Junior French Course PDF

CUI H'SKS AND GRAMMARS IN
FRENCH AND G MEM AN

ISSUED B
Ube THntv>erstt\? t u t o r i a l press.
T H E T U T O R I A L F R E N C H ACCIDENCE. By Trof. E.
WEEKLEY, M. A., late E x a m i n e r in the University of London,
With Exercises, Passages for Translation into French,-and a
Chapter on Elementary Syntax. Third Edition. 3s. Gd. The
E X E R C I S E S ( s e p a r a t e l y ^ , I s . Gd.
T H E T U T O R I A L F R E N C H SYNTAX. By Prof. E. WEEKLEY,

M.A., and A. J . WYATT, M. A. With Exercises. Second
Edition. 3s. Gd. The EXERCISER (separately), Is.
SCHOOL F R E N C H GRAMMAR. Being the Grammatical part
of the Matriculation French Course without tile exercises. By
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T H E MATRICULATION F R E N C H COURSE. By Prof. E.
WEEKLEY, M.A. Third Edition. 3s. Gd.
MATRICULATION F R E N C H ESSAYS. By II. J . CIIAYTOR,
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S E N I O R F R E N C H COURSE. By Professor E . WEEKLEY, M.A.,
and C. GILLI, B.A. 3S. Gd.
Adapted f r o m the Matriculation French Course for the Cam-
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N E W J U N I O R F R E N C H C O U R S E . By G. A. ROBERTS, M.A.,
Senior Modern Language Master, Royal Masonic School,
Busliey. 2s. Gd.
DIRECT FRENCH COURSE. B y I I . J . CHAYTOR, 5 I . A . , Head-
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SECOND YEAR DIRECT FRENCH COURSE. By Ci. A.
ROBERTS, M . A . , a n d H . J . CIIAYTOR, M . A . Ss.
D I R E C T GERMAN C O U R S E . By H , J . CIIAYTOR, .M.A. is. M .

JUNIOR FRENCH COURSE
BY
ERNEST WEEKLEY, M.A. C A M B . AND LOND.

P R O F R S S O R O F F R K N C H AT L ' N I V F R S 1 T Y COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM
AUTHOR O F " T H E M AT ILIOU I, ATION F R E N C H COURSE," "FRENCH PROSE
COMPOSITION," ETC.
Tenth Impression (Second Edition)
Londo: B. C L I V E
UM.U ST., XKW OXFOUD ST., W . f .

me.
PREFACE.
THE Junior French Course is intended to be used as a

companion volume to t h e Junior French Sender, already
published in the same series. The standard is t h a t of
the Second Class College of Preceptors' Examination and
of tlie Junior Locals. The matter has been arranged
in the order which the author's experience has found to
be best, the essential elements of the language preceding
all irregularities. Tlie exercises, which have been con-
tributed by Mr. S. C. Latour, of Paris, are interspersed
among the grammatical matter, b u t it lias been t h o u g h t
best to p u t all paradigms of verbs together (pp. 100159).
E . W.
I n the second edition some continuous passages for

translation into French have been added, together with
notes thereon, and t h e English-French Vocabulary lias
been enlarged so as to serve for these continuous passages
as well as for the exercises.
CONTENTS.
PAO i:
INTRODUCTORY\ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. . . 1
CHAPTER / P A R T S OF S P E E C H 3
' IFSSON
13 T H E ARTICLE 4
4 T H E SUBSTANTIVE AND T H E ADJECTIVE . . . 9
5, 6 T H E PERSONAL PRONOUNS 11
711 TIIE U S E OF T H E T E N S E S 13
12 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 20
13 THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION . . . . . 2 1
14 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 23
15 NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION . . . 2 4
16 PASSIVE VOICE 26
17 INTRANSITIVE VERBS 27
18 REFLEXIVE VERBS 28
19 IMPERSONAL VERBS 29
20 THE IMPERSONAL V E R B Y AVOIR , . . . 3 1
21, 22 DEMONSTRATIVE A D J E C T I V E S A N D PRONOUNS . . 82
23 POSSESSIVE A D J E C T I V E S AND PRONOUNS . . . 33
21 RELATIVE PBONOUXS 37
25 INTERROGATIVE A D J E C T I V E S AND RIIOXONSS . . 10
26 IDIOMATIC USES OF T U B PERSONAL PRONOUNS. . 42
27 DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS . . . . 4 4
28, 29 THE NUMERALS 47
30 COMPARISON 53
31 INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES 55
32 INDEFINITE A D J E C T I V E S AND PROMJUNS . . . 5<;
33 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 5S
31 38 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD . 0 0
viii CONTEXT!?.
LESSON 1 AOK
3941 THE INFINITIVE 06
43 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE GO
43, 4 4 THE TAST P A R T I C I P L E . 7C
1
45 P L U R A L O F S U B S T A N T I V E S AND ADJECTIVES . . 72
43 - 4 9 FEMININE OF S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D A D J E C T I V E S . 75
50 COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES 83
51 ADVERBS OF M A N N E R . FORMATION . . . . 8 6
52, 53 QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGA-
TION . 89
<4 70 IRREGULAR VERBS . . . . . . 90
PARADIGMS.
1 C O N J U G A T I O N O F AVOIR . 100
2 C O N J U G A T I O N O F ETRE . . . , , . 102
3 - 6 TIIE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS . . , .104
13 NEGATIVE CONJUGATION 112
14 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 114
15 NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION . . .115
16 CONJUGATION OF T H E PASSIVE VOICE . . . LIE
17 CONJUGATION OF AN INTRANSITIVE VERB . . 119
18 CONJUGATION OF A R E F L E X I V E VERB . . . 12<>
19 CONJUGATION OF AN IMPERFONAL V E R B . . . 121
52, 53 Q U A S I - I R R E G U L A R V E R B S ( F I R S T CONJUGATION) . . 120
5470 IRREGULAR VERBS 132
C O N J U G A T I O N OF T H E R E F L E X I V E S'CII ALLER . . 158
APPENDIX.
A . - R U L E S FOR GENDER 160
B . S P E C I M E N OF P A U S I N G 102
EXERCISES AND VOCAB UI.AMIES.

PASSAGES FOR T R A N S L A T I O N INTO F R E N C H . . . .163
N O T E S ON T I I E PASSAGES FOR T R A N S L A T I O N INTO F R E N C H . 173
FUENCN-IINGLITH VOCAI>U I. U ( I - 179
E N G L I S H - F R E N C H VOCABULARY 19S
GRAMMATICAL REFORMS
AUTHORISED BY THE
FRENCH MINISTER OP EDUCATION, 1901.

BY a decree of the French Minister of Education

(February 26tli, 1901), a good many modifications have
been introduced into the grammatical rules hitherto ob-
served. I n each case the suggested simplification is to b e
regarded as a " tolrance," the original usage remaining
equally correct. Tlie following is an abstract of the
changes so far as they deal with rules contained in this
book.
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES.
Compound substantives may always be written without

hyphens: e.g. un chou fleur ( 222),
THE ARTICLE.
The partitive article may be used instead of de before

a substantive preceded by an adjective: e.g. des bons fruits
( 21).
NUMERALS.
T
Vingt and cent, w hen multiplied, may take the sign of
the plural though followed by another number. No
hyphen need be used in compound numerals : e.g. trois
cents quatre vingts dix sept hommes ( 146. 150).
Mille may be used for mil in dates ( 149).
J.F.C. 1
ii GRAMMATICAL REFORMS.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
Mme, when added to a disjunctive personal pronoun,

requires no hyphen ( 144).
THE VERB.
Compound verbs may be written without hyphen or

apostrophe: e.g. entrecroiser, entrouvrir ( 7, 8).
The hyphen may be omitted in the interrogative con-
jugation ( 7).
C'est may be used instead of ce sont when the comple-
ment is third person plural ( 102, Note).
FURTHER REFORMS
ACCEPTED BY THE FRENCH ACADEMY, 1905.
The following is an abstract of such of these reforms as

are likely to affect students who are comparatively speaking
beginners in French.
The seven substantives in -ou which hitherto formed
their plural by adding -X ( 196) may now form their
plural regularly by the addition of -s : e.g. hibom, chous.
I n some words the accents may be modified or sup-
pressed ; such are: dj {dj), assidment (assidment,
227), dvoument (devourment or dvouement), ile (le),
maitre (matre), naitre (natre), tratre (tratre), vote
(vote).
Dixime and sixime may now be written dixime, sizime
THE PRECEPTORS'
FRENCH COURSE.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.ORTHOGRAPHY
AND PRONUNCIATION.
THE ALPHABET.
1. The French alphabet is the same as t h a t used in

writing English, except t h a t in French the letters k and W
occur only in foreign words.
2. Capitals and small letters are used as in English,
except that the following classes of words do not in French
begin with a capital letter :
() adjectives formed from names of countries and other proper
names ; e.g. la langue franaise, the French language;
(b) names of titles ; e.g. le duc de Buckingham arrivera
demain, the Duhe of Suekingham will arrive to-morrow ;
(c) names of days and months ; e.g. il sera ici le premier lundi
de juin, he will te here on the first Monday in June.
ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS.
3. The same marks of punctuation are used in French

as in English.
4. There are three accents : t h e acute ( ' ) , the grave
and the circumflex (A). The use of these is explained in
9.
5. The cedilla written under C (thus : ) indicates
that the letter has its soft sound.
2 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, G 1 0 .
6. The diaeresis ( " ) indicates that the vowel over

which it is placed does not coalesce with the preceding
vowel, but is pronounced separately ; e.g. Nol, Christmas.
7. The hyphen (-) is used, as in English, to join the

members of a compound word ; also in some compound
numerals ( 150), and to join the pronoun to the verb in
commands ( 35) and questions ( 65).
8. The apostrophe (') marks the elision of a vowel

before a following vowel or silent h ; e.g. l'oncle (for le
oncle), the uncle; l'homme (for le homme), the man.
NOTE.The following details on elision are i m p o r t a n t :
0 and u are never elided.
1 is elided only in si before i l or ils.
a is elided in la, the, her ; e.g. l'me (f.), the soul ; nous l'aimons,
we like her,
0 is elided in le, the, l'homme, the 7nan.
le, him, it, nous l'avons vu, we have seen him.
ce (pron.), c'est moi, it is I.
je, I, j'aime, Hove.
me, me, to me, vous m'ennuyez, you annoy me.
te, thee, to thee, je t'aime, I love you.
se, himself, etc., il s'est bless, he has hurt himself.
de, of, la croix d'honneur, the cross of
honour.
que, which, what, qu'avez-vous 1 what ails you ?
que (conj.), that, je crois qu'il viendr, I believe that
he will come.
ne, not, je n'ose, I dare not.
jusque, until, jusqu' midi, till noon.
In entre, in the substantive entr'acte, interlude, and in several
compound verbs ; e.g. entr'ouvrir, to half open.
I n presque, in the substantive presqu'le, peninsula.
I n quelque, only in the compound quelqu'un, some one.
In lorsque, when, puisque, since, quoique, although, e is elided
only before il, ils, elle, elles, un, une, on.
Obs. N o elision takes place before the words onze, eleven, onzime,
eleventh, ouate, wadding, oui, yes ; e.g. le onzime, the eleventh,
PARTS OF SPEECH. 3
O N THE U S E OF THE ACCENTS.
9. The acute accent (-) is used only over e, to which

it gives the sound known as " closed e."
The grave accent (v) placed over e denotes t h a t t h e e has
its " open " sound.
The grave accent (v) is also placed over a and u, and
serves to distinguish words which are spelt alike; it does
not then affect the pronunciation.
la, the, her l , there.
ou, either, or o, where.
The circumflex accent (A) may stand on a n y vowel
(except y), and usually indicates t h a t the vowel is long;
in most cases the circumflex also denotes the suppression of
some letter or letters, generally S.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
10. There are nine parts of speech in French :
1. Article 1
2. Substantive I
3. Adjective v variable.
4. Pronoun
5. Yerb
6. Adverb
7. Preposition
1 invariable.
8. Conjunction
9. Interjection
When we say that a word is " variable," we mean t h a t
to the word, or to a certain unchangeable portion of it,
suffixes may be added.
The purpose which a suffix serves differs according to t h e
p a r t of speech to which the word belongs :
Substantives have a suffix to m a r k the plural number, as
in English.
Articles, adjectives, and pronouns vary according to their
gender and number.
4 PRECEPTORS' FKEi-iCH COURS K, 18 20.
"Verbs have suffixes indicating person, number, tense, and

mood.
NOTE.Some pronouns h a v e special forms for different cases
nominative, accusative, and dative ( 30), much as in English. 1
Obs. From w h a t is here said it is evident that suffixes are much
more varied in French than in English, and that t h e y play an
important part in the grammar of the language.
LESSON 1.THE ARTICLE.

11, There are in French three articles :
the definite article (Eng. the) ;
the indefinite article (Eng. a, an) ;
the partitive article (Eng. some, any).
12. The article must agree with the substantive in

gender and number.
13. T H E DEFINITE ARTICLE.
Singular. Plural.
Masculine, le) 1" before a vowel jeg
Feminine, la) or h mute
le roi, the king. les rois, the i
l a reine, the queen. les reines, the queens.
l'ami, the friend. les amis, the friends.
l'homme, the man. les hommes, the men.
l'htesse, the hostess. les htesses, the hostesses.
NOTE 1. Substantives in French are either masculine or feminine,

the neuter gender having disappeared.
NOTE 2.Initial h is usually mute in French. When it is aspirated;
no elision takes place ; e.g. le Hongrois, l a Hongroise, the Hun-
garian. The French h- aspirate is, however, not sounded as i n
English.
14. When the definite article is preceded by the pre-

positions de, of, from, or , to, at, de le is contracted to du,
THE ARTICLE 5
le to au, de les to des, and les to aux. Du and au are

replaced by de 1' and T before a vowel or h- mute.
du roi, of the king. de l'empereur, of the emperor.
de la reine, of the queen. de l'impratrice, of the empress.
a u roi, to the king. & l'empereur, to the emperor.
la reine, to the queen. l'impratrice, to the empress.
des rois, of the kings. des empereurs, of the emperors.
aux reines, to the queens. a u x impratrices, to the empresses.
NOTE.There is no possessive case in French, possession being
expressed by the use of the preposition de, thus :la couronne du
roi, the king's crown ; les couronnes des rois, the kings' oroums.
T H E INDEFINITE ARTICLE.
15. The indefinite article is, as in English, used only in
the singular.
Masculine, un
Feminine, une
o n roi, a king. une reine, a queen.
T H E PARTITIVE ARTICLE.
16. The genitive case of the definite articlei.e. the
definite article preceded by the preposition demust be used
in French for the English some or any, whether expressed
or understood.
II mange du pain. I l boit de l'eau.
He is eating (some) bread. He is drinking (some) water.
I l boit de la bire. Avez-vous des livres 1
He is drinking {some) beer. Have you (any) books ?
NOTE.The plural of t h e partitive article may thus be regarded as
the plural of the indefinite article ; e.g. un homme, a man ; des
hommes, (some) men.
17. The article, definite, indefinite, or partitive, must be

repeated before every substantive in French.
Le pre et la mre ont du pain et de la viande.
The father and vwther have bread and meat.
Le soldat a un fusil et une baonnette.
The soldier has a rifle and bayonet.
Learn the verb avoir ( 235).

6 PRECEPTORS' FKEi-iCH COURS K, 1 8 20.
EXERCISE 1.
A.1. J'ai la plume, le crayon et l'encre. 2. Louis a les livres et
les cahiers. 3. Nous avons les grammaires et les dictionnaires.
4. La reine aura la visite de la princesse. 5. Nous avons une lettre
du roi. 6. Vous avez des pommes et des poires, de la bire et du
vin. 7. Ils ont la montre de l'enfant. 8. Tu auras un livre et
une montre. 9. Vous auriez parl ( s p o k e n ) au pre d u soldat.
10. N o u s aurons les c a n i f s des lves.
B . 1 . Edward's friend has an apple. 2. A lady has g i v e n ( d o n n )

fruit ( p l u r . ) t o the child. 3. W e have given exercises to the boys
and girls. 4. They would have written {crit) a letter to the
queen. 5. The soldier w i l l have arms and ammunition ( p l u r . ) .
6. The child's mother has the father's house. 7. He has replied
(rpondu) to the general's envoy. 8. The prince will have the
crown of Austria and of Hungary. 9. A soldier has the king's
sword. 10. Officers a n d soldiers have the keeping of the g a t e of
the palace.
LESSON 2 . T H E A R T I C L E (continued).
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.
18. The definite article must be used, in French, though

not in English, in t h e following cases :
1. Before a n y substantive used in a general sense.
Le v i n rjouit le cur de l'homme.
Wine rejoices the heart of man.
Les hommes sont mortels.
Men are mortal.
2. Before names of continents, countries, provinces, and mountains.
Le Sina est situ entre l'Asie et l'Afrique.
Sinai is situated between Asia and Africa.
NOTE.The definite article is omitted after the preposition en, in ;
e.g. i l demeure en France, he lives in France,
3. Before titles.
Le prsident Faure a crit la reine Victoria.
President Faure has written to Queen Victoria
i. Before proper names preceded by an adjective.
Le pauvre Henri est mort.
Poor Henr'i is dead.
THE ARTICLE. 7
5. Instead of the English indefinite article to indicate price.

Trois francs la bouteille.
Three francs a bottle.
NBTE.In speaking of payment by time, the preposition par, by,
is used ; e.g. cent francs par mois, a hundred francs a month.
6. Often instead of the possessive adjective in speaking of parts of
the body, articles of dress, etc.
Il entra, le chapeau la main.
He came in with his hat in his hand.
Learn the verb tre ( 236),
EXERCISE 2.
A.1. L'or est jaune, le plomb est lourd, le fer est utile.
2. Les soldats auront des fusils et des cartouches. 3. Vous serez en
France la fin du mois. 4. Les Alpes sont entre la France, la
Suisse et l'Italie. 5. La paresse est la mre des vices. 6. La
source du Rhin est en Suisse. 7. Le prix du drap de la robe est
deux francs le mtre. 8. L'ouvrier serait content, s'il avait quatre
francs par jour. 9. Vous serez heureux de faire (in doing) le bien.
10. La Hollande est monotone, l'Ecosse est pittoresque.
B.1. Green is the emblem of hope. 2. Tall Charles i s t h e
friend of little John. 3. Pepper and mustard are condiments.
4. The poor man will have his arm cut off (coup). 5. The lady
at the theatre would have her hat on her head. 6. The traveller
Livingstone has explored (explore) Africa. 7. Doctor Nansen is very
popular in Europe. 8. The Duke of York is the son of the Prince
of Wales. 9. King George of Greece is the son of King Christian.
10. H e had his hat on one side (on his ear) and his whip in ( )
his hand.
LESSON 3.THE A R T I C L E (continued).

T H E INDEFINITE ARTICLE.
19. The indefinite article is omitted before a substantive
in apposition.
Le martinet, espce d'hirondelle, est trs timide.
The martin, a hind of sioalloio, is very timid.
20. The indefinite article is omitted after the verb tre,

to be, in stating a person's occupation, nationality, etc.
Il est mdecin. Nous sommes Espagnols,
He is a doctor. HV are Svaniards
8 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 2 1 27.
T H E PARTITIVE ARTICLE.
21. The partitive article ( 1 6 ) must be replaced by de

only :
1. Before an adjective.
Nous aurons de bons fruits.
We shall have good fruit.
2. After a negative.
Nous n'aurons pas de pain.
We shall have no bread.
3. After any word denoting measure or quantity,
Nous aurons beaucoup d'argent.
We shall hare much money.
Voici un panier de poires.
Here is a basket of pears.
NOTE.The following is a list of adverbs of q u a n t i t y which
always require de before the f o l l o w i n g substantive :
assez, enough. peu, little, few.
autant, as much, as many. plus, more.
beaucoup, much, many. tant, so much, so many.
combien, how much, how many. trop, too much, too many.
moins, less, fewer. un peu, a little, a few.
Learn the verb porter ( 237).
EXERCISE 3.
A.1. Je donnerai peu de travail aux lves. 2. Le Marchal de
MacMahon, duc de Magenta, tait d'origine irlandaise, 3. Votre
ami est Bulgare ou Montngrin. 4. Combien de soldats sont ici 1
5. Nous aurons d'excellents fruits et du lait frais. 6. Vous aurez de
bonnes raisons donner. 7. Nous n'aurons pas de fruits cette anne.
8. Ils n'ont pas de vin, mais ils ont du th. 9. Nous aurons beaucoup
de travail aujourd'hui. 10. J'ai assez de viande et tu as trop de pain.
B.1. The workman will have a glass of wine and a cup of coffee.
2. I will g i v e (to) the traveller a dozen oysters and a litre of wine.
3. You give too much wine to the child. 4. He is a Hungarian but
his mother was a Pole. 5," You will bring more apples and grapes
(sing.). 6. You would have less work and more exercise. 7. I
should like a little sugar w i t h the fruit (plur.). 8. London, the
capital of England, is a port. fl. We have so much pleasure in
travelling ( voyager). 10. We should bring a pound of bread and
a dozen eggs.
THE SUBSTANTIVE AND THE ADJECTIVE. 9
LESSON 4 . T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D THE
ADJECTIVE.
22. The adjective agrees in gender and number with
t h e substantive which it qualifies.
23. The feminine of adjectives, and of such substantives

as have a corresponding feminine, is formed by adding -e
to the masculine.
un ami dvou une amie dvoue a devoted friend.
24. The plural of substantives and adjectives is formed

by adding -S to the singular.
l'ami dvou, the devoted friend.
les amis dvous, the devoted friends.
25. When an adjective qualifies substantives of different

gender it is put in the masculine plural.
Les cahiers et les plumes sont neufs.
The exercise-books and pens are new.
26. The position of the adjective is variable in French.

I n prose it is more commonly placed after the substantive.
Il a fait un discours trs loquent.
He has made a very eloquent speech.
27. The following adjectives usually precede t h e sub-

stantive, when used in their literal sense :
beau, beautiful, fine. mauvais, bad.
bon, good. mchant, wicked,
cher, dear. meilleur, better.
digne, worthy. moindre, less.
grand, great, tall. petit, small.
gros, big, saint, holy.
haut, high. sot, foolish.
jeune, young. vaste, vast.
joli, pretty. vieux, old.
long, long. vilain, ugly.
10 PRECEPTORS' FKEi-iCH COURS K, 18 2 0 .
28. The following classes of adjectives usually follow

the substantive :
1. Adjectives denoting physical qualities (colour, form, etc.).
Une toffe noire. Une table ronde.
A black material. A round table.
2. Adjectives formed from proper names.
L'arme franaise. Une cruaut satanique.
The French army. Diabolical cruelty.
NOTE.Such adjectives are not, in French, written w i t h a capital
letter, unless used as substantives ; e.g. les Suisses et l e s Allemands,
the Swiss and the Germans.
3. Polysyllabic adjectives.
Des lois imaginaires.
Imaginary laws.
4. Adjectives denoting d i g n i t y office, religion, etc.
L'arme royale. L'glise catholique.
The royal army. The Catholic Church.
5. Two or more adjectives q u a l i f y i n g one substantive.
Un homme bon et vertueux.
A good and virtuous man.
Learn the verb finir ( 238).
EXERCISE 4.
A.1. Le roi btira u n beau palais dans le parc. 2. L'lve
indocile rougira de ( / o r ) sa mauvaise conduite. 3. Vous donnerez
une jolie robe bleue la petite fille applique. 4. Le cousin de J e a n
est grand, la cousine d e Henri est petite. 5. Le pre et la mre de
Joseph sont trangers. 6. Le marteau du forgeron est lourd. 7. La
tche du vieux maon serait trop difficile. 8. Le matre p u n i t le
mauvais lve. 9. L a jeune vigne fournira de gros raisins noirs.
10. Nous finissons ce long exercice.
B.1. You will fill t h e large square case. 2. The holy m a n will
give salutary counsels. 3. The least reprimand will punish the
attentive pupil. 4. John a n d Mary are intelligent and w e l l -
informed. 5. She will choose a black hat and a blue dress.
6. John's best neighbour is old Peter. 7. We shall have an E n g l i s h
coachman, a German gardener and a French maid. 8. The Germans
profess the Protestant religion. 9. The castle of Versailles is a
worthy royal residence. 10. The women in Normandy wear high
( a n d ) pointed caps.
THE PERSONAL FKONODNS. 11
LESSON 5.THE P E R S O N A L PRONOUNS.

29. Personal pronouns are divided into conjunctive and
disjunctive. The former are used in conjunction with
verbs. The disjunctive personal pronouns are dealt with in
Lesson 27.
30. The conjunctive personal pronouns have three

cases : viz. nominative, dative, and accusative.
First Person. Second Person. Third Person.
Both GeDders. Both Genders. Masc. Fem.
. ( Nom. je, I. tu, thou. il, he, it. elle, she, it.
g < Dat. me, ( t o ) me. te, ( t o ) thee, lui, (to) him. lui, (to) her.
rfi
( A c c . me, me. te, thee. le, him, it. la, her, it.
^ ( N o m . nous, we. vous, ye, you. ils, they. elles, they.
S -{ Dat. nous, (to) us. vous, (to) you. leur, (to) them, leur, (to) them.
^ l A c c . nous, us. vous, you. les, them. les, them.
For the genitive en a n d the dative y , see 130-2.
NOTE.The singular forms of the second person are only used
poetically (as in English), or in addressing near relatives, intimate
friends, and children. I n other eases the plural form vous is used
for the singular.
Tons tes trs bon.
You are very kind.
31. Pronouns governed by a verb precede t h a t verb in

French. I n compound tenses they precede the auxiliary.
Nous l'aimons. I l s nous aiment.
We love him (or her). They love us.
Nous t'aurions aim. Elles m'ont aim.
We would have loved thee. They have loved me.
Learn the verb recevoir ( 239).
EXERCISE 5.
A.1. Vous finirez l'exercice et vous le copierez. 2. Il vous aime
et vous le hassez. 3. J e vous aiderai dans toute circonstance
difficile, i. Ils nous donneront de bons conseils. 6. Le courrier lui
portera les ordres du gnral. 6. Je recevrai Caroline et lui donnerai
les gravures. 7. Jacques m'a dsobi, je le punirai et lui donnerai
un pensum. 8. Elle m'apercevra dans l'avenue. 9. Je la gronderai,
si elle vous "reoit. 10. Vous lui donnerez des fruits mrs ; elle les
recevra avec plaisir.
12 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 100104,
B.1. The workman will perceive the damage (plur.) and will
repair it. 2. You will be astonished if you meet her. 3. You
(sing.) shall give m e the book and I will lend you the pen. 4. Jane
and Charlotte are very good ; I will reward them. 5. You will g i v e
them a French doll. 6. W e should receive them with pleasure.
7. They owe (to) them gratitude. 8. They receive with pleasure the
advice ( p l u r . ) w h i c h (que) you give them. 9. The unfaithful friend
would deceive thee ; thou shalt avoid him. 10. We receive them
too o f t e n ; they will deceive us,
L E S S O N 6 . T H E P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N S
(icontinued).
32. W h e n two pronouns, not both of the t h i r d person,
are governed by the same verb, t h e indirect object precedes
the direct object.
Je vous le donne. Il nous l'a donn.
I give it to you. He has given it to us.
33. W h e n t h e pronouns are both of t h e t h i r d person,

the accusatives le, la, les, precede the datives lui, leur.
Je le leur ai donn. Nous les lui donnerons.
l'hve given it to them. We shall give them to him (or her).
34. The following are t h e only permissible combina-

tions (omitting, for t h e present, en a n d y, Lesson 26) :
Dat. Acc. Acc. Dat.

me
- te \ le or l a or les. } e ' l a ) lui or leur.
nous, vous J les J
35. I n the imperative, used affirmatively, t h e accusa-

tive comes before t h e dative, and t h e pronouns must be
connected with t h e verb a n d with each other by hyphens.
Donnez-les-nous. Donnons-le-lui.
Give them to us. Let us give it to him.
Note.Instead of me and te, moi and toi are used, b u t suffer
elision before en or y.
Ecoutez-moi. lave-toi. Donnez-m'en.
Listen to me. HWi yourself. 6ire me some.
Learn the verb rompre ( 240).
TI1B USE OF THE TENSES. 13
EXERCISE 6.
A.1. Je le rendrai si vous m e le confiez. 2. Il vous le prtera
un autre jour. 3. Si je TOUS prte une canne, vous la romprez peut-
tre.. 4. Nous vous prterons des livres ; vous nous les rendrez
demain. 5. La grammaire est en haut {upstairs), Jacques vous la
descendra. 6. Vous me la donnerez aprs la classe. 7. Finissez votre
devoir ; vous me le donnerez ensuite. 8. Jacques est absent, attendez-
le. 9. Vous avez les livres de Pierre ; rendez-les-lui. 10. Si t u as le
dictionnaire de Marie, rends-le-lui.
B.1. The books are useless ; sell them. 2. We will g i v e them to
them and they will return t h e m t o you. 3. Give it to us ; w e will
keep it. 4. Lend her the ball ; she will return it to you. 5. They
will lose the books if you give t h e m to them. 6. If the dictionaries
are upstairs you will f e t c h t h e m down. 7. The dog will bite you if
you tease him. 8. They will be satisfied if you lend them t o them.
9. J o h n and Mary will lend me a ball ; I shall return it to them.
10. We shall sell (to) them the house and the garden.
LESSON 7 . T H E U S E O F T H E T E N S E S .
PRESENT.
36. The present tense has only one form in French :

thus j'aime is used to express I love, I am loving, and 7
do love.
I l finit son thme.
He is finishing his exercise.
37. The present is also used, as in English, to express

the immediate future.
Le concert commence h u i t heures.
The concert begins (or will begin) at eight.
38. The present is frequently employed, in vivid

narrative, for the past definite ( 44).
Du Guesclin les attaque, les met en fuite, renverse F e l l e t o n et le
fait prisonnier.
Du Gvesclin attached them, put them, to flight, overthrew Felton
and made him prisoner.
39. The present is used for the English past indefinite

in speaking of an action or state still in progress.
Je vous attends depuis six heures.
I have been waiting for you since six.
PAST INDEFINITE.
40. The past indefinite tense corresponds to two

English forms ; e.g. j'ai aim means I have loved or I have
been loving.
J'ai patin aujourd'hui.
I have been skating to-day.
41. The past indefinite is also commonly used, in con-

versation, for the past definite ( 44).
Je l'ai rencontr ce matin. Nous l'avons toujours aim.
I met him this morning. We always lilted him.
EXERCISE 7.
A.1. Elle chante pendant que vous travaillez. 2. Nous recevons
le journal tous les jours. 3. Ils parlent franais ; nous les entendons
distinctement. 4. Il arrive, comprend l'imminence du danger, vole
au secours de la petite troupe. 5. J e demeure en Angleterre depuis
trois ans. 6. Depuis d i x minutes vous nous rptez la m m e phrase.
7. L'hiver a commenc. 8. N o u s avons entendu de bons chanteurs
au concert. 9. J'ai fait (been for) un voyage e n eosse ; je vous le
raconterai. 10. Jacques l'a aperu l a semaine dernire.
B.1. They have already spread the fatal news. 2. She received
you in the little drawing-room of the hotel. 3. Geography teaches
us that the earth is round. 4. Pheasants eat ants' eggs. 5. E n g l a n d
despatches cotton goods (les tissus de coton) into the whole world.
6. The swallows announce t h e changes of weather. 7. A t the be-
ginning of winter the trees have lost their (the) leaves. 8. I received
yesterday letters from France. 9. I have been here since Monday.
10. H e took aim, loosed the arrow, and the apple fell.
LESSON 8 . T H E U S E O F T H E T E N S E S (continued).
IMPERFECT AND PAST DEFINITE.
42. The imperfect tense corresponds to three English

forms ; e.g. je vendais means I sold, I was selling, or I used
to sell.
Quand je demeurais en France je dejeunais midi.
When I lived in France I used to breakfast at noon.
Il djeunait quand nous avons pass chez lui.
He was breakfasting when we called on Mm.
43. The imperfect is used for the English pluperfect

in the same way as t h e present for t h e English past
indefinite (39).
Depuis trois ans i l t a i t le conseiller du prince.
For three years he had been the prince's adviser.
44. The past definite tense corresponds to one English

form ; e.g. je vendis means I sold,. I t is only used of actions
and states fully completed and having definite limits of
time.
Guillaume le Conqurant pousa Mathilde de Flandre.
William, the Conqueror married Matilda of Flanders.
Les conjurs turent Csar.
The conspirators killed Csar.
Il resta sourd pendant s i x mois.
He remained deaf for six months.
NOTE 1.The past definite is the tense of written narrative. In

conversation it is usually replaced b y the past indefinite ( 41).
NOTE 2.In vivid narratives t h e past definite is often replaced b y
the present ( 38).
45. The distinction between the imperfect and past

definite must be carefully observed in writing French. The
following extract should be translated into English, and
then re-translated.
DEATH OF S I B P H I L I F SIDNEY.
Sir Philippe Sidney, h o m m e distingu qui commandait la cavalerie

sous son oncle Leicester, dans l'expdition de Hollande, dploya
le courage le plus intrpide la bataille de Zutphen (158G). Il
eut deux chevaux tus sous lui. Lorsqu'il en montait un troisime,
il fut bless mortellement. Comme on l'emportait hors du c h a m p de
bataille, dans une grande agonie e t souffrant vivement d e la soif que
lui causait une grande perte de sang, il demanda de l'eau. On lui
e n apporta ; mais, comme il la portait ses lvres, il v i t u n soldat
bless qui, en passant prs de lui, lui j e t a un regard d'envie. Sir
Philippe loigna aussitt de ses lvres le breuvage qu'il n'avait pas
encore got et le lui prsenta, e n d i s a n t : "Tu en as plus besoin
que moi."
j. F. c. 2
EXERCISE 8.
A.1. Ils finissaient la leon pendant que vous jouiez. 2. Je
reus 8 heures une lettre de Georges ; je lui rpondis immdiate-
ment. 3. Parmentier importa e n France la culture de la p o m m e de
terre. 4. Le mdecin anglais Jenner dcouvrit la vaccine. 5. La
flotte allie bombardait les insurgs. 6. Le blocus commena deux
jours aprs la proclamation. 7. Les colons abattirent les arbres et
dfrichrent le sol. 8. Quand j'entrai dans la classe, les lves
jouaient. 9. la mort du prsident Carnot toute la France f u t en
deuil. 10. Les Romains consultaient les oracles avant le combat.
B.1. Stephenson invented the locomotive. 2. Christopher

Columbus discovered America. 3. The Gauls used t o fight naked.
4. The ancient philosophers taught the immortality of the soul.
6. Napoleon crushed Europe and gave kingdoms t o his brothers.
6. Thierry, the son of Clovis, entered (into) Auvergne, devastated and
ruined the country. 7. The f o x and the goat descended i n t o a well.
8. Beer and mead composed the drink of the Germanic races. 9. At
Sparta, w h e n an old m a n was present, the young people k e p t silence.
10. Champlain founded the colony of Canada ; Lewis X V . ceded it to
England.
LESSON 9.THE U S E OF T H E T E N S E S (continued).

PLUPERFECT AND PAST ANTERIOR.
46. The pluperfect tense corresponds to two English

forms ; e.g. j'avais chant means I had sung or I had been
singing.
Un marchand turc a v a i t perdu sa bourse.
A Turkish merchant had lost his purse.
Nous avions patin toute la journe.
We had been skating all day.
47. The past anterior tense corresponds to one English

form; e.g. il eut reu means he had received.
Aussitt que nous emes reu sa lettre, nous partmes.
As soon as we had received his letter, we started.
48. The use of the past anterior is practically restricted to

sentences beginning w i t h the phrases
rpeine, hardly, aussitt que,
' . ^ J- as soon as,
pres que, after, des que, ]
lorsque, when, ne . . . pas plus tt, no sooner
and the sentence almost a l w a y s contains another verb i n the past

definite.
Aussitt que j'eus djeun, j e sortis.
As soon as I had breakfasted, I went out.
NOTE.After the above conjunctions the pluperfect must be used

in speaking of repeated or habitual actions.
Aussitt que j ' a v a i s djeun, je sortais.

As soon as I had breakfasted, I used to go out,
EXERCISE 9.
A.1. Quand nous emes soup, nous allmes au lit. 2. J'allais

chaque jour sur la rivire quand j'avais fini la leon. 3. Aprs qu'il
eut travaill, il sortit dans le jardin. 4. Les enfants enfermaient
dans des cages les oiseaux qu'ils avaient pris ( c a v g l i t ) . 5. Aussitt
que nous emes entendu la chanson nous quittmes le concert.
6. Quand le voleur eut chapp, les gardiens fermrent la porte.
7. Les Franais avaient fond des colonies en Amrique. 8. Quand
vous etes fini, ils partirent. 9. Nous avions tudi et compris
(understood) la leon avant d i x heures. 10. Ils avaient demeur
plusieurs annes en gypte.
B.1. The children had lied ; t h e y were absent from school.

2. Scarcely had she spoken, w h e n (que) the applause (plur.) broke
out. 3. He replied as soon as he had received the letter. 4. W h e n
he had dined, he went d o w n t o the drawing-room. 5. A s soon as
the attack had begun, he lost courage. 6. As soon as the corn was
ripe, the reapers cut it, 7. W h e n you had corrected the exercises,
you sent them back to him. 8. They had begun t o ( ) speak French
w i t h the professor. 9. Thou hadst heard the words of the master.
10. I had already received bad news.
LESSON 10.THE U S E OF T H E T E N S E S (continued).
FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT.
49. The future tense corresponds to two English forms;

e.g. je vendrai means I shall sell or I shall be selling.
Je vendrai mon cheval avant l'hiver.
I shall sell my horse before, the teinter.
Nous resterons deux mois Paris.
We shall be staying tieo months ill Paris.
50. The future is used for the English present after

the conjunctions quand, lorsque, when, ds que, aussitt
que, as soon as, when future time is clearly referred to.
Appelez-moi ds qu'il sera ici,
Call me as soon as he is here.
51. The future perfect tense corresponds to two English

forms ; e.g. j'aurai travaill means I shall have worked or
I shall have been working.
J'aurai fini onze heures.
I shall ha ve finished at eleven.
onze heures j'aurai travaill pendant s i x heures.
At eleven I shall have been working for six hours.
52. The f u t u r e perfect must be used for the English

past indefinite in the same way as the f u t u r e for the
English present ( 50).
Appelez-moi quand vous aurez fini.
Call me when you have finished.
53. The f u t u r e perfect tense may also be used to

express probability.
Elle l'aura inform de votre retour.
She must have informed him, of your return.
EXERCISE 10.
A.1. Dieu punira les m c h a n t s et rcompensera les justes.

2. L e roi recevra l'ambassadeur tranger. 3. Le pilote dirigera le
vaisseau. 4. Les soldats combattront pour la patrie. 5. Vous
recevrez une lettre demain. 6. Vous m'crirez quand vous serez en
Allemagne. 7. Elles auront fini la leon avant midi. 8. Quand
vous recevrez la lettre, il aura cess de vivre. 9. Le bon lve aura
compris ( u n d e r s t o o d ) qu'il doit (must) travailler srieusement.
10. Ds que vous l'aurez vu (seen), vous me l'crirez.
B.1. You will g o out w h e n I allow you (it). 2. The shepherd

will shut the gate w h e n the wolf arrives. 3. We will start as soon as
we have finished the exercise. 4. I will return you your exercise-book
when I have corrected it. 5. If you work well, I will reward you.
6. The servant will come d o w n every day at seven o'clock. 7. The
shepherd's dog will bite the obstinate sheep. 8. The judges will
condemn the guilty. 9. The grapes will soon ripen. 10. We will
begin when you have finished.
LESSON 11.THE U S E OF T H E TENSES (continued).

CONDITIONAL MOOD.
f>4. The present conditional tense corresponds to two

English forms ; e.g. je chanterais means I should sing or 1
should be singing.
Si cela t a i t vrai, j e serais content.
If that were true, I should be satisfied.
Si j e faisais cela, j e trahirais ma patrie.
If I did that, I should be betraying my country.
55. The present conditional is also used in diffident

statements and questions.
Je penserais plutt le contraire.
I am inclined to think otherwise.
Auriez-vous quelque dml avec la justice !
Have you any trouble with the authorities ?
56. The perfect conditional tense corresponds to two

English forms; e.g. j'aurais chant means I should haw,
sung or I should have been singing.
J ' a u r a i s dj fini mon travail, si vous ne m'aviez pas interrompu.
Tshould have already finished my work, if you had not interrupted
me.
Vous auriez travaill encore, si j e ne vous avais pas interrompu.
You would have been working still, if I had not interrupted you.
57. The perfect conditional is often replaced by the

pluperfect subjunctive.
Il et voulu t o u t dtruire.
He would have liked to destroy everything.,
EXERCISE 11.
A.1. Je serais riche si j'avais t prudent. 2. S'il t a i t appliqu
il russirait. 3. Nous aurions dsir vous voir plus souvent. 4. Vous
oseriez nous dsobir ! 6. Le docteur leur a dit (told) que le malade
gurirait. 6. Si nous osions, nous vous demanderions un avis.
7. Elles auraient t contentes de (to) vous voir. 8. Je serais port
croire qu'il a tort. 9. Elle aurait reu la lettre, s'il lui avait crit
(written). 10. Nous aurions suppos que vous nous l'auriez rendu.
B.1. The advice (plur.) of a friend would be very useful to us.

2. You would perhaps consent to ( ) guide us. 3. They would have
played longer ( p l u s longtemps), if the weather had been better.
4. She assures m e t h a t you would consent t o ( ) accompany us.
5. We should have gained much, if we had followed (suivi) the counsels
of experience. 6. I would beg you to (de) send m e books and paper.
7. H e thought that w e should be too timid. 8. H e would have
spoken longer, but t h e judge interrupted him. 9. You would have
learnt (appris) the lesson in t w o hours, if you h a d worked. 10. I
should have perceived the house, but the wood concealed it.
LESSON" 12.THE I M P E R A T I V E MOOD.

