). references)
Contact us for more information. Contact

Cryogenics
57 Lurgi
Amine Wash for Acid Gas Removal Natural Gas Treatment
Application Description Acid Gas

Clean Gas (to DMR) Absorption HP-Flash Regeneration (to LTGT)
Removal of acid gases (CO2, H2S, Acid gases contained in raw gases are Flash Gas
COS, light mercaptans RSH) from removed by absorption with a chemical (to CLS)
natural gas, associated gases and or a mixture of chemical and physical
unconventional gas sources solvent. The rich solvent leaving the
contactor is regenerated by flashing.
Feedstock Demin
Natural gas with low acid gases content Different process configurations can be Water
(typically <15%) combined to various solvent types and
concentrations to meet requirements
Product for individual applications. Air Liquide
Natural gas Global E&C Solutions can offer very
energy-efficient processes such as
Co-product the BASF OASE purple, formulated
Acid gases for pipeline or LNG specifications.
This process presents the advantage

Capacity
of very low hydrocarbon co-absorption. Feed
Up to 1,500,000 Nm3/h
Gas
Economics
Economics are highy dependent
on feedstock and requirements (high
Contact us for more information. References

> 50 (Implemented with BASF OASE purple, MEA, DEA, MDEA solvents)
Largest reference: QATARGAS LNG phases 2, 3 and 4 with each 1,500 MMSCFD
Removal of CO2, COS and H2S from natural gas feedstock.
Contact
Cryogenics
58 Lurgi
Combined Membrane/Amine Wash for Acid Gas Removal Natural Gas Treatment
Application Description Acid Gases Acid Gases

Removal of CO2 and H2S from medium Acid gases contained in raw gases are
acid gas fields removed in a 2-step separation:
Feedstock 1) CO2 bulk removal by CO2-selective

Raw Gas Pretreatment Membrane Amine Wash Sweet Gas
Natural gas with medium acid gas hollow fiber membrane (MEDALTM)
content (typically 15-35%) reducing the CO2 content at the amine
inlet to such content that the overall
Product plant sizing exhibits optimum
Natural gas economics.
Co-product 2) CO2 and sulfur species are

Acid gases removed by absorption with an aqueous
solution of amine. The rich amine
solution leaving the contactor is
Capacity
regenerated by flashing or stripping.
Up to 1,500,000 Nm3/h
Economics
on feedstock and requirements (high
References
> 10 in operation
Contact
Cryogenics
59 Lurgi
Omnisulf Acid Gas Enrichment and Removal Natural Gas Treatment
Application Description Liquid Tail Gas Offgas

Sulfur Sx SO2 CO2 LTGT/HYDR CO2, H2S LTGT/ABS CO2 Incineration SO2, CO2
Sweetening and processing of natural The OmnisulfTM technology Aquisulf STU Claus SRU
SRU SRU SRU
gas by removing CO2, H2S, COS, encompasses the following proprietary
mercaptans, water and mercury to key processes:
pipeline or LNG specifications as well
as production of liquid, elemental sulfur Acidic components are removed using
while minimizing SO2 emissions to the BASFs OASE technology and the H2S
LTGT/REG Lean Solution
atmosphere to meet most stringent cleaned gas is routed to a dehydration SRU Semi-Lean
Solution
environmental regulations and mercaptan removal unit (DMR) H2S
that removes moisture and mercaptans Offgas Rich Solution
CO2 H2S
Feedstock with special 13X zeolite technology. If
Raw natural gas, associated gas necessary, mercury is removed from the
LTGT/AGE
sweet gas with impregnated activated SRU
Product carbon. Mercaptans are recovered from CO2
PURISOL Fuel Gas
Natural gas, sulphur (99.9% purity) the regeneration gas with the Lurgi H2S
RSH MSRU
PurisolTM technology. All gas streams
Co-product containing sulfur are routed to a sulfur RSH, H2O
Raw Gas
None recovery unit (SRU). Elemental sulfur CO2, H2S
BASF Sweet Gas
is produced in the Claus process COS, RSH
OASE
Chiller H2O+RSH
(equipped with a Lurgi Multi-Purpose DMR DMR
Capacity AGR
Burner) followed by a Lurgi tail gas
Up to 1,500,000 Nm3/h Regeneration Gas
treatment (LTGTTM) unit combined
with an acid gas enrichment system to
Economics boost sulfur recovery and reduce SO2
emissions. The sulfur product is then
on feedstock and requirements (high References
treated further by applying an AquisulfTM
efficiency or low CAPEX). Qatargas LNG phases 2, 3 and 4 are running with the OmnisulfTM process. Two trains
degassing process that removes H2S
concentrations below 10 ppm. are under construction in the Middle-East
Contact us for more information
Offgases are incinerated before being
safely released to the atmosphere. Contact
The OmnisulfTM technology can be
tailored for gas reinjection.
Cryogenics
60 Lurgi
Cryocap NG for Acid Gas Removal Natural Gas Treatment
Application Description NG to Pipeline

Removal of CO2 from natural gas, The CO2 rich natural gas is first dried
associated gases and unconventional and sent to a cold box where it is cooled
gas sources down and sent to a distillation column. Membrane
Cold Box
Feedstock High CO2 partial pressure favors
Natural Gas with high CO2 content the CO2 partial condensation and thus
(> 35%) makes its separation from natural gas CO2 to EOR
even easier. The non-condensable gas
Product is enriched in methane and sent to a
Natural Gas membrane for final purification. Raw NG
Co-product The CO2 purity of the product

Acid Gases corresponds to pipeline specifications, Simple Pre-treatment
generally 1 to 10 mol%. The permeate
stream of the membrane enriched in
Capacity
CO2 is sent back to the cold box. The
Up to 1,000,000 Nm3/h
CO2 and heavy hydrocarbons condense
in the cold box and are collected at high
Economics pressure. NGL recovery is possible with
Separation cost: less than
almost no additional cost.
1 USD/MMBTU
Cryocap NG is tolerant to a few %
Capex savings: > 50% vs. amine wash
H2S. Cryocap NG also allows for H2S
bulk removal fom NG.
References
Cryocap H2 Port Jrme, Cryocap Oxy CIUDEN, Cryocap Oxy Callide,
FutureGen 2.0 Cryocap Oxy FEED
Contact
Cryogenics
61 Lurgi
Sulfur
Sulfur
Cryogenics
63 Lurgi
OxyClaus Sulfur Recovery Unit Sulfur
Application Description SWS Gas

