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reference for anyone interested in paint and other art materials (1)
was used as a general reference in the development of this Activity. Many excellent references are available online (2);
This Classroom Activity may be reproduced for use in the subscribers classroom.
also see student side and online supplement. This Journal issue contains numerous related articles (3).
Integrating the Activity into Your Curriculum
In addition to making and testing paint, it is possible to emphasize the chemistry of paint and pigments, to study
the history of the development of different types of paints, to attempt to duplicate commercial paints as closely as
possible (see online supplementW), or to make paint using only everyday household items. The choice is left to the
interests of the instructor and students. This Activity might be used to integrate chemistry into an art class. An art
instructor or artist might speak to the chemistry class or try using the homemade paints.
About the Activity A steel
W wool pad
This Activity will require at least two days to complete. Using the online supplement, (top) was
it could easily occupy students for all of National Chemistry Week. Part I can be completed rusted
in less than a full class period, but surfaces painted with gesso or house paint must dry (middle)
overnight. Using commercially prepared stretched canvas or canvas board avoids this step. and
Several colors of egg tempera paint can be made and tested in a single class period. If you ground
wish to have students paint a picture, they may need to pool their paint samples and addi- into
powder
tional time will be required. Pigment paste can be stored in a sealed container for several
(bottom).
days, but egg tempera paint cannot be stored because it dries very quickly.
It may be possible to borrow many of the materials for this Activity from your schools art department. The least
expensive paint brushes and supplies are suitable for this Activity. Many artists pigments are toxic and expensive. We
list a few that are cheap, readily available, and safe for student use. A more extensive list of standard pigments and
household items that can be used as pigments is available online.
Suggested Pigments Preparation (if required) and Notes
carbon, charcoal Break up large lumps with a hammer before grinding. Produces black paint.
iron(III) oxide Place a steel wool pad in a disposable cup. Saturate the pad with vinegar and leave exposed to
the air. Stir or turn daily (23 days) until only rust is visible. Produces reddish-brown paint.
titanium dioxide, zinc oxide Found in some natural sunscreens. Remove any oil that separates from the mixture. Produces
perforated
white paint.
laundry bluing Bluing is Prussian blue in aqueous suspension. Produces deep blue paint.
Answers to Questions
1. The most obvious difficulty is grinding solid pigments sufficiently to avoid lumps in the paint.
2. Egg tempera paints have vivid, transparent colors that dry very quickly with a glossy finish. Lumps of solid pigment
(if any) may be easily scraped off. Otherwise, it should be difficult or impossible to remove the dried paint.
3. The chemistry of eggs is complex. Egg yolk is an emulsion containing oils along with proteins. When exposed to
light and air, the proteins denature and the fats polymerize to quickly form a very strong adhesive. The proteins
form hydrogen bonds with each other and with the surface, locking the pigments into a solid matrix. With time,
covalent bonds are formed (1, 2).
4. Gesso seals and protects the surface so that paint does not soak through. The white background makes transparent
colors more visible.
Literature Cited
1. Mayer, R. The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques, 5th ed.; Viking: New York, 1991.
2. Paints. http://cator.hsc.edu/~mollusk/ChemArt/paint/paints.html (accessed Aug 2001).
3. Denio, A. A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1298; Orna, M. V. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1305; Frankel, F. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1312;
Jacobsen, E. K. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1316; Judd, C. S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1322; Young, J. A. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 1326.
JCE Classroom Activities are edited by Nancy S. Gettys and Erica K. Jacobsen