58. The second person singular and plural of the
imperative mood are used as in English.
F i n i s t a leon. Travaillez Wen.
Finish your lesson. Work hard.
59. The imperative has also a first person plural, the

use of which is illustrated by the following example :
Soyons charitables envers les pauvres.
Let us be charitable to the poor.
60. The third perspn singular and plural of the

imperative are taken from the present subjunctive.
Qu'il attende. Qu'ils attendent.
Let him wait. Let them wait.
61. Pronouns governed by the imperative affirmative

follow the verb in the same order as in English, and the
forms moi and toi are used instead of me and te. The
pronouns are joined to each other and to the verb by
hyphens ( 35).
Donnez-les-moi. Donnons-le-leur.
Give them to me. Let us give it to them.
NOTE 1.Pronouns used w i t h the third person ( 60) f o l l o w the
normal order ( 34).
Qu'il nous le donne.
Let him give it to us.
NOTE 2. Pronouns used with the imperative negative also follow
the normal order ( 34).
N e me le donnez pas.
Do not give it to me.
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION. 21
EXERCISE 12
A.1. Finissez la narration avant onze heures. 2. Descends de
l'arbre, ou tu tomberas. 3. " Hercule, aide-moi," implora le charretier
embpurb. 4. " Romps le caillou qui t'arrte, prends ton fouet," lui
rpondit le dieu. 5. Habituons les enfants endurer la fatigue.
6. Apportez-lui du papier et de l'encre. 7. Remplissons notre
devoir. 8. Vous avez mal crit le devoir, recommencez-le. 9. Rendez
Csar ce qui est ( w h a t belongs) Csar. 10. Georges demande le
dictionnaire : donne-le-lui.
B.1. If you have finished the copies, give them t o me. 2. God
said (dit) : " Let there be light " (Let the light be). 3. They are
asking for the grammar ; let us l e n d it t o them. 4. Let t h e m (fern.)
ask for the books ; w e will lend them to them. 5. I n v i t e them t o
( ) stay here. 6. L e t us act prudently, but let us be prompt. 7. L e t
us have patience. 8. Let her continue to () work courageously.
9. Go * [ a n d ] see (injin.) the magistrate, and ask his advice. 10. Re-
turn them the book that (que) they have lent you.
LESSON 1 3 . N E G A T I V E CONJUGATION.
62. The negative adverb most frequently employed
in conjunction with verbs consists of the two words
ne . . . pas ; of these ne is the true negative, while pas is
intensive.
63. Except in the infinitive present, where both pre-
cede, ne comes before the finite verb and pas immediately
follows it. Thus in compound tenses pas comes between
the auxiliary and the participle. Ne may, however, be
separated from the verb by pronouns ( 31).
Obs. The negative conjugation in modern English is almost always
formed by the use of do not, did not ; there is no such construction
in French.
64. Besides the ordinary negative ne . . . pas, t h e f o l l o w i n g
negative expressions are used in conjunction with verbs :
(a) ne . . . point, not at all. ne . . . jamais, never.
ne . . . plus, no more, no longer. ne . . . gure, scarcely.
ne . . . rien, nothing.
These follow, w i t h regard to position, the rule given for ne . . . pas.
Je n'attendrai plus. Je n'ai rien vu.
I shall wait no longer. 1 have seen nothing.
* Words in square brackets are to be omitted.
I l n'a gure dormi cette nuit. U l e ne chante jamais.

He scarcely slept at all last night. She never sings.
( J ) n e . . . personne, nobody. ne . . . nul \ no

ne . . . que, only. ne . . . aucun / (adjective),
ne . . . nulle part, nowhere.
These f o l l o w the rule as to position given for n e . . . pas when

employed with simple tenses, but in compound tenses the second
word follows the participle.
Je n'ai v u personne. Je n'ai reu ancun argent.

J have seen no one. 1 have received no money.
Il n'a eu qu'un ami. Je ne l'ai trouv n u l l e part.
He has only had one friend. I did not find him anywhere.
(c) ni . . . ni, neither . . . nor.
W i t h this negative conjunction the negative particle n e m u s t be

used.
Il n'a ni amis ni richesses.
He has neither friends nor wealth.
Learn the -paradigm of the negative conjugation of the

obir ( 241).
EXERCISE 13.
A.1. Je n e partirai pas aujourd'hui. 2. Ils ne lui avaient pas
encore rpondu hier. 3. Vous ne lui avez pas rendu le livre. 4. N e
lui donnez rien, elle n'est pas malade. 5. Nous ne comprendrons
jamais l'injustice. 6. La reine ne recevra ni le ministre, ni l'amiral.
7. J e n'ai nulle envie de (to) le voir. 8. Nous n'avions aucune ide
de l'vnement. 9. Elle n'aura gure le temps de (to) nous crire.
10. Vous n'aurez plus d'argent la fin du mois.
B.1. T no longer desire to see him. 2. As for ( Quant a) Charles,

I do not like him at all (du tout). 3. Words do n o t p a y debts. 4. I
have only t w o brothers, but I have four sisters. 5. You will find no-
where a better friend. 6. They had never seized the opportunity to
(de) learn. 7. You would not have answered if you had understood
(compris). 8. If y o u had paid him, he would ask for nothing. 9. I
have n o t sent it to him, I have n o t y e t received it. 10. N e v e r give
it to them, they would not return it to you.
INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. 23
LESSON 1 4 . I N T E R R O G A T I V E CONJUGATION.
65. Interrogation is expressed in French by inversion
of the verb and its subject, i.e. by placing the subject a f t e r
the finite verb.
Affirmative. Interrogative.
Vous me louez. Me louez-vous 1
You praise me. \ Do you praise me ? \
You are praising me. S Are yon praising me? 3
Nous avons fini. Avons-nous fini ?
We have finished. Have we finished ?
Obs. Only the indicative and conditional moods can be used
interrogatively.
66. Est-ce que, is it that, is frequently used as a periphrastic

form in interrogation.
Est-ce que vous avez fini ?
Have you finished?
NOTE.This applies also t o t h e rules given in 6870,
67. When the first person singular of the present indicative is

monosyllabic, est-ce que m u s t be employed for the sake of euphony ;
e.g. est-ce que j e vends ? instead of vends-je % do I sell ?
NOTE.Usage permits t h e following, in which there is no
harshness :
ai-je ? have I? puis-je ? can I?
dis-je ? do I say ? sais-je ? do I know f
dois-je! must I? suis-je? ami?
fais-je ? am I doing ? vais-je ? am I going ?
f u i s - j e l do Ifiee? vois-je ? do I see ?
68. The above form of interrogative conjugation is

used when the subject is a personal pronoun. If t h e subject
is a substantive it is placed before the verb, and one of t h e
personal pronouns, il, elle, ils, elles, agreeing with t h e sub-
ject, is placed after the finite verb.
Henri est-il all ad thtre ?
Did Henry go (or has Henry gone) to the theatre ?
l i a sur dansait-elle 1
Was my sister dancing ?
NOTE.Or, est-ce que Henri est all au thtre 1 e s t - c e que ma
sur dansait ?
69. The following interrogative words must come first in a

sentence :
combien, how much ? que (accusative), what ?
comment, how ? quand, when ?
o, where ?
Quand votre frre arrivera-t-il
When will your brother arrive ?
Learn the paradigm of the interrogative conjugation of the

verb chanter ( 242).
EXERCISE 14.
A.1. Parlez-vous allemand avec le professeur? 2. Aime-t-elle
l'odeur de la v i o l e t t e 3. Avez-vous trouv la leon facile ?
4. Gagnaient-ils beaucoup d'argent? 5. Aura-t-il fini avant huit
heures ? 6. tudieront-elles la musique en Italie ? 7. Aimerait-il
la campagne? 8. Est-ce qu'il a mrit la croix d'honneur ? 9. Est-
ce qu'ils le leur donneraient sans regret ? 10. Le professeur parla-t-il
loquemment ?
B.1. H a v e I given you too much work ? 2. Shall w e bring i t
you this (ce) e v e n i n g ? 3. Do I know E n g l i s h w e l l ? 4. A m I
dreaming, or (ou bien) a m I awake ? 5. Has Peter's sister had some
tea ? 6. H o w are (go) you to-day ? 7. H o w m a n y mistakes did
the pupil h a v e ? 8. What (Que) are you asking m e ? 9. Where
have you sent it ? 10. A m I taking your place ?
LESSON" 1 5 . N E G A T I V E - I N T E R R O G A T I V E
C O N J U G A T I O N .
70. So t u r n any part of a verb into the negative-

interrogative form, first write the part in question negatively,
and then place the nominative pronoun immediately after
the finite verb; e.g., first person plural of the conditional
perfect of attendre, to wait.
A F F I R M A T I V E : nous aurions attendu.
N E G A T I V E : nous n'aurions pas attendu.
N E G A T I V E - I N T E R R O G A T I V E : n'aurions-nous pas attendu ?
71. The rules g i v e n in 6 6 - 9 for the interrogative conjugation

apply also to the negative-interrogative conjugation.
Est-ce que j e ne parle pas correctement
Do I not speak correctly ?
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. 25
Votre frre n'a-t-il pas reu ma lettre ?

Has not your brother received my letter ?
Oil notre ami n'a-t-il pas t le bienvenu 1

Where has our friend not been welcome ?
72. I n English, interrogation is often expressed by

elliptical questions placed at the end of a sentence; e.g.
You are not ready yet, are you ? They are coming, are they
not 1 You do not know him, do you 1 Such elliptical
questions are not permissible in French, but are, in every
case, replaced by n'est-ce pas ? is it not 1
Vous n'tes pas encore prt, n'est-ce pas ?

I l s v i e n n e n t , n'est-ce pas !
Vous ne le connaissez pas, n'est-ce pas ?
73. When a negative question is answered in the affirmative, oui

must be replaced by si.
N'avez-vous pas encore dn 1 Si.

Have you not dined yet ? Tes, I have.
Learn the paradigm of the negative-interrogative conjugation

of the verb agir ( 243).
EXERCISE 15.
A. 1. N e finira-t-il pas b i e n t t ? 2. Est-ce que vous n e les

avertirez pas 3. N'auriez-vous pas saisi le voleur ? 4. Le docteur
n e gurira-t-il pas le malade ? 5. Quand le mrite n'a-t-il pas t
rcompens ? 6. N e russiront-ils pas dans leur entreprise ? 7. Est-
ce que je ne vous avais pas d o n n de bons conseils ? 8. O n'avcz-
vous pas voyag ? 9. Les fruits auront mri, n'est-ce pas ?
10. N'aura-t-elle pas puni les lves indociles ?
B . 1 . You will receive h i m politely, will you n o t ? 2. W i l l you

not obey them (dat.) ? Y e s . 3. Used not John to smoker Yes.
4. You will n o t betray me, w i l l you ? 5. Would you not have
obeyed me if I had not punished you ? 6. Did n o t the class end at
four o'clock 1 7. Did you not assemble the pupils before the lesson
(classe) ? 8. Where have the English not established colonies ?
9. Did you not blush for (de) such bad ( a so bad) conduct?
10. Were you not still p l a y i n g at midnight '
LESSON 16.PASSIVE VOICE.

74. The passive voice of a transitive verb is formed
with the past participle of t h a t verb combined with the
auxiliary tre, to be.
75. I t should be observed that, in the passive voice,
the past participle agrees, like an adjective, in gender and
number with the subject of the verb.
J'ai t lou or loue.
I (masculine or f e m i n i n e ) have been praised.
Elle a t loue, Ces petites filles seront loues.
She hat been praised. These little girls will be praised.
76. The passive voice is used in French less frequently t h a n
in English. I t is o f t e n replaced ( i ) b y a reflexive verb ( 82),
(ii) by the use of the indefinite pronoun on ( 170), ( i i i ) by a n active
construction.
(i) Cela s'entend. (ii) On dit qu'il est fou.
That is understood. lie is said to be mad.
( i i i ) H o n pre me l'a dit.
I was told so by my father.
Learn the paradigm, of the passive voice of aimer ( 244).
EXERCISE 16.
A.1. Nous sommes rcompenss quand nous le mritons.
2. Nansen a t reu avec enthousiasme. 3. Les clbres voyageurs
furent acclams par la foule, 4. Elles seraient ravies de (to) vous
recevoir. 5. Nous f m e s frapps de ('by) la grandeur d u spectacle.
6. N e seraient-ils pas tonns de 'vous voir? 7. On a rig u n
m o n u m e n t l'endroit o les soldats ont t enterrs. 8. U n e
expdition n'avait-elle pas t e n v o y e la recherche d e l'explo-
rateur ? 9. Le charbon se trouve presque partout e n Angleterre.
10. L'imprimerie fut invente par Gutenberg.
B.1. The noise of the fall of ( t h e ) Niagara is heard from very

far. 2. Was not the H t e l des Invalides founded by L e w i s X I V . ?
3. The plains of America have been cultivated by the European
colonists. 4. A magnificent cup would have been awarded to him.
5. I was assured that y o u had not been diligent. 6. Will not the
flowers be watered I 7. It will be announced to them that the
captain has been killed by the rebels. 8. The exercises have not
yet been corrected. 9. The lion is found in the forests of Africa.
10. I am assured that you have been deceived.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS. 27
LESSON 1 7 . I N T R A N S I T I V E VERBS.
77. Most intransitive verbs form their compound tenses,
like transitive verbs, with the auxiliary avoir, but the fol-
lowing twelve, with their compounds, are conjugated with
tre.
aller, to go. partir, to depart.
arriver, to arrive. rester, to remain.
dcder, to die. retourner, to go lack.
entrer, to enter. sortir, to go out.
mourir, to die. tomber, to fall.
natre, to be born. venir, to come.
dtscendve \monte-*
78. The past participle of intransitive verbs conjugated
with tre agrees in gender and number with the subject,
but remains singular when used in addressing one person
only.
Vous tes arrive de bonne heure, Marie.
You Juive arrived early, Mary.
Learn the paradigm of the conjugation of the intransitive

verb tomber ( 248).
EXERCISE 17.
A.1. La rivire, qui avait dbord, est maintenant rentre dans

son lit. 2. La neige a disparu ( d i s a p p e a r e d ) entirement. 3. Les
pierres du temple sont disperses ; les ftes d'Isral o n t cess.
4. Elle est alle deux fois Paris. 5. N e sont-ils pas arrivs leur
destination 1 6. Votre pre n'tait-il pas dcd avant votre mre ?
7. Ils seraient entrs, s'ils avaient os. 8. Les hirondelles sont
revenues avec le printemps. 9. N e sont-elles pas retournes en
Suisse 7 10. Le pre et la mre de Jean sont morts.
B . I . I came w h e n y o u had gone out. 2. H o w long h a v e they

stayed with you ? 3. They had started for a long journey. 4. The
illusions of youth have soon passed away. 5. Victor H u g o died in
1885 ; lie was born in 1802. 6. Queen Victoria has already reigned
more than (de) sixty years. 7. The thermometer has risen five
degrees (de cinq degrs) in an hour. 8. Where is Joseph ? He has
gone up to the loft. 9. He died as he lived. 10. H e has disappeared
(disparu) like a flash.
LESSON 1 8 . R E F L E X I V E V E R B S .
79, Reflexive verbs are those which are accompanied
by the reflexive pronouns
me, myself nous, ourselves
te, thyself vous, yourselves
se, himself, herself se, themselves
80. Reflexive verbs are divided into two classes :
(i) Verbs naturally reflexive ;
(ii) Verbs accidentally reflexive.
To the first class belong verbs which are never used other-
wise than reflexively ; the second class includes transitive
or intransitive verbs which are occasionally thus em-
ployed. Thus, the verb se repentir, to repent, is naturally
reflexive, for there is no verb repentir ; on the other hand,
se lever, to get up, is accidentally reflexive, lever, to raise,
being a transitive verb.
81. In E n g l i s h m a n y verbs can be used either transitively or

intransitively w i t h o u t change of form ; e.g. to turn, to stop, to wash.
The intransitive force of such verbs is usually expressed in French
by a reflexive form ; reflexive verbs are consequently m u c h more
freely employed in F r e n c h t h a n in English.
Arrtez le fiacre (transitive).
Stop the cab.
Le fiacre s'arrta (reflexive).
The cab stopped (intransitive).
82. In French a reflexive verb often takes the place of an

English passive form ( 76), provided that no definite agent is ex-
pressed or implied.
Le lion se trouve en Afrique.
Lions are found in Africa.
Mon frre s'appelle Henri.
My brother is named Henry.
83. The reflexive pronoun se may have a reciprocal sense.

I l s se dtestent.
They detect each other.
IMPERSONAL VERBS. 29
84. All reflexive verbs form their compound tenses with

the auxiliary tre. I n the conjugation of a verb naturally
reflexive, the past participle agrees in gender and number
with the reflexive pronoun, and hence with the subject.
The agreement of the past participle in the case of verbs
accidentally reflexive is dealt with in 189.
Learn the paradigm of the reflexive verb se baigner ( 249).
EXERCISE 18.
A.1. Je vous ai lou hier, mais je pense que je m e suis tromp.
2 Comment vous appelez-vous, Monsieur ? 3. J e me nomme
Jacques Bonhomme. 4. N o u s nous apercevons du danger quand il
est trop tard. 5. J e me levais six heures du matin. 6. O est
Caroline ? Elle s'habille. 7. Vous habituerez-vous en (to) Alle-
m a g n e ? 8. L e s soldats ont succomb, mais ils se sont bravement
battus. 9. Ils se retournrent l'appel de l'officier. 10. Lavez-
vous le visage et les mains sitt que vous vous veillez.
B.1. We have bathed in the Nile. 2. Show yourselves
without fear and without reproach. 3. Let us laugh at t h e
exaggerations of the boaster, i. Apply to me if you are in diffi-
culties ( e m b a r r a s s ) . 5. They no longer care about (de) our distress.
6. F i g h t i n g for liberty, the soldiers of the Republic have covered
themselves with (de) glory. 7. A t w h a t time ( i l quelle heure) do you
go to bed 1 8. H o w has the pure gold changed to (en) a vile lead ?
9. W e would have stopped at the castle if w e had remembered
your orders. 10. I venture t o hope that you will bebave well.
LESSON 19.IMPERSONAL VERBS.

85. Impersonal verbs are those which are used only
in the third person singular. They are divided into two
classes :
(i) Verbs naturally impersonal ;
(li) Verbs accidentally impersonal.
The first class consists of verbs which are never used other-
wise than impersonally, while the latter includes ordinary
verbs which may be used in the third person singular with
some special meaning.
Il faut travailler pour russir (naturally impersonal).
It is necessary to work in order to succeed.
Il tombe de la pluie (accidentally impersonal).
Bain is falling (lit. There is fall in/] some rain).
86. The following are the most important impersonal

verbs. I t will be observed t h a t a large number of them
denote various states of the weather ; of the rest, some
are also used personally. Those to which a reference is
attached are irregular in conjugation.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
i l arrive, it happens. i l grle, it hails.
i l claire, it lightens. i l importe, it is important.
i l dgle, it thaws ( 264). i l neige, it snows ( 274).
i l gle, it freezes ( 261). i l tonne, it thunders.
i l y va (de), it is a question o / ( 281).
SECOND CONJUGATION.
i l s ' a g i t (de), it is a question of.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
i l faut, it is necessary ( 309). i l pleut, it rains ( 304).
i l v a u t m i e u x , it is better ( 308).
FOUBTH CONJUGATION.
i l parat, it appears ( 314).
87. The third person singular of the verb faire, to do,

to make ( 344), enters into a number of impersonal locu-
tions connected with the weather,
il fait beau, it is fine. i l fait doux, it is mild.
il fait du brouillard, it is foggy. il fait jour, it is daylight.
il fait chaud, it is warm. i l fait nnit, it is dark.
88. The verb tre is often used impersonally with a

predicative adjective,
il est vident, it is evident. i l est possible, it is possible.
il est important, it is important, i l est ncessaire, it is necessary.
Learn the paradigm of the impersonal verb grler ( 253).
EXERCISE 19.
A.1. II arrive au plus habile de (to) se tromper. 2. U n jour
arrivera o {when) il faudra s'ineliner devant le fait accompli.
3. Quel temps fait-il ? Il fait beau. 4. Quand nous partmes, il
faisait un vent violent . 5. Il t o n n e trs fort ; il grlera ou il pleuvra.
6. S'il ne faisait pas si froid, il neigerait. 7. 11 s'agissait d e prendre
the impersonal verb y avoir. 31
line rsolution. 8. De quoi s'agira-t-il au conseil des ministres ? 9. Il

se serait agi du conflit turco-grec. 10. Nous monterons . cheval
demain, s'il fait plus doux.
B.s 1. After so cold a (a so cold) reception, it is evident that I
must (dois) retire. 2. In diplomacy it is important not to (de)
speak too much. 3. It was lightning and thundering ; the weather
was frightful. 4. The hare of the fable thought that it was a
question of his honour to start late. 5. We must die some (un) day.
6. When it is day in Scotland, it is night in Tasmania. 7. The good
farmer rises as soon as (aussitt que) it is light. 8. It was not
necessary to lend them money. 9. It is better to suffer than to die.
10. It is possible, it is even necessary, to (de) increase the fleet.
LESSON 2 0 . T H E I M P E R S O N A L V E R B Y AVOIR.
89. The impersonal il y a (lit. it has there) is used as
t h e equivalent of t h e E n g l i s h there is, there are.
Il y a beaucoup de monde au concert.
There are many people at the concert.
Il y avait un oiseau dans la cage.
There was a lird in the cage.
90, Il y a is also used in many phrases expressing time.

Je l'ai vu il y a trois semaines.
I saw him three weeks ago.
II y a une heure que je vous attends.
I have been waiting for you for an hour.
Combien y a-t-il que cela est arriv ?
Sow long is it since that happened ?
91. Il y a, in its ordinary sense, is sometimes replaced by il est.
Il tait une fois une petite fille qui portait un chaperon rouge.
There was once a little girl who wore a red hood.
92. Il y a must not be confused with voil, there is, there

are, and voici, here is, here are, which are used to call
attention to some object present.
Voil mes frres. Voici votre clef.
There are my brothers. Here is your key.
NOTE.Pronouns used with voil, voici, are put in the accusative.
Le voil! Nous voici.
There lie is. Here tee are.
Learn the paradigm of the impersonal verb y a v o i r ( 2 5 4 ) .
J. F C. 3
32 preceptors' f r e n c h course, 9 3 9 9 .
EXERCISE 20.
A.1. Il y a longtemps que ces deux nations se sont querelles.
2. L'astronome avait annonc qu'il y aurait une clipse. 3. Nous
pensions qu'il y avait des armes ici. 4. Y a-t-il un bon thtre
Cambridge 1 5. Il n'y avait pas de soldats allemands en Crte.
6. Depuis quand tes-vous en France II y aura deux ans demain.
7. I l y a eu de grandes ftes Paris pendant la visite du tsar.
8. Voici le livre que vous m'avez demand. 9. Voil un beau sujet
de guerre I 10. Quand y aura-t-il des fleurs dans le jardin
B.1. Were there not many protests ? 2. No, there was only one
claim. 3. Here is some good fruit ( p l u r . ) ; eat it. 4. There is the
coffee which (que) you ordered. 6. Have you not been in Cambridge
two years 6. Yes, two years at Easter. 7. The bell has been
ringing for a quarter of an hour (quart d'heure). 8. Here is a man
worthy of confidence. 9. There is a child at the door. 10. Where
have there not been storms this year (cette anne) ?
LESSON 21.DEMONSTRATIVE A D J E C T I V E S
A N D PRONOUNS.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE.
93. The demonstrative adjective in French has four

forms.
Singular. Plural.
ces, these or those
94. I n t h e masculine singular cet is used before a

substantive or adjective beginning with a vowel or h- mute.
ce garon, this boy or that hoy. cet ami, this friend or that friend.
ce hros, this hero or that hero. cet homme, this man or that man.
cet heureux vnement, this happy event.
cette ardoise, this slate. ces ardoises, these slates.
95. The demonstrative adjective must be repeated before

each substantive.
Ce tableau, cet oiseau, et ces fleurs sont ma sur.
This (or that) picture, this (or that) bird, and these (or those)
flowers are my sister's.
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. 33
96. When this and that are used in the same sentence
in English, the distinction is preserved in French by ci
(shortened from ici), here, and l, there, placed after the
substantives and connected therewith by hyphens.
Ce cheval-ei et ce chien-l sont moi.
This horse and that dog are mine.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
97. The Demonstrative Pronouns are :

Masc. Sing. celui, he\that, celui-ci\i7s one, celui-l! that one,
Fem. Sing, cell z, she) the one celle-ci S the latter celle-l > the former
Jlasc. Plur. ceux \ ^ o s e ceux-ci \ these, ceux-l \ those,
Fem. Plur. celles/ celles-ci/</; latter celles-la/Wtf former
Neut. Sing, ce, it, that, etc. ceci, this cela, that
98. Celui, celle, and their plurals, ceux, celles, must

always be followed by the preposition de or a relative
pronoun. They usually refer to a substantive preceding;
when thy do not, they can only be used of persons.
Toici mon chapeau et celui de ma sur.
Here is my hat and my sister's.
Ceux qui font des heureux sont les vrais conqurants.
Those who make men happy are the true conquerors,
99. Celui-ci, etc., celui-l, etc., are used as real

demonstratives, i.e. to point out or indicate, celui-ci
referring to the nearer object, celui-l to the more remote.
Vos livres sont mieux relis que ceux-l.
Your books are better bound than those.
Achetez des prunes et des marrons; mangez celles-l et gardez
ceux-ci.
Bug some plums and chestnuts ; eat the former and keep the latter.
EXERCISE 21.
A.1. Ce jeune homme et cette jeune fille sont fiancs. 2. Cet
oiseau ne se trouve qu'en Australie. 3. O avez-vous tu ce hron et
ces canards 4. Cet abricot n'est-il pas plus uav que cette pche ?
5. Est-ce que ces messieurs et ces dames ne sont pas Espagnols ? G. Le
chapeau de Julie est plus beau que celui de Louise. 7. Voici de
belle toffe et voil de mauvais drap : retournez celui-ci et gardez
34 p r e c e p t o r s ' f r e n c h c o u r s e , 1 0 0 1 0 4 ,
celle-l. 8. Est-ce que vous lui donnez ceci ou cela ? 9. Ceux qui
se serviront (who use) de l'pe priront par l'Apec. 10. La marine
de cette contre est plus forte que celle des tats- Unis.
B.1. That pen is too hard ; I will take this one. 2. That news-
paper is English, this is French. 3. Here are oranges and grapes ;
will you take the latter or the former ? 4. He who (gui) arrives
(fut.) the first at the goal will receive the prize. 5. Paris awarded
the apple to her whom (que) he found the most beautiful (la plus
idle). 6. This famous traveller has explored central Africa.
7. This imposing monastery and that pretty church have been built
at the same period. 8. This pearl is finer than that diamond.
9. These dogs and those cats come (sont originaires) from Persia.
10. Shall you choose this jacket or that mantle ?
LESSON 22.DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

(icontinued).
THE DEMONSTRATIVE Ce.
100. The demonstrative pronoun ce is used (i) as the

subject of the verb tre, (ii) in combination with the relative
pronouns. The latter use is dealt with in 119.
101. Ce, as the subject of tre, may replace the pronouns
il, ils, elle, elles.
C'est un farceur. C'est une coquette.
Ile is a humbug. She is a flirt.
Ce sont des aventuriers.
They are adventurers.
NOTE.Ce must not be used if the nominative complement is an
adjective or a substantive used without article ( 20).
Il est paresseux. Il est mdecin.
He is lazy. He is a doctor.
102. C'est is also used impersonally for il est, it is, before

a proper noun, a common noun preceded by any determining
word, or a pronoun.
C'est Charles. C'est mon mdecin. C'est nous.
It is Charles. It is my doctor. It is we.
NOTE,Ce sont must be used before a third person plural.
Ce sont les enfants.
It is the children.
FOSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. 35
103. Ceci and cela a r e used as the equivalents of t h e

English this and that, when not referring to a substantive
already mentioned.
Ceci est la maison que Jacques a btie.
This is the house that Jack built.
Pourquoi vous a-t-il donn cela
Why did he give you that ?
EXERCISE 22.
A,1. N e S'coutez pas : c'est un menteur. 2. Est-ce vous qui m'avez
appel l 3. Ne lui rpondez pas ; ce serait lui faire trop d'honneur.
4. N'est-ce pas une honte pour un p a y s ? 5. Ce sont les Franais
qui ont creus le canal de Suez. 6. Ce furent des voyageurs anglais
qui explorrent l'Afrique centrale. 7. Si cela arrivait, je serais
surpris (surprised). 8. Vous arrivez tard, ce me semble. 9. Ce ne
sont que des calomnies. 10. C'est nous qui avons frapp la porte.
B.1. Is not your brother a merchant 1 No, he is an engineer.

2. Is not that a dragoon going by (qui passe) ? No, it is a hussar.
3. It is the daughters of the Queen w h o will open the exhibition.
i. H e is a man without education and without principles. 5. Are
they the ambassadors of the great powers ? 6. It is Mary coming in
(qui rentre) for dinner. 7. I t is they (eux) who have gained the
victory. 8. Of all flowors it is the rose that I like b e s t 9. " Who
(qui) is the king ? " asked Henry IV. '' Faith ! " replied the pea-
sant, " i t is you or I " (moi). 10. This is for you and that is for
me (moi).
LESSON 23.POSSESSIVE A D J E C T I V E S AND

PRONOUNS.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
104. The possessive adjectives are :

Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fera. For both genders.
( 1st Person mon ma mes my
Sing. J 2nd M ton ta tes thy
13rd M son sa ses his, her, its
(1st notre nos our

Plur. 2nd > votre vos your
1[3rd leur leurs their
Ohs. These should be carefully distinguished f t o m the corre-
sponding possessive pronouns ( 108).
36 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 0 5 1 1 3 .
105. The possessive adjective agrees with t h e thing

possessed, a n d not with t h e possessor.
Mon mari, my husband. Ta femme, your wife.
Son parapluie, his umbrella or her umbrella.
Sa Bur, his sister or her sister.
Ses surs, his sisters or her sisters,
106. W h e n a feminine word begins with a vowel or

h- mute, t h e forms mon, ton, son, m u s t be used, instead
of ma, ta, sa, in order to avoid hiatusi.e. t h e retention of
a n unelided vowel before a word beginning with a vowel,
mon ardoise (instead of ma ardoise), my slate.
ton horloge (instead of ta horloge), your clock.
107. The possessive adjective must be repeated before

each substantive in French, and must agree with it in
gender and n u m b e r .
Mon pre, ma mre, et mes frres sont ici.
My father, mother, and brothers are here.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
103. The possessive pronouns a r e :

Singular. Plural.
Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine.
1st Pers. Sing, le mien la mienne les miens les miennes mine
2nd le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes thine
3rd le sien la sienne les siens les siennes his, hers
1st Plur. le ntre la ntre les ntres ours
2nd le vtre la vtre les vtres yours
3rd le leur la leur les leurs theirs
109. The possessive pronouns may be declined as follows

with the aid of prepositions :
Singular. Plural.
Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine,
Nom. le mien la mienne les miens les miennes mine
Gen. du mien de la mienne des miens des miennes of mine
Dat. au mien la riienne aux miens aux miennes to mine
Aec. le mien la mienne les miens les miennes mine
The others m a y be similarly declined.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 37
110. Possessive pronouns take the gender and number

of the substantive to which they refer.
Ma montre n'est pas aussi bonne que l a sienne.
. My watch is not so good as his (or hers).
111. As the predicate of the verb to be, the possessive pronoun
is frequently replaced by a disjunctive personal pronoun ( 1 3 4 - 4 3 )
and the preposition .
f Cette montre est l a mienne, mais cette pendule est l a leur.
\ Cette montre est moi, mais cette pendule est e u x (or elles).
This watch is mine, but that clock is theirs.
EXERCISE 23.
A.1. Donnez-moi m a canne et mon chapeau, s'il vous plat.
2. Voici ton pardessus, ta cravate et tes gants. 3. Ma s u r est
arrive avec son mari et ses enfants. 4. Ta cousine a-t-elle crit
son amie ou sa soeur? 5. Son pe a t brise dans sa main,
6. Roland appelait sa vaillante pe " Durandal." 7. Le drapeau d e
votre pays est bleu, celui du mien est blanc. 8. J'ai parl votre
sur ; parlerez-vous la mienne ? 9. J'ai parl d e vos amis e t des
miens, des leurs et des siens. 10. Cette maison est moi, cette
ferme est h nous e t ces champs sont eux.
B.1. H e r dress is more fashionable than mine. 2. " I will
respect," said ( d i t ) t h e general, " y o u r laws, customs, and religion."
3. Their letters w i l l reach t h e m (will arrive to them) at their
address. 4. Our habits, our garments, our language, are t o them a
subject of astonishment. 6. After the submission of the Malagasies,
the general gave them back their arms. 6. This book is mine, here
are thine and theirs. 7. Is n o t your writing better than his?
8. Mary has g i v e n m e your exercise and hers. 9. Our dogs a n d
yours are better t h a n theirs. 10. Your friends h a v e disclosed
(expos) their projects to m e ; I have declared to them t h a t I pre-
ferred yours t o theirs.
LESSON 2 4 . R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N S .
112. The relative pronouns are qui, who, which, that ;
lequel, who, which ; ce qui, what (that which).
113. Qui is declined as follows, the singular and plural
being identical in form :
Of Persons. Of Animals and Things,
Nom. qui, who. qui, which, that.
Gen. de qui, dont, of whom. dont, of which.
Dat. qui, to wJwrn. (auquel, etc., to which).
Acc. que, whom. que, which, that.
38 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 0 0 1 0 4 ,
114. The relative pronoun lequel is declined as follows:

Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
Nom. lequel laquelle lesquels lesquelles which
Gen. duquel de laquelle desquels desquelles of which
Dat. auquel laquelle auxquels a u x q u e l l e s to which
Acc. lequel laquelle lesquels lesquelles which
115. The omission of the relative pronoun, so common

in English, is never found in French.
Avez-vous trouv le livre que vous cherchiez !
Have you found the book you were looking for ?
116. Qui, after a preposition, can only refer to persons;

in reference to animals or things, one of the various forms
of lequel must be used.
Les assassins par qui il fut tu ont t pendus.
The assassins by whom he was kitted have been hanged.
C'est l'tude laquelle j e consacre mes loisirs.
This is the study to which I devote my leisure.
117. The genitive dont may be used of persons or things,

but must always come next to its antecedent.
Alexandre fut u n hros dont nous admirons les exploits,
Alexander was a hero whose exploits we admire.
Le cheval dont j e parlais est mort.
The horse of which I was speaking is dead.
118. When dont cannot come next to its antecedent it

is replaced by de qui, duquel, etc.
Le monsieur dans l a famille de qui (or duquel) il a v a i t t
domestique.
The gentleman in whose family he had been a servant.
119. Ce qui is the demonstrative pronoun ce in con-

junction with the relative qui, and is used as the equivalent
of the English relative what ; it may be thus declined :
Nom. ce qui, that which, what.
Gen. ce dont, that of which.
Dat. ce quoi, that to which.
Acc. ce que, that which, what.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 39
Il aime ce qui est j u s t e et quitable,

Me lilies what isjxist and fair.
Je ne comprends pas ce dont vous parlez.
I do not understand what you are talking about.
Ce quoi elle pense est un secret.
What she is thinking of is a secret.
J'aime ce que vous aimez.
I like what you like.
120. Lequel.As has been stated ( 11G), lequel, in its various

forms, must be used in prepositional constructions relating to animals
and things. Lequel may also be employed as a relative in other
constructions, but its use is not to be recommended except w h e n its
variation for gender will remove ambiguity.
L'homme qui (or auquel) j'ai confi l'affaire m'a trahi.
The man to whom I entrusted the matter has played me false.
Je suis all voir la femme de mon cocher, laquelle est trs malade.
I have been to see my coachman's wife, who is very ill.
Obs. Here the use of qui would leave doubt as to whether the
coachman or his wife was ill.
EXEKCISE 24.
A.1. Le petit garon qui joue dans la eour est le fils de la dame
qui chante si bien. 2. C'est l'orateur qui a parl sur le sujet qui
vous intresse. 3. Qui avez-vous rencontr dans votre promenade ?
4. Voici l'adversaire avec qui vous vous battrez, et les fleurets avec
lesquels vous tirerez. 5. Le tabac dont vous faites ( m a k e ) usage
n'est pas bon. 6. L'lve dont vous vantez le mrite, n'est-il pas
un peu paresseux 1 7. Ce qui m'tonne, c'est votre ignorance.
8. Voici la maison pour l'achat de laquelle je vendrai ma prairie.
9. Voici l'lve auquel j'accorderai le prix. 10. Tout ce qui brille
n'est pas or.
B.1. The lady with whom we talked yesterday has left. 2. It
is the fish which you have caught (jich) that will be served at
dinner. 3. This man whom you esteem is he who has betrayed his
country. 4. I have profited by (de) what you have taught me.
5. What I was speaking of to you yesterday has come to pass
(arriv). 6. It is exactly what I was alluding (faisais allusion) to.
7. What I admire in you is your great coolness. 8. Here are the
persons of whom I spoke to you. 9. The hedges between which we
walk are covered with (couvertes de) flowers. 10. There is the man
of whom I was speaking to you.
LESSON 25.INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES

AND PRONOUNS.
T H E INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.
121. The interrogative adjective has f o u r forms :

Singular. Plural.
Masc. quel quels \ which ?
Fem. quelle quelles / what?
122. Quel may be either directly or indirectly inter-

rogative.
Quelle route dois-je suivre 1 \ j j j r e c t u e s yon
Which road must I follow ? S
Dites-moi quelle route j e dois suivre. \ j n ( -|j r e c j- uest10n
Tell me which road I must follow. J
123. Quel also corresponds to the English What a . . .1

used in exclamations.
Quel dommage ! What a pity /
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
124. The interrogative pronouns a r e qui ? who 1 que P

quoi ? what i lequel ? which 7 Lequel is declined in the
same way as t h e relative pronoun.
Singular and Plural. Singular.
Nom. q u i ? who? que? what?
Gen. de qui ? of whom ? de q u o i ? of what?
Dat. qui ? to whom ? quoi ? to what ?
Acc. qui ? whom ? que ? what ?
125. The interrogative pronoun qui, in its various cases,

is often replaced by the following locution :
Nom. qui est-ce qui ? who (is it that) ?
Gen. de qui est-ce que ? of whom (is it thai) i
Dat. qui est-ce que ? to whom (is it that)?
Acc. qui est-ce que? toho (is it that)?
Qui vous a dit de sortir ? \
Qui est-ce qui vous a dit de sortir ?J
Who has told you to go out ?
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. 41
De qui parle-t-il ? \
De qui est-ce qu'il parle V
Of whom is he speaking ?
A qui parlez-vous 1
A qui est-ce que vous parlez ?
To whom are you speaking T
Qui cherchent-ils "I
Qui est-ce qu'ils cherchent /
Whom are they seeking ?
1 2 6 . T h e v a r i o u s c a s e s of q u e , o r q u o i , m a y b e s i m i l a r l y
replaced. I n t h e n o m i n a t i v e t h e s i m p l e f o r m que is r a r e l y
used.
Nom. qu'est-ce qui ? what (is it that}?
Gen. de quoi est-ce que 1 of what (is it that) ?
Dat. quoi est-ce que ? to what (is it that)?
Ace. qu'est-ce que ? what (is it that) ?
Qu'est-ce qui vous empche de sortir 1
What prevents you from going out ?
De quoi parle-t-il 1 \
De quoi est-ce qu'il parle if
Of what is he tpealting ?
quoi travaille-t-il 1 \
quoi est-ce qu'il travaille i f
At what il he working ?
Que dit-il ? \
Qu'est-ce qu'il dit if
What does he say ?
NOTK.The construction with all prepositions is the same as with
und de ; e.g. contre qui tes-vous fch with whom are you angry ?
en quoi consiste la diffrence ? wherein consists the difference ?
127. Lequel, in its various forms, is used, like the English which,
when there is a choice of several persons or things.
Lequel de ces garons est votre ills 1
Which of these hoys is your son ?
Voici deux plumes ; laquelle prfrez-vous
Here are two pens ; which do you prefer ?
42 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 167.
EXERCISE 25.
A.1. Quel parfum et quelle couleur prfrez-vous ? 2. Voulez-
vous me dire quelle leon je dois (am to) prparer ? 3. Quels braves
rgiments ! Quelle admirable discipline 1 4. Qui demandez-vous ?
qui voulez-vous parler? 5. Qui est-ce que vous, a t t e n d e z ?
6. Qu'est-ce qui vous plaira dans cette collection ? 7. A quoi vous
occupez-vous maintenant ? 8. Qui est-ce qui vous enseignera
l'anglais 1 9. Pour qui sont ces armes ? quoi sont-elles destines ?
10. Qui est-ce qui prendra soin de mes fleurs ?
B.1. For () w h a t will that serve 1 2. On w h a t do you base so

severe a judgment ? 3. W h o will fill this dignified post ? 4. Of
whom are you speaking ? 5. Of what was he accused ? 6. What
have you f o u n d in your exploration 1 7. Which of these t w o photo-
graphs is the better 1 8. Of which of these subjects shall you
speak ? 9. W h a t shall you feed your horse with ? 10. For which of
these ladies is this rich fan ?
LESSON 26.IDIOMATIC U S E S OF T H E
P E K S O N A L PRONOUNS.
128. Le, la, les, which are, strictly speaking, accusatives,
are used with substantival force as nominative complements
to the verb tre, to be, in cases where no complement is
required in English.
tes-vous l a mre de cet enfant ? Je l a suis.
Are you the mother of this child ? I am (i.e. I am she).
tes-vous les gens de la noce 1 Nous les sommes.
Are you the wedding party ? We are (i.e. We are they).
129. I n reference to a substantive used generically, or in

reference to an adjective, the invariable neuter pronoun le
is used with adjectival force as a complement.
tes-vous mre ? Je le suis.
Are you a mother ? I am (i.e. I am, such').
Etes-vous malades ? Nous le serons bientt.
Are you ill ? We soon shall be (i.e. shall be ill").
NOTE.Le is similarly used, where no pronoun is required in

English, to refer t o the idea contained in a preceding verb or clause ;
e.g. j e viendrai si mon pre me le permet, I shall come if my father
allows me (i.e. allows me to come).
IDIOMATIC USE8 OF TI1K PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 43
130. E n . T h e word en, originally an advert) (L. inde), is used as

an invariable conjunctive genitive with a variety of meanings, of
w h i c h the commonest are of it, of that, of them, some of it, some, any.
It is most frequently employed, in accordance w i t h a logical com-
pleteness of s t a t e m e n t w h i c h is characteristic of the language, to
represent a preceding substantive w h i c h is unrepresented in English.
For instance, i n
Combien de pommes avez-vous ? J'en ai trois

How many apples have you ? I have three
the word en is as essential a part of the French sentence as any other

word, although it has no equivalent in the English translation j and
it must therefore be used w h e n e v e r a substantive is understood after
a word or number, whether substantive, adjective, or adverb
(beaucoup, etc.).
Si vous avez de l'argent, donnez-lui-en.
If you have any money, give him some.
Permettez-moi de vous offrir dn th. Merci, j'en ai.
Allow me to offer you some tea. I have some, thank you.
181. T.This word, like en, was originally an adverb (L. ibi).
It is an invariable dative, and usually stands instead of t h e datives
lui, leur, in referring t o animals and things.
J'ai reu votre l e t t r e ; j'y rpondrai.
I have received your letter ; I shall answer it.
Quant l a raison que vous allguez, j e m'y rends.
As to the reason you allege, I yield to it.
132. E n and y follow alliother personal pronouns, and en follows y.