Recovery of sulfur from acid gas In a conventional Claus plant ambient Acid Gas Claus Tail Gas
streams containing hydrogen sulfide air is used to oxidise 1/3 of the Oxygen
(H2S) for new units or debottlenecking hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the acid gases
of existing units to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Up to 80% of the
total oxygen demand can be covered
Thermal Catalytic Catalytic
Feedstock with pure oxygen in the OxyClausTM unit Stage Stage I Stage II
Acid gas from sweetening units and by using a proprietary burner design.
sour-water strippers; oxygen Oxygen is injected into the acid gas
resulting in an extremely hot flame.
Product By introducing air around the outside
Bright yellow sulfur with up to of this flame a zone with moderate
99.9% purity combustion temperatures are created
and therefore conventional refractory Sulfur
Co-product materials can be used in the thermal
None stage.
In downstream catalytic stages of

Capacity
the Claus unit, including reactors,
Up to 1,000 tpd
condensers and heaters, no specialized
equipment or changes in usual design
Economics practice are required.
OxyClausTM provides savings of
approximately 30% of the total installed
The unit can be operated with air only
cost of a new sulfur recovery unit and
or with air + oxygen. This allows for
enables increased capacity of existing
covering peak loads and flexible
sulfur recovery units up to 200%.
processing of feed gases with low
or high content of H2S by automatic
change-over from air to oxygen
operation and vice versa.
References
> 40 in operation
Contact
sulfur@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
64 Lurgi
Sulfur Recovery Unit Sulfur
Application Description Acid Gas

SWS Gas Flue Gas
Recovery of sulfur from acid gas The acid gases are burnt
streams containing hydrogen sulfide sub-stoichiometrically with air in a
(H2S) refractory lined furnace. Resulting Claus Tail Gas Offgas
mixture of H2S and SO2 reacts to form
Feedstock elemental sulfur which is removed from
Acid gases from sweetening units and the process through condensation.
sour-water strippers In subsequent catalytic stages, typically TGT
Claus Incineration
two or three, the conversion to sulfur is (LTGTTM or SulfreenTM)
Product promoted further yielding a sulfur

Bright yellow sulfur with up to recovery of 94.5% 97.5% for the
99.9% purity Claus unit.
Offgas
Co-product Two tail gas treatment (TGT) options
None are available to boost the sulfur
Sulfur
recovery further. Degassing
(Aquisulf or Degasulf)
Capacity
1) SulfreenTM: A catalytic purification
Up to 1,000 tpd
of the Claus tail gas for an overall sulfur
recovery of up to 99.5%.
Economics
Sulfur recovery: >95% 2) LTGTTM: Claus tail gas is purified Sulfur
in a wet-scrubbing process. Due to the
Operating costs can be considered recycling of the H2S rich stream to the
negligible if credit is given for steam Claus unit, total sulfur recovery can be
produced in SRU. increased to 99.9%. References
> 170 Claus plants (4 to 1,000 tpd)
Capital intensity: In the degassing section, the H2S
content of the sulfur is decreased to > 60 tail gas treatment processes
a maximum of 10 ppm. For this the
catalytically promoted AquisulfTM > 50 AquisulfTM in operation
technology (registered trademark of Elf
0 50 100 150 200 250
Aquitaine) or the DegasulfTM technology
mm USD can be employed. Offgas from tail gas Contact
treatment and degassing is incinerated sulfur@airliquide.com
and released to the atmosphere.
Cryogenics
65 Lurgi
Claus Emission-Free Sulfur Recovery Unit Sulfur
Recovery of sulfur from acid gas Raw gas is desulfurized in an AGR
AGR
streams containing hydrogen sulfide and acid gas is sent to the emission-free Raw Gas (PurisolTM or RectisolTM) Purified Gas
(H2S) with 100% sulfur recovery SRU for sulfur recovery. The
conventional Claus process is employed
Feedstock to recover sulfur from the acid gas
Acid gases from acid gas removal unit in elemental form. Gases containing Acid Gas Tail Gas Recycle
and sour-water strippers hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from sour-
water strippers can be fed to the Claus
Claus Tail Gas Tail Gas
Product unit in addition. The recovered sulfur
Bright yellow sulfur with up to is degassed and is then available as
99.9% purity a sellable product.
Hydrogenation Tail Gas
Claus / OxyClausTM
Quench Compression
Co-product Claus tail gas is hydrogenated
None and cooled before being compressed
and routed to the AGR. Here it is
desulfurized and recycled, together with
Capacity
the acid gas, back to the Claus unit.
Up to 1,000 tpd
Valuable components inside the tail gas,
like H2 and CO end up in the purified Degassing
Economics gas. With this recycle a sulfur recovery
Sulfur
CAPEX: 25% less than conventional
rate of 100% is achieved. The sulfur
amine-wash tail gas treatment
emissions to the atmosphere in overall
complex are significantly reduced.
Sulfur recovery: 100%
It is recommended to install an References
Contact us for more information. Three emission-free SRUs have been designed, one has been in operation for
OxyClausTM in this concept because
this reduces the process gas volume 25years.
and therefore lowers not only
investment cost plus operating cost Contact
but also the amount of inert gas sent sulfur@airliquide.com
to AGR.
Cryogenics
66 Lurgi
LNG
LNG
Cryogenics
67 Lurgi
Small-scale LNG (Nitrogen Refrigeration Cycle) LNG
N2 Recycle
Liquefaction of natural gas (NG) for The process consists of three main Compressor
small scale plants serving for power modules: pre-treatment, liquefaction and N2 Turbo
Expanders
applications (peak shaving, remote LNG storage and loading (truck trailer,
(x2)
power) or fuel (marine, truck, rail, etc.) bunkering barge, etc.).
Pretreatment
Feedstock 1) Pre-treatment is a combination of