Vous l u i eu donnerez, n'est-ce pas t
You will give him some, will you not ?
N o u s allons nous y appliquer.
We are going to apply ourselves to it.
188. Both en and y are also used in their original adverbial sense.
Connaissez-vous Paris ? J'en viens.
Do you know Paris ? I come thence.
Je n'y resterai pas longtemps.
X shall not stop there long.
EXERCISE 26.
A.1. tes-vous la sur de mon ami 1 Oui, je la suis. 2. Est-ce que
vous tes les lves que j'attends ? Nous les sommes. 3. Avez-vous
de l'argent 1 J e n'en ai pas sur moi. 4. 11 emboucha son instrument
et en tira des sons discordants. 5. J'aime beaucoup les Pyrnes ;
j'y passe d e u x mois par an. 6. Plus on tudie Shakespeare, plus on
y trouve de beauts. 7. Ftes-vous les banquiers de mon pre ?
Nous les fmes. 8. Seront-ils fidles leur e n g a g e m e n t ? Ils le
seront. 9. Nourri dans le palais, j'en connais ( k n o w ) les passages
secrets. 10. L a langue anglaise est simple ; pourquoi la prononci-
ation en est-elle si difficile 1
B.1. The insurgents seized the position and intrenched them-

selves there. 2. H a v e you been to London? I arrive thence.
3. You have good tobacco ; w i l l you give me some ? 4. I should
-have bought a melon, if there had been any at the market.
5. Madam, are you n o t a governess ? Yes, I am. 6. Are y o u the
mother of this child ? I am. 7. If I have succeeded i n this enter-
prise, I owe (dois) it to your counsels, 8. Since they have seen (vu)
Paris, they are a l w a y s speaking of it. 9. Speak to me of our village ;
I have no n e w s of it. 10. This horse is vicious ; do not approach
him.
LESSON 27.DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL

PRONOUNS.
134. The disjunctive pronouns have only one form for
the nominative and accusative ; the dative is formed by
prefixing .
Singular. Plural.
First Person (both genders) moi, I, me. nous, we, us.
Second toi, thou, thee. vous, ye, you.
Third (Masc.) lui, he, him. eux, they, them.
(Fem.) elle, she, her. elles, they, them.
135. A disjunctive personal pronoun may stand alone in

answer to a question.
Qui v a l 1 U o i .
Who is there ? I.
136. A disjunctive personal pronoun is used as the

second term of a comparison.
Nous sommes plus gs qu'eux.
We are older than they.
DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 45
137. A disjunctive personal pronoun stands as the direct

object of a transitive verb accompanied by ne . . , que.
Je n'aime qu'elle.
Ilove none but her.
. 138. Disjunctive personal pronouns are used when

there are two or more subjects, objects or indirect objects
to the same verb, one or more of such subjects or objects
being pronouns.
l u i et elle sont arrivs.
He anil she have arrived.
139. A disjunctive personal pronoun is used in ex-

clamations.
Moi ! trahir mon meilleur ami I
I, betray my best f riend 1
140. A disjunctive personal pronoun is used as t h e

antecedent to a relative pronoun,
Moi, qui suis innocent, serai condamn.
I, who am innocent, shall be condemned,
141. A disjunctive personal pronoun may precede the

corresponding conjunctive pronoun for the sake of emphasis.
Elle ne vous aime pas ; et moi, je vous hais.
She does not lihe yon, and I hate you.
142. A disjunctive personal pronoun is used a f t e r a

preposition.
A qui parlez-vous t A eux.
To whom are you speaking ? To them.
143. A disjunctive personal pronoun may stand as the

complement of the impersonal c'est, ce sont.
Est-ce toi, mon cher Ce sont e u s .
Is it you, my dear fellow ? It is they.
46 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 4 4 , 145.
144. The disjunctive personal pronouns are used to form

the emphatic personal pronouns.
Singular. Plural.
First Person moi-mme, myself. nous-mmes, ourselves.
j ( toi-mme, thyself. "1

becond -( A 7 , >vous-memes, J yourselves.
Ivous-meme, yourself J '
, f lui-mme, himself.J eux-mmes ) , ,
Third i , ' A ithemselves.
lelle-meme, herself. elles-memesj
Je l'ai fait moi-mme.

I did it myself.
EXERCISE 27.
A.1. Qui demandez-vous ? Monsieur Jean. C'est moi. 2. Est-
ce lui-mme que vous dsirez parler 1 3. C'est d'elle que je parle
et non de lui. i. Nous trouverons notre chemin sans eux. 5. Vous
ressemblez votre frre, mais vous tes moins grand que lui.
6. Dornavant, je n'couterai que toi, mon cher ami. 7. " Chacun
pour soi," criaient les fuyards. 8. Ces fruits sont pour lui et ces
livres pour toi. 9. Nous allons chez eux cet aprs-midi. Voulez,
vous venir avec nous 10. " Au secours ! moi I " s'cria-t-iL
B.1. They only do (font) harm to themselves. 2. George is

more robust than thou, but thou art more active than he. 3. "Thou
also, Brutus I " groaned Cfesar, struck by the conspirators. 4. He !
he has only w h a t he deserves. 5. I who speak to you have seen (vu)
him and spoken to him. 6. You have told (dit) me so (le) yourself.
7. As for him, he is still worse (phis mauvais) than she. 8. It was
not he that I was asking for, but thou. 9. Whoever speaks too much
of himself is wearisome. 10. H e and I will receive them.
THE NUMERALS. 47
L E S S O N 28.THE NUMERALS.
CARDINALS AND ORDINALS.
145. The cardinals and ordinals are given in the

following tables :
Cardinals. Ordinals,
1 u n (masc.), une (fem.) premier (masc.), premire (fem.)

1 second (masc.), seconde (fem.)
2 deux
j deuxime *
3 trois troisime
4 quatre quatrime
5 cinq cinquime
6 six sixime or sizime F
7 sept septime
8 huit huitime
9 neuf neuvime
10 dix dixime or dizime
11 onze onzime
12 douze douzime
13 treize treizime
14 quatorze quatorzime
15 quinze quinzime
16 seize seizime
17 dix-sept dix-septime
18 dix-huit dix-huitime
19 dix-neuf dix-neuvime
20 vingt vingtime
21 v i n g t et u n v i n g t et unime
22 vingt-deux vingt-deuxime
23 vingt-trois vingt-troisime
24 vingt-quatre vingt-quatrime
25 vingt-cinq vingt-cinquime
26 vingt-six vingt-sixime
27 vingt-sept. vingt-septime
28 vingt-huit I vingt-huitime
29 vingt-neuf vingt-neuvime
* Second denotes second of two ; deuxime, Sf'Ond aii.oug il larger number,

t To be distinguished from seizime.
J. F. C. 4
Cardinals. Ordinals.
30 treDte trentime
31 trente et un trente et unime
32 trente-deux trente-deuxime
40 quarante quarantime
41 quarante et u n quarante et unime
42 quarante-deux quarante-deuxime
60 cinquante cinquantime
51 cinquante et un cinquante et unime
62 cinquante-deux cinquante-deuxime
60 soixante soixantime
rsoixante et u n soixante et unime
61 soixante-unime
\soixante-un
62 soixante-deux soixante-deuxime
70 soixante-dix soixante-dixime
/ s o i x a n t e et onze soixante et onzime
71
"[soixante-onze soixante-onzime
72 soixante-douze soixante-douzime
73 soixante-treize soixante-treizime
74 soixante-quatorze soixante-quatorzime
75 soixante-quinze soixante-quinzime
76 soixante-seize soixante-seizime
77 soixante-dix-sept soixante-dix-septime
78 soixante-dix-huit soixante-dix-huitime
79 soixante-dix-neuf soixante-dix-neuvime
80 quatre-vingts quatre-vingtime
81 quatre-vingt-un quatre-vingt-unime
82 quatre-vingt-deux quatre-vingt-deuxime
90 quatre-vingt-dix quatre-vingt-dixime
91 quatre-vingt-onze quatre-vingt-onzime
92 quatre-vingt-douze quatre-vingt-douzime
99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf quatre-vingt-dix-neuvime
100 cent centime
101 cent un cent unime
102 cent deux cent deuxime
200 deux cents deux centime
300 trois cents trois centime
500 cinq cents cinq centime
580 cinq cent quatre-vingts cinq cent quatre-vingtime
586 cinq cent quatre-vingt-six cinq c e n t quatre-vingt-sixime
1000 mille millime
2000 deux mille deux millime
10,000 dix mille dix millime
THE NUMERALS. 49
146. Vingt and cent take the sign of the plural when
they are multiplied, but not followed, by another number.
Quatre-vingts soldats. Quatre-vingt-dix soldats.
"80 soldiers. 90 soldiers.
H u i t cents hommes. H u i t cent une femmes.
800 men. 801 women.
Ois. W h e n v i n g t and cent are used in the place of ordinals ( 154)
they have no final -s.
147. Cent and m i l l e are n o t preceded by the indefinite article

uu, a.
Cent matelots. Mille chevaux.
A hundred sailors. A thousand horses.
148. The numeral mille, thousand, does not, take the sign of the
plural ; m i l l e s is the plural of the substantive u n mille, a mile.
S i x mille hommes. Il a fait dix milles pied.
Ten thousand men. He has walked ten miles.
149. Mil (L. mille) is used instead of mille (L. m i l i a ) in dates

reckoned from the Christian era later than 1000 A.D.
L'an m i l h u i t cent. L'an trois mille du monde.
The year 1800. The year of the world 3000.
150. E t , and, is n o t used b e t w e e n the different components of

a number, except in v i n g t et un, trente et un, quarante et un,
cinquante et un, s o i x a n t e et un, soixante et onze. H y p h e n s are
used in other compound cardinals under 100.
quatre-vingt-trois, 83. c e n t t r e n t e e t un, 131.
cinq mille h u i t cent soixante-dix-sept, 5877.
EXEBCISE 28.
A.1. Le d t a c h e m e n t se composait de quatre-vingts hommes
d'lite. 2. L a garnison, forte de trois cent soixante-dix-huit hommes,
rsista l'attaque. 3. Ol a vendu la foire trois c e n t s bufs et
deux mille moutons. 4. N'avez-vous pas pay cette maison vingt et
un mille francs ? 5. Trois milles d'Italie font ( m a k e ) une lieue de
France. 6. Le nombre neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf s'crit (is
written) avec trois neuf. 7. L'an du Christ mil huit cent quatre-
vingt-dix-sept correspond l'anne mahomtane mille trois cent
quinze. 8. Ce dictionnaire m'a cot v i n g t et un francs soixante-
quinze centimes. 9. E n mil huit cent soixante et onze la France
paya cinq milliards de francs l'Allemagne. 10. La population de
la France est de trente-huit millions d'habitants.
50 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 1 6 7 .
B . 1 . Pithiviers is (at) 120 metres above the level of the sea.

2. Formerly the French counted b y scores ; t h e y said ( d i s a i e n t ) four
score, six score, seven score. 3. It is about 12,000 miles from London
to Sydney. 4. Victor Hugo died (est mort) in 1885, at the age of
(g de) 83 years. 5. The Sultan's army is composed of '45,000
men. 6. Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the West [ i n ] the
year 800. 7. Y o u will find this information in your grammar, page
80. 8. A t Maragran 120 French repulsed 12,000 Arabs. 9. Algiers
w a s conquered (conquis) in 1830. 10. The Gauls invaded Italy [ i n ]
the year 3416 of the creation (du monde).
LESSON 29.THE N U M E R A L S {continued).

151. The ordinal numbers, with the exception of premier,
first, and second, the alternative for deuxime, second, are
formed by adding -ime to the cardinals, final -e mute
being elided ; e.g. quatre, quatr-ime ; u is inserted after q
in cinq-u-ime, and f is softened to v in neuv-ime.
152. Unime and deuxime (never premier and second) are used
in compound ordinals.
Cet lve est le premier de sa classe, mais son frre est le v i n g t et

unime.
This boy is first in his class, but his brother is twenty-first.
158. Et, and, is used between the components of an ordinal only

if it is used in the corresponding cardinal ( 150) ; hyphens are used
where et is not used in all compound ordinals under 100th.
154. Cardinal numbers are used instead of ordinals,

always with the exception of premier, first, in the following
cases :
(a) I n the titles of sovereigns.
Guillaume I I I . , i.e, Guillaume trois, William the Third,
Henri V I I I . , i.e. Henri huit, Henry the Eighth.
Charles I., i.e. Charles premier, Charles the First.
NOTE.The old form quint survives in the t w o titles Charles-

Quint, Charles V. (the Emperor), and Sixte-Quint, Pope Sixtus V.
THE NUMERALS. 51
(b) I n giving the number of a volume, chapter, page, or

verse.
Chapitre quatre-vingt. P a g e v i n g t et un.
' The eightieth chapter. The twenty-first page.
Ois. The use of the ordinal is equally correct in the expressions
included under (b) ; e.g. la quatre-vingtime page, le v i n g t i m e
chapitre.
(c) I n mentioning the year (cp. 149) or the days of the
month ( 156).
NOTE.In compound cardinals used as ordinals un is invariable.
See ( J ) above, second example.
EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING THE U S E OF NUMERALS.

(i.) DATE.
155. The following are the French names for the
months and for the days of the week ; they are all masculine
substantives, and a r e not written with an initial capital
letter :
janvier, January. novembre, November.
fvrier, February. dcembre, December.
mars, March.
avril, April. dimanche, Sunday.
mai, May. lundi, Monday.
j u i n , June. mardi, Tuesday.
j u i l l e t , July. mercredi, Wednesday.
aot, August. jeudi, Thursday.
septembre, September. vendredi, Friday.
octobre, October. samedi, Saturday.
156. I n expressing a date (a) no preposition is used in

French corresponding to the English on', (b) the day of
the month is expressed by premier or a cardinal numeral,
preceded by le, and followed by the name of the month
without a preposition.
l e premier aot. Le onze j u i l l e t ( 8, Obs.).
The first of August. The eleventh of July.
Le trente et u n janvier. Elle partira lundi.
The thirty-first of January. She will start on Monday.
Il mourut le quinze j u i n mil huit cent (or d i x - h u i t c e n t )
quatre-vingt-neuf.
Ile died on the fifteenth of June, 1889.
(ii) TIME OF DAY.
157. The following examples show the French method

of stating the hour. The word minutes, minutes, m^y be
oriiitted, as in English :
Quelle heure est-il 1 What o'clock is it ?
Il est une heure, It is one o'clock.
Il est midi, It is twelve o'clock (noon).
Il est minuit, It is twelve o'clock (midnight).
Il est deux heures et demie, It is half-past two.
Il est midi et (un) quart, It is a quarter-past twelve.
Il est midi moins un quart, It is a quarter to twelve.
Il est une heure cinq (minutes), It is five minutes past one.
Il est dix heures vingt-cinq (minutes), It is five-and-twenty past ten.
Le train partira midi moins v i n g t (minutes).
The train will leave at twenty (minutes) to twelve.
NOTE.The abbreviation m. (matin, morning) is used for a.m., and
B. (soir, evening) tor p.m.
(iii) AGE.
158. The verb avoir, to have, is used to express age.

Quel ge avez-vous 1 J'ai v i n g t et u n ans.
How old are yon? I am twenty-one.
EXERCISE 29.
A.1. Le premier qui vit (saw) u n chameau, s'enfuit (fled) cet
objet nouveau ; le second s'approcha ; le troisime osa faire un licou
pour le dromadaire. 2. Nous demeurions New-York dans la vingt
et unime maison de la onzime avenue. 3. Vous n'tes pas le
cinquime, vous tes le neuvime, i . Napolon premier tait l'oncle
de Napolon trois. 5. Si vous n'tes pas arriv deux heures et
quart, je partirai. 6. Il tait e x a c t e m e n t trois heures moins vingt-
cinq quand on frappa m a porte. 7. J'ai eu trente-huit ans le
deux septembre dernier. 8. Csar conquit (conquered) la Gaule l'an
quarante avant Jsus-Christ. 9. Nous lirons les versets douze et
quinze, chapitre seize de l'vangile de Saint Jean. 10. J'ai reu
le vingt et un juin votre lettre du dix-sept mai.
B.1. Francis I. was the rival of Charles V. 2. Pope Pius I X .

died on the 7th of February, 1878. 3. The French won the battle of
Austerlitz on the 2nd of December, 1805. 4. The third act of this
drama is more beautiful than the fifth. 5. You will find the defini-
tion of the participle [ o n ] page 22, chapter iii. 6. The first bell
(coup de cloche) rings at t e n to eight. 7. Wait for me till five
COMPARISON. 53
minutes past nine. 8. I should w i s h to see you n e x t Thursday, the

17t"h inst. 9. It was half-past one in ( o f ) the morning when I
finished m y translation. 10. I shall leave by the 11.20 train (the
train of 11.20).
LESSON 30.COMPARISON.
159. The comparative of adjectives is formed by pre-
fixing the adverb plus, more, to t h e positive.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. plus j o l i plus j o l i s \
Fem. plus jolie plus jolies /
Obs. This is w h a t is generally understood b y the comparative
of an adjective, but it is, strictly speaking, the comparative of
superiority.
160. Besides t h e comparative of superiority, there are the com-

parative of inferiority, and the comparative of equality, formed b y
prefixing t h e adverbs moins, less, a n d aussi, as, respectively.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. moins joli moins j o l i s \
Fem. moins jolie moins j o l i e s / "
Masc. aussi joli aussi j o l i s \
Fem. aussi jolie aussi j o l i e s / " "
161. The following are examples of (a) the comparative of

superiority, (b) the comparative of inferiority, ( c ) the comparative of
equality, than or an being in each case rendered by que :
(a) Charles est plus obissant que Pierre.
Charles is more obedient than Peter,
(b) L'or est moins dur que l'argent.
Gold is less hard than silver.
( c ) Il est aussi noir qu'un ngre.
He is as black as a negro.
N O T E . T h a n is only translated by que w h e n plus and moins are
used to express a comparison : w h e n they merely indicate excess
of quantity or the reverse, than must be rendered by de ; e.g.
Un lphant peut porter plus que six chevaux.
An elephant can carry more than six horses (can carry).
But,
Un lphant peut porter plus de six hommes.
An elephant can carry more than six men (on its back).
162. I n negative sentences anssi may be replaced by si.

Il n'est pas s i grand que son frre.
He is not so tall as his brother.
Obs. This is obviously another way of expressing the comparative
of inferiority.
163. The superlative of superiority and t h e superlative

of inferiority are formed by prefixing the definite article
to the comparative of superiority and the comparative of
inferiority respectively.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. le plus j o l i les plus jolis \ t l l e tti
iest
Fern. I s plus j o l i e les plus joliesJ
Masc. le moins j o l i les moins jolis \ t h e l e a s t tty
Fern, la moins jolie les moins jolies J
Ces lves sont les plus forts de l'cole.
These pupils are the ablest in the school.
Les hommes l e s moins habiles sont souvent les plus arrogants.
The least able men are often the most presumptuous.
164. Adverbs are compared in the same way as

adjectives, except t h a t the superlative of an adverb is
preceded always by the article le (invariable).
I l s ont a g i plus courageusement que vous.
They have acted more courageously than you.
C'est elle qui a a g i le plus courageusement.
It is she who has acted most courageously.
165. Three adjectives, with their corresponding adverbs,

have an irregular comparative.
Positive, Comparative. Superlative,
bon, good meilleur le meilleur
mauvais, bad pire or plus mauvais le pire or le plus mauvais
petit, little moindre or plus petit le moindre or le plus petit
bien, well mieux le mieux

mal, badly pis or plus mal le pis or le plus mal
peu, little moins le moins
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. 65
EXERCISE 30.
A.1. Il tait plus de six heures quand nous arrivmes Rouen.
2. Votre frre n'est-il pas aussi grand que vous 1 3. L e s montagnes
de l'Europe n e sont pas si hautes que celles de l'Asie. 4. Napolon a
t le plus grand capitaine des temps modernes. 5. C'est la f e m m e
la plus excentrique de la ville. 6. Il travaille plus diligemment que
votre frre. 7. J'avais un meilleur professeur Paris qu' Rome.
8. Les aciers anglais sont reconnus (recognised as) les meilleurs.
9. La paresse est le pire dfaut. 10. La fourmi n'est pas prteuse,
c'est l ( t h a t is) s o n moindre dfaut.
B.1. This overcoat is warmer t h a n t h i s cloak. 2. Your frock-
coat is heavier t h a n mine. 3. The Eiffel Tower is higher than the
pyramids of Egypt. 4. The rhinoceros is less large than the elephant.
5. The population of Belgium is as dense as that of England.
6. Paris is less extensive than London. 7. It is y o u w h o have
answered best. 8. They listened with a t t e n t i o n [ t o ] his least words.
9. H e is a rascal of the worst kind. 10. Your pronunciation is worse
than his.
LESSON 3 1 . I N D E F I N I T E ADJECTIVES.
166. The following words can be used as indefinite
adjectives only :
Singular. Plural.
Fern. Masc. Fern.
certain certaine certains certaines { certain
some
chaque { each
every
maint mainte maints maintes many a
mme mmes self, same
quelque quelques some, a few
q u e l . . . que quelle . . . que quels . que q u e l l e s . . que whatever
(any . . .
quelconque quelconques
\whatever
Un certain homme a v a i t deux fils,
A certain man had two sons.
Il revient chaque soir.
Se returns every evening.
Je l'ai v u m a i n t e ( s ) fois.
I have seen him many a time.
Le mme sort nous attend.
The same fate awaits us.
Nous ayons quelques heures attendre.

We have some hours to wait.
'Quelle que soit son intention.
Whatever his intention may be.
Prenez deux points quelconques.
Take any two points.
EXERCISE 31.
A.1. A m a i n t e reprise je l'ai averti qu'il se trompait. 2. Dans
certaines contres o n n'allume jamais d e f e u que pour cuire les
aliments. 3. Quelques amis se runissent chaque soir chez moi.
4. J'ai l'intention d'aller vous voir dans quelques jours. 5. Quels
que soient les avantages de la paix, quelque guerre clate toujours.
6. Chaque mtier a ses dsavantages. 7. N'est-ce pas le m m e conte que
vous nous avez dj racont ? 8. Avec des matriaux quelconques
l'industrieux naufrag se btit une habitation. 9. L e fabuliste
raconte qu'un certain rat se retira autrefois dans un fromage.
10. Ils enlevrent successivement chaque position.
B.1. For some months m y health has been failing ('s'altre)

rapidly. 2. Whatever may be the integrity of your intentions, you
will be suspected. 3. Whoever he m a y be, the culprit will be
punished. 4. Give h i m any subject ; h e will treat it marvellously.
5. Each soldier received his share of the plunder. 6. They are
the same soldiers who fought at E y l a u a n d at Friedland. 7. The old
soldiers themselves were struck w i t h (de) terror. 8. Many a plant
whose fruit is a poison contains its antidote in its root. 9. Certain
philosophers of antiquity taught the immortality of t h e soul. 10. H e
brought us a certain very amusing story.
LESSON 3 2 . I N D E F I N I T E A D J E C T I V E S AND
PRONOUNS.
167. The following words can be used either as indefinite
adjectives or as indefinite pronouns :
Singular. Plural.
aucun aucune aucuns aucunes
none
autre autres other
'un et l'une et les uns et les unes et
Vautre l'autre les autres les autres
* Quel . . q u e is always followed by the subjunctive.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. 57
Singular.
l'un ou l'une ou les uns ou les unes ou
J-either
l'autre l'autre les autres le3 autres
ni Tun ni ni l'une ni ni les uns ni ni les unes ni
^ neither
l'autre l'autre les autres les autres
nul nulle nuls nulles no, nont
plusieurs several
tel telle tels telles such
tont toute tous toutes all every
*Aucun (or n u l ) espoir n e nous reste.

No hope is left to us.
*Je n'ai v u aucun de vos amis.

I have seen none of your friends.
Prenez l'autre chemin. Les autres sont partis.

Take the other road. The others are gone.
N i l'une n i l'autre maison n'est vendre.

Neither house is for sale.
N i l'un n i l'autre n'a raison.
Neither is right.
Quant a u x royalistes et a u x rpublicains, j e ne sympathise ni
avec les uns ni les autres,
As for the royalists and republicans I sympathize with neither.
Plusieurs ont t tus. Plusieurs soldats ont t tus.
Many have been hilled. Many soldiers have been killed.
Telle fut sa fin. Tel qui rit vendredi dimanche pleurera.
Such was his end. Ile who laughs on Friday will weep on Sunday.
Toute la terre est habite. Tous ont pch.
The whole earth is inhabited. All have sinned.
EXERCISE 32.
A.1. Comment conservez-vous de telles illusions? 2. Tout
h o m m e a dans son me un grain de vanit. 3. N'tes-vous pas bien
connu (known) de toute la ville ? 4. Les bavards et les pdants sont
dsagrables ; je n'aime ni les uns ni les autres. 5. On ne lui
accordera nulle indemnit. 6. " T e l qui rit (laughs) le vendredi
A u c u n and n u l when used with a verb require to bo accompanied by the
negative particle n e .
58 PRECEPTOCSf FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 8 170.
pleurera dimanche ou lundi," dit (says) u n vieux proverbe. 7. Nul

n'est content de son sort. 8. Plusieurs ont t dcouverts (dis-
covered) qui s'imaginaient tre bien cachs. 9. N'avez-vous aucun
ami dans ce pays ? 10. J'ai dans avec l'une et l'autre de vos
cousines.
B.1. E v e r y t h i n g seemed favourable to m e in this enterprise.

2. On (dans) every occasion h e consulted all his friends. 3. These
two books are equally good ; give me one or the other. 4. Neither
dress pleases (plat) me. 5. N o funeral (plwr.) was ever so sad.
6. I n vain she applied to all her friends ; none answered her.
7. A m o n g the victims were (found themselves) several ladies. 8. Does
not such a calamity sadden you ? 9. It is rightly said : " Like
master, like man." 10. The toad and the owl are useful ; let us
respect both.
LESSON 33.INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
168. T h e following words a r e used as indefinite pro-

nouns only. They m a y be divided into variable and
invariable :
169. 1. VARIABLE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural.
Maao. Fem. Masc. Fem.
chacun chacune each one
l'un l'une the one les uns les unes
l'un l'autre l'une l'autre one another les uns les autres les unes les autres
quelqu'un quelqu'une some one quelques-uns quelques-unes
Remettez ces chaises, chacune sa place.

Put each of these chairs in its place.
L'une d'elles est brise.
One of them is Irohen.
Ces deux hommes se hassent l'un l'autre.
These two men hate each other.
Tous ces gens se hassent les uns les autres.
All these people hate one another.
Achetez quelques-unes de ces gravures.
Buy some of these engravings.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 59
170. 2. INVARIABLE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
autrui (never nominative), quelque chose, something

others, other people.
' on, l'on, one. people, they. quiconque, whoever.
personne, any one, no one. rien, anything, nothing.
Me prends pas les biens d'autrui.
Do not tahe other people's property.
On trouve des diamants en Afrique.
Diamonds are found in Africa.
Je viendrai si l'on * m'appelle.
I shall come if I am called.
Personne f n'est assez sot pour le croire
Nobody is so foolish as to believe him.
Qui vous l'a dit ? Personne.
Who told you so ? No one.
Y a-t-il personne d'assez courageux ?
Is there anybody courageous enough ?
J'ai appris quelque chose J de fcheux.
I have learnt something annoying.
Quiconque flatte son matre le trahit.
Whoever flatters his master betrays him.
Qui ne risque rien, n'a rien.
Nothing venture, nothing have.
Qu' avez-vous ? Bien.
What is the matter with you? Nothing.
Y a-t-il rien de plus beau ?
Is there anything more beautiful ?
EXERCISE 33.
A.1. Est-il rien de plus noble que la charit ? 2. Personne
n'est-il venu (come) ? Si, la personne que vous attendiez est arrive.
3. " O transportera-t-on les blesss ? " demandrent les soldats.
4. " Qu'on les achve I " rpondit le brutal vainqueur. 5. Quelque
accident arrivera, si l'on n'est pas plus prudent. 6. "Aimez-
vous les uns les autres," dit (said) le Sauveur ses disciples.
* On 18 often replaced by l ' o n a f t e r e t , OU, O, q u e , Si, for the sake of euphony.
t The masculine p r o n o u n p e r s o n n e m u s t be distinguished f r o m the feminine
substantive une personne, a person.
The substantive chose is feminine, but the indefinite pronoun quelque Chose
is masculine, or, r a t h e r , neuter.
7. De tous les secrets de la nature, quelques-uns seulement nous

sont connus (known). 8. Le juge de la fable donna une caille
de l'hutre chacun des plaideurs. 9. J'ai vu (seen) vos deux amis;
l'un et l'autre sont en bonne sant. 10. Ces perles ont cot cent
francs chacune.
B.1. W i t h work and perseverance n o t h i n g is impossible. 2. H e
is an idler, h e will never g e t on (will arrive at nothing), 3. There
is no degree in honesty ; one is honest or n o t honest. 4. If one
listened t o this man, one would repent of it. 5. They have sent
presents to each other. 6. In the rout the fugitives wounded each
other. 7. This work must be finished before noon. 8. There are
some good pears ; buy a f e w of them. 9. Whoever steals (fut.) the
property of others will be hanged. 10. Each of his speeches is a
master-piece.
LESSON 34.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD.

171. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause
depending on a verb expressing wish or command.
J ' e x i g e qu'il obisse. J'ai e x i g qu'il obt.
I require him to obey. I required, him to obey.
Such verbs are :
aimer, to like. e x i g e r , to require ( 274).
aimer mieux, to prefer, ordonner, to order.
commander, to order. permettre, to allow.
dfendre, to forbid. prfrer, to prefer ( 266).
dsirer, to wish. souhaiter, to wish.
empcher, to prevent. vouloir, to wish ( 307).
etc. etc.
Obs. The construction of the accusative and infinitive, so c o m m o n
in E n g l i s h and Latin, is replaced in French by the conjunction que
and a subordinate clause.
EXERCISE 34.
A.1. L'Europe ne permettra pas que les Turcs anantissent les
Grecs. 2. L a prudence commande que nous restions tranquilles.
3. Le bon roi ne voulait pas que la victoire cott trop de sang.
4. Le bouillant soldat prfrerait que le combat comment im-
mdiatement. 5. L'hygine dfend que l'on se baigne aprs le
repas. 6. N'empcherez-vous pas qu'il leur donne un si mauvais
exemple ? 7. Le soin de votre sant exige que vous vous couchiez et
que vous vous leviez de bonne heure. 8. Le matre voulait que les
lves gardassent le silence. 9. La loi dfer.dait que ie doge quittt
le territoire de Venise. 10. Le gnral ordonna qu'on pargnt les
vaincus (vanquished).
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 61
B.1. Your interests require you t o be present at the meeting.

2. X sincerely wish t h a t you may succeed. 3. Charity orders that
w e should help the unhappy. 4. I prefer that w e should speak of
another subject. 5. The king ordered the prisoners t o be set at
librty (that one should give hack liberty to the prisoners). 6. Will
the master allow you to give me (an) advice 1 7. I should prefer their
sending m e w h a t they owe me. 8. The Spartan mothers preferred
that their sons should lose their lives ( s i n g . ) rather than (plutt que
de) flee. - 9. Caligula wished that the Roman people had only one
head i n order t o strike it d o w n at (de) one blow, 10. I am much
afraid that they will not finish the Panama canal.
LESSON 35.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD

(continued).

depending on a verb expressing emotion of any kind.
Je m'tonne que vous ne l'ayez pas vu.
I am, surprised that you have not seen him.
Nous avions peur qu'il ne nous rencontrt.
We were afraid lie might meet us.
Such verbs are :

craindre, to fear ( 329). se plaindre, to complain ( 329).
s'tonner, to be astonished. regretter, to regret.
and t h e verbs avoir and tre followed by a complement
denoting emotion, e.g. avoir honte, peur, to be ashamed,
afraid ; tre charm, content, indign, dsol, surpris, to be
delighted, pleased, indignant, distressed, surprised.
NOTE 1.Words denoting fear, w h e n used affirmatively, require
ne (cp. Lat. ne, lest) with the following subjunctive.
NOTE 2.The present subjunctive is o f t e n used as a future, e.g.
j'ai peur qu'il ne soit fch, I am afraid he will be vexed.
EXERCISE 35.
A.1. J e craindrais que vous n'arrivassiez trop tard. 2. Si vous
vous moquez d'autrui, vous aurez craindre qu'on ne se moque de
vous. 3. Ils s'tonnrent que nous ne les attendissions pas. 4. Se
plaindront-ils que nous leur donnions trop de travail ? 5. J e regrette
qu'il n'ait pas suivi (followed) votre avis. fi. Je suis surpris que
vous m'adressiez de tels reproches. 7. Je serais dsol qu'il vous
arrivt malheur. 8. Ils seront charms que vous pensiez eux.
9. N'avez-vous pas t indign qu'elles aient si mal accueilli votre
offre ? 10. Avez-vous honte qu'il soit avec vous ?
B.1. He was surprised that you did not receive him. 2. We

regret that they have not been introduced to you. 3. I am much
afraid that you are mistaken. 4. You must fear lest you should be
thought impertinent. 5. H e will fear that his fatherland may be
enslaved. 6. We begged that his life might be spared, 7. I pray
God to forgive you. 8. I should be sorry for you to deprive yourself
of your walk. 9. T h e captive implored t h a t his bonds m i g h t be
loosened. 10. I b e g that I m a y be allowed a little rest.
L E S S O N 3 6 . T H E S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
(icontinued,).
depending on a verb expressing uncertainty.
Je doute qu'ils soient ici. I l nie que cela soit vrai.
I doubt their being here. He denies that that is true.
Je n'ai j a m a i s dit qu'il ft lche. Pensez-vous qu'il l'ait fait t
I never said that he was a coward. Do you think he has done so?
Such verbs are :

douter, to doubt. nier, to deny.
and verbs of saying and thinking used negatively or in-
terrogatively.
EXERCISE 36.
A.1. Est-ce que vous doutez qu'il russisse ? 2. Il n'est pas
certain que les anciens aient surpass les modernes dans les beaux-
arts. 3. N o u s ne nions pas que vous soyez l'auteur de cet ouvrage.
4. Que pensez-vous qu'il rponde cette calomnie ? 5. Croiriez-vous
qu'il f t si lche 1 6. Es-tu d'avis que nous essayions cette tche 1
7. Je n e crois ( t h i n k ) pas sage que nous leur prtions de l'argent,
8. Nous n e pensons pas que l'on remplace les chemins de fer par u n
autre m o y e n de locomotion. 9. S'il arrivait qu'on vous offrt deux
mille francs d e ( / o r ) ce cheval, vous n e devriez pas refuser.
10. Mrite-t-il vraiment qu'on s'intresse lui 1
B.1. I do n o t say (dis) that you are wrong. 2. D o you think

that the grapes (sing.) will ripen this summer ? 3. I doubt whether
he will grant you the reparation which he owes (doit) you. 4. It is
not certain that our friends are at home. 5. If it happened that you
have been mistaken I should not be surprised. 6. I was apprehensive
lest you should be ill. 7. I should n o t h a v e supposed t h a t he would
have been the firsl. 8. We did not know that you had started.
9. N o one has told (dit) us that you speak English. 10. If you have
an e n e m y w h o is in ( t h e ) need, help (secourez) him.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 63
L E S S O N 37.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
(continued).
introduced by any of the following impersonal verbs :
i l faut ( 309), \ i l eat possible, . .
ls neoessar
il est ncessaire, J y- jj se peut ( 3 0 6 ^ p t ^ Possible.
il importe, \ . . il semble, it seems.
il est important, f l t u lm ortant
P - U e s t temps, it is time.
i l est j u s t e , it is just. il v a u t m i e u x ( 308), it is better.
II est j u s t e qu'il soit rcompens.

It is right that he should be rewarded.
Il v a u t mieux qu'il se rende.

It is better that he sfwuld surrender.
Obs. The use of the subjunctive w i t h these impersonal verbs falls

in most cases under one or other of the first three rules given above
( 171-3).
EXERCISE 37.
A.1. Il f a u t que t u t'accoutumes vaincre t e s passions. 2. Il

sera ncessaire que vous prpariez srieusement cet e x a m e n . 3. Il
est possible qu'il se trompe. 4. Il convient (is fitting) que vous
rflchissiez a v a n t de rpondre. 5. Il vaudra ( w i l l be) mieux que
vous m'attendiez. 6. Il est juste que vous acceptiez la rcompense
de votre dvouement. 7. On craint (fears) que la tempte n'ait
caus beaucoup de naufrages. 8. Il n e faudrait pas que vous vous
imaginassiez tre parfaits. 9. S'il arrive que vous commettiez une
impolitesse, excusez-vous-en. 10. Il est juste que les coupables soient
punis.
B.1. It is possible that I am wrong, but I a m not convinced of it.

2. Is it possible that y o u are so obstinate ? 3. Before undertaking
(avant d'entreprendre) this expedition, it is well that the troops
should be prepared for it (y). 4. It was t i m e for you t o arrive. 6. It
seems that you are walking with difficulty. 6. I t will be better for
you to speak to him ( t h e ) first. 7. Is it possible that you do not like
him? 8. The chatterer speaks i n c e s s a n t l y ; h e does not care (peu
lui importe) whether you listen to him. 9. It w i l l be time for you
to announce this news to him to-morrow. 10. H o w comes it (se
fait-il) that you are here 1
J. F. c. 5
L E S S O N 38.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
{continued).
introduced by one of the following conjunctions :
afin que, in order that. sans que, without.
a v a n t que, before, soit que, whether.
j u s q u ' ce que, until. suppos que, supposing that.
bien que, although. moins que . . . ne, unless.
pour que, in order that.
pourvu que, provided that.
quoique, although.
Parlez plus haut, afin que j e vous entende.
Speak louder, in order that I may hear you.
Je ne m'y rendrai pas moins que vous ne m'accompagniez.
I shall not go unless you accompany me.
176. The subjunctive is also used in dependence on the

following concessive expressions :
qui que, whoever. quel que, whatever (adj.).
quoi que, whatever (pron.). quelque . . . que, however.
Quell que soient ses talents, il ne russira pas.
Whatever Ms talents may he, he will not succeed.
EXERCISE 38.
A.1. I l s vous suivront pourvu que vous les encouragiez par votre
exemple. 2. Quoiqu'ils soient pauvres, ils sont honntes. 3. Avant
que l'on et i n v e n t la poudre, les combats taient plus meurtriers.
4. Travaillez jusqu' ce que vous soyez habiles. 5. Bien que nous
soyons chaudement vtus (clad), nous tremblons de froid. 6. Vous
atteindrez le succs, pourvu que vous persvriez. 7. moins que
nous n e nous trompions, nous arriverons avant eux. 8. Quelle que
soit votre bonne volont, vous ne russirez pas. 9. Quoiqu'il ait
beaucoup d'argent, il n'est pas gnreux. 10. Il garda le silence, de
peur que sa rponse n e ft mal interprte.
B.1. Whoever our enemies may be, whatever their number may
be, w e do n o t fear (craignons) them. 2. However clever we may be,
there a l w a y s remains something for us to ( ) learn. 3. You are
allowed (on vous permet) to enter this shop w i t h o u t buying a n y t h i n g
there. 4. Whether you dance or not, you will be invited to our ball.
6. The candidate will communicate with nobody until his composi-
tion is finished. 6. Whatever may have been the power of the
Romans, their empire has crumbled. 7. In order that you may
THE INFINITIVE. 65
succeed, you must apply yourself more. 8. Although you are clever,
you are far from knowing ( i n fin.) everything. 9. Speak louder in
order that you m a y be heard. 10. Before the war ends, much blood
will flow.
LESSON 39.THE INFINITIVE.

THE INFINITIVE DEPENDENT ON A VERB.
177. I n English the infinitive, dependent on a verb, is
generally preceded by to ; e.g. I want to go, I beg you to go.
More rarely it follows immediately without any connecting
word, e.g. I must go. I n French t h e place of the English
to is supplied by one of the prepositions or de, but a
great many French ver bs (considerably more t h a n in English)
are followed by an infinitive without preposition.
178. Infinitive without a Preposition.The following

are the most important verbs followed by the infinitive
without a preposition :
aimer mieux, to prefer. oser, to dare.
aller, to go ( 281). penser, to think.
croire, to believe ( 321 ). pouvoir, to be able ( 306).
dsirer, to wish. prfrer, to prefer ( 206).
devoir, to be obliged, etc. ( 302). savoir, to knew (how) ( 305).
entendre, to hear. sentir, to feel ( 288).
esprer, to hope ( 266). venir, to come ( 297).
faire, to make, to cause ( 344). voir, to see ( 310).
falloir, to be necessary ( 309). vouloir, to wish ( 307).
laisser, to allow.
Allez chercher le mdecin. Je l'entends venir.
Go for the doctor. I hear him coming.
Il ne faut jamais dsesprer. Pouvez-vous sortir ?
Never say die. Can you go out ?
Obs. It will be seen that m a n y of the above correspond to the
so-called auxiliaries of mood, can, will, etc., wliich in English are
followed by a simple infinitive.
EXERCISE 39.
A.1. Je compte aller voir l'Exposition de Paris. 2. N'avez-vous
pas entendu tonner cette nuit ? 3. Il aima m i e u x croire de perfides
conseillers. 4. Je croirais nuire vos intrts eu agissant ainsi.
B. Aprs ces paroles ils laissrent tomber la conversation. 6. Faudra-

t-il abandonner la position sans combattre 1 7. L a mouche du
coche pensait faire marcher l'attelage. 8. Laisser faire et laisser
dire n'est pas toujours sage. 9. Comment osez-vous rpter une
semblable histoire 10. J e dsirerais voir tout le monde heureux.
B.1. Ought ( D e v r i e z ) you n o t t o have more indulgence for

others ? 2. They could not hope to succeed better. 3. They thought
to frighten their adversaries by words, i. " W h a t can (savez) you
do 1 " Aesop was asked. " Everything," he replied. 5. All at once
he felt himself grow weak. 6. Do you prefer to go t o the concert or
to the theatre 1 I would rather stay here. 7. Before starting
(infin.) I wish to come and take leave of you. 8. 1 wish to make
ready (to make to prepare) your room. 9. Hurry, if you wish to
arrive in time. 10. From our w i n d o w s i t will be possible to (de) see
the procession pass.
LESSON 40.THE I N F I N I T I V E (continued).
THE INFINITIVE DEPENDENT ON A VERB (continued).
179. The following verbs t a k e de before a following

infinitive :
achever, to finish ( 258), parler, to speak.
avertir, to warn. permettre, to allow ( 346).
cesser, to cease. persuader, to persuade.
commander, to command. prier, to beg.
craindre, to fear ( 329). promettre, to promise ( 346).
dire, to tell, to hid ( 342). proposer, to propose.
finir, to finish. recommander, to recommend.
menacer, to threaten ( 275). refuser, to refuse.
mriter, to deserve. regretter, to regret.
offrir, to offer ( 293). souponner, to suspect.
oublier, to forget. tcher, to try.
Je lui ai dit de rentrer.

I told him to come in.
Vous mritez d'tre puni.
You deserve to he punished.
Priez-le de rester.
Beg him to stop.
THE INFINITIVE. 67
180. T h e following verbs t a k e before a following

infinitive :
accoutumer, to accustom. enseigner, to teach.
aider, to help. exhorter, to exhort.
aimer, to like. hsiter, to hesitate.
apprendre, to learn, to teach ( 315). inviter, to invite.
aspirer, to aspire. parvenir, to succeed ( 297).
chercher, to seek. penser, to think.
commencer. 1 prparer, to prepare.
ie
se mettre, Vin 275
> U ^ russir, to succeed.
consentir, to consent ( 288). servir, to serve ( 289).
encourager, to encourage ( 274). songer, to think ( 274).
Aimez-vous danser ?
Do yon like dancing ?
Je vous apprendrai vivre.
Iwll teach yon, to behave.
On l'a encourag persvrer.
He has been encouraged to persevere.
Obs. The preceding lists contain only the commonest verbs.

Many others might be added, including several reflexive verbs.
There are also a f e w which take either or de, in some cases with
a slight distinction of meaning.
EXERCISE 40.
A . 1 . Il cherchera se mettre votre disposition. 2. Encouragez-
les rsister l'ennemi. 3. Ils n'avaient pas pens se prparer
subir l'examen. 4. Ils refusent de se rendre. 5. Ce fut avec
difficult qu'on leur persuada de se rendre. 6. J'avais oubli de
vous proposer de m'accompagner. 7. J'ai achev de lire le livre que
vous m'aviez prt. 8. 11 ne cessait de nous rpter la m m e chose
9. Je le souponne de regretter d'avoir agi inconsidrment,
10. N o u s songerons vous avertir de parler votre tour.
B . 1 . There you are 1 We were speaking of going to look for

you. 2. I beg you to recommend (to) him to act with promptitude.
3. I suspect him of t h i n k i n g of taking his revenge. 4. We were
taught to accustom ourselves to endure fatigue. 5. He succeeded
in a t t a i n i n g to the highest situation. 6. We accustomed ourselves
to learn to speak elegantly. 7. He did not hesitate to declare that
he did not like getting up. 8. The general commanded to cease
tiring (the fire). 9. We should fear to displease ( t o ) our friends.
10. Do not hesitate to set to work early.
LESSON 41.THE I N F I N I T I V E (continued).

T I I E I N F I N I T I V E A F T E R sans, aprs, pour, par.
181. I t will have been observed from the foregoing

examples t h a t the French infinitive is frequently used for the
English gerund in -ing : this is especially the case after the
prepositions sans, aprs, pour, par, and after all prepositions
compounded with de, such as avant de, before, force de,
by dint of, de peur de,/or fear of, etc.
Il partit sans rien dire.
lie started without saying anything.
Aprs avoir dit cela, il se tut.
After having said that, he was silent.
Nous le ferons pour vous plaire.
We will do it to please you.
I l s finirent par cder.
They ended by yielding.
Avant de partir, il bnit ses enfants.
Before starting, he blessed his children.
NOTE.The preposition en alone is followed by the present
participle ( 183).
Il plit en disant cela.
He turned pale on saying that,
EXERCISE 41.
A . I l partira sans se plaindre. 2. Il faut manger pour vivre et
non vivre pour manger. 3. Dieu a cr les hommes pour le
connatre, l'aimer et le servir, 4. A u premier son de la cloche
l'enfant cessa de jouer. 5. Il a gard le silence de peur de se
trahir. 6. Je dsire lire mon courrier en djeunant. 7. E n arri-
vant la gare, nous y trouvmes nos amis. 8. C'est en tudiant
sans cesse qu'on arrive la science. 9. Vous finirez par vous rompre
le cou, 10. force de travailler, vous arriverez au succs.
B.1. The unfortunate traveller remained three days without
eating. 2. Do you think you can learn without studying ? 3. After
sailing steadily westward, Columbus ended by reaching America.
4. H e has tried everything without succeeding m ( ) anything.
5. The old proverb tells us to turn round our tongue seven times
before speaking. 6. They started early in order to arrive (the) first
(m. plur.). 7. We have said our lesson without making a mistake.
8. B y dint of persevering one succeeds in every enterprise. 9. You
are not serious in speaking thus. 10. You will arrive at nothing by
working so little.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 69
L E S S O N 4 2 . T H E P R E S E N T P A R T I C I P L E .
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
182. The present participle, when used with its true

verbl force, is invariable.
Regardez ces petites filles j o u a n t dans le jardin.
Look at those little girls playing in the garden.
THE GERUND.
183. The present participle, used as a gerund, is

preceded by the preposition en, meaning in, by, while.
E n disant ces mots, i l plit.
In saying these words, he turned pale.
En a g i s s a n t ainsi, vous avez perdu son amiti.
By acting thus you have lost his friendship.
THE VERBAL ADJECTIVE.
184. The present participle, when used as an adjective,

agrees with its substantive in gender and number.
Ces jeunes filles sont charmantes.
Those girls are charming.
EXERCISE 42.
A . 1 . Regardez les abeilles butinant sur les fleurs. 2. Notre
ur est aimante et dvoue. 3. Les Gaulois taient une nation
remuante, aimant faire la guerre. 4. Les flots cumants s'avancent
e n mugissant. 5. On entendait les cris dchirants des victimes
appelant au secours. 6. Mille cris discordants clatrent, dchirant
nos oreilles. 7. On a rpandu des bruits alarmants. 8. Elles
entrrent e n criant, alarmant tout le monde. 9. Ces enfants ne
sont gure caressants. 10. La mre, caressant ses enfants, les
rassura bien vite.
B.1. The smiling valleys of the Black Forest are very green
2. The t w o friends, laughing at (<?) their fright, continued their
walk. 3. Persons recovering from illness require strengthening food
(plur.). 4 . Savages, disfiguring the image of the Divinity, pay
homage to appalling idols. 5. The study of living languages is very
interesting. 6. This lecture, interesting everybody, was much
appreciated. 7. The old man approached tottering. 8. The nurse
guides the tottering steps of the baby. 9. It is by amusing children
that study is rendered attractive to them. 10. Does not the history
of this country seem to you interesting ?
L E S S O N 4 3 . T H E P A S T P A R T I C I P L E .
THE PAST PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE.
185. The past participle used as an adjective agrees

in number and gender with the substantive or pronoun to
which it refers.
Des hommes arms se prcipitrent dans l'glise.
Armed men rushed into the church.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE WITH tre.

186. The past participle used with tre agrees with the
subject in gender and number.
Vos surs sont arrives. Nos maisons ont t vendues.
Your sisters have arrived. Our houses have been sold.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE WITH avoir.

187. The past participle used with avoir agrees with
a preceding direct object ; otherwise it is invariable.
O avez-vous rencontr ces dames 1
Where did you meet these ladies ?
But,
Voil les dames que (object) j'ai rencontres.
There are the ladies that I met.
O les (object) avez-vous rencontres ?
Where did you meet them ?
EXERCISE 43.
A.1. Les voyageurs, enchants du b o n accueil, ne cachrent pas

leur satisfaction. 2. J'ai perdu une sur et une mre bien aimes.
3. Ce sont des enfants charmants, aims d e tout le monde. 4. N o s
amis sont partis c e matin. 5. La garance e t l'indigo sont employs
en teinture. 6. Quand a t reue cette effrayante nouvelle ? 7. Les
esprances des cultivateurs ont t dues. 8. Ces artistes o n t
dessin les ruines de la Grce. 9. L'ambassade japonaise a sjourn
d e u x mois Paris, puis est partie pour Londres. 10. Toutes les fleurs
que vous avez plantes o n t pri, faute d'avoir t arroses.
B.1. The flowers that y o u have drawn are water-lilies. 2. H a v e

we not received your friends well 1 3. The friends that you have
received so badly are ofFended. 4. Two of m y compatriots have break-
fasted with m e this morning. B. The peaches that you have eaten
TIIE PAST PARTICIPLE. 71
have been sent from Bordeaux. 6. We had sent some fruit and
flowers t o your mother. 7. H a r e you not received the books that
you had asked for ? 8. I have deserved the rebukes that you have
addressed t o me. 9. The workmen w h o had arrived yesterday have
finished the repairs. 10. All those w h o h a v e visited the galleries of
the Louvre have admired the paintings of Rubens.
LESSON 44.TIIE PAST P A R T I C I P L E (continued).
THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF REFLEXIVE YERBS.
188. The auxiliary tre, used in forming the compound

tenses of reflexive verbs, is really equivalent to avoir, and
hence agreement takes place if the direct object precedes
the verb.
E l l e s sa (object) sont trompes.
They have made a mistake.
189. I n order to decide whether the past participle should agree

or not, it is only necessary in most instances t o see whether the
reflexive pronoun is accusative (direct object) or dative (indirect
object). Thus :
{Elle s'est blesse a n doigt.

Elle s'est bless le doigt.
She has hurt her finger.
In the first sentence (lit. She has hurt herself in the finger) so is
accusative, and agreement takes place. I n the second (lit. She has
hurt t o herself the finger) *e is dative, and t h e past participle
remains invariable.
NOTE.The past participle of a reflexive verb may, however, have

a preceding direct object other than the reflexive pronoun : in such
cases agreement takes place.
Elles se sont rappel ces faits.

They have recalled these facts.
Voici les faits qu'elles se sont rappels.
These are the facts which they hare recalled.
Here rappels agrees with faits, se b e i n g dative,

THE PAST PARTICIPLE OP IMPERSONAL VERBS.
190. The past participle of impersonal verbs is invariable.

Les chaleurs qu'il a fait cette semaine ont t insupportables.
The heat that there has been this week has been unbearable.
EXERCISE 44.
A.1. Nous nous sommes d'abord adresss vous. 2. Ils se sont
adress des invectives. 3. Elles se sont fait (made) une rputation
mrite. 4. La rputation qu'ils se sont faite n'est pas enviable.
5. Les soldats qui se sont distingus seront dcors. 6. Nos arbres
sont morts par suite des froids qu'il a fait cet hiver. 7. Ne s'est-il
pas gliss quelques erreurs dans votre compte ? 8. Il est arriv des
troupes pour relever la garnison. 9. Combien de peine il nous a
fallu pour comprendre les rgles du participe I 10. Ils se sont
amrement reproch leur paresse.
B.1. The travellers who have ventured into this hotel have been
fleeced there. 2. The roof of the tunnel having collapsed, many
travellers were crushed. 3. The ancients had imagined that the
earth was flat. 4. After having seized on Gaul the Romans tried to
colonize it. 5. They got up when they perceived your presence,
6. The storms that there have been (use faire) this year have ruined
the harvests. 7. The thermometer marked yesterday the greatest
heat that there has been for ten years. 8. How much (Que de)
perseverance have they not required (use falloir) I 9. The news has
spread rapidly. 10. Many centuries have elapsed since the taking of
Troy.
L E S S O N 4 5 . P L U R A L O F S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S .
MODES OF FORMING THE PLURAL.
191. G E N E R A L R U L E . T h e plural of substantives and

adjectives is formed in French (as in English) by the
addition of -s to the singular.
la mre, the mother les mres, the mothers.
l'enfant, the child. les enfants, the children.
grand, great. grands,
petit, small. petits.
192. There are a few classes of exceptions, and in some

cases it is necessary to commit lists to memory.
PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 73
193. Substantives and adjectives ending in -s, -X, or -z

do not change in the plural.
le fils, the son. les fils, the sons.
la voix, the voice. les voix, the voices.
le nez, the nose. les nez, the noses.
gros, big. gros,
heureux, happy. heureux.
194. Substantives ending in -au or -eu and adjectives

ending in -eau form their plural by adding -x.
le couteau, the knife. les couteaux, the knives.
le neveu, the nephew. les neveux, the nephews.
beau, fine beaux,
nouveau, new nouveaux.
NOTE.Of the three French adjectives ending in -eu, two form
their plural with -s and one with -x.
bleu, llue. bleus,
feu, late. feus,
hbreu, Hebrew. hbreux.
195. Substantives and adjectives ending in -al change

-al into -aux in the plural.
le cheval, the horse. les chevaux, the horses.
le journal, the newspaper. les journaux, the newspapers.
amical, friendly. amicaux,
national, national. nationaux.
NOTE 1.The following substantives in -al follow the general rule
and add -s, as also do a f e w other words of rare occurrence :
le bal, the clanee. le festival, the festival.
le carnaval, the carnival. le rgal, the treat.
NOTE 2.A number of adjectives e n d i n g in -al are not used in the
masculine plural : such are final, final, glacial, icy, matinal, early.
196. Seven substantives ending in -ou form their plural

by adding -x.
le bijou, the jewel. le genou, the knee.
le caillou, the pebble. le hibou, the owl,
le chou, the cabbage. le joujou, the plaything.
le pou, the louse.
Cbs. All other substantives ending in -ou follow the general rule
and add -s ; e.g. le verrou, the bolt, has plural les verrous.
74 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 197202.
197. Seven substantives ending in -ail form their plural

by changing -ail into -aux,
le bail, the lease. le soupirail, the air-hole.
le corail, the coral. le travail, work.
l'mail, the enamel, le vantail, the folding door.
le vitrail, the stained-glass window.
Obi. All other substantives ending in -ail follow the general rule
and add -s ; e.g. l'ventail, the fan, has plural les ventails.
198. The adjective tout, all, has masculine plural tous.
199. The feminine plural of all adjectives without
exception is formed by adding -S to the feminine singular.
SUBSTANTIVES WITH TWO PLURALS.

200. The following masculine substantives have two
plural forms with different meanings :
Singular. Plural,
aeul, grandfather, aeux, ancestors aeuls, grandfathers
ancestor
il, eye y e u x , eyes ceils, used only in com-
pounds, e.g.
ceils-de-bceuf, oval windows
oeils-de-chat>caVeys(gems)
ciel, shy oieux, ikies, heavens ciels, climates, shies (in
pictures)
ciels de lit, canopies
EXERCISE 45.
A,1. Ces bonnes mres ont des enfants grands et forts. 2. Les
nez grecs sont droits et les nez romains sont courbs. 3. Des gaz
mphitiques s'chappaient de l'gout. 4. Vos neveux sont arrivs
le dimanche des Hameaux. 5. Leurs nouveaux chevaux ne sont pas
trs beaux. 6. Les flots bleus de la Mditerrane refltaient les feux
des Hbreux. 7. Ces grossiers cailloux orneront, aprs la taille, des
bijoux royaux. 8. Pour trois sous j'ai achet deux beaux choux
rouges. 9. Plus de trois cents petits bateaux pchent les coraux sur
les ctes d'Algrie. 10. Tous ces maux et tous ces vitraux sont du
seizime sicle.
B.1. The young girls laid their fans on their mothers' knees.
2. Our ancestors, the Franks, had blue e y e s ; they wore long hair ( p i n r.)
3. From the height of the heavens the gods descended to m i x with
( ) mortals. 4. Three big owls have made (fait.) their nest in the
holes of the wall. 5. The evils of the war have been related by the
FEMINISE OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 75
papers. 6. The bodies of our dead horses were a feast for the jackals.
7. During the carnivals of 1896 and 1897 I went to four masked
balls. 8. We are enchanted to hear voices so pure. 9. Have you
bought some nuts of {chez) these French dealers ? 10. The big horses
of PCrche ( p e r c h e r o n s ) are much esteemed.
LESSON 46.FEMININE OF SUBSTANTIVES

AND ADJECTIVES.
2 0 1 . G E N E R A L R U L E . T h e f e m i n i n e s i n g u l a r of s u b -
s t a n t i v e s a n d a d j e c t i v e s is f o r m e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n of -e
m u t e to the masculine singular.
Masculine. Feminine,
ami amie friend
Espagnol Espagnole Spaniard
tudiant tudiante student
brun brune brown
franais franaise French
poli polie polite
202. A d j e c t i v e s a n d some s u b s t a n t i v e s which in t h e

m a s c u l i n e s i n g u l a r e n d i n -e m u t e r e t a i n t h e s a m e f o r m i n
the feminine.
Masculine. Feminine.
lve lve pupil
esclave esclave slave
belge belge Belgian
jeune jeune young
NOTE.The following substantives ending in -e mute form their
feminine by adding -sse :
ne, he-ass nesse, she-ass
comte, count comtesse, countess
druide, drvid druidesse, druidess
hte, host htesse, hostess
matre, master matresse, mistress
ngre, negro ngresse, ncgress
ogre, ogre ogresse, ogress
prtre, priest prtresse, priestess
prophte, prophet prophtesse, prophetess
prince, prince princesse, princess
Suisse, Swiss Suissesse
tigre, tiger tigresse, tigress
tratre, 'traitor tratresse, traitress
vicomte, viscount vicomtesse, viscountess
W i t h these may be classed the following, w h i c h do not e n d i n -e

mute.
abb, abbot abbesse, abbess
devin, soothsayer devineresse
dieu, god desse, goddess
duc, duhe duchesse, duchess
pair, peer pairesse, peeress
203. Substantives and adjectives ending in -er, and

eight adjectives ending in -et, take the grave accent over
the penultimate -e- in the feminine.
Masculine, Feminine.
fermier fermire farmer
colier colire scholar
cher chre dear
premier premire first
complet complte complete

concret concrte concrete
discret discrte discreet
incomplet incomplte incomplete
indiscret indiscrte indiscreet
inquiet inquite anxious
replet replte corpulent
secret secrte secret
204. Adjectives ending in -gu in the masculine singular

form their feminine in -gu.
aigu aigu acute
ambigu ambigu ambiguous
contigu contigu contiguous
exigu exigu scanty
Obs. The diaeresis over the e ( ) indicates that g u and e are separate
syllables ; hence u lias its ordinary sound, and is not merely used to
harden the sound of g. Compare the values of u in the English
words ague and league, though w e do not use the diaeresis to mark
the pronunciation of the former word.
EXERCISE 46.
A.1. Cette jeune esclave noire arrive de la colonie belge du
Congo. 2. Les druidesses taient les prtresses de la Gaule. 3. L e s
Anglaises que j'ai rencontres taient blondes, grandes et jolies.
Mes lves russes et mes lves sudoises sont trs intelligentes.

5. J'ai devin la secrte douleur de notre chre fille. 6. Le prince
et les ducs, ses fils, ont reu la comtesse espagnole. 7. La jeune
fermire envoya ses premires pches la vicomtesse sa matresse.
8. La dernire fois que je rencontrai l'colire, elle tait trs inquite.
9. Dborah f u t une des prophtesses d u peuple hbreu. 10. La
clbre duchesse de M fut abbesse de ce couvent.
B.1. The mistress of this negress is a Moorish princess. 2. Our

hostess w a s the charming Countess of X . 3. The needles of the
haberdasher, ( / . ) our neighbour, are very good. i. The teeth of the
tigress are sharp. 5. Has not your little cousin a blue frock 1
6. These Spanish students ( / . ) are very dark. 7. Our h o m e is near
(to) the palace of the princess. 8. Their last answer was ambiguous.
9. Minerva was a goddess of the ancient Romans. 10. Are you n o t
afraid that your question may be considered indiscreet 1
LESSON 4 7 . F E M I N I N E OF S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued).
205, Adjectives ending in -C in the masculine form
their feminine in (a) -che, (b) -que, (c) -cque.
Masculine. Feminine
(a) blanc blanche white
franc franche frank
sec sche dry
( b ) caduc caduque decrepit
franc franque Prankish
public publique public
turc turque Turkish
(<) grec grecque Greek
206. Substantives and adjectives ending in -f or -X in

the masculine change this to -ve, -se respectively m the
feminine.
serf serve nerf
actif active act ice
neuf neuve new
poux pouse spouse
heureux heureuse happy
jaloux jalouse jealoui
78 PKECEPTOKS' FKENCH CODKSE, 2 0 7 2 1 0 .
NOTE.The following adjectives e n d i n g in - x form their femininee

irregularly :
Masculine. T'oniinme.
doux douce sweet
faux fausse false
roux rousse red
vieux vieille old
207. Adjectives with the following terminations double

the final consonant before -e mute in the feminine ;
() -el, -eil, -ol;
() -en, -i/n;
(c) -et, -ot.
(d) -as.
{a) cruel cruelle cruel
pareil pareille like
fol (see {; 208) folle mad
( o ) ancien ancienne ancient
bon bonne good
(c) net nette clear
sot sotte foolish
(d) gras grasse fat
NOTE.The eight adjectives i n -et g i v e n in 203 form the

f e m i n i n e in -ate.
208. Five adjectives have a double form for the masculine

singular ; they are
Before consonant Before vowel
or h as] (irate. or h mute,
beau bel belle beautiful
nouveau nouvel nouvelle new
fou fol folle mad
mou mol molle soft
vieux vieil vieille old
EXAMPLES: un beau gar con, a handsome boy.

une belle fille, girl.
u n bel enfant, child.
u n bel homme, man.
NOTE.Substantives ending in -eau also form their feminine in

-elle.
chameau, camel chamelle
jumeau, tioin jumelle
EXERCISE 47.
A.1. L'aigle aux (with) serres cruelles et aigus fondit Bur la
douce colombe. 2. Autrefois on appelait les jeunes garons jouven-
ceaux ou damoiseaux, et les jeunes tilles jouvencelles ou damoiselles.
3. Mes troupeaux se sont augments de (by) quatre-vingts agneaux
et de quatre-vingt-dix agnelles. 4. On afficha sur la place publique
que la nouvelle tait fausse. 6. Une fine moustache rousse ornait la
bouche vermeille du jeune dieu. 6. La cruelle tigresse fondit sur la
craintive antilope. 7. Une pauvre vieille toute caduque ramassait
des branches sches. 8. Ne sois pas jalouse, chre fille, si ta sur
est plus heureuse que toi. S). Un franc parler demande une rponse
franche. 10. Sous la loi franque, les serfs et les serves taient vendus
avec la terre.
B.1. The Greek army experienced a complete defeat. 2. The

Turkish proposals have been judged indiscreet. 3. Has not this
handsome child (m.) a twin sister 1 i. This old woman cherishes
the foolish hope of appearing always young. 5. I shall write to
my old friend on () the occasion of the New Year. 6. This pear is
soft, try rather this fine apricot. 7. These good ladies are connected
by (de) an old and close friendship. 8. The foolish farmer ( / . ) has
sold her rich and fertile meadow. 9. Choose a discreet, gentle and
active companion ( / . ) 10. The young and coquettish bride wore a
dress of white silk.
L E S S O N 4 8 . F E M I N I N E O F S DUST A N T I Y E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued).
209. From substantives and adjectives in -eur feminines
are formed in four different ways.
210. (i) Words derived from Latin comparative adjec-

tives add -e mute according to t h e general rule. Such
are
Masculine, Feminine.
extrieur (exteriorem) extrieure outer
infrieur (inferiorem) infrieure lower
intrieur (interiorem) intrieure inner
meilleur (meliorem) meilleure better
suprieur (superiorem) suprieure superior
211. (ii) Words formed from the stems of present

participles change -eur into -euse.
danseur, dancer danseuse
pcheur, fisherman pcheuse, fisherwoman
212. (iii) Words in -teur derived from Latin sub-
stantives in -tor(em) change -teur into -trice.
Masculine. Feminine
acteur, actor actrice, actress
bienfaiteur, benefactor bienfaitrice, benefactress
instituteur, teacher institutrice
213. A f e w words in -eur form the f e m i n i n e by changing -eur
i n t o -eresse. Some of these words have also the form in -euse, that
in -eresse being restricted to some special meaning.
/ c h a s s e u s e , huntress
chasseur, hunter
l chasseresse (poetical)
dfendeur, defendant dfenderesse
("demandeuse, beggar
demandeur, beggar, plaintiff
Idemanderesse, plaintiff
enchanteur, enchanter enchanteresse, enchantress
pcheur, sinner pcheresse
v e n g e u r , avenger vengeresse
NOTE.With these may be conveniently classed :

, fdbiteuse, newsmonger
dbiteur, newsmonger, debtor { d b i t r i c e , debtor
f chanteuse,
Ohanteur, singer -j cantatrice, noted professional
^ singer
EXERCISE 48.
A.1. L a grande actrice, Sarah Bernhardt, est la cratrice des
principaux rles de plusieurs de nos meilleures tragdies. 2. La
comtesse a t la bienfaitrice de sa vieille institutrice. 3. La
nouvelle danseuse est suprieure l'ancienne. 4. Cette rieuse jeune
fille est la consolatrice de sa vieille mre. 5. L'apparence extrieure
des gens est souvent bien trompeuse. 6. La Patti a t la plus
grande cantatrice de son poque. 7. La femme de ce ptissier est
une dbiteuse de mensonges. 8. La principale chanteuse de ce
concert populaire est ma dbitrice. 9. Circ l'enchanteresse garda
Ulysse pendant de longues annes. 10. Je restai sourd aux sollici-
tations de cette demandeuse effronte.
B.1. The Belgian actress sent help ( p l u r . ) to the poor woman.

2. My cousin ( / . ) is of age, but yours is still under age. 3. The
Romans built a temple to Diana the Huntress. 4. The hunters and
huntresses were pursuing the game. 5. The defendant ( / . ) was
condemned to pay three thousand francs to the plaintiff ( / . ) .
6. Avenging flames consumed the city. 7. The Lord pardoned the
repentant sinner ( / . ) . 8. This wine is of an inferior quality. 9. The
fisherwomen awaited the return of the boats. 10. This woman is a
liar ; I had a better opinion of her.
LESSON 4 9 . F E M I N I N E O F S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued),
214. I n the following pairs of substantives the masculine
and feminine (except in the case of jument) come from the
same stem, but present various irregularities :
f jument, man:
cheval, horse
\ c a v a l e (in poetry)
tsar, czar tsarine, czarina
empereur, emperor impratrice, empress
fils, son fille, daughter
gouverneur, governor gouvernante, governess
hros,* hero hrone, heroine
loup, wolf louve
neveu, nephew nice, niece
paysan, peasant paysanne
roi, king reine, queen
serviteur, servant servante
215. I n the following pairs of substantives the masculine

form is longer than the feminine :
canard, drake cane, duck
cochon, pig coche, sow
compagnon, companion compagne
dindon, turkey-cock dinde, turkey-hen
mulet, mule mule
nourricier, foster-father nourrice, nurse
vieillard, old man vieille, old woman
* The h aspirate of h r o s becomes mute in ita derivatives ; tluis, we write
le hros, but l'hrone, l'hrosme, etc.
82 PRECEPTORS FRENCH CODRSE, 216218.
216. The following pairs of substantives are of totally

different origin :
Masculine, Feminine,
blier, ram brebis, ewe
buf, ox \
vache, cow
taureau, hull)
bouc, he-goat chvre, she-goat
oerf, stag biche, hind
coq, cocli poule, hen
frre, brother sur, sister
garon, boy fille, girl
homme, man femme, woman
mari, husband femme, wife
monsieur, gentleman dame, lady
oncle, uncle tante, aunt
papa, papa maman, mamma
parrain, godfather marraine, godmother
pre, father mre, mother
Obs. Many English substantives of common gender, including

most of the names of animals, are represented in French by sub'
stantives with a fixed gender. Such are
Masculine, Feminine,
u n lphant, an elephant l a baleine, the whale
le lopard, the leopard l a panthre, the panther
le serpent, the serpent la souris, the mouse
I n such cases the distinction of sex is expressed b y the use of the

words mle and femelle ; e.g. :
un lphant mle, a bull elephant.
le lopard femelle, the leopardess.
217. The following adjectives with irregular feminines

do not come under the preceding rules :
coi coite quiet
favori favorite favmiritu
gentil gentille
nul nulle mill
bnin bnigne bellitjil
malin maligne malignant
gros grosse biff
pais paisse tli eh
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES. 83
Masculine Feminine,
exprs expresse express
profs professe professed
absous absoute absolved
dissous dissoute dissolred
tiers tierce third
frais frache fresh
long Ion g u e long
EXERCISE 49.
A. 1. Mon oncle Jean est mon parrain, et ma tante Marie m a

marraine. 2. Le bouc, la chvre, et leurs petits chevreaux broutaient
sur la colline. 3. Il y a dans le parc des cerfs et des daims, des
biches avec leurs faons, et de jolies chevrettes, i . Le mari de ma
marraine est le frre de votre mre. 5. Le monstrueux hippopotame,
le serpent boa, la douce gazelle et la sotte autruche se trouvent e n
Afrique. 6. La fermire vendit ses canards et ses cancs, ses dindes
et ses dindons pour acheter une truie. 7. Le loup a enlev de notre
troupeau trois brebis, deux agneaux, et u n vieux blier. 8. On se
sert d e mules et de mulets pour voyager dans les montagnes. 9. L'in-
fortune reine Brunehaut fut attache la queue d'une cavale in-
dompte. 10. On donne l'impratrice de Russie le titre d e
tsarine ou czarine.
B.1. This large hen is my little daughter's favourite. 2. Those

t w o nice girls are t w i n sisters. 3. The cool nights of tropical
countries engender malignant fever. 4. Their long association w a s
dissolved by the misunderstanding of their wives. 5. I have had
t h e influenza under a mild rorai. 6. This g e n t l e m a n and lady have
been to see the bull-fight at Seville. 7. This good old man has five
sons and six daughters. 8. J o a n of Arc, the great French heroine,
was a humble peasant. 9. My governess's niece was attacked b y a
furious she-wolf, 10. Was not this old servant the queen's nurse 1
L E S S O N 5 0 . C O M P O U N D S U B S T A N T I V E S .
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES WRITTEN AS O N E WORD.
218. Compound substantives written as one word form

their plural in the usual way by the addition of -S.
singular. Plural,
un contrevent, a shutter des contrevents
un gendarme, a policeman des gendarmes
un pourparler, a parley des pourparlers
219. The following exceptions, however, occur, in which

both components take the sign of t h e plural.
Singular. Plural. ,
un gentilhomme, a nobleman des gentilshommes
un bonhomme, a good-natured man des bonshommes
220. W i t h the above the following titles may be

grouped :
Singular. Plural,
monseigneur, My Lord, a lord messeigneurs, My Lords
monsieur, sir, Mr., gentleman messieurs, sirs. Messrs., gentle-
men
madame, Madam, Mrs. mesdames, Mesdames
mademoiselle, Miss mesdemoiselles, Misses
221., The following compounds should also be noticed :

Singular. Plural,
une grand'mre, a grandmother des grand'mres
une grand'messe, a high mass des grand'messes
une grand'route, a high road des grand'routes
These, and many other feminines compounded with grand',

follow the rule of simple substantives in the formation of
the plural.
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES WRITTEN WITH HYPHENS.
222. Compound substantives in the strict sense of t h e

word, i.e. those of which t h e components are united by
hyphens, are formed in t h e following ways :
1. Substantive + substantive. oth components take
the mark of the plural.
Singular. Plural,
un chou-fleur, a cauliflower des choux-fleurs
un lieutenant-colonel, a lieutenant-colonel des lieutenants-colonels
un oiseau-mouche, a liumming-bird des oiseaux-mouches
un chat-tigre, a tiger-cat des chats-tigres
(>1$. The compound takes the gender of the more important
substantive. Thus chou-fleur is a cabbage with the form of a flower ;
oiseau-mouche is a bird of the size of a fly.
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES. 85
2. Substantive + adjective. Both components take the

mark of t h e plural.
Singular. Plural.
une basse-cour, a poultry-yard des basses-cours
u n beau-frre, a brother-in-law des beaux-frres
u n cerf-volant, a kite des cerfs-volants
Obs. The compound naturally takes the gender of the substantive.
3. Substantive + preposition + substantive. The first

component only takes the m a r k of the plural.
Singular. Plural,
un aide-de-camp, an aide-de-camp des aides-de-camp
u n arc-en-ciel, a rainbow des ares-en-ciel
u n ver--soie, a silkworm des vers--soie
Obs. The compound takes the gender of t h e first component, t h e

preposition a n d the second substantive f o r m i n g together an adjectival
phrase.
NOTE.Tte--tte, private conversation, remains unchanged in
the plural.
4. Invariable word + substantive. The substantive only

takes the mark of the plural.
Singular. Plural.
une arrire-pense, an afterthought des arrire-penses
u n contre-amiral, a rear-admiral des contre-amiraux
u n sous-officier, a non-commissioned officer des sous-officiers
Obs. The gender o the compound is that of the component sub-

stantive.
5. Verb + substantive. These remain unchanged in the

plural.
Singular. Plural,
un abat-jour, a lamp-shade des abat-jour
un coupe-gorge, a den of thieves des coupe-gorge
un rveille-matin, an alarum des rveille-matin
un tire-bouchon, a corkscrew des tire-bouchon
Obs. These are masculine.
6. Miscellaneous compounds which do not come under

the above heads. These remain unchanged in the plural.
Singular. Plural,
un ou-dire, a hearsay des ou-dire
un on-dit, a rwnour des on-dit
un passe-partout, a master-key des passe-partout
un va-nu-pieds, a ragamuffin des va-nu-pieds
Obs. These are masculine.
EXERCISE 50.
A.1. On envoya des contre-ordres aux arrire-gardes. 2. J'ai
achet plusieurs bric--brac, entre autres trois porte-monnaie et deux
chasse-mouches. 3. Ces hommes sont trs sournois, ce sont des
pince-sans-rire. 4. Les rues d e cette ville sont actuellement de
vritables casse-cou. 5. On se sert, en Russie, de chiens-loups pour
la chasse l'ours. 6. Nous avons sem deux plates-bandes de reines-
marguerites. 7. Les malfaiteurs engagrent des pourparlers avec
les gendarmes au sujet de leurs passeports. 8. Le petit garon
s'amusait dessiner des bonshommes. 9. Nous appelons queues-de-
rat des limes d'une forme arrondie. 10. Les malfaiteurs donnrent
des crocs-en-jambe aux agents de police.
B.1. The conversation was full of cock-and-bull stories. 2. The

sub-lieutenants were elbowing the rear-admirals at the governor's
ball. 3. " M y lords," the comedians used to s a j . ( d i i a i e n t ~ ) to the
noblemen, " come in w i t h your wives and daughters." 4. Our grand-
fathers accompanied our grandmothers to high mass. 5. Indictments
will be drawn up against ( ) all offenders. 6. The brandies of
Cognac are exported into the whole world. 7. Where did you buy
those alarum-clocks ? 8. The hunters killed m a n y water-fowl, which
stocked their larders. 9. The attorneys-general reside in the depart-
mental chief towns. 10. Redbreasts are larger than humming-birds.
L E S S O N 5 1 . A D V E R B S O F M A N N E R .
F O R M A T I O N .
FORMATION OF A D V E R B S FROM ADJECTIVES.
223. 1. Adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives

ending in a consonant, by adding -ment to the feminine.
complet compltement completely
doux doucement gently
franc franchement frankly
net nettement clearly
ADVERBS OF MANNER. FORMATION. 87
224. 2. Adjectives ending in a vowel add -ment to the

masculine.
triste tristement sadly
ais aisment easily
poli poliment politely
absolu absolument absolutely
225. 3. Adjectives ending in -ant, -ent, change -nt into

-mment. I n these cases the final letters of the adjective
have become assimilated to t h e adverbial termination,
courant couramment fluently
prudent prudemment prudently
savant savamment learnedly
EXCEPTIONS TO R U L E 1.
B. Nine adjectives ending in a consonant take an acute accent
over the -e of the feminine form. They are
commun communment commonly
confus confusment confusedly
diffus diffusment diffusely
exprs expressment expressly
importun importunment importunately
obscur obscurment obscurely
prcis prcisment precisely
profond profondment profoundly
profus profusment profusely
E X C E P T I O N S TO R U L E 2.
227. A few adverbs formed from adjectives in - u indicate the
loss of the -e of the feminine by means of a circumflex.
assidu assidment assiduously
continu continment continuously
With the above may be classed
gai gaiment (or g a i e m e n t ) gaily
228. The following adverbs formed from adjectives with two

forms in the masculine singular ( 208) should be noticed :
beau (bel) bellement gently
fou (fol) follement madly
mou (mol) mollement softly
nouveau (nouvel) nouvellement newlv
229. Eight adjectives ending in -e mute take an acute 'accent

over that -e when used to form adverbs.
aveugle aveuglment blindly
commode commodment conveniently'
conforme conformment conformably
norme normment enormously
immense immensment immensely
incommode incommodment inconveniently
opinitre opinitrment obstinately
uniforme uniformment uniformly
E X C E P T I O N S TO R U L E 3.
230. Three adjectives in -ent follow Rule 1, and add -ment to

the feminine.
lent lentement slowly
prsent prsentement at present
vhment vhmentement vehemently
ADVERBS IRREGULARLY FORMED.
2 3 1 . bref brivement briefly

impuni impunment with impunity
gentil gentiment prettily
tratre tratreusement treacherously
EXERCISE 51.
A.1. E n parlant trop savamment, on s'exprime parfois obscur-
ment. 2. Travaillons assidment, mes amis. 3. Nous en prendrons
gaiement notre parti, i. Ces dames sont nouvellement arrives ici.
5. L'avocat a mollement dfendu la cause de l'accus. 6. N'coutons
pas aveuglment des conseils tmraires. 7. Je suis confortablement
et commodment install dans ma nouvelle demeure. 8. Nous
dfendrons opinitrment le drapeau de ia patrie. 9. Parlez lente-
ment et plus distinctement. 10. Nous commencerons prsentement
l'tude du franais.
B.1. Explain yourself clearly and sedately. 2. Do not act so

foolishly. 3. He declared to me coldly, but plainly, what he
thought, i. You loved gambling distractedly ; you are punished for
it (en). 5. He has behaved (s'est conduit) very gallantly in this
matter. 6. I expressly recommend (to) him not to speak profusely.
7. The fire spread slowly but surely. 8. Explain briefly this rule ;
we shall understand it easily. 9. The bandit struck him treacher-
ously from behind. 10. Speak to him nicely; do not frighten him.
QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS. 89
LESSON 52.
Learn the verbs mener ( 258), appeler ( 261), jeter ( 262),
prfrer ( 266), crer ( 269).
EXERCISE 52.
A.1. Ils enlevrent leurs armes aux (from, the) vaincus.

2. Nous nous lverons cinq heures et demie, 3. L'homme s'agite,
Dieu le mne. 4. Les soldats amenrent leurs prisonniers au gnral.
5. J e possdais les uvres compltes de Dumas. 6. Notre mre
vnre nous appelle. 7. La terre f u t cre pour recevoir l'homme.
8. N e vous le rappelez-vous pas ? 9. Ils renouvelrent les exploits de
leurs anctres. 10. L e comit rejettera votre demande.
B.1. W e will create a colony on the banks of the Niger.

2. After the lesson the pupils played. 3. We shall agree t o every
reasonable proposition. 4. Do n o t throw those papers into the
(M) fire. 5. We were projecting an excursion into Switzerland.
6. D o you prefer the tulip or the carnation? I prefer the rose.
7. They will renew their promises. 8. We renewed the primings of
our pistols. 9. We are taking these children to school. 10. Go
where glory calls you.
LESSON 53.
Learn the verbs ployer ( 272), manger ( 274), tracer ( 275).
EXERCISE 53.
A . 1 . Dieu exaua la prire d u prophte. 2. N e forons point

notre talent. 3. Ils poussrent des cris perants. 4. Le pain que
nous mangeons est de premire qualit. 5. Il drangeait tout ce
que nous arrangions. 6. Comme nous voyagions peu nous nous
arrangemes nous passer de chevaux. 7. L a servante nettoiera la
maison de f o n d en comble. 8. " A u secours I " cria-t-il, " je me noie."
9. Le bataillon se dploya en tirailleurs. 10. N o u s ploierons peut-
tre, mais nous ne cderons pas.
B.1. The rays of the sun pierced the clouds. 2. They w i l l

outstrip all their competitors. 3. I should have desired him t o
advance more quickly. 4. Let us alleviate the misfortune of others.
5. France erected a m o n u m e n t to the memory of her defenders.
6. Let us trace for ourselves a rule of conduct. 7. The poor man
v,ill d r o w n himself as his father drowned himself. 8. God said to
A d a m : " Thou shalt eat thy bread with ( ) the sweat of thy brow."
9. H a v e you already used the pens that I have given you 2 10. You
w o u l d employ your time better if you appreciated the value of it.
90 THE PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE.
LESSON 54.
Lwrn the, verbs aller ( 281), envoyer ( 282), s'en aller ( 349).
EXERCISE 54.
A.1. Mon matre m'envoie vous dire qu'il vous renverra vos
livres demain. 2. Envoyez-nous nos exercices afin que nous les
corrigions. 3. Lui enverras-tu toujours tes lettres trop tard ? 4. I)
ne faut pas que tu ailles en ville aujourd'hui. 5. Je ne m'en suis pas
all immdiatement. 6. J e souhaite que nous y allions bientt.
7. A y a n t reu ce qu'il dsirait i l s'en alla. 8. J'irai vous voir l't
prochain. 9. Allons-nous toujours tre mens de cette faon ?
10. Ces gens-l vont une perte certaine.
B.1. Would you not go to fight if the country called you 1 2. I

went a w a y as quickly as possible. 3. Will he not g o away soon ?
4. Would you not go away if I begged you to (en) 1 5. W e shall only
go away w h e n you send us. 6. The master is calling you (sing.) into
school (en classe) ; go thither. 7. We sent them our sincere compli-
ments. 8. Go (sing.) and f e t c h m e the flowers that your father has
sent me. 9. Whom shall y o u s e n d to us ? 10. What had y o u sent
t o them 1
LESSON 55.
Learn the verbs bouillir ( 283), dormir ( 284), mentir
( 285), partir ( 286), se repentir ( 287), sentir ( 288),
servir ( 289), sortir ( 290).
EXERCISE 55.
A . 1 . Les valets desservaient la table quand j'entrai dans la salle.