Natural gas an amine system to remove acid gases
(typically CO2) contained in the feed gas
Product and a drying unit to remove moisture Natural Gas
LNG (typically Thermal Swing Adsorption). from pipeline LNG
or field
Storage
Co-product 2) The liquefaction process is based on
None a nitrogen cycle (closed loop): N2 is first
Main Heat Exchanger
compressed and boosted. After being
cooled down through a Brazed
Capacity
Aluminum Heat Exchanger, it is
Up to 600 tpd
expanded releasing N2 at low pressure Heavies (NGL)
and low temperature. Cold N2
(at T < 165oC) is then re-injected into
the Main Heat Exchanger to cool down
the natural gas and convert it to LNG,
which is sent to storage. Warm N2 is
then recycled through the cycle
Economics compressor.
References
Capital intensity: 3) Storage can be either pre-fabricated 15 peakshavers in operation (Canada, United States and Argentina).
(vacuum insulated) for small volumes or Examples: Citizens Gas (United States), Gas Natural Fenosa (Argentina)
flat bottom tanks for larger needs
depending on the applications 90 nitrogen cycle liquefiers (for LIN or LNG)
considered. The loading station can
be adapted to truck trailer loading or Contact
0 50 100 150 200 250
mm USD maritime. lng@airliquide.com

0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD

Cryogenics
68 Lurgi
Mid-scale LNG (Mixed Refrigerant Cycle) LNG
Application 1) NG pre-treatment is a combination of Liquid Separators

Mixed
Liquefaction of natural gas for mid-scale an amine system to remove acid gases Refrigerant
plants serving for larger power or fuel (typically CO2) contained in the feed gas Compressor
applications, possibly mid-sized LNG and a drying unit to remove moisture
export terminal (typically Temperature Swing Main Heat Exchanger
Adsorption).
Feedstock
Natural gas 2) The liquefaction process is a
mixed refrigerant closed loop cycle
Product consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons
LNG, NGLs and nitrogen. The refrigerant is
compressed and separated in liquid and LNG
Co-product gaseous streams. Lightest fractions of

Storage
None the refrigerant are sent to the cold end Natural Gas
of the main heat exchanger, cooled from pipeline
down and sent back to the compressors or field
Capacity
after being vaporized through the main
600 to 6,000 tpd Pretreatment
HX. Heaviest fractions are let down and
vaporized at an intermediate level in the Heavies (NGL)
Economics main HX. The optimization of the mixed
0 50 100 150 200 250
mm USD refrigerant cycle consists of taking
Capital intensity: advantage of the vaporization
temperature difference between
generated refrigerant streams to
optimize the NG liquefaction heat
exchange profile. In addition, the heavy References
hydrocarbons removed from the One 0.7 mtpa in design
0 50 100 150 200 250
mm USD process can be recovered and sold as
15 peakshavers in operation (Canada, United States and Argentina).
NGL.
Examples: Citizens Gas (United States), Gas Natural Fenosa (Argentina)
3) Storage for mid scale LNG plants
are usually large flat bottom tanks, Contact
Description though tank farms composed of vacuum lng@airliquide.com
The
0 process
50 consists
100 of150
three main
200 250 insulated tanks can also be a solution
mm USD
bricks: NG pre-treatment, NG
in some cases. The loading station can

liquefaction, LNG storage and loading be adapted to truck trailer loading or
(truck trailer, bunkering barge, etc.). maritime.
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD Cryogenics
69 Lurgi
Boil-Off Gas Reliquefaction Unit LNG
Application Description N2 make-up

Recovery of Boil-Off Gas (BOG) for A BOG reliquefaction unit allows for
import & export terminals and during the recovery of boil-off gas emitted TO ATMOS
ship-to-ship transfer from LNG storage and its reliquefaction. C21
C21CE
Feedstock The system is based on a nitrogen

Boil-off gas + energy (electrical or fuel) reverse Brayton cycle with one or two Natural Gas
+ gaseous N2 make-up expanders scheme, depending on BOG
available pressure.
Product
It allows for avoiding BOG flaring
ET20CE
LNG
and debottlenecking of LNG export E20
Co-product terminals.
ET20
None
ET20C
Capacity
50 to 500 tpd
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD

E21
V21
Economics
Specific energy: 500 to 800 kWh/tonne
0 50 100 150 200 250 LNG
mm USD
Capital intensity:
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD References

For bunkering applications (embarked on board)
Contact
lng@airliquide.com
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD
Cryogenics
70 Lurgi
Boil-Off Gas Reliquefaction (LIN) LNG
Recovery of boil-off gas (BOG) for LIN to LNG box unit allows for the
GAN LIN
import and export terminals and during recovery of large boil-off gas emitted Storage
ship-to-ship transfer during ship loading or unloading GNG
operations.
Feedstock
Boil-off gas + liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is delivered and stored Natural Gas Purification
continuously in a liquid nitrogen storage,
Product which delivers large liquid nitrogen flow LIN-LNG Heat Ex. LNG
LNG to recover BOG flow emitted during the Storage
few hours of ship loading or unloading.
Co-product
None
0 50 100 150 200 250 It allows for avoiding BOG flaring and
mm USD reduces the investment cost compared

with BOG reliquefaction solution.
Capacity
50 to 500 tpd
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD

Economics
LIN consumption: 1.3 to 1.5 mol/mol References
0 50 100 150
mm USD
200 250 >20