2. Permettrez-vous qu'ils se servent de vos livres 1 3. Ton pre
t'appelle ; sors vite. 4. Nous dormions quand vous nous appeltes.
5. " Mentez," disait Voltaire ; " il e n restera toujours quelque chose."
G. N o u s nous rendormmes d'un profond sommeil. 7. J e bous de
colre au rcit de telles atrocits. 8. L'eau bouillira cent degrs
centigrades. 9. Nous exigeons qu'il consente s'accuser. 10. A
quoi cela sert-il de nier ce qui est vident 1
B.1. My master has come in, sir, but. he has gone out again.
2. I think that the water is boiling in the teapot. 3. We were
boiling w i t h impatience to see our country again. 4. If you do n o i
sleep well, take a little opium. 5. Pardon the culprit who repents.
6. I felt the storm coming when you started. 7. Must I then lie in
order to please you i 8. H e never deviated from an extreme caution.
9. W h e n do you wish me t o start again? 10. He repented s m c e r e l j
of his fault.
LESSON 56.
Learn the verbs assaillir ( 291), cueillir ( 292),
couvrir ( 293).
EXERCISE 66.
A.1. Comment vous ont-ils accueilli 2. Il faut que vous

recueillie!; ces pauvres naufrags. 3. Le ministre accueillera la
ptition des institutrices. 4. Le prtre se recueillait quelques m o m e n t s
avant l'office. 5. J'ai dcouvert ce nid de perdrix dans le verger.
6. Ils ouvraient leur porte lorsque nous arrivmes. 7. Le prsident
dclara la sance ouverte. 8. Offrez ces fleurs votre mre, 9. Sous
les tropiques des nues de moustiques assaillent le voyageur. 10. L e
laboureur tressaille d'esprance l a vue de ses champs couverts de
moissons.
B.1. They will assail you w i t h (de) indiscreet questions. 2. H e
insists on the door being opened. 3. Let us assail the fortress from
all sides. 4. What is the matter w i t h you You start. 5. Go i n t o
the garden and pick fruit (plur.). 6. Vfe shall gather the fruit of our
labour. 7. Must w e re-cover t h e vase that you have uncovered ?
8. They are going to close the gate w h i c h you have left ajar. 9. I
have suffered much last week. 10. W e discover every day some n e w
marvel.
LESSON 57.
Learn the verbs fuir ( 294), vtir ( 295), tenir ( 296),
venir ( 297).
EXERCISE 67.
A.1. Est-il possible que nous f u y i o n s devant ces barbares ?
2. F u y e z ce spectacle rvoltant. 3. J e dsire que vous revtiez vos
plus beaux habits. 4. Ma mre vtait les enfants de ses pauvreB
voisins. 5. Je ne tiens nullement connatre cet individu. 6. Il se
lint tranquille aprs cette correction. 7. Je me souviens du temps
o vous veniez chez mon pre. 8. S'il survenait un troisime assaillant,
interviendriez-vous 1 9. Il serait prudent que tu fuisses ce f u n e s t e
rivage. 10. Les soldats effrays s'enfuyaient en dsordre.
B.1. On ( ) the death of his uncle, these fields w i l l belong to

him. 2. I wish that you may obtain the first place. 3. We will
uphold our opinion obstinately. 4. This decanter has contained
vinegar, it (ce) seems to me. 5. W e have warned them that you
would come. 6. I was already undressed, ready to go to bed. 7. The
emperor had put on a brilliant uniform. 8. After the bath, dress
again quickly. 9. We flee the society of the wicked. 10. The
robber fled at the approach of the policemen.
LESSON 58.
Leam the verbs courir ( 298), mourir ( 299),
acqurir ( 300).
EXERCISE 58.
A.1. J'ai parcouru tout le chapitre deux de cet ouvrage. 2. Dana
leur poignante infortune, ils recouraient leurs amis. 3. N'avez-vous
pas concouru pour cette place ? i. Il acquiert chaque jour de l'ex-
prience. 6. De tous les pays que la Rpublique et Napolon 1er
conquirent, il ne resta rien la France. 6. Quoique je me sois
enquis de sa sant, je n'ai aucune nouvelle de lui. 7. Savez-vous
quand est mort Georges premier ? 8. Rappelons-nous que nous
mourrons un jour. 9. Sa mre est morte quand il tait encore au
berceau. 10. Les passants furent requis de prter main-forte aux
agents.
B.1. They hastened at the call of their friends in danger and
helped them. 2. I do not run as fast as you. 3. Where must I
run 1 4. Would you have preferred him to die 1 5. It is necessary
that he should die to expiate his crime. 6. These plants will soon
be dead if you do not water them. 7. All the provinces that you
conquer ( f u t . ) will be acquired to you. 8. Although he had dis-
coursed for two hours, he began again to speak. 9. You will incur
your father's anger. 10. Napoleon III. died in exile.
LESSON 59.
Learn the verbs recevoir ( 301), devoir ( 302), mouvoir
( 303), pleuvoir ( 301).
NOTE.The verb devoir, used as an auxiliary, often corresponds to
the English "to be," or "to have," with a sense of obligation, e.g.
le concert devait avoir lieu hier, the eoneert was to take place
yesterday; il a d partir, he has had (been obliged) to go away.
The conditional of devoir corresponds to the English auxiliary ought,
e.g. vous devriez avoir honte de votre conduite, yoxi ought to be
ashamed of your conduct.
EXERCISE 59.
A.1. L'archevque de Tours a t promu la dignit de cardinal.
2. Ce rcit pathtique ne vous mouvra-t-il pas ? 3. La vue d'une
telle misre m'meut profondment. 4. Pleuvra-t-il encore aujourd'
hui l 5. Il pleut souvent dans l'ouest de l'Angleterre. 6. Cette
usine est mue par la vapeur. 7. Le pauvre animal se mouvait avec
difficult. 8. Runissant nos efforts, nous mmes le lourd vhicule.
9. Aprs le paiement de cotte traite, je ne vous devrai plus rien.
10. Je doute qu'il vous doive une telle somme.
B.1. H a d it not rained last week ? 2. I t is to be hoped (

esprer) that it will rain soon. 3. W e shall go to your house to-
morrow, unless it rains. 4. If you helped me, 1 should m o r e this
burden. 5. Need he be agitated for so little (peu) ? 6. The horse
will n.ot easily move the cart. 7. The custom-house officers levy the
dues on. imported merchandise (plur.). 8. I perceived you coming
from afar. 9. He receives all that is due to him. 10. Do you
conceive that he ha3 not received your letter?
EXERCISE 59a.
A.1. Il aurait d m'avertir. 2. C'est l qu'il devait me re-
joindre. 3. Vous devriez venir ici pendant les ftes de juin. 4. On
doit toujours faire son devoir. 5. I l fait trs c h a u d ; vous devez avoir
bien soif.
B.1. Which road am I to take ? 2. The useless journey that I
have h a d to take (faire) has tired me. 3. We ou^ht never to speak
without reflecting. 4. H o w surprised he must have been to see you I
6. I t m u s t have been nearly half-past t e n w h e n t h e storm broke out.
LESSON 60.
Learn the verbs savoir ( 305), pouvoir ( 306)
vouloir ( 307).
NOTE.The verb savoir denotes ability resulting from study or
practice, while pouvoir denotes ability resulting from the absence of
obstacles, e.g. savez-vous patiner 1 can you skate ? oui, mais j e ne le
peux pas aujourd'hui, yes, but I cannot to-day.
EXERCISE 60.
A . 1 . Nous ne pouvons accepteT vos conditions. 2. Mme s'il
l'avait voulu, il n'aurait pu venir. 3. On ne pourra pas achever
ce travail. 4. Puiss-je (May I ) de m e s y e u x y voir tomber l a
foudre ! 5. Nous voudrions que vous puissiez parler franais.
6. Veuillez, je vous prie, agrer mes amicales salutations. 7. Ce que
nous voulons aujourd'hui, nous le voudrons toujours. S. Je ne sus
que rpondre. 9. Avez-vous su votre leon ce m a t i n ? 10. Saurez-
voud an moins vous tirer d'affaire ?
B.1. D o you (sing.) know that this old man was the honour of his
race ? 2. H o w should they know it if you had not told it to t h e m ?
3. Can I b e of any use to y o u ? 4. I can render you this service.
5. We should not like to undertake this task. 6. 1 wish you to know
it. 7. One must know from w h a t one is suffering. 8. Let us k n o w
h o w t o conqucr or let us know h o w to die. 9. He did not wish you
to know his story. 10. Know that a good soldier prefers death to
dishonour.
LESSON 61.
Learn the verbs valoir ( 308), falloir ( 309), voir ( 310),
asseoir ( 311).
NOTE.The impersonal verb falloir should seldom be rendered
literally in English, e.g.. i l m'a f a l l u partir, I had to leave ; i l faut
que vous vous taisiez, you must hold your tongue, etc.
EXERCISE 61.
A . 1 . N'et-il pas m i e u x valu rester? 2. Mous l'achterons,

quelque prix qu'il vaille. 3. Nous avons revu et corrig la d e u x i m e
dition de cet ouvrage, t. Nous voyons mieux les dfauts d'autrui
que les ntres. 5. Voulez-vous que je m'asseye prs de vous ? 6. Ils
ont assis leur fortune sur la ruine des autres. 7. Il faudra vous taire.
8. La terre vaudra ce que vaut l'homme qui la cultive. 9. Il faudra
que nous revoyions cela ensemble. 10. N e vaudrait-il pas m i e u x que
nous les vissions d'abord 1
B.1. We shall see each other again soon. 2. Sit down, I beg
you, and listen t o me. 3. D o you prefer to be seated or standing ?
4. The parliament will settle the taxes on an equitable basis (plurS).
5. Shall you not see your friends before ? 6. They have foreseen
insurmountable difficulties. 7. Savoir is sometimes equivalent to
connatre in French. 8. I w a s obliged t o persevere in this path.
9. I must go to Russia. 10. This horse is only worth the half of what
it w a s worth.
LESSON 62.
Lewrn the verbs connatre ( 313), paratre ( 314), crotre
( 315), natre ( 316).
NOTE.Connatre means to know in the sense of to le acquainted
with, to know by experience, e . g . connaissez-vous Paris'! do you
know Paris? Savoir means to know in the sense of to have learnt,
to have acquired information, e.g. j e ne sais pas ma leon, I do not
know my lesson.
EXERCISE 62.
A.1. Mes intentions ont t mconnues. 2. La lumire du phare

parat et disparat intervalles rguliers. 3. Il parut tonn que je
n e le reconnusse pas. 4. La vigne crot dans le centre et le sud de
la France. 5. Le palmier, l'oranger et le citronnier croissent dans
les pays tropicaux. 6. Cet arbuste a cr de quatre-vingts centi-
mtres cette anne. 7. Notre troupeau s'est accru de vingt et un
agneaux. 8. Corneille naquit Rouen. 9. O tes-vous ne,
madame ? Moi, je suis n Marseille. 10. Quoique le bl naisse
avant l'hiver, il crot pendant la saison froide.
lURKGUTiAIi V15UBS. 95
B.1. I knew your brother w h e n he came to study in Paris.

2. I t appears that he did not y e t k n o w you. 3. I should have
preferred our being born in another century. 4. Commerce and in-
dustry revive after war. 5. Grow and multiply on the earth. 6. The
days are still growing, but they will soon decrease. 7. Let us
recognise w h a t we owe our benefactors. 8. The prisoners appeared
before the court of assizes. 9. Men ought to recognise the
sovereignty of good sense. 10. " K n o w thyself," says wisdom.
LESSON 63.
Leai-n the verbs plaire ( 317), lire ( 318), taire ( 319),
boire ( 320).
EXERCISE 63.
A.1. Asseyez-vous, s'il vous plat. 2. Vous vous compltes dans
une oisive existence. 3. Nous y bmes de bonne bire et y man-
gemes de la choucrote. 4. Faudra-t-il que nous buvions ce
calice jusqu' la lie ? 5. Il est juste que nous taisions les dfauts de
nos amis. 6. Peut-tre et-il m i e u x valu nous taire. 7. Il faut
que nous lisions un prsident. 8. Lisez et relisez les bons auteurs.
9. Plaise Dieu (Heaven, grant) que vous ne vous trompiez pas I
10. Il est difficile d'crire des livres plaisant tout le monde.
B.1. I have read your letter w i t h the greatest attention. 2. W e
re-read this article t w i c e w i t h o u t being able t o understand it.
3. This verbose individual is never silent. 4. We became silent on
( ) her arrival. 5. We are drinking wine and you are drinking beer.
6. W h a t used you to drink in Germany 1 7. I should like you to
read in ( d e ) a less monotonous manner. 8. They wish you to read
their poetry (plur.'). 9. I do n o t t h i n k that I have pleased her
10. That man displeased me a t first sight.
LESSON 64.
Learn the verbs croire ( 321), conclure ( 322), moudre
( 323), absoudre ( 324), rsoudre ( 325).
EXERCISE 64.
A.1. Nous nous rsolmes mettre tout en uvre. 2. Les
hommes d'tat, rsolvant cette question avec habilet, assu-
rrent la paix. 3. La chaleur a rsous toute l'eau en vapeur. 4. La
sentence du juge absout c o m p l t e m e n t votre ami. 5. Elle a t
entirement absoute. 6. Je signai le bail, croyant avoir conclu une
bonne affaire. 7. Nous le crmes sur parole. 8. Nous n'en con-
cluions pas que vous excluiez ces lves de l'examen. 9. Ce
pltre n'est pas moulu assez fin. 10. Prenez garde de vous couper ;
ces couteaux sont frais moulus.
B.1. Let us absolve others as w e have been absolved. 2. They

were resolved to attempt everything. 3. We have already solved the
problem which you are n o w solving. 4. You must grind this barley
again. 5. I should like the cutler to re-sharpen m y razors. ,6. He
wishes to be excluded. 7. We grind our pepper and coffee ourselves.
8. This miller has ground thirty-five sacks of corn in the last week
(depuis huit jours). 9. We believe that peace will be concluded.
10. We should have thought that t h e y would be excluded.
LESSON 65.
Learn the verbs vivre ( 326), coudre ( 327), vaincre ( 328).
EXERCISE 65.
A.1. J e vis aussi simplement que vous vctes autrefois. 2. Com-
bien de temps avez-vous vcu L y o n ? 3. Ces tribus sauvages
vivaient de pche et de chasse. 4. Il demande que vous recousiez cet
accroc. 5. Nous vivrons heureux si nous vainquons nos passions.
6. Son raisonnement convainquant tout le monde, il trouva de
nombreux adhrents. 7. Quels ennemis voulez-vous que nous vain-
quions maintenant ? 8. L'hygine veut que nous vivions sobrement.
9. J'ai demeur quatre ans chez les Arabes, vivant parmi eux et
c o m m e eux. 10. La pauvre veuve vit de son travail, cousant parfois
jusqu' minuit.
B.1. H e vanquished his enemies and conquered their possessions.
2. Y o u do not appear very convinced. 3. The poor father has
survived all his children. 4. I hope they will survive their grief.
5. Live on (de) little and thou w i l t live happy. 6. Your (sing.)
dress is unsewn, you must sew it up again. 7. Sew together these
various pieces of stuff. 8. These girls sew industriously. 9. She
s e w e d up her jacket w h i c h she had torn. 10. H e would like m e to
live like a (en) hermit.
LESSON 66.
Learn the verbs craindre ( 329), peindre ( 330),
joindre ( 331).
EXERCISE 66.
A.1. Il ceignit son p e et f e i g n i t de partir. 2. N'ont-ils pas
a t t e i n t leur b u t ? 3. N'teignez pas encore la lampe. 4. N e
craigniez-vous pas le j u g e m e n t du public ? 6. N e crains rien, j e
n'enfreindrai pas tes prescriptions. 6. Nous avons craint que le f e u
ne ft teint. 7. Nous lui avons enjoint de venir sans retard.
8. Cette table est toute disjointe. 9. Saint-Rmi oignit Clovis et
lui enjoignit de rester fidle au vrai Dieu. 10. E n atteignant le but,
j'tais bout de forces.
B.1. H e is a modest man, always fearing to importune others.
2. " What do you f e a r ? " Alexander asked the Gauls. 3. We only
fear lest the sky should fall on our heads, 4. H e was groaning
piteously when we reached him. 5. D o they fear that we shall not
paint this picture well ? 6. Have not the workmen painted the
doors and shutters ? 7. Make haste, if you wish us to rejoin them.
8. She earned her living by d y e i n g silk. 9. These athletes join
strength to agility. 10. Do you wish us to attach somebody to you ?
LESSON 67.
Leam the verbs conduire ( 332), instruire ( 333), cuire
( 334), nuire ( 335).
EXERCISE 67.
A.1. Nous cuisons nos aliments au gaz. 2. Je dduis de vos

explications que vous vous tes nui vous-mme. 3. Voulez-vous
que je vous conduise l'htel ? 4. L e s expressions diffuses, nuisant
la clart du style, conduisent l'obscurit. E. Nous instruisons
nos lves et les conduisons au succs. 6. Ces trompeuses doctrines
nous induisirent en erreur. 7. L'appartement o ils nous intro-
duisaient n'tait pas le ntre. 8. E l l e s voudraient que nous les y
conduisissions. 9. On enduisit d'une paisse couche de chaux les
murs nouvellement construits. 10. N'avez-vous pas peur que votre
mauvaise rputation n e vous nuise ?
B . 1 . Conduct yourself with prudence, or you will be s h o w n out.
2. The general, reducing the number of his soldiers, led t h e m to
victory. 3. We instruct ourselves by (en) translating t h e good
authors. 4. The books that you have translated have taught you
much. 5. W e reconstructed the barn w h i c h the fire had destroyed.
6. This cluster of trees injured the beauty of the view. 7. Y o u h a v e
destroyed the aifeetion which I had for you. 8. The works that this
author produced formerly have injured his glory. 9. Badly-cooked
bread injures the health. 10. We must cook our dinner ourselves.
LESSON 68.
Learn the verbs crire ( 336), traire ( 337), suivre
( 338), rire ( 339).
EXERCISE 68.
A.1. Nous nous rmes de leurs menaces puriles, 2. Il semble
que vous riiez de nos avis. 3. Il suit vos avis, et s'en trouve bien.
4. E n suivant cette rue, vous arriverez l'htel de ville. 5. J'ai t
poursuivi par une bande de loups. 6. Avcz-vous trait la chvre
blanche? 7. Le billet que vous avez souscrit choit (falls due)
demain. 8. E n vous crivant je pense au plaisir de vous revoir.
9. T.e docteur me prescrivit une alimentation substantielle. 10. Nos
vaches ont t traites ce matin.
98 preceptors' FRENCH c o u r s e , 1 9 7 2 0 2 .
B.1. D o w e not write legibly 1 2. They wrote to tbeir parents

that they were without m o n e y . 3. Your letter was so badly written
that I could not read it. 4. You (sing.) must describe to me your
journey in (ati) Canada. 5. Am I following the good road, or have
I strayed ? 6. Let us always follow the path of virtue. 7. 'if w e
followed the voice of wisdom, h o w m a n y (que de) faults w e should
avoid 1 8. You must milk the c o w before dinner. 9. They laughed
when this disaster was announced to them. 10. Did you n o t laugh 1
No, I simply smiled.
LESSON 69.
Learn the verbs suffire ( 340), confire ( 341), *dire
( 342), maudire ( 343). '
EXERCISE 69.
A.1. Nous vivons heureux parce que nous suffisons nos
besoins. 2. Notre pre voulait que nous nous suffissions nous-
mmes. 3. Cet avis leur suffira-t-il? 4. Ces fruits ont t confits
dans le sucre. 5. Confisez-vous des cornichons ou des piments ?
6. Il m'a suffi de le voir pour le juger. 7. chaque jour suffit sa
peine. 8. Faut-il qu'un pre maudisse son propre fils 1 9. l a fin
il s'est ddit. 10. Que me dites-vous l ? j'en suis tout abasourdi.
B.1. Cursed be (soit) war and its horrors 1 2. Would you wish
her t(\ curse the day when (o) she first saw you ? 3. D o y o u w i s h us
to preserve some quinces ? 4. The pastry-cook preserved his cherries
i n syrup. 5. We were told that you would not go t o t h e lecture.
6. You must tell them that they are not right. 7. He has contra-
dicted me. 8. H i s salary is not sufficient to support his f a m i l y .
9. "Give," said the poor orphan; " a little suffices for me." 10. A
hundred francs will not be enough for you to make that journey.
LESSON 70.
Learn the verbs faire ( 344), prendre ( 345), mettre
( 34G), battre ( 347).
NOTE.Faire, followed b y an infinitive active, is used causative! y
as the equivalent o have f o l l o w e d by a past participle, e.g. j e v a i s
faire relier ces livres, I am going to hare these books bound.
EXERCISE 70.
A . 1 . Chemin faisant, il me mit au courant de s o n projet.
2. Avez-vous dj dsappris ce que je vous ai appris ? 3. Je ne
comprends pas que vous paraissiez si surpris. 4. Faites faire vos
habits chez mon tailleur. 5. Faites autrui ce que vous voudriez
qu'on vous fit vous-mmes. 6. l'an, qu'as-tu fait de ton frre ? "
demanda le Seigneur. 7. Le soldat se bat avec courage, quand il
* Compounds of dire, except redire, have -disez in the second person plural of
th< present indicative, t.u. vous mdisez.
TIIE YEJRB. 99
combat pour la libert de sa patrie. 8. Le matre ne permet pas que

l'on mette ses livres devant soi. 9. En mettant cette thorie, vous
avez compromis votre cause. 10. Les actions de cette compagnie o n t
t mises quatre cents francs.
B.1. I have transmitted to her the letter which you had de-
livered to me. 2. We will only admit those who submit (fut.) to
our rules. 3. The farmer threshes his wheat in the barn. 4. After
having argued he lowered his claims a little. 5. The Greek army
has been beaten and put to (en) rout. fi. Did you not do well to
undertake this journey. 7. W e will do everything that you wish
(fut.) us to do. 8. Would you not do it with pleasure if you could ?
9. Must I take my stick or m y umbrella ? 10. In undertaking too
much one arrives at nothing.
T H E F O U R R E G U L A R CONJUGATIONS.
232. French verbs are divided into four conjugations
according to the endings of the infinitive, which are (1) -er,
(2) -ir, (3) -oir, (4) -re.
233. From the five principal parts of a French verb
all the other parts may be formed. The principal parts are
(1) the present infinitive; (2) the present participle stem, i.e.
the stem left after cutting off the ending -ant ; (3) the past
participle ; (4) the present indicative (first person singular) ;
(5) the past definite indicative (first person singular).
234. The various parts of a verb are thus formed, with
the addition of the suffixes shown in the paradigms.
To f o r m t h e
INDICATIVE. Formed from first person
add
Present, 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, present indicative (1st sing.)
plural present participle stem -oils
Imperfect -ais
Past definite (throughout) past definite (1st sing.)
Future infinitive -ai
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present (except in the 3rd conj.) present participle stem -e
Imperfect past definite (2nd sing.) -se
CONDITIONAL, present infinitive -ais
IMPERATIVE, present (except
3rd person) present indicative
NOTE.In forming the future indicative and present conditional
from the infinitive, oi must be dropped in the case of verbs of the
third conjugation and e in the case of verbs of the fourth.
100 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSF., 235.
235. C O N J U G A T I O N O F AVOIR, TO IIA VE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : *av-oir, ay-ant, eu, j'ai, j'eu-s.

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : av-oir, INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir
to have eu, to hare had
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : ay-ant, PARTICIPLE, PEIPUCT : ayant
having eu, having had
PARTICIPLE, PAST (PASSIVE) : eu, had
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
/ have j'ai eu, I have
] M,
tu as, thou hast tu as eu, thou hast
il a, elle a, he (or she) has il a eu, elle a eu, he (or she)
nous av-ons, we have has
vous av ez, you have nous avons eu, we have
ils ont, elles ont, they have vous avez eu, you have
ils o n t eu, elles h a m
IMPERFECT. ont eu, / J
j' av-ais, I had PLUPERFECT.

t u av-ais, thon ha dst j'avais eu, I had
il f av-ait, he had tu avais eu, thon hadst
nous av-ions, we had il avait eu, he had
vous av-iez, you had nous avions eu, we had
il3 j- av-aient, they had vous aviez eu, yon had
ils avaient eu, they had
PAST DEFINITE.
PAST ANTERIOR.
j' eu-s, I had
t u eu-s, thou hadst j'eus eu, I lad
il eu-t, he had tu eus eu, t Ju hadst
il eut eu, ffhad
nous e-mes, we had le had
nous emes eu,
vous e-tes, you had
vous etes eu, you had
ils eu-rent, they had
ils eurent eu, they had
FUTURE.
FUTURE PERFECT.
j aur-ai, I shall have j'aurai eu, I shall
tu aur-as, thou wilt have tu auras eu, thou wilt
il aur-a, he will have il aura eu, he will
nous aur-ons, we shall have nous aurons eu, we shall
vous aur-ez, yon will hare vous aurez eu, y on will
ils aur-ont, they will hare ils auront en, they will
CONJUGATION OP AVOIR. 101
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
(que) j* ai-e, (that) I may . (que) j'aie eu, (that) Imay ,
(que) tu ai-es, (that) thou (que) tu aies eu, (that) thou
mayst mayst
(qu') il ai-t, (that) he may (qu') il ait eu, (that) he may
(que) nous ay-ons, (that) we (que) nous ayons\(tJ/at) we
may eu, J may
( q u e ) TOUS a y - e z , (that) yon (que) vous ayez\(that) you
may eu, "J may
(qu') ils ai-ent, (that) they (qu') ils aient\(i/mi) they
may eu, / may
IMPERFECT. PIUPSBFECT.
(que) j ' e u - s s e , (that) I might (que) j'eusse eu, (that) I might
(que) t u eu-sses, (that) thou (que) tu e u s s e s \ ( t h a t ) thou
miyhte.it eu, J mightest
(qu') il e-t, (that) he might (qu') il et eu, (that) he might
(que) nous eu-ssions, (that) we (que) nous e u s s i o n s \ ( i / i i ) we y
might eu, / might
(que) vous eu-ssiez, (that) you (que) vous e u s s i e z \ ( t h a t ) you
might eu, J might
(qu') ils eu-ssent, (that) they (qu') ils eussent\(S/taf) they
might eu, / might
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
j' aur-ais, I should j'aurais eu, I should \
tu aur-ais, thou wouldst t u aurais eu, thou wouldst
il aur-ait, he would il aurait eu, he would
nous aur-ions, we should nous aurions eu, we should
vous aur-iez, you would vous auriez eu, you would
ils aur-aient,t they ivould ils auraient eu, they would ,
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
ay-ons, let us have
ai-e, have ay-ez, have
(qu'il ai-t), let him have (qu'ils ai-ent), let them have
NOTE.In the following expressions the verb avoir, to have, followed by

a substantive, is rendered in E n g l i s h by the verb to be, f o l l o w e d b y au
adjective or adjectival phrase :
avoir faim, to be hungry avoir raison, to be right
avoir soif, to be thirsty avoir tort, to be wrong
avoir chaud, to be warm avoir peur, to be afraid
avoir froid, to be cold j avoir sommeil, to be sleepy
102 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH C O U R S E , 250252.
236. C O N J U G A T I O N O F ETRE, TO BE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : t-re, t-ant, t-, je suis, je fu-s.

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : t-re. to INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir
le t, to have been,
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : t-ant, PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant
being t, ha ving been
PARTICIPLE, PAST : t- (invariable), been
INDICATIVE MOOD
je suis, I am j'ai t, I have

tu es, thou art tu as t, thou hast
il est, he is il a t , he has
nous sommes, we are nous avons t, we have
vous tes, yon are vous avez t, you have
ils sont, they are ils ont t, they have
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
j' t-ais, I was j'avais t, I had
tu t-ais, thou wast t u avais t, thou hadst
il t-ait, he was il a v a i t t, he had
nous t-ions we were nous avions t, we had
vous t-iez, you were vous aviez t, you had
ils t-aient, they were ils a v a i e n t t, they had
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.
je fu-s, I was j'eus t, I had\
tu fu-s, thou wast t u eus t, thou hadst
il fu-t, he was il e u t t, he had
nous f-mes, we were n o u s e m e s t, we had
vous f-tes, you were v o u s e t e s t, you had
ils fu-rent, they were ils e u r e n t t, they had
FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT.
je ser-ai, I shall be j'aurai t, I shall
tu ser-as, thou wilt be tu auras t, thou wilt g
il ser-a, he will be il a u r a t, lie will -S
n o u s ser-ons ice shall be nous aurons t, we shall
fs
vous ser-ez, you will be v o u s aurez t, you will 4
ils ser-ont, they will be ils a u r o n t t, they will
CONJUGATION OF T11E. 103
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESEKT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(que) je soi-s, (that) I\ (que) j'aie t, [that) I\
may may
(que) tu sei-s, (that) thou (que) tu aies t, (that) thou
may st mayst
(qu') il soi-t, (that) he (qu') il ait t, (that) he
may may
(que) nous soy-ons, (that) wo (qe) nous ayons"( (that) w
may t, / may
(que) vous soy-ez, (that) you (que) vous a y e z \ ( t h a t ) you
may t, J may
(qu') ils soi-ent, (that) they (qu') ils aient"! (that) they
may t, f may
IMPEBFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(que) je fu-sse, (that) I (que) j'eusse t, (that) A
might might
(que) tu fu-sses, (thai) tliou (que) tu eusses\(/ia/) thou
miqlitest t, / mightest
(qu') il f-t, (that) he (qu') il et t, (thai) he
miy ht might .
(que) nous fu-ssions, (that) we (que) nous eussions"! (that) we
might t, J might
(que) vous fu-ssiez (that) yov (que) vous eussiez"! (that) you
might t, J might
(qu') ils fu-ssent, (that) they (qu') ils eussent"! (that) they
might ; t, J might
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je ser ais, I should j'aurais t, 1 should
tu ser-ais, thou wouldt tu aurais t, thou wouldst
il seT-ait, he would il aurait t, he would
- Js
nous ser-ions, we should nous aurions t, we shotild
vous ser-iez, you would vous auriez t, you would
ils ser-aient, they would ils auraient t, they would
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PBESENT.
soy-ons, let us be
SOL-S, he soy-ez, be
(qu'il soi-t), let him be (qu'ils soi-ent). let them be
NOTE. The verb tre is used as an a u x i l i a r y
(a) in t h e c o n j u g a t i o n of t h e passive voie ;
(h) in t h e c o m p o u n d tenses of c e r t a i n i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs ;
(i) in t h e c o m p o u n d tenses of rcllexive verbs ;
237. 1'I K , S T C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E I N -ER).
MODEL : porter, to carry.

PRINCIPAL PARTS : port-er, port-ant, port-, je port-e,
je port-ai.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT: port-er, INFINITIVE, PERFECT: avoir
to carry port, to have carried
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT: port-ant, PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant
carrying port, having carried
PARTICIPLE, PAST (PASSIVE) : port-, carried
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST I N D E F I N I T E .
je port-e, I carry j'ai port, I have

t u port-es, thou earriest tu as port, thou hast
il port-e, he carries il a port, he has
nous port-ons, we carry nous avons port, we have
vous port-ez, you carry vous avez port, you have
ils port-ent, they carry ils ont port, they have
je port-ais, 1 was j'avais port, I had

tu port-ais, thou wast tu avais port, thou hadst
il port-ait, he was il avait port, he had
y
n o u s port-ions, we were nous avions port, we had
vous port-iez, you were vous aviez port, you had
ils port-aient, they were. ils avaient port, they had
je port-ai, I carried j'eus port, I had

tu port-as, thou carriedst tu eus port, thou hadst \
il port-a, he carried il eut port, he had
nous port-mes, we carried nous emes port, we had
vous port-tes, you carried vous etes port, you had
ils port-rent, they carried ils eurent port, they had

je port-er-ai, I shall carry j'aurai port, I shall
tu port-er-as, thou wilt carry tu auras port, thou mit
il port-er-a, he will carry il aura port, he will
nous port-er-ons, we shall carry nous aurons port, we shall
vous port-er-ez, you will carry vous aurez port, yeni will
ils port-er-ont, they will carry ils auront port, they will
FIRST CONJUGATION, 105
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
je port-e, I may j'aie port, I may
tu port-es, tliem mayst tu aies port, thou mayst
il port-e. he may s il ait port, he may i.
VS
nous port-ions, we may a nous ayons port, we may
vous port-iez, you may vous ayez port, you may
ils port-ent, they may . ils aient port, they may ,
je port-asse, I m'ujht j'eusse port, I might
tu port-asses, thou t u eusses port, thou
migh test mightest
il port-t, he might il et port, he might
nous port-assions,ue might nous eussions port, we might
vous port-assiez, you might vous eussiez port, you might
ils port-assent, they might. ils eussent port, they might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT, PERFECT.
j e port-er-ais, I should j'aurais port, I should '
tu port-er-ais, thou tu aurais port, thou
would st wouldst
il port-er-ait, he would il aurait port, he would
nous port-er-ions,!e should nous aurions port, we should
vous port-er-iez, you would vous auriez port, you would
ils port-er-aient, they would. ils auraient port, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
port-e, carry
(qu'il port-e), let him carry
port-ons, let us carry
port-ez, carry
(qu'ils port-ent), let them carry
NOTE 1.Tliis conjugation, w h i c h corresponds to the Latin first
conjugation (infinitive in -are), comprises at least s e v e n - e i g h t h s of
the verbs in the language. Verbs of modern formation, w i t h very
f e w exceptions, fall into this class ; e.g. macadamiser, to macadamize
( f r o m Macadam, who introduced tlie method of paving roads w i t h
broken granite), tlgraphier, to telegraph, etc.
NOTE 2 . T h e r e a r e only t w o i n v ^ u l a r verbs i n -er (aller a n d
envoyer, 2M, 2M2). F o r a n o m a l i e s of spelling in some v e r b s of
this c o n j u g a t i o n , sue 255 275.
106 PRECEPTORS' FRENCII COURSE, 238.
238. S E C O N D C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E I N -IE).
MODEL : finir, to finish.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : fin-ir, fin-iss-ant, fin-i, je fin-is, je fin-is.
INFINITIVE, I'RESENT : fin-ir, INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir

to finish fini, to ha ve finished
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : fin-iss- PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant
ant, finishing fini, having finished
P A R T I C I P L E , PAST ( P A S S I V E ) : fin-i, finished
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE,

je fin-is, I finish j'ai fini, I have
tu fin-is, thou finishest tu as fini, thou hast
il fin-it, he finishes il a fini, he has
nous fin-iss-ons, we finish nous avons fini, we have
vous fin-iss-ez, you finish vous avez fini, you have r6
ils fin-iss-ent, they finish ils ont fini, they have
je fin-iss-ais, I was j'avais fini, Iliad
tu fin-iss-ais, thou least tu avais fini, thon hadst
il fin-iss-ait, he was il avait fini, he had
nous fm-iss-ions, we were nous avions fini, we had
s
vous fm-iss-iez, you were vous aviez fini, you had
ils fin-iss-aient, they were_ ils avaient fini, they had

je fin-is, I finished j'eus fini, I had
tu fin-is, thou fini shed st tu eus fini, thou hadst
il fin-it, he finished il eut fini, he had
nous fin-mes, we finished nous emes fini, we had
vous fin-tes, you finished vous etes fini, you had
ils fin-irent, they finished ils eurent fini, they had
je fin-ir-ai. I shall finish j'aurai fini. I shall
tu iin-ir-as, thou icilt finish tu auras fini, thou wilt
il fin-ir-a, he will finish il aura fini, he will
nous fin-ir-ons, ice shall finish nous aurons fini, ice shall
vous fin-ir-ez,
ils fin-ir-ont,
you icill finish
they will finish
vous aurez fini,
ils auront fini,
you will
they will
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE 1 0 7CONJUGATION.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
je fln-iss-e, I may j'aie fini, I may

tu fin-iss-es, thou mayst tu aies fini, thou mayst
il fin-iss-e, he may "t il ait fini, he may S
nous fin-iss-ions, we may nous ayons fini, we may
vous fin-iss-iez, you may vous ayez fini, you may
ils fin-iss-ent, they may ils aient fini, they may
je fin-isse, I might j'eusse fini, I might
t u fm-isses, thou t u eusses fini, thou
mightest mightest
il fin-t, he might il et fini, he might
nous fin-issions, u>e might nous eussions fini, we might
vous fin-issiez, you might vous eussiez fini, you might
ils fin-issent, they might. ils eussent fini, tlu y might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je fin-ir-ais, I should j'aurais fini, I should
tu fin-ir-ais, thou tu aurais fini, thou
wouldst wouldst Il
<s
il fin-ir-ait, he would il aurait fini, he would
nous aurions fini, we should
k
nous fin-ir-ions, we should
vous fin-ir-iez, you would vous auriez fini, you would
ils fin-ir-aient, they would. ils auraient fini, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
fin-is, finUh
(qu'il fin-iss-e), let him finish
fin-iss-ons, let us finish
fin-iss-ez, finish
(qu'ils fin-iss-ent), let them finish
NOTE.This conjugation, which corresponds to the Latin fourth
conjugation (infinitive in -ire), comprises about 330 verbs, the
majority of which follow the above model. The remainder, t w e n t y -
eight in number, lack the syllable -iss- (which has its origin in the
-isc- of Latin inceptive verbs), and are accordinglv classed as
irregular ( 283 300).
239. T H I R D C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E
I N -OIE).
MODEL : recevoir, to receive.

PRINCIPAL PARTS: recev-oir, reeev-ant, re-u, je reoi-s,
je re-us.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT: recev-oir, INFINITIVE, PERFECT: avoir
to receive reu, to have received
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : recev- PARTICITLE, PERFECT : ayant
ant, receiving reu, having received
PARTICIPLE, PAST (PASSIVE) : re-u, received
INDICATIVE MOOD.
je reoi-s, I receive j'ai reu. I have

tu reoi-s, thou receivest tu as reu, thou hast
il reoi-t, receives il a reu he has
nous recev-ons, we receive nous avons reu, we have
vous reeev-ez, you receive vous avez reu, you have
ils recoiv-ent, they receive ils ont reu, they have
je recev-ais, I was 1 avais reu,

5 I had
1ta avais reu, thou hadst
t u recev-ais, thou wast
il recev-ait, he was il avait reu, lie had
nous reeev-ions, we were nous avions reu, we had
vous recev-iez, you were vous aviez reu, you had
ils recev-aient, they were) ils avaient reu, they had
je re-us, I received j'eus reu, Iliad

tu re-us, thou receivedst tu eus reu, thou hadst
il re-ut, he received il eut reu, he had
nous re-umes, we received nous emes reu, we had
vous re-tes, you received vous etes reu, you had
ils re-urent, they received ils eurent reu, they had

I shall j'aurai reu, I shall
je recev-r-ai,
tu recev-r-as, thou wilt tu auras r< u, thou wilt
il recev-r-a, he will il aura reu, he will
nous reeev-r-ons, we shall nous aurons reu, we shall
vous recev-r-ez, you will vous aurez reu, you will
ils recev-r-ont, they will. ils auront reu, they will
i'll ikd c o n j u g a t i o n . 109
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

je recoiv-e, I may J aie reu, I may
tu reoiv-es, thou may ut tu aies reu, thou ways
il reoiv-e, lt may il ait reu, he may
nous recev-ions, we may nous ayons reu, we may
vous reoev-iez, you may vous ayez reu, you may
ils recoiv-ent, they may ils aient reu, they may
je re-usse, I might j eusse reu, I might ^

tu re-usses, thon tu eusses reu, th on
miglitest mightest
il re-t, he might il et reu, he might
nous re-ussions, we might nouseussionsreu, we might
vous re-ussiez, you might vous eussiez reu, you might
ils re-ussent, they might.. ils eussent reu, they might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je recev-r-ais, I should ] aurais reu, I should
tu recev-r-ais, thou tu aurais reu. tlwu
would st would st
il recev-r-ait, he would il aurait reu, he would
nous recev-r-ions, we should nous aurions reu, we should
vous reeev-r-iez. you would vous auriez reu, you would
ils recev-r-aient, they would. ils auraient reu, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
recoi-s, receive
(qu'il reoiv-e), let. him. receive
recev-ons, let us receive
recev-ez, receive
(qu'ils rtoiv-ent), let them, receive
NOTE 1.This conjugation, which corresponds to the Latin second
conjugation (infinitive in -re), conipiises about twenty verbs, all of
which are more or less irregular ( 301312). Like recevoir are
conjugated about half a dox.en other verbs m -cev-oir.
NOTE 2.The cedilla is used in recevoir anil other verbs ending in
-ccv-oir whenever the o is followed by o or u ; by this means tha
soft sound of the c is preserved.
240. F O U R T H C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E
I N -RE).
MODEL : rompre, to break.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : romp-re, romp-ant, romp-u, je romp-s,
je romp-is.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT : romp-re, INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir
to break rompu, to have broken
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : romp- PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant
ant, breaking rompu, having broken
P A R T I C I P L E , PAST ( P A S S I V E ) : r o m p u , broken
INDICATIVE MOOD.
je romp-s, I break j'ai rompu, 1 have

tu romp-s, thou breakest tu as rompu, thou hast
il romp-t, he breaks il a rompu, he has
nous romp-ons, we break nous avons rompu, we have
vous romp-ez, you break vous avez rompu, you have
ils romp-ent, they break ils ont rompu, they have,
je romp-ais, 1 was j'avais rompu, I had
tu romp-ais thou wast tu avais rompu, thouhadst
il romp-ait, he was il avait rompu, he had
nous romp-ions, we were nous avions rompu, we had
vous romp-iez, you were vous aviez rompu, you had
ils romp-aient, they were ils avaient rompu, they had

je romp-is, I broke j'eus rompu, I had
tu romp-is, thou brokest tu eus rompu, thou hadst
il romp-it, he broke il eut rompu, he had
nous romp-mes, toe broke nous emes rompu, we had
vous romp-tes, you broke vous etes rompu, you had
ils romp-irent, they broke ils eurent rompu, they had

je romp-r-ai, I shall break j'aurai rompu, I shall
tu romp-r-as, thou wilt break tu auras rompu, thou wilt
il romp-r-a, he will break il aura rompu, he ivill
nous romp-r-ons, we shall break nous aurons rompu, we shall
vous romp-r-ez, you will break vous aurez rompu, you will
ils romp-r ont, they will break ils auront rompu, they will
FOURTH CONJUGATION. Ill
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
je romp-e, 1 may j aie rompu, 1 may
tu romp-es, thou mayst t u aies rompu, thoumayst J
il romp-e, he may il ait rompu, he may
we may nous ayons rompu,
1
nous romp-ions, we, may to
TOUS romp-iez, you may vous ayez rompu, you may s>

ils romp-ent, they may , ils aient rompu, they may
je romp-isse, I might ^ j'eusse rompu, I might
t u romp-isses, thou t u eusses rompu, thu
mightest mightest
il romp-t, he might il et rompu, he might
nousromp-issions, roe might nous eussions rompu, 10e might
TOUS romp-issiez, you. might vous eussiez rompu, you might
ils romp-issent, they might) ils eussent rompu, they might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je romp-r-ais, I should j aurais rompu, I should ^
tu romp-r-ais, thou tu aurais rompu, thou
wouldst wouldst
il romp-r-ait, he would I il aurait rompu, he would
nous romp-r-ions, we, should nous aurions rompu, we
vous romp-r-iez, you would \ v o u s auriez rompu, you would
ils romp-r-aient, they would,. j Us auraient rompu, they would,
IMPEBATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT,
romp-s, break
(qu'il romp-e), let him break
romp-ons, let us break
ronip-ez, break
(qu'ils rorup-ent), let them break
NOTE 1.This c o n j u g a t i o n , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s to the L a t i n third

c o n j u g a t i o n ( i n f i n i t i v e in -re), c o m p r i s e s fifty verbs, of w h i c h a b o u t
half follow t h e m o d e l above, t h e rest b e i n g i r r e g u l a r ( 313 318).
NOTE 2 . V e r b s of w h i c h t h e s t e m e n d s in - d d r o p t h e -t in t h e
t l i i i d piT-tin s i n g u l a r of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e ; e.g. il perd, he loses,
f r o m perd-re. to Ion,
J. . c. S
112 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH, COURSE, 268275.
241. N E G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N .
MODEL : ne pas obir, not to <

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : ne pas INFINITIVE, PERFECT : n'avoir
obir, not to obey pas obi, not to have obeyed
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : n'obis- PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : n'ayant
sant pas, not obeying pas obi, not having obeyed
INDICATIVE MOOD.
( 7 do not obey. ) {I have not obeyed.)
je n'obis pas je n'ai pas obi
t u n'obis pas tu n'as pas obi
il n'obit pas il n'a pas obi
nous n'obissons pas nous n'avons pas obi
vous n'obissez pas vous n'avez pa3 obi
ils n'obissent pas ils n'ont pas obi
( 7 was not obeying.) (7 had not obeyed.')
je n'obissais pas je n'avais pas obi
tu n'obissais pas tu n'avais pas obi
il n'obissait pas il n'avait pas obi
nous n'obissions pas nous n'avions pas obi
vous n'obissiez pas vous n'aviez pas obi
ils n'obissaient pas ils n'avaient pas obi

( 7 did not obey.) ( 7 had not obeyed.)
je n'obis pas je n'eus pas obi
tu n'obis pas tu n'eus pas obi
il n'obit pas il n'eut pas obi
nous n'obmes pas nous n'emes pas obi
vous n'obtes pas vous n'etes pas obi
ils n'obirent pas ils n'eurent pas obi

(I shall not obey.) (7shall not have obeyed.)
je n'obirai pas je n'aurai pas obi
tu n'obiras pas tu n'auras pas obi
il n'obira pas il n'aura pas obi
nous n'obirons pas nous n'aurons pas obi
vous n'obirez pas vous n'aurez pas obi
ils n'obiront pas i ils n'auront pas obi
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION. 1
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

. {I may not obey.) {Imay not hare obeyed.)
je n'obisse pas je n'aie pas obi
tu n'obisses pas tu n'aies pas obi
il n'obisse pas il n'ait pas obi
nous n'obissions pas nous n'ayons pas obi
vous n'obissiez pas vous n'ayez pas obi
ils n'obissent pas ils n'aient pas obi
(I might not obey.) (/might, not have obeyed.)
je n'obisse pas je n'eusse pas obi
tu n'obisses pas tu n'eusses pas obi
il n'obt pas il n'et pas obi
nous n'obissions pas nous n'eussions pas obi
vous n'obissiez pas vous n'eussiez pas obi
ils n'obissent pas ils n'eussent pas obi
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
{Ishould not obey.) (7 should not have obeyed.)
je n'obirais pas je n'aurais pas obi
tu n'obirais pas tu n'aurais pas obi
il n'obirait pas il n'aurait pas obi
nous n'obirions pas nous n'aurions pas obi
vous n'obiriez pas vous n'auriez pas obi
ils n'obiraient pas ils n'auraient pas obi
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
n'obis pas, obey not

(qu'il n'obisse pas), let him not obey
n'obissons pas, let us not obey
n'obissez pas, do not obey
(qu'ils n'obissent pas), let them not obey
114: PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 2 4 2 , 243.
242. I N T E R R O G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N .
MODEL : chanter, to sing.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
*chant-je % do I sing ? ai-je chant ? have 1 sung ?
chantes-tu ? singest thou ? as-tu chant 1 hast thou sung ?
c h a n t e - t - i H does lie sing ? a-t-il chant has he sung T
chantons-nous ? do we sing ? avons-nous chant? have ice sung?
chantez-vous ? do yon sing ? avez-vous chant ? have you sung ?
chantent-ils 1 do they sing ? ont-ils chant ? have they sung ?
(Was I singing ?) (Had I sung?)
chantais-je I avais-je chant ?
chantais-tu 1 avais-tu chant ?
chantait-il ? avait-il chant ?
chantions-nous ? avions-nous chant 1
chantiez-vous ? aviez-vous chant?
chantaient-ils ? avaient-ils chant ?
(Did I sing ?) ( f f a d I sung ?)
chantai-je ? eus-je chant
chantas-tu ? eus-tu chant ?
chanta- t-il 1 eut-il chant ?
chantmes-nous emes-nous chant 1
chanttes-voua ? etes-vous chant ?
chantrent-ils ? eurent-ils chant ?
(Shall I sing ?) (Shall I have sung ?)
chanterai-je 1 aurai-je chant 1
chanteras-tu 1 anras-tu chant ?
chantera-t-il ? aura-t-il chant ?
chanterons-nous ? aurons-nous chant
chanterez-vous ? aurez-vous chant ?
chanteront-ils auront-ils chant 1
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Should I sing.') (Should I hare sung ?)
chanterais-je ? aurais-je chant !
chanterais-tu ? aurais-tu chant ?
chanterait-il ? aurait-il chant ?
chanterions-nous ! nurions-nmis chant ?
cuanteriez-voas ? auriez-vous (.hant?
chanteraient-i!s ? ;iuraient.-ils chant ?
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. 115
243. N E G A T I V E - I N T E R R O G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N
MODEL : agir, to act.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
(So I not act ?) (Ifan I not acted?)
n'agis-je pas ? (rarely used) n'ai-je pas agi ? (rarely used)
n'agis-tu pas? n'as-lu pas agi.
n'agit-il pas ? n'a-t-il pas agi ?
n'agissons-nous pas ? n'avons-nous pas agi ?
n'agissez-vous pas ? n'avez-vous pas agi?
n'agissent-ils pas ? n'ont-ils pas agi ?
( Was I not act ing.') (Had I not acted?)
n'agissais-je pas? n'avais-je pas a g i ?
n'agissais-tu pas ? n'avais-tu pas agi ?
n'agissait-il pas ? n'avait-il pas agi ?
n'agissions-nous pas ? n'avions-nous pas agi?
n'agissiez-vous pas? n'aviez-vous pas agi ?
n'agissaient-ils pas? n'avaient-ils pas agi ?
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR,
(Bid I not act ?) (Had I not acted?)
n'agis-je p a s l n'eus-je pas agi ?
n'agis-tu pas ? n'ens-tu pas agi ?
n'agit-il pas ? n'eut-il pas agi 1
n'agimes-nous pas ? n'emes-nous pas agi ?
n'agiles-vous pas ? n'etes-vous pas agi ?
n'agirent-ils pas ? n'eurent-ils pas agi ?
(Shall I not act ?) (Shall I not hare acted?)
n'agirai-je pas? n'aurai-je pas agi ?
n'agiras-tu pas ? n'auras-tu pas agi ?
n'agira-t-il pas ? n'aura-t-il pas agi ?
n'agirons-nous pas? n'aurons-nous pas agi ?
n'agirez-vous pas ? n'aurez-vous pas agi ?
n'agiront-ils pas ? n'auront-ils pas agi ?
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Should I not act?) (Should I not hare acted?)
n'agirais je pas ? n'aurais-je pas agi ?
n'agirai?-tu pas ? n'anrais-tu pas agi I
n'agirait-il pas > n'aurait-il pas agi I
n'agirions-nous pas? n'aurions-nous pas agi ?
n'ngiriez-vous pas ? n'auriez-vous pas agi ?
n'agiraient-ils pas ? n'auraient-ils pas agi ?
lie PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE. 244.
244. CONJ UGATION OF THE P A S S LYE VOICE.
MODEL : tre aim, to be loved.

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : tre INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir
aim,* to be loved t aim,* to have been loved
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : tant PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant

aim,* being loved t aim,* having been loved
I N D I C A T I V E MOOD.
(I am loved.') (I have been loved.)
je finis aim or aime j'ai t \ aim or
t u es aim or aime tu as t / aime
il est aim, elle est aime il a t aim, elle a t aime
n o u s sommes aims or aimes nous avons t \ a i m s or
vous tes aims or aimes vous avez t J aimes
ils sont aims ils o n t t a i m s
elles sont aimes elles o n t t a i m e s
PLUPERFECT. ( I h a d b e e n l o v e d . )
IMPERFECT. ( / t e a s loved.)
j'avais t \ a i m or
j'tais \ a i m or
lu avais t J aime
tu tais J aime
il a v a i t t a i m
il t a i t a i m
elle a v a i t t a i m e
elle t a i t a i m e
nous avions t \ a i m s or
nous t i o n s \ a i m s or
vous aviez t J aimes
vous tiez / aimes
ils a v a i e n t t a i m s
ils t a i e n t aims
elles a v a i e n t t a i m e s
elles t a i e n t aimes
( / ?/v/.v loved.) (I had been loved.)
je fus \ a i m or j'eus t \ a i m or
!
tu f u s / aime t u eus t / aime
il f u t aim, elle f u t a i m e il e u t t aim, elle e u t t a i m e
nous f m e s ) aims ov nous emes t"! a i m s or
vous f t e s / aimes vous etes t J aimes
ils f u r e n t aims ils e u r e n t t a i m s
elles f u r e n t aimes elles e u r e n t t a i m e s
(Ishall be loved.) (I shall have been loved.)
je serai \ a i m or j'aurai t "I aim or
tu seras/ aime tu auras t / aime
il sera aim, eue sera a i m e i l a u r a t aim,elle a u r a t a i m e
nous serons"1 aims or nous aurons t ! a i m s or
vous serez / aimes vous aurez t J aimes
ils seront a i m s ils a u r o n t t a i m s
elles seront aimes elies a u r o n t t a i m e s
* Aim is here variable : aim, aime, aims 01 aimes.
CONJUGATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. 117
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
(Imay be loved.) (I may have been loved.)
je sftis \ aim or j'aie t / a i m or
tu s o i s / aime t u aies t \ aime
il soit aim, elle soit aime il ait t aim, elle ait t aime
nous s o y o n s \ a i m s or nous ayons t"! aims or
vous soyez / aimes vous ayez t / aimes
ils soient aims ils aient t aims
elles soient aimes elles aient t aimes
(I might he loved.) (Z"might have been loved )
je fusse 1 aim or j'eusse t \ aim or
tu f u s s e s / aime tu eusses t / aime
il f t aim, elle ft aime il et t aim, elle et t aime
nous fussions"! aims or nous eussions t \ a i m s or
vous fussiez / aimes vous eussiez t / aimes
ils fussent aims ils eussent t aims
elles fussent aimes elles eussent t aimes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Ishould be loved.) ( 7 should have been loved.)
je serais"! aim or j'aurais t \ aim or
tu s e r a i s / aime tu aurais t / aime
il serait aim il aurait t aim
elle serait aime elle aurait t aime
nous serions"! aims or nous aurions t"! aims or
vous seriez / aimes vous auriez t / aimes
ils seraient aims ils auraient t aims
elles seraient aimes elles auraient t aimes
IMPERATIVE MOOD.PRESENT.
sois aim or aime, be loved
(qu'il soit a i m ) , let him he loved
(qu'elle soit aime), let her be loved
soyons aims or aimes, let us be loved
soyez aims or aimes, be loved
(qujils soient aims h ^ w
( q u e l l e s soient aimes,J
NOTE 1.The past participle t is invariable.
NOTE 2.When the second person plural is used in addressing one
person only, the past participle remains singular, but varies for
gender ; e.g. Vous etea aime de tous, ma mre, You are beloved of
ill, mother.
118 PRECEPTORS' ERENCN COURSE, 245248.
245. EXAMPLE OF THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF

THE PASSIVE VOICE.
N'tre pas flatt, not to be flattered.

INDICATIVE : PRESENT. INDICATIVE : PAST I N D E F I N I T E .
(I am not flattered.') (I have not been flattered.)
je ne suis pas") flatt or je n'ai pas t \ f l a t t or
tu n'es pas J flatte tu n'as pas t / flatte
il n'est pas flatt il n'a pas t flatt
elle n'est pas flatte elle n'a pas t flatte
nous ne sommes pas "(flatts or nous n'avons pas t l flatts or
vous n'tes pas J flattes vous n'avez pas t / flattes
ils ne sont pas flatts ils n'ont pas t flatts
elles ne sont pas flattes elles n'ont pas t flattes
246. EXAMPLE OF THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

OF THE PASSIVE VOICE.
tre lou, to be praised.

INDICATIVE: PRESENT. INDICATIVE : PAST DEFINITE.
(Am I praised?) (TTave I been jrraised ?)
s u i s - j e \ l o u or ai-je t \ lou or
es-tu J l o u e ! as-tu t / loue?
est-il lou 1 a-t-il t lou ?
est-elle loue ? a-t-elle t loue ?
sommes-nous\lous or avons-nous t \ lous or
tes-vous / loues avez-vovis t J loues
sont-ils lous ? ont-ils t lous ?
sont-elles loues ? ont-elles t loues ?
247. EXAMPLE OF THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CON-

JUGATION OF TIIE PASSIVE VOICE.
tre puni, to be punished.

INDICATIVE : PRESENT. INDICATIVE : PAST I N D E F I N I T E
(Am not I punished ?) (llave I not been punished ?)
ne suis-je p a s \ p u n i or n'ai-je pas t \ puni or
n'es-tu pas / punie 1 n'as-tu pas t j punie 1
n'est-il pas puni ? n'a-t-il pas t puni ?
n'est-elle pas punie 1 n'a-t-elle pas t punie?
ne sommes-nous pas) punis or n'avons-nous pas t l punis or
n'tes-vous pas / punies ? n'avez-vous pas t / punies ?
ne sont-ils pas punis ? n'ont-il pas t punis ?
ne sont-elles pas punies 1 n'ont-elles pas t punies ?
CONJUGATION OF AN INTRANSITIVE VERB. 119
248. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A N I N T R A N S I T I V E V E R B
WITH THE AUXILIARY TRE IN THE COMPOUND
TENSES.
MODEL : tomber, to fall (compound tenses only).

INFINITIVE, PERFECT : tre | PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : tant
tomb,* to have fallen | tomb,* hating fallen
INDICATIVE MOOD.
TAST INDEFINITE. PLUPERFECT.
(I hare fallen.) (Iliad fallen.)
je suis ) tomb or j'tais \ t o m b or
tu es | tombe tu t a i s / tombe
il est tomb, elle est tombe il tait tomb, elle tait tombe
nous s o m m e s \ t o m b s or nous t i o n s \ t o m b s or
vous tes / tombes vous tiez / tombes
ils sont tombs ils taient tombs
elles sont tombes elles taient tombes
PAST ANTERIOR. FUTURE PERFECT.

(I had fallen.) (I shall have fallen.)
je fus 1 tomb or je serai \ tomb or
tu f u s / tombe tu seras / tombe
il fut tomb, elle fut tombe il sera tomb, elle sera tombe
nous fmes"! tombs or nous serons"! tombs or
vous ftes / tombes vous serez / tombes
ils furent tombs ils seront tombs
elles furent tombes elles seront tombes
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PAST INDEFINITE. PLUPERFECT.
(I may hare fallen.) (2 might have fallen.)
je sois "(tomb or je fusse \ tomb or
tu s o i s / tombe tu f u s s e s / tombe
il soit tomb, elle soit tombe il ft tomb, elle ft tombe
nous soyons"! tombs or nous f u s s i o n s \ t o m b s or
vous soyez / tombes vous fussiez / tombes
ils soient tombs ils fussent tombs
elles soient tombes elles fussent tombes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PERFECT ( / skouhl hare fallen.)
j e serais'! tomb or nous serions"! tombs or
tu s e r a i s / tombe vous seriez / tombes
il serait t o m b ils seraient tombs
elle serait tombe elles seraient tombes
Tomb i ho variable ; tomb, tombe, tombs or tombes.
249. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A R E F L E X I V E V E R B .
MODEL : se baigner, to bathe.

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : INFINITIVE, P E R F E C T : s' * t r e
baigner, to bathe baign, to have bathed
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : P A R T I C I P L E , P E R F E C T : s' * t a n t
baignant, lathing baign, having bathed
INDICATIVE MOOD.

(I bathe.) (I have bathed.)
j e me baigne j e me s u i s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignes tu t'es / baigne
i l se baigne il s'est baign
elle se baigne elle s'est baigne
nous nous s o m m e s \ b a i g n s or
nous nous baignons
vous vous baignez vous vous tes /
i l s se baignent ils se sont baigns
elles se baignent elles se sont baignes
( J was bathing.) (Ihad bathed.)
j e me baignais j e m ' t a i s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignais ta t'tais J
il se baignait il s'tait baign
elle se baignait elle s'tait baigne
nous nous baignions nous nous t i o n s \ b a i g n s or
vous vous baigniez vous vous tiez J baignes
ils se baignaient ils s'taient baigns
elles se baignaient elles s'taient baignes
(I bathed.) (Ihad bathed.)

j e me baignai je me f u s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignas tu te fus / baigne
il se baigna il se fut baign
elle se baigna elle se fut baigne
nous nous baignmes nous nous fmes \ baigns or
vous vous baigntes vous vous ftes J baignes
ils se baignrent ils se furent baigns
elles se baignrent elles se furent baignes
S e may here be replaced by me, t e , nOUS, or V0U3, and b a i g n by b a i g n e ,
baigns, or baignes, according to the context.
REFLEXIVE VERBS. 12]
FUTURS. FUTURE PERFECT.

( 7 shall batlie.) (Jshall have bathed.)
je me baignerai je me s e r a i ) baign or
tu t e baigneras tu te seras / baigne
il se baignera il se sera baign
elle se baignera elle se sera baigne
nous nous baignerons nous nous s e r o n s l b a i g n s or
vous vous baignerez vous vous serez / baignes
ils se baigneront ils se seront baigns
elles se baigneront elles se seront baignes
SUBJONCTIVE MOOD.
(I may bathe.) (7 may have bathed.)
je me baigne je me sois'ibaign or
tu te baignes tu te sois / baigne
il se baigne il se soit baign
elle se baigne elle se soit baigne
nous nous baignions nous nous s o y o n s b a i g n s or
vous vous baigniez vous vous soyez / baignes
ils se baignent ils se soient baigns
elles se baignent elles se soient baignes
(Imight bathe.') ( 7 might have bathed.)
je me ] j e me fusse \ baign or
tu te baignasses tu te f u s s e s / baigne
il se baignt il se f t baign
elle se baignt elle se f t baigne
nous nous baignassions nous nous fussions! baigns or
vous vous baignassiez vous vous fussiez / baignes
ils se baignassent ils se fussent baigns
elles se baignassent elles se fussent baignes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(I should bathe.) (7should have bathed.)
je me baignerais je me s e r a i s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignerais tu te serais J baigne
il se baignerait il se serait baign
elle se baignerait elle se serait baigne
nous nous baignerions nous nous serions) baigns or
vous vous baigneriez vous vous seriez / baignes
ils se baigneraient ils se seraient baigns
elles se baigneraient elles se seraient baignes
IMPERATIVE MOOD. -PRESENT.

baignons-nous, let us bathe
baigne-toi, lathe baignez-vous, bathe
(qu'il se baigne), let him bathe (qu'ils se baignent), let them 'bathe
250. N E G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N O F A
R E F L E X I V E V E R B .
MODEL : ne pas s'emparer, not to take possession.

INFINITIVE, PRESENT : ne pa3 I N F I N I T I V E , P E R F E C T : n e s'tre
s'emparer, not to tahe pos- pas * empar, not to hare
session taken possession
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : r.e PARTICIPLE,PERFECT: ne s'tant
s'emparant pas, not taking pas empar, not having taken
possession possession
INDICATIVE MOOD.
( 7 do not tahe possession.) (I have not taken possession.)
j e ne m'empare pas, etc. je ne me suis pas empar, etc.
( 7 was not taking possession.) (I had not taken possession.)
j e ne m'emparais pas, etc. je ne m'tais pas empar, etc.
(I did not tahe possession.') ( 7 had not taken possession.)
j e ne m'emparai pas, etc. je ne me fus pas empar, etc.
( 7 shall not tahe possession.) ( 7 shall noth ave taken possession.)
j e ne m'emparerai pas, ete. j e ne me serai pas empar, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
( 7 may not tahe possession.) (Tmay not hare taken possession.)
je ne m'empare pas, etc. je ne me sois pas empar, eic.
PLUPERFECT.
IMPERFECT, ( 7 might not have taken
(I might not take possession). possession.)
je ne m'emparasse pas, etc. je ne me fusse pas empar, etc.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. I PERFECT.
( 7 should not take possession.) (I should not have taken

2>os*esslon.)
je ne m'emparerais pas, etc. ; j e ne me serais pas empar, ete.
* Empar variable t h r o u g h o u t for gender a n d n u m b e r .
REFLEXIVE VERBS. 123
I M P E R A T I V E MOOD.PRESENT.
ne t'empare pas, take not jiossession
(qu'il ne s ' e m p a r e p a s ) , let him not take possession
ne nous emparons pas, let us not take possession
ne vous emparez pas, do not take possession
(qu'ils n e s ' e m p a r e n t pas), let them not take possession
251. EXAMPLE OF THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

OF A R E F L E X I V E VERB.
Se reposer, to rent.
INDICATIVE : PRESENT. INDICATIVE : PAST INDEFINITE.
(Do I rest, or Am I resting ?') (lia re I rested.')
me repos-je ?
t e repuses-tu ? 6 S- S TU IS " JE } REP086 R R E P S E 1
se repose-t-il ? s'est-il repos ?
se repose-t-elle? s'est-elle repose 1
nous reposons-nous ? n o u s s o m m e s - n o u s \ r e p o s s or
vous reposez-vous / TOUS tes-vous J reposes ?
se reposent-ils ? se sont-ils reposs ?
se reposent-elles ? se sont-elles reposes ?
252. EXAMPLE OF THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CON-

JUGATION OF A REFLEXIVE YERB.
S'apercevoir, te pcrceive.
I N D I C A T I V E MOOD.
PRESENT. TAST INDEFINITE.
(1)0 I not perceive ;') (Have I not perceived ?)
ne m'aperois-je pas ? etc. ne me suis-je pas aperu ? * etc.
( Was I not perce i r ing ?) (Had I not perceived ?)
ve m'apercevais-je pas ? etc. ne m'tais-je pas aperu ? etc.
(Sid I not perceive ?) (Had I not perceived.')
ne sn'aperus-je pas ? e t c . ne nie fus-je pas aperu ? etc.
(Shall I not perceive ?) (Shall I not have perceived.')
ne m'apercevrai-je pas ? etc. ne me serai-je pas a p e r u ! etc.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. ! PERFECT.
(Should I n-'i /'.';!' ire .') (Should I not hare perceived .' j
ne m ' a p e r e e v r a i s - j e p a s ? etc. ne me serais-j6 pas aperu? etc.
* S'apercevoir iu vast participle variable in the compound tenses.
253. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A N I M P E R S O N A L
V E R B .
MODEL : grler, to hail.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT : grler, INFINITINE, PERFECT : avoir

to hail grl, to have hailed
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : (grlant), PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : (ayant
hailing grl), having hailed
PARTICIPLE, PAST : grl, hailed
INDICATIVE MOOD.

il grle, it hails il a grl, it has hailed
il grlait, it was hailing il avait grl, it had hailed

il grla, it hailed il eut grl, it had hailed

il grlera, it will hail il aura grl, it will have hailed
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

il grle, it mag hail il ait grl, it may have hailed
il grlt, it might hail il et grl, it might have hailed
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PERFECT.
PRESENT.
il aurait grl, it would hare
il grlerait, it would hail ha iled
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT : qu'il grle, let it hail

CONJUGATION OF AN IMPERSONAL VERB. 125
254. The impersonal verb y avoir, to be, to exist, is thus

conjugated :
INDICATIVE MOOD.
il y a, there is, there are il y a eu, there has been, there
have been
IMPERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
i l y avait, there was, there were
il y avait eu, there had been
il y eut, there was, there were i l y eut eu, there had been

i l y aura, there will be i l y aura eu, there will have been
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
i l y ait, there may be i l y ait eu, there may have been
i l y et, there might be i l y et eu, there might have been
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
i l y aurait eu, there would have
i l y aurait, there would be been
QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST

CONJUGATION.
255. A number of verbs of the first conjugation present
certain peculiarities in the formation of some tenses, but as
these peculiarities result from the laws of French pronuncia-
tion and follow fixed rules, such verbs cannot be classed as
irregular.
Gbs. I n the tables of conjugation those tenses only are given in
which some peculiarity occurs.
256. These quasi-irregular verbs fall into six classes :

I.Verbs with e mute (not followed by I or t) in
the last syllable of the stem.
II.Verbs of which the present infinitive ends in
-eler or -eter.
I I I . V e r b s with close e () in the last syllable of the
stem.
IV.Verbs of which the present infinitive ends in
-yer.
V.'Verbs of which the present infinitive ends in
-ger or -cer.
I . V E R B S W I T H E M U T E (NOT F O L L O W E D B Y
L OR T) I N T H E LAST S Y L L A B L E OF T H E
STEM.
257. I t is a rule in French that mute e cannot occur
in two successive syllables. The first e must either have
the open sound indicated by a grave accent, e.g. pre, or be
followed by two consonants, e.g. terre, reste. Verbs t h a t
have an e muto in the last syllable of the stem therefore
require a grave accent over that e when another e mute
follows immediately.
Obs. Words such as pre, terre, reste are theoretically dissyllables.
QUASI -IRREGULAIt VERBS. 127
258. MODEL : men-er, to lead.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : men-er, men-ant, men-, je mn-e,

je men-ai.
INDICATIVE, 1I je mn-e tu mn-es il mn-e
PRESENT J'nous men-ons vous men-cz ils mn-ent
INDICATIVE, IL je mn-erai tu mn-eras il mn-era
FUTURE J("nous mn-erons vous mn-erez ils mn-eront
C O N D I T I O N A L , ^i je mn-erais tu mn-erais il mn-erait
PRESENT J(nous mn-erions vous mn-eriez i l s mn-eraient
I M P E R A T I V E , "I mn-e
PRESENT 1 men-ons men-ez
S U B J U N C T I V E i je mne tu mn-es il mn-e
PRESENT / n o u s menions vous meniez i l s mn-ent
259. Conjugate similarly :

achever, to finish. peaer, to weigh.
lever, to raise. semer, to sow.
Also their compounds lever a n d soulever, to raise ; amener
and emmener, to bring ; parsemer, to strew, etc.
I I . V E R B S O F W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T I N F I N I -
T I V E E N D S I N - E L E R O R -ETER.
260. V e r b s ending i n -eler, -eter, u s u a l l y double the

consonant 1 o r t before e m u t e i n s t e a d of t a k i n g t h e g r a v e
accent.
261. M O D E L : appel-er, to call.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : appel er, appel-ant, appel-, j'appel-l-e,
j'appel-ai.
INDICATIVE, j'appel-l-e t u appel-1-e i l appel-l-e
PRESENT nous appel-ons vous appel-ez ils appel-l-ent
INDICATIVE, j'appel-l-erai tu appel-l-eras il appel-l-era
FUTURE nous appel-l-erons vous appel-l-erez ils appel-l-eront
CONDITIONAL, j'appel-l-erais tu appel-l-erais il appel-l-erait
PRESENT nous appel-l-erions vous appel-l-criez ils appel-l-eraient
SUBJUNCTIVE, j'appel-l-e tu appel-l-es il appel-l-e
PRESENT nous appel-ions vous appel-iez ils appel-l-ent
IMPERATIVE, appel-l-e
PRESENT appel-ons appel-ez
J. F. c.
262. MODEL : jet-er, to throw.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : jet-er, jet-ant, jet-, je jet-t-e, je jet-ai.
INDICATIVE, i1 je jet-t-e tu jet-t-es il j e t - t - e

PRESENT 1I nous jet-ons vous jet-ez ils jet-t-ent
INDICATIVE, i1 j e j e t - t - e r a i tu jet-t-eras il jet-t-era

FUTURE ]i nous jet-t-erons vous jet-t-erez ils jet-t-eront
C O N D I T I O N A L , ) je jet-t-erais tu jet-t-erais il jet-t-erait
PRESENT ) nous jet-t-erions vous jet-t-eriez ils jet-t-eraient
S U B J U N C T I V E , 1 je jet-t-e tu jet-t-es il jet-t-e
PRESENT 1 nous jet-ions vous jet-iez ils jet-t-ent
IMPERATIVE, jet-t-e
I
PRESENT ) jet-ons jet-ez

amonceler, to heap vp. banqueter, to i
atteler, to harness. cacheter, to seal.
chanceler, to stagger. dcacheter, to unseal.
peler, to spell. feuilleter, to turn over (leaves),
tinceler, to glitter. fureter, to ferret out.
niveler, to lecel. rejeter, to tlirovi hack.
rappeler, to recall. souffleter, to slap.
renouveler, to renew. voleter, to flutter.
264. The following verbs in -eler, -eter, instead of

doubling the consonant, follow the general rule as to verbs
with e mute in the last syllable of the stem, and take a
grave accent :
celer, to conceal, acheter, to buy.
geler, to freeze. tiqueter, to ticket.
harceler, to harass. haleter, to pant.
modeler, to model. racheter, to redeem,
peler, to peel.
And a few others which are comparatively rare.

I I I . V E R B S W I T H C L O S E E () I N T H E LAST
S Y L L A B L E OF T H E STEM.
265. Verbs with in t h e last .syllable of t h e stem have

a grave accent, instead of a n acute, before e mute, except
in the f u t u r e indicative a n d present conditional, where t h e
acute accent is retained.
266. MODEL : prfr-er, to prefer.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : prfr-er, prfr-ant, prfr-, j e prfr-e,

je prfr-ai.
INDICATIVE, \je prfr-e tu prfr-es il prfr-e

PRESENT / n o u s prfr-ons vous prfr-ez ils prfr-ent
INDICATIVE, \ j e prfrer-ai tu prfrer-as i l prfrer-a

FUTURE / n o u s prfrer-ons vous prfrer-ez ils prfrer-ont
CONDITIONAL," je prfrer-ais tu prfrer-ais il prfrer-ait

PRESENT / n o u s prfrer-ions vous prfrer-iez ils prfrer-aient
SUBJUNCTIVE,) je prfr-e tu prfr-es il prfr-e

PRESENT / n o u s prfr-ions vous prfr-iez ils prfr-ent
IMPERATIVE, \ prfr-e
PRESENT /prfr-ons prfr-ez
Ois. The future indicative and present conditional in this class of

verbs present no irregularity.
267. C o n j u g a t e similarly :
abrger, to shorten. possder, to possess.
cder, to yield. protger, to protect.
esprer, to hope. rgler, to rule.
inquiter, to disquiet. rgner, to reign.
pntrer, to penetrate. rpter, to repeat.
scher, to dry.
130 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH, COURSE, 268275.
268. Yerbs ending in -er form an exception to the

preceding rule, and retain the acute accent throughout.
269. MODEL : cr-er, to create.

PRINCIPAL PARTS: cr-er, cr-ant, cr (fern, cr-e), je
cr-e, je cr-ai.
INDICATIVE,"! je cr-e t u cr-es il cr-e
PRESENT / n o u s cr-ons vous cr-ez ils cr-ent
and so throughout all tenses.

agrer, to approve. suppler, to supply.
I V . V E R B S OF W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T INFINI-
T I V E E N D S I N -YER.
271. Verbs of the first conjugation of which the stem
ends in y change this letter to i before e mute.
272. MODEL : ploy-er, to bend.

PRINCIPAL PARTS : ploy-er, ploy-ant, ploy-, je ploi-e,
je ploy-ai.
INDICATIVE, \ j e ploi-e tu ploi-es i l ploi-e
PRESENT / n o u s ploy-ons vous ploy-ez ils ploi-ent
INDICATIVE, \ j e ploi-erai tu ploi-eras il ploi era
FUTURE / n o u s ploi-erons vous ploi-erez ils ploi-eront
CONDITIONAL, je ploi-erais tu ploi-erais il ploi-erait
PRESENT / n o u s ploi-erions vous ploi-eriez ils ploi-eraient
SUBJUNCTIVE, \ je ploi-e tu ploi-es il ploi-e
PRESENT / n o u s ploy-ions vous ploy-iez ils ploi-ent
IMPERATIVE, \ ploi-e
PRESENT /ploy-ons ploy-ez
NOTE.Verbs in -ayer usually retain the y, but m a y change it to i.

Thus, of payer, to pay, the present indicative is j e paye or paie, and
the future indicative is j e payerai or paierai.
Y . V E R B S OF W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T I N F I N I -
T I V E E N D S I N -GEE OR -CEE.
273. By the rules of French pronunciation the letters
g and C are hard before a, 0, and U, and soft before e and i.
To preserve the soft sound in verbs ending in -ger and -cer,
an e is inserted after the g and a cedilla is put under the C
(), whenever these letters are followed by a or o (u does
not occur in the endings of this conjugation).
274. M O D E L : m a n g - e r , to eat.
PRINCIPAL PARTS: mang-er, mang-e-ant, mang-, j e mang-e,

je mang-e-ai.
INDICATIVE, \ j e mang-e t a mang-es il m a n g - e
PRESENT / n o u a mang-e-ons vous mang-ez ils m a n g - e n t
INDICATIVE, \ j e mang-e-ais tu mang-e-ais il mang-e-ait
IMPERFECT / n o u s mang-ions vous mang-iez ils mang-e-aient
INDICATIVE, \ j e mang-e-ai tu mang-e-as il mang-e-a
PAST DE F I N I T E / n o u s mang-e-meB vous mang-e-tes i l s mang-rent
SUBJUNCTIVE, \ j e mang-e-asse tu mang-e-asses il mang-e-t
IMPERFECT / n o u s mang-e-assions vousmang-e-assiez ils m a n g - e - a s s e n t
IMPERATIVE, L mang-e
PRESENT /mang-e-ons mang-ez
275. MODEL : trac-er, to trace.