Capital intensity:
Contact
lng@airliquide.com
0 50 100 150 200 250

mm USD
Cryogenics
71 Lurgi
Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals
Cryogenics
73 Lurgi
Sliding Cell Extractor Seed Crushing and Extraction Oleochemicals
Application Description Cake/Flakes from

prepressing/preparation
Production of crude edible oils The oil content of different types of
seeds ranges between 20-50 wt.%.
Feedstock After feedstock specific preparation
Oil seeds (soybean, canola/ rapeseed, steps (cleaning, drying, etc.) the oil Extraction
Cake
DTDC Meal
sunflower, palm kernel...) is gained from the seeds by solvent
extraction with hexane. For seeds
with higher oil content (e.g. rapeseed,
Miscella
Product Gums
sunflower) the extraction is typically (Lecithin)
Crude edible oils for use in food or
Solvent Recycle
technical applications after refining combined with a prepressing step to
Meal for animal feed reduce the load on the extraction. Miscella Oil Water
Degumming Crude Oil
Distillation
Co-product The Lurgi sliding cell extractor is the

core of the extraction plant. It provides
Solvent
Crude lecithin
high flexibility regarding feedstock
changes, very reliable operation and
Capacity
optimum extraction conditions with Solvent Absorption /
Up to 5,000 tpd Air
complete counter-current flow of solvent Recovery
Vent
Stripping
vs. flakes and large contact areas.
The miscella (oil/solvent mixture) Condensate

from extraction is separated into its recovery
(Zero Waste option)
components by distillation and water
Economics degumming. The solvent is re-used
Economics are highly dependent in the extraction after removing the
on the type of feedstock and required collected moisture. Gums can be References
meal quality. purified to lecithin or recycled to the > 300 plants in China, Southeast Asia, Americas, Europe for different feedstocks
meal.
Capital intensity: Contact
The desolventized, toasted, dried and oleo@airliquide.com
cooled (DTDC) meal can be used as
protein rich animal feed.
The whole process is kept under slight

vacuum so that emissions can be
controlled by absorption to fulfill
0 50 100 150 200 250
mm USD environmental regulations.
Cryogenics
74 Lurgi
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm USD
Natural Oil Refining Oleochemicals
Application Description Typical Oil Refinery

H2
Multi Feedstock
Removal of impurities from crude oils Crude oils and fats contain different Produc-
tion
and fats contaminants like free fatty acids (FFA),
phospholipids (gums), soaps, color,
Feedstock odor, etc. Their removal is called Hydro-
genation
Crude oils and animal fats Refining for food purposes to reach Soybean oil, Soybean oil,
degummed /
RBD oil quality (refined, bleached, crude
bleached
Product deodorised) and Pretreatment to reach

Pretreated and/or refined oils and fats quality for further processing, Degum- Bleach- Winteri-
ming ing sation Tanks for
(RBD oil) e.g. for biodiesel production or oil hydrogenated
Sunflower Sunflower oil, Deo-
splitting. oil, crude degummed /
oils Weigh-
doris-
bleached ing
Co-product ing
Fatty acid distillate (FAD) Technologies are available for all appli-
Tocopherol cations: FFA can be removed chemi- Margarine Plant
cally by neutralisation or thermally by Rapeseed Rapeseed oil,
degummed / Inter-
deacidification. Waxes are separated oil, crude bleached
Capacity esterifi-
in winterisation. Color and polycyclic cation
100 tpd to 2,800 tpd
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
removed in bleaching; odors and
Economics pesticides during deodorisation (with
Fish oil,
degummed / Packing
Economics are highly dependent on bleached
vitamin E as potential by-product). Tanks for
application of the refined oil (technical interesterified
oils
applications or edible oil), the required
Refining also includes process steps
process steps (e.g. degumming,
for fat modification like hydrogenation Palm oil, Palm oil,
bleaching, winterisation, deodorisation, crude degummed /
(saturation of double bonds), bleached
hydrogenation, fractionation and
interesterification (to adjust the
interesterification) and the type of
melting point) or fractionation
process (batch, semi-batch or
(separation according to chain length)
continuous).
and side processes like soapstock
splitting or gum drying.
References
> 400 plants in Southeast Asia, China, Americas and Europe based on different
feedstocks
Latest reference in 2015
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
75 Lurgi
Lurgi Biodiesel Oleochemicals
Application Description Oils and Fats

Production of biodiesel Biodiesel is produced from triglycerides
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) by transesterification with methanol
under presence of an alkali catalyst
Feedstock (sodium methylate) at ~65C and Oil Refining
atmospheric pressure. NaOH
Vegetable or animal oils and fats; major
feedstock for fuel applications are
rapeseed, soya, tallow or palm oil Key features of Lurgi`s biodiesel
technology are maximum yield
Product (1 kg feedstock = 1 kg biodiesel), closed Methanol
Glycerin Water
wash water loop (no waste water from Catalyst
Biodiesel meeting all international quali- Transesterification Pretreatment and
ty standards, incl. EN 14214 and ASTM core process units) and sediment Evaporation
D6751 removal for palm and soya oil to remove

sterol glucosides far below limits given
Co-Product by international quality standards.
Crude glycerin (purity > 80%) Crude Glycerin
Only NaOH and HCl are used in the HCI Washing and Drying
Concentration >80%
process. Resulting sodium chloride Sediment Removal
Capacity
ends up in the glycerin, can easily be
Standard capacities 100 - 1100 tpd
removed and does not cause fouling or
side reactions during further processing
(see glycerin distillation).
Biodiesel
Economics ready-to-use
Capital intensity: References

> 50 plants since 2000 (Europe, Americas, Southeast Asia, India)
0 50 100 150 200 250
mm USD
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm USD
Cryogenics
76 Lurgi
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm USD
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Distillation/Fractionation Oleochemicals
Application Description Vacuum

Quality improvement of biodiesel FAME is separated according to
and/or production of fatty acid methyl molecular chain lengths to apply specific
Steam
ester (FAME) fractions and metathised cuts in a fractionation column. A falling
FAME for chemical industry film evaporator and vacuum pressure Water
reduce heat stress to FAME resulting
Feedstock in superior product quality suitable for
FAME from transesterification surfactant or personal care applications.
(see Lurgi Biodiesel process)
Distilled FAME can also be sold as
Product top-quality water-clear biodiesel with
FAME fractions and/or distilled biodiesel improved cold flow properties and
Fraction 1
50-100 ppm residual water. Sterol
Co-product glucosides and monoglycerides are
None removed close to detection limits.
Heat recovery by steam generation Fraction 2