P R I N C I P A L P A R T S : t r a c er, t r a a n t , t r a c - , j e t r a c - e , j e
tra-ai.
INDICATIVE,
PRESENT
} je trac-e
nous trao-ons
tu trac-es
vous trac-ez
il trac-e
ils trac-ent
INDICATIVE, \ j e tra-ais tu tra ais il trac-ait
>
IMPERFECT / n o u s trac-ions vous trac-iez ils tra-aient
INDICATIVE, \ je tra-ai tu trac-as il tra-a
PAST D E F I N I T E / H O U S trac vous trac-tes i l s trac-rent
SUBJUNCTIVE, \ j e tra-asse tu trac-asses il tra-t
IMPERFECT /nous traassions vous tra-assiez ils tra-assent
IMPERATIVE, \ trac-e
PRESENT hI trac-( trac-ez
Obs. All verbs in -ger and -cer, without exception, are thus
conjugated.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
276. I n the following tables the irregular verbs are
arranged in four conjugations, and are grouped as far as
possible according to points of similarity.
277. Four tenses are omitted altogether from the tables,
viz. the imperfect indicative and imperfect subjunctive, the
present conditional and the present imperative. These four
tenses (as was stated in 234) can always be formed as
follows :
The imperfect indicative is found by changing the final
-ant of the present participle into -ais.
The imperfect subjunctive is found by adding -se to the
second person singular of the past definite.
The present conditional is found by adding -s to the
first person singular of the f u t u r e indicative.
The imperative is identical with the corresponding per-
sons of the present indicative, omitting -s in the second
person singular of the first conjugation.
The above tenses are conjugated regularly in all persons
and both numbers.
NOTE.Avoir, tre, a n d savoir are the only verbs which do not
follow the above rules. F o r vouloir see 307.
278. The future indicative is usually formed accordiug

to rule from the present infinitive, but is too frequently
irregular to be omitted from the tables in this chapter ;
when regular it is not printed in dark type.
IRREGULAR VERBS. 133
279. I n addition to the four tenses mentioned in 277,

the past definite and f u t u r e indicative can always be regu-
larly conjugated throughout when the first person singular
is known. The only tenses which can be irregular in
conjugation are t h e present indicative and the present sub-
junctive. These are therefore alway given in full in the
tables, as also is t h e p a s t definite in . few cases in which
peculiar collocations of letters occur. Those parts of the
present subjunctive and of the plural of the present indica-
tive which are regularly formed from the present participle
( 234) are not printed in dark type.
280. On the left-hand pages of the tables the principal

parts of each verb are given, viz.: (1) present infinitive,
(2) present participle, (3) past participle, (4) present indi-
cative, and (5) past definite indicative. I n t h e first a n d
second conjugations, principal parts formed like those of
porter and finir respectively are not printed in dark type.
On the right-hand pages are the future, t h e present sub-
junctive, and the more important compounds which follow
the conjugation of t h e simple verb ; with these a few verbs
are given which, though not compounds, form their tenses
in exactly the same manner.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Infinitive. < Participles. Pissent Indie. Past Def.
281. all-er all-ant vais all-ai

to go all- vas
va
all-ons
all-ez
vont
282. envoy-er envoy-ant envoi-9 envoy-ai

to send envoy- envoi-es
envoi-e
envov-ons
envoy-ez
envoi-ent
SECOND CONJUGATION.
283. bouill-ir bouill-ant bou-s bouill-is

to boil bouill-i bou-s
(in trans.) bou-t
bouill-ons
bouill-ez
bouill-ent
284. dorm-ir dorm-ant dor-s dorm-is

to sleep dorm-i dor-s
dor-t
dorm-ons
dorm-ez
dorm-ent
285. ment-ir ment-ant men-s ment-is

to lie, tell a lie ment-i men-s
men-t
ment-ons
ment-ez
ment-ent
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Future. Present Subj. Compounds, etc.
irai aill-e s'en aller, to go away

aill-es (see 349)
aill-e
all-ions
all-iez
aill-ent
enverrai envoi-e
envoi-es renvoyer, to send bach
envoi-e
envoy-ions
onvoy-iez
envoi-ent
SECOND CONJUGATION.
bouill-irai bouill-e bouillir, to boil aicay

bouill-es rebouillir, to boil again
bouill-e to boil (trans.) is rendered by
bouill-ions faire bouillir
bouill-iez
bouill-ent
dorm-irai dorm-e
dorm-es endormir, to lull to sleep
dorm-e s'endormir, to fall asleep
dorm-ions se rendormir, to go to sleep
dorm-iez again
dorm-ent
ment-irai ment-e dmentir, to give the lie

ment-es
ment-e
ment-ions
ment-iez
ment-ent
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie. Past Dpf.
286. part-ir part-ant par-s part-is

to depart part-i par-s
par-t
part-ons
part-ez
part-ent
287. se repent-ir se repent-ant me repen-s me repent-is

to repent repent-i te repen-s
se repen-t
nous repent-ons
vous repent-ez
se repent-ent
288. sent-ir sent-ant sen-s sent-is

to feel, to sent-i sen-s
smell sen-t
sent-ons
sent-ez
sent-ent
289. serv-ir serv-ant ser-s serv-is

to serve serv-i ser-s
ser-t
serv-ons
serv-ez
serv-ent
290. sort-ir sort-ant sor-s sort-is

to go out sort-i sor-s
sor-t
sort-ons
sort-ez
sort-ent
291. assaill-ir assaill-ant assaill-e j assaill-is

to assail assaill-i assaill-es
assaill-e 1
ij assaill-ons i
assaill-ez j
assaill-ent j
Future. Present Subj, Compounds, etc.
part-irai part-e
part-es dpartir, to divide
part-e repartir, to reply, to start
part-ions again
part-iez
part-ent
m e repent-irai m e repent-e
te repent-es
se repent-e
nous repent-ions
vous repent-iez
se repent-ent
sent-irai sent-e consentir, to consent

sent-es pressentir, to forebode
sent-e ressentir, to resent
sent-ions se ressentir, to feel
sent-iez
sent-ent
serv-irai serv-e desservir, to clear the table

serv-es
serv-e
serv-ions
serv-iez
serv-ent
sort-irai sort-e ressortir, to go out again

sort-es
sort-e
sort-ions
sort-iez
sort-ent
assaill-irai assaill-e tressaillir, to start, to shudder

assaill-es
assaill-e
assaill-ions
assaill-iez
assaill-ent
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie. Past Def.
292. cueill-ir cueill-ant cueill-e cueill-is

to pluck cueill-i cueill-es
cueill-e
cueill-ons
cueill-ez
cueill-ent
293. couvr-ir couvr-ant couvr-e couvr-is

to cover couver-t couvr-es
couvr-e
couvr-ons
couvr-ez
couvr-ent
fuy-ant fu-is fu-i3

294. fu-ir
fu-i fu-is
to Jlee
fu-it
fuy-ons
fuy-ez
fui-ent
295. vtir vt-ant vt-s vt-is

to clothe vt-u vt-s
vt
vt-ons
vt-ez
vt-ent
296. ten ir ten-ant tien-s tin-s

ten-u tien-s tin-s
to hold
tien-t tin-t
ten-ons tn-mes
ten-ez tn-tes
tien-n-ent tin-rent
Future. Present Subj. Confounds, etc.
cueill-erai cueill-e accueillir, to welcome

recueillir, to reap
oueill-es
cueill-e se recueillir, to collect one's
cueill-ions thoughts
cueill-iez
cueill-ent
oouvr-irai couvr-e dcouvrir, to discover

couvr-es recouvrir, to cover vp again
couvr-e offrir, to offer
couvr-ions souffrir, to suffer
couvr-iez ouvrir, to open
couvr-ent
fu-irai fui-e s'enfuir, to flee

fui-es
fui-e
fuy-ions
fuy-iez
fui-ent
vt-irai vt-e dvtir, to direst

vt-es revtir, to cover
vt-e
vt-ions
vt-iez
vt-ent
tien-d-rai tien-n-e s'abstenir, to abstain

tien-n-e a appartenir, to belong
tien-n-e contenir, to contain
ten-ions dtenir, to detain
ten-iez entretenir, to heep up
tien-n-ent maintenir, to maintain
obtenir, to obtain
retenir, to retain
soutenir, to assert
297. ven-ir ven-ant vieii-s vin-s

to come ven-u vien-s vin-a
vien-t vin-t
ven-ons vn-mes
ven-ez vn-tes
vien-E-ent vin-rent
298. cour-ir cour-ant cour-s cour-us

to run cour-u cour-s
cour-t
cour-ons
cour-ez
cour-ent
299. mour-ir mour-ant meur-s mour-us

to die mort meur-s
meur-t
mour-ons
mour-ez
meur-ent
300. acqur-ir acqur-ant acquier-a acqu-is

to acquire acquis acquier-s
acquier-t
acqur-ons
acqur-ez
acquir-ent
vien-d-rai vien-n-e circonvenir, to circumvent

vien-n-es convenir, to suit, to agree
vien-n-e devenir, to become
ven-ions intervenir, to intervene
ven-iez parvenir, to reach
vien-n-ent revenir, to return
se souvenir de, to remember
cour-rai cour-e accourir, to hasten

cour-es concourir, to concur
cour-e discourir, to discourse
cour-ions parcourir, to traverse
cour-iez secourir, to help
cour-ent
maux-rai meur-e
meur-es
meur-e
mour-ions
mour-iez
meur-ent
acquer-rai acquir-e conqurir, to conquer

acquir-e s'enqurir, to inquire
acquir-e requrir, to require
acqur-ions
acqut-iez
acquir-ent
THIRD CONJUGATION.
301. recev-oir recev-ant reeoi-s re-us

to receive re-u reoi-s
reoi-t
recev-ons
recev-ez
reoiv-ent
302. dev-oir dev-ant doi-s d-us

d doi-s
to owe sing. feni. due doi-t
pl. masc. dus
pl. feni. dues dev-ons
dev-ez
doiv-ent
303. mouv-oir mouv-ant meu-s m-us

to move m meu-s
sing. feni. mue meu-t
pl. masc. mus mouv-ons
pl. fern, mues
mouv-ez
meuv-ent
304. pleuv-oir pleuv-ant

(impersonal) plu
to rain pleu-t pl-ut
305. sav-oir sach-ant sai-s s-us

to know su sai-s
sai-t
sav-ons
sav-ez
sav-ent
306. pouv-oir pouv-ant peu-x or pui-s p-us

pu peu-x
to be able
peu-t
pouv-ons
pouv-ez
peuv-ent
14.3
Future. Present Sut)j. Compounds, e'.c.
recev-rai recoi-ve apercevoir, to perceive

recoiv-es
j concevoir, to conceive
recoiv-e
> dcevoir, to deceive
reeev-ions percevoir, to levy ( t a x e s )
recev-iez
reeoiv-ent
dev-rai doiv-e redevoir, to owe still

doiv-es
doiv-e
dev-ions
dev-iez
doiv-ent
mouv-rai meuv-e
meuv-es
meuv-e
mouv-ions
mouv-iez
meuv-ent
pleuv-ra pleuv-e
Bau-rai sacli-e
sach-es IMPERATIVE
sach-e sache
sach-ions Bchons
saeh-iez sachez
sacli-ent
pour-rai puiss-e
puis:-es
puiss-e
puiss-ions
puiss-iez
puiss-ent
j. F. c. 10
Infinitive. Participles. I'reseut Iunie. Past Def. j
307. voul oir voul-ant veu-x voul-us

voul-n veu-x
to wish
veu-t
voul-ons
voul-ez
veul-ent
308. val-oir val-ant vau-x vai-ns

to be worth val-u vau-x
vau-t
val-ons
val-ez
val-ent
309. fall-oir
(impersonal)
to be necessary fall n fau-t fall-ut
310. v-oir voy-ant voi-s y-is

TU voi-a
to see
voi-t
voy-ons
voy-ez
voi-ent
311. asse-oir assey-aut assied-s ass-is

to seat, to set assis assied-s
assied
assey-ons
assey-ez
assey-ent
312. av-oir ay-ant ai e-us

eu as
to have
a
av-ons
av-ez
ont
vou d-rai veuil-l-e F o r t h e i m p e r a t i v e , the forms

veuil-l-es veuille, veuillez a r e in use.
veuil-l-e
voul-ions
voul-iez
veuil-l-ent
vau-d-rai vail-l-e quivaloir, to be equivalent

vail-l-ea prvaloir, to prevail, h a s pres.
vail-l-e suijj. prvale
val-ions
val-iez
vail-l-ent
fau-d ra faill-e
ver-rai voi-e e n t r e v o i r , to catch a glimpse

voi-es r e v o i r , to see again
voi-e prvoir, to foresee, a n d pour-
voy-ions voir, to provide, have fut.
voy-iez -voirai, a n d pourvoir h a s
voi-ent p a s t d e f . pourvus
assi-rai assey-e s'asseoir, to sit down

or assey-erai assey-es r a s s e o i r , to put bach
assey-e se rasseoir, to sit down again
assey-ions
assey-iez
assey-ent
au-rai ai-e
ai-es
ai-t
ay-ons
ay-ez
ai-ent
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie.
313. conna-t-re j j connai-ss-ant connai-s conn-'us

connai-s
to know [conn-u conna-t
connai-ss-ons
eonnai-ss-ez
connai-ss-ent
314. para-t-re parai-ss-ant parai-s par-us

par-u parai-s
to appear
para-t
parai-ss-ons
parai-ss-ez
parai-ss-rnt
315. cro-t-re croi-ss-ant crc-s cr-s

cr cro-s cr-s
to grow eing. fejji. crue cro-t cr-t
pl. maso, crs oroi-ss-ons cr-mes
pl. fern, crues
croi-ss-ez cr-tea
c,roi-ss-ent cr-rent
316. nai-t-re nai-ss-ant nai-s naqu-is

n nai-B
to be bom
na-t
nai-ss-ons
nai-?s-ez
nai-ss-ent
317. plai-re plai-s-ant plai-s pl-as

plu plai-s
to please pla-t
plai-s-ons
plai-3-ez
plai-s-ect
318. li-re li-s-ant li-s 1-us

In li-s
to read
li-t
li-s-ons
li-s-cz
li-s-ent
F O U R T H CONJUGATION.
i
Future, J Present Sul'j. Compounds, etc. 1
connai-t-rai eonnai-ss-e mconnatre, not to recognise

connai-ss-cs reconnatre, to recognise
connai-ss-e
connai-ss-ions
connai-s.s-iez
connai-ss-ent
parai-t-rai parai-ss-e apparatre, to appear
parai-ss-cs comparatre, to appear in
parai-ss-e court
parai-ss-ions disparatre, to disappear
parai-ss-iez reparatre, to reappear
parai-ss-ent
croi-t-rai croi-ss-e
oroi-ss-es
croi-ss-e
croi-ss-i-ong
croi-ss-iez
croi-ss-ent
nai-t-rai nai-ss-e
nai-ss-es
nai-ss-e
nai-ss-ions
nai-ss-iez
nai-ss-cnt
plai-rai plai-s-e complaire, to humour

plai-s-es dplaire, to displease
plai-s-e
plai-s-ions
plai-s-iez
plai-s-ent
li-rai li-s-o lire, to elect
li-s-es rlire, to re-elect
li-s-e relire, to read again
]i-s-ions
li-s-iez
li-s-ent
319. tai-re tai-s-ant tai-s t-us

tu tai-s
to keep secret
tai-t
tai-s-ons
tai-s-ez
tai-s-ent
320. boi-re bu-v-ant boi-s b-us

to drink bu boi-s
boi-t
bu-v-ons
bu-v-cz
boi-v-ent
321. croi-re croy-ant croi-s cr-us

cru croi-s
to believe
croi-t
croy-ons
croy-ez
croi-ent
322. conclu-re conelu-ant conciu-s concl-us

conclu conclu-s
to conclude
conclu-t
conclu-ons
conclu-ez
conelu-ent
323. mou-d-re mou-l-ant mou-d-s moul-us

to grind mou-I-u mou-d-s
mou-d
mou-l-ons
mou-l-ez
mou-l-ent
324. absou-d-re absol-v-ant absou-s

absou-s absou-s
to absolve
(f. absou-te) absou-t
absol-v-ons
absol-v-ez
absol-v-ent
tai-rai tai-s-e se taire, to be silent

tai-s-es
tai-s-e
tai-s-ions
tai-s-iez
tai-s-ent
boi-rai boi-v-e
boi-v-es
boi-v-e
ba-v-ions
bu-v-iez
boi-v-ent
croi-rai croi-e mcroire, to disbelieve

croi-es
croi-e
croy-ions
croj-iez
croi-ent
conclu-rai conclu-e exclure, to exclude

conclu-es
conclu-e
conclu-ons
conclu-ez
conclu-ent
mou-d-rai mou-l-e moudre, to sharpen

mou-l-es rmoudre, to re-sharpen
mou-l-e remoudre, to grind again
mou-l-ions
mou-l-iez
mou-l-ent
absou-d-rai absol-v-e dissoudre, to dissolve

absol-v-es
absol-v-e
absol-v-ions
absol-v-iez
absol-v-ent
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie. Past Pcf.
325. rsou-d-re rsolv-ant rsou-s rsol-us

to resolve rsou-s (dis- rsou-s
solved) rsou-t
rsol-u (deter- rsol-v-ons
mined) rsol-v-ez
rsol-v-ent
526. viv-re viv-aut vi-s vc-us
to live vc-u vi-s
vi-t
viv-ons
viv-ez
viv-ent
327. cou-d-re cou-s-ant cou-d-s cou-s-is
cou-s-u cou-da
to sew
coud
cou-s-ons
cou-s-ez
cou-s-ent
328. vainc-re vainqu-ant vainc-s vainqu-is
to conquer vainc-u vainc-s
vainc
vainqu-ons
vainqu-ez
vainqu-ent
329. crain-d-re craign-ant erain-s craign-is

to fear craiu-t crain-s
crain-t
craign-ons
craign-ez
craign-ent
330. pein-d-re peign-ant pein-s peign-is

to paint pein-t pein-s
pein-t
peign-ons
peign-ez
peign-ent
Future. Present Sul>j. Compounds, etc.
rsou-d-rai rsol-v-e
rsol-v-es
rsol-v-e
rsol-v-ions
rsol-v-iez
rsol-v-ent
viv-rai viv-e revivre, to revive

viv-es survivre, to survire
viv-e
viv-ions
viv-iez
viv-ent
cou-d-rai cou-s-e dcoudre, to unsew
cou-s-es recoudre, to sew again
cou-s-e
cou-s-ions
cou-s-iez
cou-s-ent
vainc-rai vainqu-e convaincre, to convince
vainqu-es
vainqu-e
vainqu-ions
vainqu-iez
vainqu-ent
crain-d-rai craign-e plaindre, to pity
craign-es se plaindre, to complain
craign-e contraindre, to compel
craign-ions
craign-iez
eraign-ent
pein-d-rai peign-e atteindre, to reach
peign-es astreindre, to compel
peign-e ceindre, to gird \
peign-ions enfreindre, to infringe
peign-iez teindre, to extinguish
peign-ent f e i n d r e , to feign '
r e s t r e i n d r e , to restrict
t e i n d r e , to dee
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie.
331. join-d-re joign-ant join-s

to join join-t join-3
join-t
joign-ons
joign-ez
joign-ent
332. condui re condui-s-ant conduis

condui-t condui-s
to conduct
condui-t
condui-s-ons
condui-s-ez
condui-s-ent
333. instrui-re instrui-s-ant instrui-s

instrui-t instrui-s
to instruct
instrui-t
instrui-s-ons
instrui-s-ez
instrui-s-ent
334.-cui-re cui-s-ant cui-s

to cook cui-t cui-s
cui-t
cui-s-ons
cui-s-ez
cui-s-ent
335. nui-re nui-s-ant nui-s

nui nui-s
to harm,
nui-t
nui-s-ons
nui-s-ez
nui-s-ent
336. cri-re cri-y-ant cri-s

cri-t cri-s
to write cri-t
cri-v-ons
cri-Y-ez
cri-v-eut
!
Future. Present Sul)j. Compounds, etc.
join-d-rai joign-e conjoindre, to imite

joign-es djoindre, to separate
joign-e enjoindre, to enjoin
joign-ions rejoindre, to rejoin
joign-iez oindre, to anoint
joign-ent
condui-rai condui-s-e dduire, to deduct

condui-s-es conduire, to show out
eondui-s-e introduire, to introduce
condui-s-ions produire, to produce
eondui-s-iez rduire, to reduce
oondui-s-ent sduire, to seduce
traduire, to translate
instrui-rai instrui-s-e construire, to construct

instrui-s-cs dtruire, to destroy
instrui-s-e
instrui-s-ions
instrui-s-iez
instrui-s-ent
cui-rai cui-s-e recuire, to cook again

oui-s-es
eui-s-e
oui-s-lons
cui-s-iez
eui-s-ent
nui-rai nui-s-e luire, to shine

nui-s-es reluire, to gleam
nni-s-e These have no past definite.
nui-s-ions
nui-s-iez
nui-s-ent
cri-rai cri-v-e dcrire, to describe

eri-v-es inscrire, to inscribe
cri-v-e \ prescrire, to prescribe
cri-v-ions proscrire, to proscribe
eri-v-iez souscrire, to subscribe
I cri-v-ent transcrire, to transcribe
154 PRECEPTORS' FREVCH COURSE, 3 3 7 3 4 2 .
Infinitive. Participles. Pxesent Indie. Past Def.
337. trai-re tray-ant trai-s

to milk trai-t trai-s
trai-t
tra.y-ons
tray-ez
trai-ent
338. suiv-re suiv-ant SUl-S suiv-is

suiv-i sui-s
to follow
sui-t
suiv'-ons
suiv-ez
suiv-ent
339. ri-re ri-ant ri-s r-is

to laugh ri ri-s
ri-t
ri-ons
ri-ez
ri-ent
340. suffi-re suffi-s-ant suffi-s suff-is

to suffice suffi suffi-s
suffi-t
suffl-s-ons
suifi-s-ez
suffl-s-ent
341. confi-re confi-j-ant confi-s conf-is

to pickle confi-t confi-s
confi-t
con-s-ons
confi-s-ez
confi-s-ent
342. di-re di-s-ant di-s di-s

to say di-t di-s di-s
di-t di-t
<li-s-ons di-mes
di-t-es dit-es
di-?-e:it di-rent
Future. Frisent Mi'ij. Compounds, etc.
trai-rai trai-e abstraire, to abstract

trai-es distraire, to distract
trai-e extraire, to extract
tray-ii >ns soustraire, to subtract
tray-i.z
trai-ent
suiv-rai suiv-e s'ensuivre (impersonal), to

saiv-es result
soiv-e poursuivre, to pursue
suiv-ions
suiv-iez
suiv-ent
ri-rai ri-c sourire, to smile

ri-rs
ri-e
r:-ious
ri-iez
ri-ent
suffi-rai suffi-s-e
suffi-s-es
suffi-s-e
suffi-s-ions
suffi-s-iez
suffi-s-ent
confi-rai confi-s-e dconiire, to discomfit

confl-s-es
confi-s-e
confi-s-ions
confi-s-iez
confi-s-ent
di-rai di-s-e redire, to say ayain

di-s-es Other c o w ] ounds have pres.
di-s-e ind. 2nd pers. pi. in -disez ;
di-s-ions e.y. from mdire, to slander.
di-s-iez vous mdisez
di-s-ent
1 . .
Infinitive. Participles. Present Indie. j Past Def. j
343. maudi-re maudi-ss-ant maudi-s maud-is

to curse maudi-t maudi-s
maudi-t
maudi-ss-ons
maudi-ss-ez
maudi-ss-ent
344. fai re fai-s-ant fai-s f-is

to make, to do fai-t fai-s
fai-t
fai-s-ons
fai-t-es
font
345. prend-re pren-ant prend-s pr-is

to take pris prend-s
prend
pren-ons
pren-ez
pren-n-ent
346. mett-re mett-ant met-s m-is

mis met-s
to put
met
mett-ons
mett-ez
mett-ent
347. batt-re batt-ant bat-s batt-is

batt-u bat-s
to beat
bat
batt-ons
batt-ez
batt-ent
348. t re t-ant suis f-us

to be t- es
est
som mes
t-es
sont
Future. r resent Sul)j. Compounds, etc.
maudi-rai maudi-ss-e
maudi-ss-es
maudi-ss-e
maudi-ss-ions
maudi-ss-iez
maudi-ss-ent
fe-rai fa-ss-e contrefaire, to feign
fa-ss-es dfaire, to undo
fa-ss-e se dfaire de, to get rid of
fa-ss-ions refaire, to do again
fa-ss-iez satisfaire, to satisfy
fa-ss-ent surfaire, to overcharge
prend-rai pren-n-e apprendre, to learn
pren-n-es comprendre, to understand
pren-n-e entreprendre, to undertake
pren-ions se mprendre, to he mistaken
pren-iez reprendre, to resume
pren-n-ent surprendre, to surprise
inett-rai mett-e admettre, to admit
mett-es commettre, to commit
mett-e compromettre, to compromise
mett-ions omettre, to omit
mett-iez permettre, to permit
mett-ent soumettre, to subdue
transmettre, to transmit
batt-rai batt-e se battre, to fight

batt-es abattre, to beat down
batt-e combattre, to fight
batt-iona dbattre, to dispute
batt-iez
batt-ent
se-rai soi-s
soi-s
soi-t
soy-ons
soy-ez
j
soi-ent 1
349. C O N J U G A T I O N OF T H E REFLEXIVE
S'EN ALLER.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT : g' * en INFINITIVE, PERFECT : s' * e n
aller, to go away tre all, to hate gone away.
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : PARTICIPLE. PERFECT : s' * e n
allant, going aivay tant all, hating gone away.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
( 7 go away.) ( / have gone away.)
je m'en vais, etc. je m'en suis all or alle, etc.
(I was going away.) (1 had gone away.)
je m'en allais, etc. je m'en tais all or alle, etc.
(I went away.) (I had gone away.)
je m'en allai, etc. je m'en fus all or alle, etc.
(Ishall go aivay.) (I shall have gone a-way.)

je m'en irai, etc. je m'en serai all or alle, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
(I may go away.) ( I may have gone away.)
je m'en aille, etc. je m'en sois all or alle, etc.
(I might go away.) (I might have gone away.)
je m'en allasse, etc. je m'en fusse all or alle, etc.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Ishould go away.) (I should hare gone away.)
je m'en irais, etc. je m'en serais all or alle, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
v a - t ' e n . so away
allons-nous-en, IH us go away
allez-vous-en. yo away
* S e may here !" replaced by me, te, nous, or vous, and all by alle, alls,
jr alles, according to the context.
CONJUGATION OF S'EN ALLER. 159
350. N E G A T I V E CONJUGATION OF T H E PAST INDEFINITE

INDICATIVE OF s'en aller.
( / kave not gone away.)

j e ne m'en suis pas all or alle
t u ne t'en es pas all or alle
i l n e s'en est pas all
e l l e ne s'en est pas alle
nous ne nous en sommes pas alls or alles
vous ne vous en tes pas alls or alles
i l s ne s'en sont pas alls
elles ne s'en sont pas alles
5 351. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF T H E PAST INDEFINITE

INDICATIVE OF s'en aller.
(Have I not gone away

m'en suis-je all or alle t
t'en es-tu all or alle 1
s'en est-il all ?
s'en est-elle alle 1
nous en sommes-nous alls or alles ?
vous en tes-vous a l l s or alles ?
s'en sont-ils alls ?
s'en sont-elles alles
352. NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF T H E PAST

INDEFINITE INDICATIVE OF s ' e n aller.
(Have I not gone away

n e m'en suis-je pas all or alle 1
n e t'en es-tu pas all or alle 1
ne s'en est-il pas a l l ?
ne s'en est-elle pas alle ?
ne nous en sommes-nous pas alls or alles ?
ne vous en tes-vous pas alls or alles 1
ne s'en sont-ils pas alls 1
ne s'en sont-elles pas alles
J. r. c. 11
APPENDIX.
(A.)RULES FOB GENDER.
353. Masculine are

1. Names of males.
le fils, the son. un ours, a he-bear,
le marin, the sailor. un tigre, a tiger,
2. Names of days, months, and seasons.

le mardi gras, Shrove Tuesday.
le mai de 1897, the May of 1897.
le printemps de l'anne prochaine, the spring of next year.
3. Names of trees and metals.

le frne, the ash. le cuivre, eopper.
4. Names of countries and provinces not ending in -e mute, and

singular names of mountains.
le Portugal, Portugal. le Poitou, Poitou.
le Sina, Sina.
5. Names of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, not ending in -e mute.

un ananas, a pine-apple. le lis, the lily.
le navet, the turnip.
6. Other parts of speech used as substantives.

le jaune, yellow. le pourquoi, the why and wherefore.
le manger, eating. un on-dit, a hearsay,
354. Feminine are

1. Names of females.
la fille, the daughter. une ourse, a she-bear,
la blanchisseuse, the laundress. la tigresse, the tigress.'
2. Most abstract substantives.

la chaleur, heat. la sagesse, wisdom.
la prudence, prudence. la vrit, truth.
APPENDIX. 161
3 N a m e s of countries and provinces ending in -e mute, and plural

name of mountains.
l a Prance, France. la Bretagne, Britanny.

les Alpes, the Alps.
i. Names of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, ending in -e mute,

l a cerise, the cherry. la rose, the rose.
l a carotte, the carrot.
355. The gender of a French substantive, if not already

determined by its meaning, may sometimes be determined
by its ending. The most important classes of terminations
are the following :
356. Masculine,
(a) any consonant, 10 plomb, lead.
(i) a sounded vowel. le caf, coffee.
('c) -aire, le dictionnaire, the dictionary.
(id) -age. le v o y a g e , the journey.
(e) -cle le sicle, the century.
(/) -Be- le pige, the trap.
(g) -me. le systme, the system.
(h) -isme. le patriotisme, patriotism.
(h) -logue. le catalogue, the catalogue.
357. Feminine.
(a) -ie la manie, the mania.
(i) -ion. la version, the translation.
(c) -son. la maison, the house.
(d) -eur. la chaleur, heat.
0) -t. la bont, kindness.
(/) -ti. la moiti, the half.
(g) -ance. la constance, constancy.
(h) -ence. la diligence, diligence.
(h) -esse. la vitesse, speed.
(0 -ice. la justice, justice.
(m) -ise. la sottise, foUy.
(n) -ure. la blessure, the icound.
Ois. It will be noticed that the majority of these are abstract

substantives (see 5 354").
162 PRECEPTORS* FRENCH COURSE, 3 5 8 .
(B.)SPECIMEN OP PARSING.
358. Il y a des g e n s qui voudraient qu'un auteur n e parlt

jamais des c h o i e s dont les autres ont parl ; autrement on l'accuse
de ne rien dire de nouveau.
Il y a : pres. indie. of impersonal verb y avoir.
des : partitive article, plural, agreeing w i t h gens.
g e n s : c o m m o n substantive, fem. (or masc.) pl., ace. governed by
i l y a, antecedent to qui.
qui : relative pronoun, agreeing w i t h gens, nom. to voudraient,
voudraient : third pl. pres. cond. of irreg. verb vouloir, third conj.
qu'un / 1 u e : subordinating conjunction.
\ u n : indefinite article, masc. sing., agreeing w i t h auteur,
auteur : c o m m o n substantive masc. sing., nom. to parlt,
ne : negative adverb, modifying parlt.
parlt : third sing, imperf. subj. of reg. verb parler, first conjugation,
depending o n voudraient,
j a m a i s : adverb of time, completing the negative ne.
e s / d e : preposition, governing choses.
v i e s : definite article, fem. pl., agreeing w i t h choses,
choses : c o m m o n substantive, fem. pl., governed by de, antecedent
t o dont.
dont : relative pronoun, genitive, referring t o choses.
les : definite article, masc. pl., agreeing w i t h autres.
autres : indefinite pronoun, masc. pl., nom. t o ont parl.
ont parl : third pl. past indef. indie, of reg. verb parler, first conj.
autrement : adverb of manner, m o d i f y i n g accuse.
on . indefinite pronoun, nom. t o accuse.
f i e : conjunctive personal pronoun, third person sing, masc.,
l'accuse-J acc. governed b y accuse.
Vaccuse : third sing. pres. indie, of reg. verb accuser, first conj
de : preposition governing the infin. dire,
ne ; n e g a t i v e adverb, m o d i f y i n g dire.
rien : indefinite pronoun, direct object of dire, completing the
negative ne.
dire : pres. infin. of irreg. verb dire, fourth conj.
de : preposition governing nouveau.
nouveau : neuter adjective of quality used s u b s t a n t i a l l y , governed
by de
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
Alfred the Great was a wise man and a good king. Ho was
never idle. H e built several schools, and did all he could to
encourage the young people in England to love learning. One of
the best things he did was to construct a large number of ships. He
fought with his enemies on the water instead of allowing them to land
on the coasts. H e was ill for a long time before he died, but he was
very patient and bore his pain without complaining. H e died when
he had been king twenty-nine years.
8.
Caractacus was permitted to address the Emperor. H e reminded

Claudius that the obstinacy of his resistance enhanced the glory of
his defeat ; if ho were now ignominiously put to death, his name and
exploits would be soon forgotten; hut, if permitted to live, they
would be eternally remembered as a memorial of the Emperor's
clemency. The Emperor, moved by this appeal, granted the lives of
all his illustrious captives.
a
Hampden was struck by two bullets, which lodged in K s body.
With his head and hands leaning on his horse's neck, he turned
towards Thame, where he arrived almost fainting. The surgeon
dressed his wounds, but there was no hope. He endured his pain
with admirable resignation. He wroto from his bed several letters
to l.ondon concerning public affairs. W h e n his public duties were
performed, he calmly prepared himself to die.
164 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COUR83.
4.
A s soon as K i n g H e n r y the First was dead, his nephew Stephen
who was very handsome and hraye, was made k i n g . A great many
NormSn barons and E n g l i s h lords went with him to Westminster
Abbey, and then the Archbishop of Canterbury put the crown upon
S his head, and they nil promised to obey him as their sovereign. B u t
some noblemen and bishops, who had sworn to recognise the Empress
Maud as Queen of England, and to keep the kingdom for her
y o u n g son H e n r y , sent messengers to bring them from Anjou, which
was their own country.
5.
I t was getting late, but, though the k i n g was dead, the fight still
went on. Of the king's own chosen men it would seem that not one
either fled or was taken prisoner. A l l died at their posts save a f e w
wounded men, who were cast aside as dead, but found strength to get
5 away on the morrow. B u t the others fled, some of them on the
horses of the slain men. Yet, even in this last moment, they knew
how t o revenge themselvos on their conquerors.
6.
One day m y father told me that h e was g o i n g into the little town
where m y grandmother lived and that I was to go w i t h him to see
her. W h e n w e arrived at m y grandmother's, m y father went upstairs
and I followed him. M y grandmother was sitting in the drawing-
5 room ; she was expecting us. She came to meet us with a smile,
and told m y father that she was glad that he had brought me,
and she hoped I would spend a happy day. She then told me I
m i g h t go into the garden to play for half an hour.
7.
London,
August 11 th, 1899.
DEAR JACK,
Y o u have no doubt heard that I loft school at Easter and that I
5 am looking out for a post. D o you k n o w any one who wants a junior
clerk? For two months I have been studying book-keeping and
French, but am not making much progress. I think the best plan
would be to spend a month or two in Paris : can you g i v e me the
PASSAGES FOB TRANSLATION. 165
address of a decent boarding-house ? I m e t your cousin yesterday

and he told me y o u -were thinking of g o i n g to Germany in October, i
I hope you will enjoy yourself there. W h e n y o u have time write me
a line.
Yours ever,
CHARLIE.
8.
Rochelle was immediately thrown into a state of defence. Its

existing fortifications were repaired and strengthened, and new
batteries erected. T h e D u k e of Rohan was not in the town, but the
old Duchess of Rohana lion-hearted womanwas there, and by her
presence and enthusiasm stimulated the energy of the citizens. An
embassy was also sent to the English Court, representing the condition
of the Rochellois, and reminding the king of his promise. Charles
declared that he would hazard his three kingdoms, if need be, for
their deliverance.
9.
W h e n Bonaparte was besieging Toulon, w h i c h was then in posses-

sion of the English, he was one day directing the construction of a
battery, and, as the enemy perceived it, they began firing upon
it. Bonaparte, who wanted to send off a despatch, asked for a
sergeant who cquld write. A sergeant came out of the ranks and
wrote the letter. Scarcely was i t finished when a cannon ball fell
between the general and him, and covered them with dust ; the latter,
looking towards the English lines, said: " Gentlemen, I thank y o u ;
I did not think you were so polite. I wanted some sand for m y
letter."
10
At length, one day, when the Hermit had, with a crowd of pilgrims,
ascended Mount Calvary and prostrated himself at the H o l y Sepulchre,
a celestial voice seemed to sound in his ear. " Peter," it said, "arise !
Hasten to proclaim the tribulation of my people. For it is time that
my servants should be aided, and that the holy places should be
f r e e d ! " T h e enthusiast, after listening to these words, entertained
no doubt that he was designed by l l e a v e n to deliver Jerusalem.
Rising from the ground, he repaired to the house of the Patriarch.
166 PKEOEPTOKS' FRENCH COURSE.
11.
Aix-la-Chapelle, German Aachen, a very ancient town with 110,500
inhabitants, lies in a fertile basin surrounded by g e n t l y sloping hills.
I t was a favourite residence of Charlemagne, who died here in 814.
That monarch elevated the town to the rank of the second city in his
5 empire, and made it the capital of his dominions to the north of the
Alps. From his death down to the accession of Ferdinand I. A i x
witnessed the coronation of all the German emperors, and was called
par excellence the free city of the H o l y Roman Empire and seat of
royalty.
12.
I once saw on the top of one of those cliffs a sight which greatly
amused me. A stout old lady, followed b y half-a-dozen little dogs,
all equally fat and out of breath, was giving chase to a young girl,
who had baffled her vigilance, and concealed herself h a l f - w a y down
5 the slope in order to read without being disturbed. T h e old lady at
last discovered the fugitive, but the path which led to her hiding
place was so steep that she dared not go down. I n vain she entreated
and threatened, nothing could induce the obstinate girl to obey. I t
was three o'clock, and I believe this scene would have lasted till night,
IO if A heavy shower had not come to the poor grandmother's assistance.
18.
Scarcely had Sir James d'Avennes breathed his last, when Cur de
Lion advanced with the main army of crusaders, and the shock was
terrific. Breaking into the Moslem ranks, with his ponderous battle-
axe in his hand, Cur de Lion swept the Saracens before him, dispersing
^ them right and left, and chasing them across the torrent. B u t mean-
while the crusaders, assailed on all hands b y the crowd of foes who
poured down from the heights, were g i v i n g way ; and the K i n g was
under the necessity of retracing his steps to come to their aid.
14.
K i n g James fixed his head quarters at Salisbury, and there gathered

around him the bulk of his army, 40,000 strong. But, even before
James joined his troops in person, desertions became frequent. Vis-
count Cornbury, Clarendon's eldest son, was amongst the earliest to
5 go over, though ha failed in his attempt to take three regiments with
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 167
him. Churchill, James's most trusted officor, soon followed, pleading

that his religion outweighed his loyalty and his interests ; and on
the very next day James gave orders for a retreat.
15.
F e w towns can vie with Heidelberg in the beauty of it3 environs

and its historical interest. Count Palatine Otho of Wittelsbaeh
transferred the seat of his government from Stahleck, near Bacharach,
to Heidelberg, which thus became the capital of the Palatinate,
and continued so for nearly five centuries, until the Elector Charles S
Philip in 1721, owing to ecclesiastical differences with the Protestant
citizens, transferred his seat to Mannheim. Since 1802 Heidelberg
has belonged to the grand-duchy of Baden. T h e town, which now
contains 35,140 inhabitants, forms the key of the mountainous valley
of the Neckar, which opens here into the plain of the Rhine. 10
16.
On the 16th of J u l y Dupont was attacked at Baylen by Castanos,

who knew from an intercepted despatch the extent of his enemy's
distress; the French were beaten, and driven as far as Menjibar.
T h e y returned on the 18th, and attempted to recover Baylen ; but,
after a long and desperate battle, in which 3000 of the French were S
killed, Dupont, perceiving that the Spaniards were gathering all
around i n numbers not to be resisted, proposed to capitulate. I n
effect, he and 20,000 soldiers laid down their arms at Baylen on con-
dition that they should be transported in safety into France. The
Spaniards broke this convention, and detained them as prisoners. io
17.
Rosamond warmly seconded her husband's suggestion, and, with her
characteristic impatience of delay, proposed that they should find out
the medical man immediately. Uncle Joseph announceda little un wil-
lingly, as it seemedin answer to her enquiries, that ho knew the
place of the doctor's residence, and that he was generally to be found 5
at home before one o'clock in the afternoon. I t was then just half-
past twelve ; and Rosamond, with her husband's approval, rang the
bell at once to send for a cab.
18.
So confident was Bonaparte of success, that messengers were actually
despatched from the field to announce it. On the day of the battle, it
was telegraphed to Boulogne that the Emperor had gained a most
complete victory over the united British and Prussian armies, com-
5 manded by Wellington and Blueher. A bulletin extraordinary was
published at Lille, stating that the emperor himself, setting the
example in the war, had fired the first carbine, and had a horse killed
under him ; that his astonishing victories of the 15th, 16th, and 17th
of June were exceeded by that of the 18th, in which he had taken
IO 30,000 prisoners. One account announced his entrance into Brussels ;
and another said that the cannons were roaring from the ramparts of
the French fortresses to celebrate that event.
19.
Early in the middle ages the French kings possessed a fortress on
this site commanding the Seine. The chapel, which is still in existence,
was built by St. Louis. During the wars with England the castle
was destroyed. I t was restored by Charles V . , but the present
5 building dates from the time of Francis I., who here celebrated his
nuptials with Claudia, daughter of Louis X I I . Henri I I . built the
adjacent Chteau Neuf, which continued to be a favourite royal
residence till the time of Louis X I V . , who was born here in 1638.
After Louis X I V . had established his court at Versailles, the chateau
IO was occupied for twelve years by the exiled king James I I . , who died
here in 1701 and was interred in the church.
20.
The life of a British sailor may be said to be a life of enterprise.
This character, however, belongs more particularly to some of our
admirals, by whose noble daring the most gallant exploits have been
achieved, and the naval glory of Britain exalted to the highest pitch.
5 Among those who, at an early period of our naval history, contributed
much to this end, none was more distinguished than Admiral Blak,
who, although embracing the profession of a sailor late in life, made
the E n g l i s h feared and respected in every quarter of the globe.
21.
Then followed a fearful scene. The English would not quit Toulon
without destroying the French ships and arsenals that had fallen into
their possession ; nor could they refuse to take with them the anti-
jacobin inhabitants, who knew that their lives would be instantly
sacrificed, if they should fall into the hands of the victorious 5
Republicans, and who now flocked to the beach to the number of
14,000, praying for the means of escape. The burning of ships, the
explosion of magazines, the roar of artillery, and the cries of these
fugitives, filled up many hours. At last the men-of-war were
followed b y a flotilla bearing those miserable exiles; the walls were 10
abandoned ; and Dugoinmier took possession of the place.
22.
Practically, the reconquest of Lueknow was the final blow in the

suppression of the great Bengal mutiny. Some episodes of the war,
however, were still worthy of notice. For example, the rebels seized
Gwalior, the capital of the Maharajah Scindia, who escaped to Agra.
T h e E n g l i s h had to attack the rebels, retake Gwalior, and restore 5
Scindia. The Maharajah Seindia of Gwalior had deserved well of the
English Government. Under every temptation, every threat, and
and m a n y profound perils from the rebellion, he had remained firm to
his friendship. So, too, had Holkar, the Maharajah of the Indore
territory. The country owes much to those two princes for the part 10
they took at her hour of need ; and she has not, we are glad to think,
proved herself ungrateful.
23.
I t was Sunday morning, and the Royal army was posted on the
height of Edge H i l l . Below, in the broad valley of the Bed Horse,
were the parliamentary forces, having the disadvantage of charging
up hill in the face of a deadly fire. K i n g Charles, clad in a suit of
armour, was with his troops, endeavouring to sustain their courage by 5
a great show of cheerfulness. Lindsay was there, an old and
experienced officer, warmly attached to the royal cause, but impatient
at the liberty allowed to the youthful Rupert, whose insolence and
rapacity had induced many to leave the king's service. Rupert com-
manded the right wing of the horse, Lord AVilmot held command of 10
the left, and there was a reserve force commanded by Lord Digby and
Sir John Byron.
24.
Some men are born rich, and some are horn lucky, and some are
born both to luck and riches. Kipling is one of the last. Nature
endowed him with uncommon qualities, and circumstances sent him
into the sphere i n which those qualities could be most fortunately
5 exercised. I t seems strange that the great store of treasure which he
opened to lis should have been unknown so long. I t is always so when
a man of real genius dawns upon the world.
25.
The Htel de Ville has played n conspicuous part in the different

revolutions, having been the usual rallying-place of the democratic
party. On the 14th of July, 1789, the captors of the Bastille were con-
ducted in triumph into the great hall. Three days later, Louis X V I .
5 came in procession from Versailles to the Htel de Ville under the
protection of Bailly and other popular deputies, thus publicly testi-
f y i n g his submission to the will of the National Assembly. The king
was accompanied b y a dense mob, to whom h e showed himself at the
window of the Htel de Ville, wearing the tri-coloured cockade, which
i o Lafayette had just chosen as the cognisance of the new national guard.
On the 27th of July, 1794, when the Commune, the tool employed
by Robespierre against the Convention, was holding one of its
meetings here, Barras with five battalions forced his entrance in
the name of the Convention, and Robespierre, to escape arrest,
15 attempted to shoot himself, but only succeeded in shattering his jaw.
26.
H e n r y now made peace, and restored Tillires. N o t long after, in
1060, the K i n g died, leaving his young son Philip, who had been al-
ready crowned, as his successor, under the guardianship of William's
father-in-law Baldwin. Geoffrey of Anjou and W i l l i a m of Aquitaine
j also died, and the Angevin power was weakened by tbe division of
Geoffrey's dominions between his nephews. William's position was
greatly strengthened, now that France, under the new regent, had
become friendly, while Anjou was no longer able to do mischief.
William had now nothing to fear from his neighbours, and the way
io was soon opened for his great continental conquest.
27.
Russia and Turkey between them surrounded the whole of the Black
Sea with their territory. The only outlet of Russia on the southern
side rs the Black Sea. The Black Sea is, save for one little outlet at
its south-western extremity, a huge land-locked lake. That little
outlet is the narrow channel called the Bosphorus. The Bosphorus is 5
some seventeen miles in length, and in some places it is hardly more than
half a inile in breadth. But it is very deep all through, so that ships
of war can float close up to its very shores on either side. I t passes
between the city of Constantinople and its Asiatic suburb of Scutari,
and then opens into tho little Sea of Marmora. Out of the Sea of 10
Marmora the way westward is through the channel of the Dardanelles,
which forms the passage into the Archipelago, and thence into the
Mediterranean.
28.
If yon, ladies, are much handsomer than wo, it is but just you
should acknowledge that we have helped y o u by making ourselves
ugly. W e have devoted entirely to your use flowers, feathers, ribbons,
jewellery, silk, gold and silver embroidery. Still more to increase
the difference between the sexes, which is your great charm, 5
and to give y o u the handsome share, we have divided with you the
hues of nature. T o you we have given the colours that are rich and
splendid, or soft and harmonious ; for ourselves we have kept those
that are dark and dead. W e have given you tho sun and light ; we
have kept night and darkness. 10
29.
The works of Kneller are numerous : they are almost exclusively

portraits ; and over whatever he produced he threw an air of freedom
and a hue of nature not imworthy of Vandyke. All the sovereigns of
his time, all the noblemen of the court, all the ladies of rank or of
beauty in England, sat to him for their portraits. W h e n he painted 5
the head of Louis the Fourteenth, tho king asked him what mark of his
esteem would be most agreeable to him ; the painter answered modestly
and genteelly that he should feel honoured if his majesty would bestow
a quarter of an hour upon him, that he might execute a drawing of his
face for himself. It was granted. 10
30.
T h e most picturesque oi the modern biographies of Columbus, that

by Lamartine, pictures him drawing his charts, and struck by an
immense void in the centre of the Atlantic. The earth seemd to
lack the counterpoise of a continent. Following the Arabian
S geographers, he was convinced that the earth was a globe, round
which it was possible to sail, and he believed that he could find a more
direct way to the Indies by going straight before him to the west.
H e supposed this globe less vast than it is, and imagined the extent of
sea to be traversed in order to reach the unknown lands beyond India
IO less great than navigators thought it. The existence of these lands
seemed to him confirmed by the evidence of those pilots who had sailed
furthest beyond the Azores.
81.
I n literature France gave law to the world. The fame of her

great writers filled Europe. The literary glory of Italy and of Spain
had set ; that of Germany had not yet dawned. The genius, therefore,
of the eminent men who adorned Paris shone forth with a splendour
5 which was set off to full advantage by contrast. France, indeed,
had at that time an empire over mankind, such as even the Roman
Republic never attained. For, when Rome was politically dominant,
she was in arts and letters the humble pupil of Greece. French was
fast becoming the universal language, the language of fashionable
IO society, the language of diplomacy, and, at several courts, princes and
nobles spoke i t more accurately and politely than their mother tongue.
NOTES
ON T H E
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
1- 1. w a s : 44. The same tense should be used throughout this

extract.
2. all he c o u l d : 115, 119. to encourage : 181.
l e a r n i n g : 18, 1.
4. he d i d : < 115. to construct: de construire.
5. a l l o w i n g them: 31, 181; permettre governs the dative of the
person.
6. before he died: say "before d y i n g , " 181.
7. w h e n he had been k i n g : say " after having r e i g n e d " ; 181.
2. 1. Caractacus was allowed: say "one allowed Caractacus

(dative)," 76.
3. if he were . . . put to death : use on.
4. if permitted to live : si on lui laissait la vie.
6. t h e lives o f ; say " the life t o . "
3 . 1. by : de.
2. w i t h his head . . . : 18, 6 ; omit " w i t h . " leaning: use
t h e past participle. turned ; 81.
3. f a i n t i n g : use t h e past participle.
5. admirable resignation : supply the indefinite article.
7. to die : ISO.
4. 2. made: proclcme.
4. p u t t h e c r o w n upon his h e a d : lui mit la couronne sur la tele,
) IS, il.
l. to r e c o g n i s e : de, reconnatre.
8. to b r i n g them : 1 8 1 . w h i c h w a s : omit.
173
5 . 1. it w a s g e t t i n g late : il se faisait tard. though: 175.