Capacity
makes this process very energy
efficient.
Economics
Opex: 30-50 USD/tonne (feedstock)
(depending on number of fractions and

their related purities)
Fatty acid
methyl ester
Residue
References
> 10 plants since 2000 (Southeast Asia) with capacities up to 1,000 tpd.
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
77 Lurgi
Glycerin Distillation and Bleaching Oleochemicals
Application Description Vacuum

Purification of glycerin to pharma Vacuum distillation is used to separate
and technical grade glycerin from organic components and
salts at temperatures up to 175C. The Vacuum
Cold
Feedstock residue from the column bottom is sent Condenser Cooler
Crude glycerin from biodiesel or oil to a post distillation still (not shown)
splitting (fatty acid) plants to increase glycerin yield. Salt can be
separated from the residue by a Hot
Cooler
Product decanter to reduce the amount of waste Condenser
Pharma grade glycerin (purity > 99.7%) and to increase glycerin recovery even Technical
further. Grade
Glycerin
Co-product
Technical grade glycerin Pharma grade glycerin as the main
(purity 85-90%) product is polished by bleaching, i.e. Dryer / Distillation
adsorption at fixed beds of activated Degasser Still Heat Exchanger
carbon. Light impurities end up in the
Capacity
by-product, technical grade glycerin,
10 tpd to 600 tpd
which is 3-5% of the feed.
Cooler
Economics
Heater
Opex: 35 USD/tonne
Residue
Crude
Pharma
Glycerin
Grade
Glycerin
to bleaching
References
45 plants since 2000 (Europe, Southeast Asia, Americas, China, India) including Worlds
largest glycerin distillation (600 tpd with decanter technology, startup 2010)
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
78 Lurgi
Fatty Acid Production (Oil Splitting) Oleochemicals
Application Description Splitting Tower

Production of crude fatty acids Triglycerides are hydrolyzed
catalyst-free to fatty acids and glycerin
Preconcentration
Feedstock by addition of water at elevated temper-
atures (~250C) and elevated pressure Process
Seed oils, tropical oils, animal fats water Flashing Vacuum
(~55 bar) with splitting degrees up to
Product 99.5%.
Crude fatty acids
The fatty acids rise to the top of
Co-product the splitting column and are dried by
Glycerin water flashing before further processing
(25-35% glycerin content) by distillation/fractionation or
hydrogenation. 260C
Capacity Fat
Water and glycerin leave the column
at the bottom and are also flashed.
The flashing vapors are used for heat
Economics recovery. Water
Opex: 10 USD/tonne (feedstock) Glycerin Water
Steam Treatment &
Final concentration of crude glycerin is Evaporation
80-88% (almost salt-free), which can
be sold or further processed to pharma
grade glycerin.
Crude
Fatty acid
Fat
Crude Glycerin
concentration 80-88%
References
> 25 plants since 2000 (Europe, Southeast Asia, China, India)
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
79 Lurgi
Fatty Acid Distillation/Fractionation Oleochemicals
Application Description Vacuum Vacuum Water Steam Vacuum

Purification and fractionation of crude Fatty acids are separated from non-vol-
fatty acids atile components by vacuum distillation.
Feedstock Fractions of different fatty acid chain Dryer

Degasser
Crude fatty acids from oil splitting lengths with high purity can be obtained Low Boiling
with our vacuum fractionation plants. components
Product Distillation Still
Fatty acids fractions/fatty acid distillate The use of structured packing and
vacuum in the fractionation columns Fractionation
reduces the thermal stress and ensures Column
Co-product
None high product qualities. Steam generation
in the condensers makes the process
highly energy efficient.
Capacity
Each fatty acid fractionation plant will
be tailor-made by our experts to ensure
Economics best fit to the needs of our customers.
Opex: 30-50 USD/tonne(feedstock)
(depending on number of fractions and Residue Heavy Ends
their related purities) Distillate Crude Fatty
Acid
References
> 50 plants (Europe, Southeast Asia, China, India, Saudi Arabia) with capacities up
to 600 tpd.
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
80 Lurgi
Fatty Acid Hydrogenation Oleochemicals
Application Batch hydrogenation Continous hydrogenation

Saturation of fatty acid double bonds
Vacuum
(hardening)
Feedstock Catalyst
Fatty acids from oil splitting Hydrogenation
Vacuum
H2 Reactor
Product
Partially or fully hydrogenated fatty Dryer
acids down to an iodine value of 0.3 Degasser
Co-product Hydrogenation
None Reactor
Capacity
Batch: 50 tpd to 100 tpd
Surge Vessel
Continuous: 100 tpd to 600 tpd
Economics Catalyst
Opex: Filter
Batch: 11 USD/tonne (feedstock)
Continuous: 10 USD/tonne Filter Press
(feedstock)
(depending on number of fractions and Heating and
their related purities) Cooling Circuit
Spent Catalyst
Fatty Acid
Description Spent Catalyst
Saturation of fatty acid double bonds by Hydrogen Fatty Acid Hydrogenated
addition of H2 (~ 99.9% by vol.) under Fatty Acid
Hydrogenated
elevated temperatures and pressure (up Fatty Acid
to 200C @ ~25 bar) in the presence of
a Ni catalyst.
References
Continuous (for full hydrogenation and 10 plants since 2000 in Southeast Asia up to 400 tpd
large plants) and batch process variants
(for full or partial hydrogenation) are Contact
available. oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
81 Lurgi
Fatty Alcohol Wax Ester Route Oleochemicals
Application Description Oils & Fats

Production of fatty alcohols via fatty Fatty acid fractions (see oil splitting and
acids fatty acid fractionation) are esterified
catalyst-free with fatty alcohol into wax Glycerin Distillation &
Oil Splitting Pharma grade
Bleaching
Feedstock ester. Subsequent hydrogenation glycerin
Depending on the desired product all produces fatty alcohol in a fixed bed
kinds of vegetable oils and fats can be reactor in the presence of a Cu catalyst
Fatty Acid Distillation / Fatty Acid Fractions
used. Biggest market is C12/14 from (180-210 C @ 250 bar). Traces of Fractionation (possible by-product)
palm kernel and coconut oil. oxygenates are hydrogenated in a
polishing section (carbonyl conversion). Fatty Acid
Fatty Alcohol
Product The resulting fatty alcohol cuts can Recycle
Esterification Water
Fatty acids (intermediate product) and further be fractionated into final fatty
fatty alcohols as fractions of different alcohol products.
Wax Ester
chain lengths
The wax ester route is normally chosen Fixed Bed
Hydrogen
Co-product if there is no integration required with a Hydrogenation
Glycerin methyl ester plant because short chain

fatty acids have a higher market price
Fatty Alcohol Distilla-
than the corresponding fatty alcohols
Capacity tion / Fractionation &
which would be produced via the methyl Carbonyl Conversion
90 tpd to 600 tpd
ester route.
Economics Fatty Alcohols
Opex: 120 USD/tonne
References
6 plants since 1990s up to 480 tpd (India, Indonesia, China, and Saudi Arabia) latest
plant under construction
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
82 Lurgi
Fatty Alcohol Methyl Ester Route Oleochemicals
Application Description Oils & Fats

Production of fatty alcohols from oils and After production of methyl ester (see
fats via methyl ester (Lurgi Biodiesel) Lurgi Biodiesel), the resulting esters
are hydrogenated in a fixed bed reactor Deacidification Fatty Acid Distillate
Feedstock in the presence of a Cu catalyst
Depending on the desired product all (180-210 C @ 250 bar) to produce fatty Make-up
kinds of vegetable oils and fats can be alcohol. Methanol can be recycled to Methanol
Glycerin Distillation &
used. the transesterification step. Transesterification
Bleaching
Pharma grade
glycerin
Product Traces of oxygenates are hydrogenated

Methyl ester (intermediate product) and in a carbonyl conversion section as
Methyl Ester Methyl Ester Fractions
fatty alcohols as fractions of different polishing. Distillation /Fractionation (possible by-product)
chain lengths
The methyl ester route is preferred, Methyl Ester
Co-product if a methyl ester plant exists at site or Fixed Bed

methyl ester will be a side product of the Methanol Recovery Hydrogen
Glycerin Hydrogenation
facility.
Capacity
Fatty Alcohol Distillation
90 tpd to 600 tpd / Fractionation &
Carbonyl Conversion
Economics
Opex: 115 USD/tonne Fatty Alcohols
References
2 plants (Indonesia), last plant 2015 (540 tpd)
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
83 Lurgi
LP3 Low Pressure Fatty Alcohol Production Oleochemicals
Application Description Wax Ester Feed Makeup & Recycle Hydrogen

Improved hydrogenation process Hydrogenation of wax ester is improved
for Fatty Alcohol - Wax Ester Route with LP3 features:
Reactor A Reactor B
Feedstock Liquid Phase: Proven liquid phase

Wax ester hydrogenation in fixed bed reactors also
suitable for long chain fatty alcohols in Catalyst Catalyst
Products contrast to vapor phase hydrogenation. bed 1 bed 3
Fatty alcohol
Low Pressure: Comparatively low
Co-product pressure (reduced from 250 bar to
None 100 bar) reduces energy requirements
(OPEX savings approx. 5%) and Catalyst Catalyst
CAPEX (savings approx. 15-20%). bed 2 bed 4
Capacity
90 tpd to 600 tpd
Long Performance: Double reactor
system for seamless catalyst
Economics changeovers with no disruption to
Opex: 100 USD/tonne
operations and efficient catalyst Crude Fatty Alcohol
utilization for more profitable lifecycles
(see operation steps in diagram).
Quench
Hydrogen
The temperature in the catalyst beds
Sequence of reactor operation
is controlled by hydrogen quenches
to limit amount of side-products.
A B A B A B A B Step 1
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Sequential operation Catalyst change A Sequential operation Operation A
A-B Operation B B-A Catalyst change B
References
Proven in laboratory scale, under implementation in commercial scale.
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
84 Lurgi
Bio Propylene Glycol (BASF Licensed) Oleochemicals
Application Description Pharma Grade

Glycerin
Production of bio propylene glycol In this process, licensed from BASF,
(1,2-propanediol, MPG) from glycerin glycerin is hydrogenated in liquid phase
as alternative to petrochemical route using a copper catalyst. The reaction
takes place in two serial fixed bed
Feedstock reactors at a temperature between
Pharma grade glycerin 175 to 195 C and pressures between Hydrogen Hydrogenation
75 and 200 bar.
Product
Pharma grade propylene glycol The crude product is purified in a
two-column distillation unit to yield
Low Boiling
Co-product pharma grade propylene glycol.
(e.g. Methanol, Water)
None Distillation
High Boiling
(e.g. Ethylene glycol,
Capacity Glycerin)
50 to 100 tpd
Economics
Contact us for more information Pharma Grade
Propylene Glycol
References
One pilot plant (Germany), one commercial demonstration plant (Belgium, 2012).
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
Cryogenics
85 Lurgi
Sorbitol Oleochemicals
Application Description Hydrogen

Sorbitol is produced by batchwise The glucose solution is hydrogenated
hydrogenation of aqueous glucose in a batch reactor using nickel or
solution. ruthenium catalysts. Reaction takes
place at 110 C and 40 bar pressure.
Glucose
Feedstock After reaction, the product slurry is 50%
Hydrogenation
Sorbitol Slurry
Reactor(s)
Glucose from wet milling plants filtered to recover the catalyst. Makeup
catalyst compensates catalyst loss and
Product deactivation. The crude sorbitol solution
Technical, food or pharma grade is purified by ion exchange and evapo- Makeup Waste
sorbitol rated to the final concentration. Option- Catalyst Recycle Catalyst Catalyst
Pressure
ally, sorbitol powder can be Filter
Co-product obtained by melt crystallisation.
None
Ion
Capacity Exchange
Crude Sorbitol
100 to 200 tpd
0 50 100 150 200 250 Sorbitol

Purified Sorbitol Evaporator
mm USD 70%
Economics
OPEX: 130-165 USD/tonne w/o
feedstock and fixed cost.
References
Capital intensity: > 10 plants (Germany, Finland, Thailand, India)
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm USD
Latest project 2015 (Russia)
Contact
oleo@airliquide.com
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm USD
Cryogenics
86 Lurgi
Services
Engineering
Services
Cryogenics
87 Lurgi
Conceptual and Feasibility Studies Services
Description
Our team of experts can assist owners in early phases of project development.
Studies are customized to meet the Customers needs. Our typical packages are:
Screening/Pre-feasibility study comprising first CAPEX/OPEX estimates
Feasibility study for more detailed economic analysis:
class 4 or 5 cost estimate
mass and utility balance
BFD
footprint
Permitting study: This package is designed to provide the technical information
required to apply for an air permit (titleV and PSD) early on. It typically comprises:
process description
BFD
mass balance
emissions
fugitive emissions
start-up and shut-down scenarios.
Contact
engineering-services@airliquide.com
or the relevant technology group or local office
Cryogenics
88 Lurgi
Oil Refineries Optimization/Hydrogen Management Services
Description H2
Profitability enhancement services are the backbone of hydrogen optimization and Producers Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Propane
management solutions.
Light naphta
LPG
Butane
SPLITTER
LIGHT NAPHTA 12 MBPD
HYDROTREATING IZOMERI-
Our customized, proprietary PIMS simulation software (LP Modelling) offers H2 Heavy naphta 30 MBPD ZATION
CRUDE
Consumer Kerosene 29 MBPD
industry-leading hydrogen optimization studies.
Propane
ATM LPG Butane
CRUDE Light gasoil SPLITTER
A typical study comprises the following steps: DIST.
SAHARA Heavy gasoil
HEAVY NAPHTA
HYDROTREATING
CATALYTIC
REFORMING
8 MBPD
G
95 MBPD 48 MBPD 20 MBPD A
Refinery audit CRUDE
S
O
Global Refinery Balance ATMOSPHERIC CATALYTIC L
CRUDE Kerosene REFORMING I
DISTILLATION 32 MBPD N
- Include all hydrogen producers and consumers 170 MBPD KEROSENE
HYDROTREATING
E
40 MBPD
- Close balance Light POLYMERIZATION
gasoil 13 MBPD
Unit balance LPG
D
I
- Calibrate make-up and recycle gas rates to have accurate gas/oil ratios Heavy CATALYTIC
Light Cat Naphta GASOLINE S
CRACKING DESULFURI- T
gasoil
- Calculate hydrogen partial pressure 65 MBPD
Heavy Cat Naphta
Light
ZATION
46 MBPD
I
L
gasoil L
- Calibrate instruments as required A
T
VACUUM Heavy gasoil DISTILLATE
E
DISTILLATION HYDROTREATING
48 MBPD 70 MBPD
Bunker
Contact
Cryogenics
89 Lurgi
Project Execution
Description
Our team of experts can assist owners in early phases of project
implementation.
The most popular packages are:

Process Design Package (PDP)
Modularization study and project execution strategy
Preliminary engineering (FEED)
Detailed engineering
Procurement services
Construction management
Assistance to commissioning
and start-up
Contact
Cryogenics
90 Lurgi
Oil Refineries Engineering Design Services
Description
Air Liquide utilizes its 25 years of experience in engineering design and refining
technologies to provide refinery services such as:
Technology evaluation and licensor selection
Conceptual/feasibility studies
Basic engineering on the basis
of third party PDP documentation
Front-end engineering design (FEED)
Detail engineering for revamps
of existing units or for new refinery units
Procurement services
Construction Management
Assistance to commissioning
and start-up
We have experience in designing the following units:

Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)
Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU)
Hydrotreatment/ Desulfurization
Hydrocracking
Isomerization
SRU
Hydrogen plant
We have more than 170 references and experience working with many technology
licensors, such as: Axens, UOP, Uhde, Criterion, BASF, ExxonMobil, Chevron...
Contact
Cryogenics
91 Lurgi
Customer Services Services
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Services make our customers businesses more
reliable, competitive and cost-efficient, wherever they are in the world.
Traditionally, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers support and long-term services to
the Air Liquide Group. Today, we bring our many years of engineering and operational
experience to third party customers through a growing range of services from spare
parts management to long term service agreements. These maximize the efficiency and
reliability of our customers assets, either engineered by us or by other actors in
the market.
Our aim is to be a one-stop service provider, so that customers can enjoy the
reassurance of working with one reliable partner, have more visibility over operating
costs and fully optimize each process in the short and longer term.
Spare Parts Services: specific lists and supply for your asset management, safety
stocks, interchangeability studies, compliance with updated regulations.
Site Services: sending our experts on-site to resolve issues, check performance,
install new components, supervize planned or unplanned shut-down events.
Product Support Services: remote technical assistance, monitoring and
diagnostics, customer training, EHS consulting.
Engineering Services: conversions, modifications, upgrades: from conceptual and
feasibility studies to project execution for the improvement of existing plants, design
for third parties and validation, performance improvement programs.
Long Term Service Agreements: extended performance guarantees, special rates
on one or more services from the other categories in a single agreement of variable
duration to keep plants running at maximum efficiency.
Contact
Cryogenics
92 Lurgi
Focus on: Engineering for Existing Plants Services
Description
Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions in all facets of engineering:
Performance Improvement Programs (PIP)
Plant upgrades
Plant relocations
Environmental performance
Reliability improvements
Safety improvements
Obsolescence management / life extension
Site audits and reports
Contact
Cryogenics
93 Lurgi
Focus on: Customer Training Services
Description
For more than 100 years, Air Liquide has been a recognized leader in the cryogenic
industry and more specifically in the following areas:
Cryogenic and LNG plant design and operations
Safety when handling and transporting cryogenics liquids
Maintenance of cryogenic plants
Our offering includes:

Compressed Gas Association industry practice
Basic process training: 1-2 days theoretical classroom process technology overview
Detailed process training: 1-2 weeks hands on-training on the site
Maintenance of cryogenic assets
Safety in operating cryogenic assets
Safety in transporting and handling cryogenic liquids
Customized training
Our training offering varies in each region, as it depends on the availability of local
experts and technical resources.
Contact
Cryogenics
94 Lurgi
List of abbreviations and acronyms
2EHA 2-ethylhexylacrylate DME Dimethyl ether HP High pressure NH3 Ammonia

2EHOH 2-ethylhexanol DMR Dehydration and mercaptan removal unit HT High temperature Ni Nickel
AA Acrylic acid DRI Direct reduction of iron ore IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
AA ethanol specification per US federal
M DTDC Desolventizer, toaster, dryer and cooler IMPCA International methanol producers and NO Nitrous oxide
regulation O-M-232e consumers association
E&C Engineering and construction NOx Nitrous oxides
AcAc Acetic acid ISO International Organization
EA Ethylacrylate NRU Nitrogen removal unit
AGR Acid gas removal for Standardization
EAA Ester-grade acrylic acid OpEx Operating expenditures
APH Air pre-heater Kr Krypton
EOR Enhanced oil recovery PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Ar Argon LAR Liquid argon
EtOH Ethanol PC Polycarbonate
ASU Air Separation Unit LIN Liquid nitrogen
FAD Fatty acid distillate PDH Propane dehydrogenation
ATR Autothermal reformer/reforming LNG Liquefied natural gas
FAME Fatty acid methyl ester PDP Preliminary design package
BA Butylacrylate LOX Liquid oxygen
FBDB Fixed bed bry bottom gasifier PIMS Proprietary simulation software
BFD Block flow diagram LP Low pressure
FEED Front-end engineering design PIP Performance improvement program
BFW Boiler feedwater LP3 Low pressure fatty alcohols production
FFA Free fatty acid POX Partial oxidation
BOG Boil-off gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
FOB Free on board PSA Pressure swing adsorbtion
BTU British thermal unit LTGT Lurgi tailgas treatment
F-T Fischer-Tropsch PSD Prevention of significant deterioration
BuOH Butanol MA Methylacrylate
G2G Gas-to-Gasoline PTSA Para-toluene sulfuric acid
C2+ Hydrocarbons with 2 or more carbons MDEA Methyl diethanolamine
GAN Gaseous nitrogen RBD Refined, bleached and deodorized
C4 ixture of 4-carbon hydrocarbons
M
GAR Gaseous argon MDI Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate RSH Carbon-bonded sulfhydryl or thiol
(butane, butylenes and butadienes)
GNG Gasesous natural gas MEA Monoethanolamine SMR Steam methane reforming or reformer
CapEx Capital expenditures
GOX Gaseous oxygen MEG Monoetylene glycol SNG Synthetic natural gas
CCR Continuous catalytic reforming
CDU Crude distillation unit H2 Hydrogen MeOH Methanol SO2 Sulfur dioxide
CH4 Methane H2S hydrogen sulfide MP Medium pressure SOx Sulfur oxydes
CLS Claus HC Hydrocarbon MPG Multi-purpose gasifier SRU Sulfur removal unit
CO Carbon monoxide HCl Hydrochrloric acid Mono propylene glycol TDI Toluene diisocyanate
CO2 Carbon dioxide HCN Hydrogen cyanide MTG Methanol-to-Gasoline USD United States dollar
COS Carbonyl sulfide HDS Hydrodesulfurization MTP Methanol-to-Propylene VDU Vacuum distillation unit
CSFT Cold soak filtration test He Helium NaOH Soda VSA Vacuum Swing Adsorbtion
Cu Copper HF Hydrofluric acid Ne Neon WHRS Waste heat recovery system
CW Cooling water Hg Mercury NG Natural gas Xe Xenon
DEA Diethanolamine HHC Heavy hydrocarbon NGL Natural gas liquids
Cryogenics
95 Lurgi
www.engineering-airliquide.com

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Cryogenics

Editor: Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions US Inc.

January 2016, version 1.3

2015 Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions

PAPERBACK DIGITAL VERSION DIGITAL VERSION

ask any email address on pages 10/11 or

Apps from Air Liquide:

GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA EASY GAS CONVERTER

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Technology and Sales

Air Liquide Group Air Liquide Global

At Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions, Embodying a

Provide a secure work environment We ensure that safety is the

Improve our Health, Safety, We will not hesitate to stop an

Cleaner Natural Gas

Our technologies enable efficient pollutants removal: Cleaner fuels

Natural Gas Treatment

New Delhi Asia

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions Germany GmbH

Sao Paulo Selangor

STANDARD PLANTS PETROCHEMICALS OLEOCHEMICALS

Application Description Nitrogen vent

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions

Application Description Nitrogen vent

Application Description Air compression Adsorption Oxygen compression

Application Description Residual rich gas Gaseous N2 LIN to

Product Several process schemes are available

Economics HYOS R is designed as a stand-

Application Description Nitrogen vent

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Application Description Heat

CO up to 99.99% purity is tailor-made to fit the customers

Latest project in 2015 (Malaysia)

Economics are highly dependent on

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Application Description MP GAN

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

with LNG Contact

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Application Description N2 expander

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Latest project: Shiraz (Iran)

Hydrogen and argon recovery plants are

Application Description H2 product

H2 H2 and CO2. Residual gas is sent to the Membranes

Application Description Non condensable

Co-product In the cold box, CO2 is recovered by Low Pressure

The CO2 product is compressed,

United States, FutureGen2.0, 2013, 3,200 tpd

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

He Liq. only incl. He purif.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Application Description Helium Purification Helium Liquefaction

He Liq. only incl. He purif. Contact

Application Description Flue Gas HP Steam

Co-product For export steam production of high Natural H2

0 50 100 150 200

Application Description Flue Gas HP Steam

Steam production: 0.4 to 1.2 kg/Nm3 H2 References

0 50 100 150 200

Application Description Flue Gas

0 50 100 150 200

0 50 100 150 200

Application Description PRODUCTION

Provide a secure work environment We ensure that safety is the

Improve our Health, Safety, We will not hesitate to stop an