2. i t would s e e m : il parait ; "begin t h e sentence w i t h this.
. 3. either : ni. posts : use the singular.
4. who were cast aside : cp. N o t e on 2, 3. s t r e n g t h to : la force de.
6. 2. I w a s t o : see Lessou 59, N o t e .

4. s i t t i n g : assise.
5. to meet us : notre rencontre.
6. t h a t he had brought me : 172.
7. I m i g h t : je pouvais.
7 . 4. y o u : 30, N o t e . left: 41.

5. w a n t s : s u b j u n c t i v e .
6. I have been s t u d y i n g : 39.
8. to spend : dpasser.
10. you were t h i n k i n g of g o i n g : 180.
11. t h e r e : 133. you have : 5 0 .
12. a line : un mot.
13. yours ever : tout toi.
8. 1. t h r o w n : say " p u t " ; omit " a . "

2. n e w batteries : 21, 1.
4. a lion-hearted woman : 1 9 .
5. her presence and e n t h u s i a s m : 107.
6. r e p r e s e n t i n g : say " to represent," 181.
9 . 2. he w a s one day d i r e c t i n g : in French an adverb or adverbial

phrase must not be placed between the subjcct and the verb ; cp. 3, 7.
3. t h e y b e g a n firing : 1 8 0 . upon i t : dessus.
5. w h o could w r i t e ; subjunctive ; see Lesson 60, Note.
6. w h e n : que.
7. w i t h : de.
9. were : omit.
1 0 . 2. and prostrated himself : pluperfect; 8 4 .

3. a celestial voice seemed to sound in his ear : il lui sembla
entendre une voix cleste. arise : second person singular.
4. to proclaim : de proclamer.
5. should be aided : 174.
6. after l i s t e n i n g t o : j 181. entertained no doubt: say
" doubted n o t , " followed by ne a n d t h e s u b j u n c t i v e , 173.
8. the g r o u n d : omit the article.
1 1 . 1. a very ancient town : { 1 9 .
2. l i e s : say " i s situated." b y : cp. 3, 1. g e n t l y sloping''
pente douce.
3. i t w a s : 101.
4. the second c i t y ; omit the article.
5. made i t : say " m a d e of i t . "
6. from . . . down to : depuis . . . jusqu'.
12. 1. I once s a w : cp. 9, 2.

4. h a l f - w a y down the slope : mi-chemin de la cte.
5. w i t h o u t being disturbed i 181.
8. the obstinate girl : la petite entte.
9. I believe this s c e n e : supply the c o n j u n c t i o n " t h a t , " which
must never be omitted iu French.
1 3 . 1. scarcely had . . . : 48 translate " when " b y que.

4. i n h i s hand : < 18, 6.
5. r i g h t and left : droite et gauche.
7. w a s under the n e c e s s i t y : say " w a s forced."
8. to come to their aid : pour leur venir en aide.
1 4 . l . K i n g James : 18, 3.
2. 4 0 , 0 0 0 strong : say " strong of 40,000 m e n . " before: 175.
3. Viscount : 18, 3.
4. w a s amongst the earliest to g o o v e r : fut un des premiers
passer l'ennemi.
5. t h o u g h : cp. 5, 1. w i t h h i m : omit.
6. James's most trusted officer: say " t h e officer in (en) w h o m
James had most (le plus) confidence ; 21, 3.
7. on : 156.
8. g a v e orders for a retreat : ordonna de battre en retraite.
1 5 . 1. in : pour.
5. continued s o : continua de Vtre, 129. u n t i l : 175.
8. has b e l o n g e d ; 39 ; cp. 7, 6.
9. contains : compte.
10. opens : 81.
1 6 . 1. on the 16 th of July j 156. b y : par. I n speaking of

a n i n s t r u m e n t de is g e n e r a l l y used, e.g., 3, 1.
2. who k n e w . . . : say " w h o m a n i n t e r c e p t e d d e s p a t c h had
i n f o r m e d (renseign) as to (sur) . .
J. F. c. 12
176 FRECErTORS' FRENCH COURSE.
6. were g a t h e r i n g : 81,
7. i n numbers not to be resisted : en nombre rendant la rsistance
inutile.
8. h e : 138.
9. that t h e y should be transported in safety : d'tre transports sains
et saufs.
10. as: omit.
1 7 . i . w a r m l y seconded : cp. 12, 1.

2. proposed t h a t they . . . : 171 ; use on.
4. as i t seemed; semblait-il. the place of the doctor's residence :
say " where the doctor l i v e d . "
5. he : celui-ci, 99. to be found : omit.
6. half past t w e l v e : 157.
7. the bell : omit.
1 8 . 2. i t w a s telegraphed ; use on, 76.

3. most complete : dcisive.
7. the first carbine : le premier coup de fusil.
9. t a k e n ; say " m a d e . "
10. announced ; i m p e r f e c t .
1 9 . early in : ds le commencement de.

3. w i t h : contre.
4. present : actuel ; after the substantive.
5. here: say " t h e r e . "
2 0 . 1, m a y be s a i d : begin with on.

5. at an early period : dans lis premires priodes
6. Admiral Blake : 18, 3.
7. a l t h o u g h embracing : say " a l t h o u g h he had embraced ;" 175.
of a sailor : omit the article. late in life : un ge assez avanc.
8. feared and respected : use the infinitive and put " the
E n g l i s h " after it.
2 1 . 2. t h a t had fallen into their possession: dont ils s'taient

empars, 188.
3. nor could t h e y : say " a n d they could not."
5. if they should fall : imperfect. into : entre.
7. of escape : de s'chapper.
22. 1. final : dcisif.

5. had to : see Lesson 59, Note.
7. under : malgr.
8. from : rsultant de.
9. so, too, h a d : de mme.
10. for the part they took at her hour of need : cause du parti qu'ils
prirent l'heure critique.
2 3 . 1. Sunday m o r n i n g : un dimanche malin. Dimanche matin

would mean " last Sunday morning."
3. w e r e : use se tenir.
4. i n the face of: sous. clad i n a s u i t of armour : arm de pied
en cap.
10. held command of: omit.
11. commanded b y : sous.
2 4 . 2. both to luck and riches : say " lucky and r i c h . "

3. w i t h : cp. 19, 2.
5. store of : omit.
6. should have b e e n : 174 ; use rester.
7. of real g e n i u s : say " o f a real g e n i u s . " dawns upon the
world : surgit.
2 5 . 3. the captors of: say " those who had t a k e n . "

6. t h u s publicly t e s t i f y i n g : rendant ainsi un tmoignage public de.
8. at : de.
10. had j u s t chosen : venait de choisir. as the cognisance : omit
the article.
13. forced h i s entrance : s'ouvrit un passage.
14. arrest : supply the indefinite article.
15. to shoot himself : de se tuer.
2 6 . 7. had become friendly : supply " to h i m . "

8. to do mischief : supply " to h i m . "
2 7 . 1. between t h e m : ensemble. the whole of the Black Sea :

la Mer Noire tout entire.
2. w i t h : de; see N o t e on 16, 1.
5. called : qu'on appelle. is some seventeen miles in l e n g t h : est
long de quelque dix-sept milles.
6. i t is hardly more than half a m i l e i n breadth : il n'est gure large
que d'un demi-mille.
8. its v e r y shores : ses rivages mmes.
10. opens : dbouche.
11. t h r o u g h : par.
2 8 . 1. l a d i e s : mesdames. i t i s but j u s t : il n'est que juste ;

$ 174 ; ep. 12, 9.
2. by : en, 183.
4. embroidery : use the plural.
5. is : fait.
6. the handsome share : la plus belle part.
2 9 . 1. w o r k s : toiles (f.).
2. w h a t e v e r : tout ee que.
3. not u n w o r t h y : presque dignes.
4. all the ladies of rank or of beauty : say " all the beautiful noble
ladies."
5. i n : de. sat to him : posrent devant lui.
6. the head : le portrait.
8. he should feel : use se croire.
9. t h a t he m i g h t : afin qu'il pt, 175.
10. f a c e : tte ( f . ) . i t : say " the request."
3 0 . 2. pictures him drawing : nous le montre occup dessiner.

3. the earth seemed to lack : il semblait manquer la terre.
5. round w h i c h i t w a s possible to sail : dont il tait possible de faire
le tour.
8. t h a n i t is ; qu'il ne l'est. I n a clause dependent on a comparative
an expletive ne is required, and the neuter le, 129, is often used.
9. to be traversed ; qu'il fallait traverser.
3 1 . 2. had set : use s'clipser.

3. the g e n i u s therefore . . . shone forth ; aussi le gnie . . ,
brillait-il.
6. w h i c h w a s : omit, set off to full advantage : rehausse encore.
6. had : exerait, such as : say " to w h i c h , " 116.
VOCABULARY.
I, F R E N C H E N G L I S H ,
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN VOCABULARY.

adj. . . adjective, int. . . interjection.
adv. . . adverb, m. . masculine.
art. - . article, num. . . numeral.
conj. . conjunction, pers. . . personal.
def. . definite, pi. . plural.
demonst. . demonstrative, prep. . . preposition
f. . . feminine, pron. . . pronoun.
'h. . h aspirate, r. . reflexive.
i. . . intransitive, 5. . substantive.
impers. . impersonal, t transitive.
indef. indefinite. V. . verb.
A accueillir ( 292), v.t., receive,

x1
- , prep., to, at, on, in. accus, s.m., -e, s.f., accused,
abandonner, v.t., abandon, prisoner,
abasourdir, v.t., dumfound. / a c c u s e r , v.r., accuse one's self,
abattre ( 347), v.t., fell, achat, s.m., purchase,
abbesse, s.f., abbess, acheter ( 264), v.t., buy.
abeille, s.f., bee. achever ( 258), v.t., finish,
rf'abord, adv., at first, acier, s.m., steel,
abricot, s.m., apricot, acqurir ( 300), v.t., acquire,
absent, -e, adj., absent, act-eur, s.m., -rice, s.f, actor,
absoudre ( 324), v.t., absolve, actress,
acquit, action, s.f., action, share,
accepter, v.t., accept, actuellement, adv., now, at this
accident, s.m., accident, time.
acclamer, v.t., applaud, adhrent, s.m.., follower,
accompagner, v.t., accompany, admirable, adj., admirable,
accomplir, v.t., accomplish, adresser, v.t., address,
accorder, v.t., grant, allot, 'adresser, v.r., apply,
s'accoutumer, v.r., accustom one's adversaire, s.m., adversary,
self. affaire, s.f., affair, matter, busi-
accroc, s.m., rent. tear. ness, bargain,
accrotre ( 315), v.r., increase, afficher, v.t., post up.
accueil, s.m., reception. afin que, conj., in order that.
180 FRENCIT-ENGLISIT
Afrique, s.f., Africa. appel, s.m., appeal,

agent, i.m., a g e n t Agent (de appeler ( 260), v.t. i i., call,
police), policeman, s'appeler, v.r., be called,
s'agir (de), v.r., be a question of. appliqu, -e, adj., industrious,
s'agiter, v.r., vex one's self, apporter, v.t., bring,
agn-eau, a.m., -elle,.?/., lamb, apprendre ( 345), v.t., learn,
agrer, v.t., accept, teach.
aider, v.t. $ i., aid, help, s'approcher, v.r., approach,
aigle, s.m.f., eagle, aprs, prep., after,
aigu, -, adj., sharp, aprs-midi, s.m., afternoon,
aimer, v.t., love, like. Aimer aprs que, conj., after.
mieux, prefer, Arabe, s.m., Arab,
ainsi, adv., thus, arbre, s.m., tree,
alarmer, v.t., alarm. arbuste, s.m., shrub,
Algrie, s.f., Algeria, archevque, s.m., archbishop,
aliment, s.m., food, argent, s.m., silver, money,
alimentation, s.f., diet. arme, s.f, arm, weapon,
Allemagne, s.f., Germany, arranger ( 274), v.t., arrange,
allemand, -e, adj., German, s'arranger, v.r., arrange,
aller ( 281), v.l, go. arrter, v.t., stop,
s'en aller ( 319), v.r., go away, arrire-garde, s.f., rear-guard,
alli, -e, adj., allied, arriver, v.i., arrive, happen,
allumer, v.t., light. arrondi, -e, adj., rounded,
Alpes, s.f. pl., Alps, arroser, v.t., water,
ambassade, s.f., embassy, art, s.m., art. Les beaux-arts,
ambassadeur, s.m., ambassador, the fine arts,
me, s.f., soul, mind, artiste, s.m.f., artist.
amener ( 258), v.t., bring, lead, Asie, s.f, Asia,
amrement, adv., bitterly, assaillant, s.m., assailant,
ami, s.m., -e, s.f., friend, assaillir ( 291), v.t., assail,
amical, -e, adj., friendly, asseoir ( 311),v.t., seat,establish,
amiral, s.m., admiral, s'asseoir, v.r., sit, sit down,
s'amuser, v.r., amuse one's self, assez, adv., enough,
an, s.m., year, assidment, adv., assiduously,
anctres, s.m. pl., ancestors, assurer, v.t., assure, ensure,
ancien, -ne, adj., ancient, former, astronome, s.m., astronomer,
anantir, v.t., annihilate, atrocit, s.f., atrocity,
anglais, -e, adj., English. attacher, v.t., fasten, attach,
Anglais, s.m., -e, s.f, Englishman, attaque, s.f, attack,
Englishwoman. atteindre ( 330), v.t., reach,
Angleterre, s.f., England, attain,
animal, s.m., animal, attelage, s.m., team,
anne, s.f., year. attendre, v.t., wait, expect,
annoncer ( 275), v.t., announce, an (contraction of le), to the.
antilope, s.f., antelope, aucun, -e, indef. adj., any, no.
apercevoir ( 301), v.t., perceive, s'augmenter, v.r., increase,
s'apercevoir (de), v.r., perceive, aujourd'hui, adv., to-day.
apparence, s.f., appearance, aussitt que, conj., as soon as.
appartement, s.m., apartment(s). Australie, s.f., Australia.
VOCABULARY. 181
auteur, s.m., author, bijou, s.m., jewel,

autre, indef. adj., other, billet, s.m., note, bill,
autre, indef. pron., another, blanc, -he, adj., white,
other. bl, s.m., wheat,
autrefois, adv., formerly, blesser, v.t., wound,
autruche, s.f, ostrich, bleu, -e, adj., blue,
autrui, indef. pron., others, other blocus, s.m., blockade,
people. blond, -e, adj., fair,
s'avancer ( 275), v.r., advance, boa, s.m., boa.
avant, prep, (of time), before, buf, s.m., ox.
a v a n t que, conj., before, boire ( 320), v.t. $ i., drink,
avantage, s.m., advantage, bombarder, v.t., bombard,
avec, prep., with, bon, -ne, adj., good,
avenue, s.f., avenue, bonhomme, s.m., good-natured
avertir, v.t., warn, man, old man.
aveuglment, adv., blindly, bouc, s.m., he-goat,
avis, s.m., opinion, advice, bouche, s.f, mouth,
avocat, s.m., barrister, bouillant, -e, adj., boiling, fiery,
avoir ( 312), v.t., have. Y avoir, bouillir ( 283), D.i.,boil. Faire
there to be. bouillir, v.t., boil,
bout, s.m., end.
branche, s.f., branch,
se "Daigner, v.r., bathe. brave, adj., brave, gallant, fine,
--' bail, s.m., lease, bravement, adv., bravely,
bande, s . f , band, brebis, s.f, ewe, sheep,
barbare, s.m., barbarian, bric--brac, s.m., knick-knack,
bataillon, s.m., battalion, briller, v.i., shine, glitter,
bateau, s.m., boat, briser, v.t., break,
btir, v.t., build. brouter, v.i., browse,
se battre ( 347), v.r., fight, bruit, s.m., noise, rumour,
bavard, s.m., chatterbox, brutal, -e, adj., brutal.
beau or bel, -le, adj., beautiful, Bulgare, s.m.f, Bulgarian,
fine. but, s.m., end, goal,
beaucoup, adv., many, much, butiner, v.i., pillage.
beaut, s.f, beauty,
beige, adj., Belgian,
blier, s.m., ram.
berceau, s.m., cradle, Cacher, v.t., hide.
cadu-c, -que, adj., decrepit,
besoin, s.m., need, want,
cage, s.f, cage,
biche, s.f, hind,
cahier, s.m., copy-book,
bien, s.m., good.
caillou, s.m., flint, pebble.
bien, adv., well, much, very, Cain, s.m., Cain,
many. calice, s.m., cup.
bien-aim, -e, adj., beloved, calomnie, s.f, calumny,
bienfait-eur, s.m., -rice, s . f , bene- campagne, s.f, country,
factor, benefactress, canal, s.m.., canal,
bien que, conj., though, canard, s.m., drake, duck,
bientt, adv., soon, cane, s.f., duck,
bire, s.f., beer. canif, s.m., penknife.
182 FRENCH-ENGLISH
canne, s./., walking-stick, chanson, s.f, song,

cantatrice, s.f., (eminent) female chanter, v.t. $ 1, sing,
professional singer, chanteu-r, s.m., -se, s.f., singer,
capitaine, s.m., captain, chapeau, s.m., hat. t
capitale, s.f., capital, chief city, chapitre, s.m., chapter,
cardinal, s.m., cardinal, chaque, adj., each, every,
caresser, v.t., caress, charbon, s.m., coal,
casse-con, s.m., break-neck place, charit, s.f., charity,
cause, s.f, cause, charmer, v.t., charm, delight,
causer, v.t., cause, charretier, s.m., waggoner,
cavale, s.f, mare, chasse, s.f, hunt, hunting,
ce, cet, m., cette, / . , ces, pl., chasse-mouches, s.m., fly-brush,
demonst. adj., this, these; that, chaudement, adv., warmly,
those. chaux, s.f, lime.
ce, demonst. pron., that; he, she, chemin, s.m., way, road. Chemin
i t ; they, defer,railway. Cheminfaisant,
ceci, demonst. pron., this, on the road,
cder ( 266), v.i., give way. ch-er, -re, adj., dear,
ceindre ( 330), v.t., gird on. chercher, v.t., seek, look for,
cela, demonst. pron., that, endeavour,
clbre, adj., celebrated, cheval, s.m., horse,
celui, TO., celle, / . , ceux, celles, chvre, s.f., she-goat,
pl., demonst. pron., he, him ; chevreau, s.m., kid.
she, her ; they, them ; that, chevrette, s.f., roe.
those. chez, prep., at, to, in one's house,
celui-ci, celle-ci, sing., ceux-ci, with, among,
celles-ci, pl., demonst. pron., chien, s.m., dog.
this, these, chien-loup, s.m., wolf-dog.
celui-l, celle-l, sing., ceux-l, chose, s.f., thing. Quelque chose,
celles-l, pl., demonst. pron., something,
that, those, chou, s.m., cabbage,
cent, num. adj., hundred, choucroute, s.f., sauer-kraut.
centigrade, adj., centigrade, le Christ, s.m., Christ. Jsus
centime, s.m., the hundredth part Christ, Jesus Christ,
of a franc, cinq, num. adj., five.
centimtre, s.m., centimetre, Circ, s.f., Circe,
central, -e, adj., central, circonstance, s.f, circumstance,
centre, s.m., centre, citronnier, s.m., lemon-tree,
cerf, s.m., stag, hart, clart, s.f., clearness,
certain, -e, adj., certain, sure. classe, s.f., class, school-time,
Csar, s.m., Csesar. cloche, s.f., bell,
cesse, s.f, ceasing. Sans cesse, coche, s.m., coach,
incessantly, colre, s.f, anger,
cesser, v.i., cease, collection, s.f, collection,
chacun, -e, indef. pron., every colline, s.f, hilL
one, each, colombe, s.f, dove,
chaleur, s.f, heat, colon, s.m., colonist,
ohameau, s.m., camel, colonie, s.f, colony,
champ, s.m., field. combat, s.m., combat, fight.
VOCABULARY. 183
combattre ( 347), v.i. fight content, -e, adj., contented, satis-

combien, adv., how much, how fied.
many, contre, s.f, country,
comble, s.m., top. contre-ordre, s.m., counter-order,
comit, s.m., committee, convaincre ( ; 28), v.t., convince,
commander, v.t., command, order, convenir ( 229), v.i., agree ; be
".omme, conj., as, like, how. fit, be expedient,
'commencer ( 275), v.t.fy i., begin, conversation, s.f, conversation,
comment, adv., how. copier, v.t., copy,
commettre ( 346), v.t., commit, corail, s.m., coral,
commodment, adv., commodi- cornichon, s.m.., gherkin, cucum-
ously. ber.
compagnie, s.f., company. correction, s.f, correction,
se complaire ( 317), v.r., delight, correspondre, v.i., correspond,
compl-et, -te, adj., complete, corriger ( 274), v.t., correct,
compltement, adv., completely, cte, s.f, rib ; Bhore.
se composer, v.r., be composed, con, s.m., neck,
comprendre ( 345), v.t., under- couche, s.f, layer.
stand. se coucher, v.r., go to bed.
compromettre ( 346), v.t., com- coudre ( 327), v.t., sew.
promise, couleur, s.f., colour,
compte, s.m., account, reckoning, coupable, adj., guilty.
compter, v.t. $ i., reckon, expect, se couper, v.r., cut one's self,
comtesse, s.f., countess, cour, s.f., yard,
concert, s.m., concert, courage, s.m., courage,
conclure ( 322), v.t., conclude, courant, s.m., course. Mettre au
concourir ( 298), v.i., compete, courant de, acquaint with,
condition, s.f, condition, courber, v.t., curve,
conduire ( 332), v.t. <$ t., con- courrier, s.m., post, courier ; mes-
duct, lead, take, senger. Lire son courrier,
conduite, s.f., conduct, read one's letters,
confier, v.t., confide, cousin, s.m., -e, s.f., cousin,
confire ( 341), v.t., preserve, couteau, s.m., knife,
pickle, coter, v.i., cost,
conflit, s.m., conflict, convent, s.m., c o n v e n t
confortablement, adv., comfort- couvrir ( 293), v.t., cover,
ably. craindre ( 329), v.t., fear,
connatre ( 313), v.t., know, c r a i n t i f , -ve, adj., timid,
conqurir ( 300), v.t., conquer, cravate, s.f, necktie,
conseil, s.m., counsel, advice; crayon, s.m., pencil,
council, crat eur, s.m., -rice, s.f, creator,
conseiller, s.m., counsellor, crer ( 269), v.t., create.
consentir ( 288), v.i., consent, Crte, s.f, Crete,
conserver, v.t., preserve, creuser, v.t., dig.
consolat-eur, s.m., -rice, s.f., com- cri, s.m., cry.
forter. crier, v.t. <$' i., cry, shout,
construire ( 333), v.t., construct, croc-en-jambe, s.m., trip,
consulter, v.t., consult, croire ( 321), v.t., believe, think,
conte, s.m., story. crotre ( 315), v.t., grow.
184 FRENCH-ENGLISH
croix, s./., cross, se d p l o y e r ( 272), v.r., deploy,

cruel, - l e , adj., cruel, o p e n out.
c u i r e ( 334), v.t., cook, d e p u i s , prep., since,
c u l t i v a t e u r , s.m., h u s b a n d m a n , d r a n g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , v.t., disturb,
grower, d e r n i - e r , -re, adj., last,

c u l t i v e r , v.t., cultivate, des ( c o n t r a c t i o n of de les), of t h e ,
c u l t u r e , s.f., cultivation. f r o m t h e ; some, a n y .
ds que, e/mj., a s soon as.
d s a g r a b l e , adj., disagreeable,
T \ a i m , s.m., fallow-deer, b u c k . d s a p p r e n d r e ( 3 4 5 ) , . t. . u n l e a r n ,
d a m e , s.f., lady, d s a v a n t a g e , s.m., d i s a d v a n t a g e ,

d a m o i s e a u , s.m., beau, y o u n g page, d e s c e n d r e , v.i., descend, c o m e
d a m o i s e l l e , s.f., d a m s e l , down.
d a n g e r , s.m., d a n g e r , d e s c e n d r e , v.t., b r i n g d o w n ,
d a n s , prep., in, into, d s i r e r , v.t., desire, wish,
d a n s e r , v.i., d a n c e , d s o b i r , v.i., disobey,
d a n s e u - r , s.m., - s e , s.f, dancer, d s o l e r , v.t., desolate, grieve,
de, prep., of, f r o m , b y , w i t h , d s o r d r e , s.m., disorder,
d b i t - e u r , s.m., - r i c e , s.f, debtor, d e s s e r v i r ( 2 8 9 ) , v.t., t a k e a w a y ,
dbiteu-r, s.m., -se, s.f., n e w s - clear.
monger. d e s s i n e r , v.t., d r a w , s k e t c h ,
D b o r a h , s.f., D e b o r a h , d e s t i n a t i o n , s.f, destination,
d b o r d e r , v.i., overflow, d e s t i n e r , v.t., destine, i n t e n d ,
d c d e r ( 266), v.i., die, decease, d t a c h e m e n t , s.m., detachment,
d c h i r a n t , - e , adj., heart-rending, d e u i l , s.m., mourning,
d c h i r e r , v.t., t e a r . Dchirer d e u x , num. a d j . , t w o .
l'oreille, g r a t e on t h e ear. d e u x i m e , adj., second,

d c l a r e r , v.t., declare, d e v a n t , prep, (of place), b e f o r e ,
d c o r e r , v.t., decorate, d e v i n e r , v.t., divine, guess,
d c o u v r i r ( 293), v.t., discover. d e v o i r , s.m., d u t y , task,
se d d i r e ( 342), v.r., r e t r a c t , d e v o i r ( 302), v.t., owe ; o u g h t ,

d d u i r e ( 332), v.t., infer, must.
d f a u t , s.m., defect, d v o u e m e n t , s.m., devotion,
d f e n d r e , v.t., defend, forbid, d v o u e r , v.t., devote,
d f r i c h e r , v.t., clear, d i c t i o n n a i r e , s.m., d i c t i o n a r y .
d e g r , s.m., degree, D i e u , s.m., G o d .
d j , adv., already, difficile, adj., difficult, hard,
d j e u n e r , v.i., breakfast, d i f f i c u l t , s.f, difficulty,
d e m a i n , adv., to-morrow, d i f f u s , - e , adj., diffuse,
d e m a n d e , s.f., question, request, d i g n i t , s . f , dignity,
d e m a n d e r , v.t., a s k , a s k for, d i l i g e m m e n t , adv., diligently,
require. d i m a n c h e , s.m., Sunday. Le
d e m a n d e u - r , s.m., -se, s.f, appli- dimanche des Rameaux, Palm
cant. Sunday,
d e m e u r e , s.f., abode, d i n d - o n , - e , s.m.f, turkey,
d e m e u r e r , v.i., live, reside, d i r e ( 342), v.t., tell, say.
d e m i , - e , adj., h a l f . Une demi- d i r i g e r , v.t., direct, guide,
heure, half a n hour. Une heure d i s c i p l e , s.m., disciple,
et demie, a n h o u r a n d a half. d i s c i p l i n e , s.f, discipline.

VOCABULARY. 185
discordant, -e, a d j . , discordant. j dition, s.f, edition,

disjoindre ( 331), v.t., d i s j o i n , i e f f o r t , s.m., effort,
Disjoint, rickety, e f f r a y e r , v.t., f r i g h t e n , appal,
d i s p a r a t r e ( 314), v.i., -vanish, e f f r o n t , - e , a d j . , shameless,
disappear, g o u t , s.m., drain.

d i s p e r s e r , v.t., scatter, E g y p t e , s.f., Egypt,
d i s p o s i t i o n , s.f., disposition, dis- l v e , s.m.f, pupil, scholar,
posal. l i r e ( 3X8)," .t., elect,
lite, s . f , choice, pick. D'lite,
d i s t i n c t e m e n t , adv., distinctly.
se d i s t i n g u e r , V.T., distinguish picked.
one's self, elle. pers. pron., she, her, it ;
d i x , num. adj., ten. e l l e s , pl., they, them,
d o c t e u r , s.m., doctor, l o q u e m m e n t , adv., eloquently,
d o c t r i n e , s.f., doctrine, mail, s.m., enamel,
d o g e , s.m., doge, emboucher, v.t., p u t to one's
d o n n e r , v.t., give, mouth.
d o n t , rel. pron., whose, of w h i c h , e m b o u r b , -e, adj., stuck in the
of w h o m , mud.
d o r n a v a n t , adv., henceforth, m e t t r e ( 346), v.t., emit, issue,
d o r m i r ( 284), v.i., sleep, m o u d r e ( 323), v.t., s h a r p e n ,
d o u l e u r , s.f., p a i n , sorrow, m o u v o i r ( 303), v.t., move,
d o u t e r , v.t. Sf i . , d o u b t , e m p c h e r , v.t., prevent,
dou-x, -ce, adj., sweet, g e n t l e , e m p l o y e r ( 2 7 2 ) , v.t., employ, use.
mild, en, prep., in, into, w i t h i n , to.
d r a p , s.m., cloth, en, pers. pron., of h i m , of her,
d r a p e a u , s.m., flag, of i t , of t h e m ; f r o m h i m , f r o m
d r o i t , - e , adj., straight, right, h e r , f r o m it, f r o m t h e m ; some,
d r o m a d a i r e , s.m., dromedary. any.
Druide, s.m., -sse, s.f, Druid, e n c h a n t e r , v.t., enchant, gratify,
Druidess. enchante-ur, -resse, s. $ adj.,
du ( c o n t r a c t i o n of de fe), of t h e , enchanter, enchantress ; en-
f r o m t h e ; some, a n y . chanting,
due, s.ffi.,-hesse,s./., duke, duchess. encore, adv., y e t , still, a g a i n ,
e n c o u r a g e r ( 274),v.t.,encourage,
E au, s.f., w a t e r ,
caille, s.f, shell,
encre,
endroit,
sf., ink.
s.m., place,
e n d u i r e ( 332), v.t., coat,
c h a p p e r , v.i., escape,
s ' c h a p p e r , v.r., escape, e n d u r e r , v.t., endure,
c l a t e r , v.i., break out. e n f a n t , s.m.f., child, i n f a n t ,
c l i p s e , s.f., eclipse, e n f e r m e r , v.t., s h u t up.
coli-er, s.m., -re, s.f., school- e n f r e i n d r e ( 330), v.t., infringe,
' e n f u i r ( 294), v.r., r u n a w a y ,
boy, school-girl.
e n g a g e m e n t , s.m., e n g a g e m e n t ,
E c o s s e , s . f , Scotland,
c o u t e r , v.t., listen (to), e n g a g e r ( 274), v.t., engage,
s'crier, v.r., c r y out. enter into,
crire ( 336), v.t., w r i t e , e n j o i n d r e ( 331), r.t., e n j o i n ,
' c r i r e , v.r., be w r i t t e n , e n l e v e r ( 258), v.t., c a r r y , carry
c u m a n t , - e , a d j . , foaming, off, c a r r y a w a y , t a k e a w a y ,
c u m e r , v.i., foam. e n n e m i , s.m., e n e m y .
186 F R E N C H - :E N G L I S H
s'enqurir ( 300), v.r., inquire, e x a u c e r ( v.t., heaTken t o

2 5 ) ,
e n s e i g n e r , v.t., teach, excellent, adj., excellent,
-e,
e n s e m b l e , adv., together, e x c e n t r i q u e , adj., eccentric,
e n s u i t e , adv., afterwards, then, e x c l u r e ( 322), v.t., exclu.de.
e n t e n d r e , v.t., hear, s ' e x c u s e r , v.r., apologise,
e n t e r r e r , v.t., bury, e x e m p l e , s.m., example,
e n t h o u s i a s m e , s.m., enthusiasm, e x e r c i c e , s.m., exercise,
e n t i r e m e n t , adv., entirely, e x i g e r ( 274), v.t., require,
e n t r e , prep., between, among, e x i s t e n c e , s.f., existence,
e n t r e p r i s e , s.f., enterprise, e x p d i t i o n , s.f, expedition,
e n t r e r , v.i., enter, come in. e x p r i e n c e , s.f, experience,
e n v i a b l e , adj., enviable, e x p l i c a t i o n , s.f, explanation,
e n v i e , s.f., wish, e x p l o i t , s.m., exploit,
e n v o y e r ( 282), v.t., send, e x p l o r a t e u r , s.m., explorer,
p a i s , - s e , adj., thick, e x p l o r e r , v.t., explore,
p a r g n e r , v.t., spare, e x p o s i t i o n , s.f., exhibition,
p e , s.f., sword, e x p r e s s i o n , s.f, expression,
p o q u e , s.f., period, s ' e x p r i m e r , v.r., express one's self,
r i g e r ( 274), v.t., erect, e x t r i e u r , - e , adj., exterior.
e r r e u r , s.f., error, mistake,
e s c l a v e , s.m.f., slave,
e s p a g n o l , - e , adj., Spanish, l i a b l e , s.f, fable.
E s p a g n o l , s.m., Spaniard, fabuliste, s.m., fabulist,
e s p r a n c e , s.f, hope, facile, adj., easy,
e s p o i r , s.m., hope, faon, s.f., fashion,
e s s a y e r , ( 272), v.t., try. faire ( 344), v.t., m a k e , do.
et, cvnj., a n d .
Faire faire, have . . . made,
tat, s.m,., state. TTomme d'tat, f a i t , s.m., fact.
s t a t e s m a n . Les tats-Unis,Vus falloir ( 309), v.impers., be

CJnited States, necessary,
t, s.m., summer, f a o n , s.m., f a w n ,
t e i n d r e ( 330), v.t., p u t out, f a t i g u e , s.f., fatigue,
extinguish, f a u t e , s.f., fault. Faute de, f o r

t o f f e , s.f., stuff, w a n t of.
t o n n e r , v.t., astonish, f a u - x , - s s e , adj., false,
s ' t o n n e r , v.r., be astonished, feindre ( 330), v.t. # i., feign,

t r a n g - e r , -re, adj., strange, pretend,
foreign. f e m m e , s.f., woman, wife,
t r a n g - e r , s . m . , r e , s.f., foreigner, fer, s.m., iron,

tre, ( 348), v.i., be. ferme, s.f., f a r m ,
tude, s.f, study, fermer, v.t., shut,

t u d i e r , v.t., study. f e r m i - e r , s.m., - r e , s.f., husband-
s\ix,2>ers.pron.,m.pl., they, t h e m . m a n farmer, f a r m e r ' s w i f e ,

v a n g i l e , s.m., Gospel, f e t e , s.f., festival,
s ' v e i l l e r , v.r., awake, feu, s.m., fire.

v n e m e n t , s.m., event, fiancer ( 275), v.t., betroth,
v i d e n t , - e . adj., evident, fidle, adj., true, faithful,
e x a c t e m e n t , adr., exactly, fille, s / . , girl, daughter,
e x a m e n , s.m., examination. fils, s.m., son.
VOCABULARY. 187
fin, s.f., end, conclusion, g a r o n , s.m., b o y .
fin, -e, adj., fine, g a r d e , s.f, k e e p i n g , c a r e . Prenez

finir, v.t. Sf i., finish, garde de, t a k e c a r e n o t .
flenr, s.f., flower, g a r d e r , v.t., keep,
fleuret, s.m., foil, g a r d i e n , s.m., k e e p e r ,
flot, s.m., w a v e , g a r e , s.f., r a i l w a y station, ter-
flotte, s f , fleet, m i n u s ,
f o i r e , s.f, fair. g a r n i s o n , s.f., garrison.
fois, s . f , t i m e ( r e p e t i t i o n ) . Une G a u l e , s . f , G a u l .
G a u l o i s , s.m., -e, s.f., G a u l ,
fois, once,
f o n d , s.m., b o t t o m . Se fond en g a z , s.m., gas.
g a z e l l e , s.f., gaielle.
comble, f r o m t o p to b o t t o m ,
g e n d a r m e , s.m., p o l i c e m a n ,
f o n d e r , v.t., f o u n d ,
f o n d r e , v.t., d a r t , pounce,
g n r a l , s.m., general,
g n r e u - x , -se, a d j . , g e n e r o u s ,
force, s . f , Btrength, force. .4
force de, b y d i n t of. s.m.f. pl.,
g e n s , people, persons,
f o r c e r ( 275), v.t., force,

men.
f o r g e r o n , s.m., s m i t h , b l a c k s m i t h , G e o r g e s , s.m., George.
f o r m e , s.f, f o r m , shape, se glisser, v.r., slip,
f o r t , - e , adj., strong, g r a i n , s.m., grain,
f o r t , adv., very, v e r y m u c h ; h a r d , g r a m m a i r e , s.f., grammar,
f o u d r e , s.f, lightning, g r a n d , - e , adj., g r e a t , large, tall,
f o u e t , s.m., w h i p , g r a n d e u r , s.f, grandeur,
f o u l e , s f . , crowd, g r a v u r e , s.f., engraving,
f o u r m i , s.f., a n t . g r e c , - q u e , adj., Greek.
fournir, v.t., f u r n i s h , provide, G r c e , s.f., Greece,
f r a - i s , - c h e , adj., f r e s h , g r l e r , v.impers., hail,
franc, s.m., f r a n c ( F r e n c h coin g r o n d e r , v.t., scold,
g r o s , - s e , adj., large, big.
worth 9'69 pence).
g r o s s i - e r , - r e , adj., coarse,
f r a n c , - h e , adj.. frank,
g u r e , adv., m u c h , h a r d l y ,
f r a n - c , - q u e , adj., Frankish.
g u r i r , v.t. Sf i., cure, recover,
f r a n a i s , - e , adj., French.
g u e r r e , s.f., w a r .
F r a n a i s , s.m., F r e n c h m a n ,
f r a p p e r , v.t., strike, t a p .
f r r e , s.m.,
f r o i d , s.m., cold,
brother,
H abile, a d j . ,
s.f,
h a b i l e t ,
clever,
skill.
f r o i d , - e , adj., cold, ' h a b i l l e r , v.r., dress,
f r o m a g e , s.m., cheese, h a b i t , s.m., g a r m e n t \pl., clothes,
f r u i t , s.m., f r u i t . h a b i t a n t , s.m., i n h a b i t a n t ,
f u i r ( 294), v.t. <$ i., flee, avoid, h a b i t a t i o n , s.f, habitation,

f u n e s t e , adj., fatal, h a b i t u e r , v.t., a c c u s t o m ,
f u s i l , s.m., g u n , rifle, s'habituer, v.r., g e t used,
f u y a r d , s.m., f u g i t i v e . 'har, r.t., h a t e .

'haut, - e , adj., h i g h . En haut,
a g n e r , v.t., g a i n , earn. upstairs,
g a i e m e n t or g a m e n t , a d v . , h b r e u , adj. m., H e b r e w , J e w i s h .
gaily, H b r e u , s.m., Hebrew.

g a n t , s.m., glove, ' H e n r i , s.m., Henry.
g a r a n c e , s.f., m a d d e r . H e r o u l e , s.m., H e r c u l e s ,
188 FHENCH-:ENGLISH
'hron, s.m., heron, i n d u i r e ( 332), v.t., i n d u c e , lead,

h e u r e , s.f., h o u r . Deux heures, i n d u s t r i e u - x , - s e , adj., ingenious,
t w o o'clock. De bonne heure, skilful,
early. i n f o r t u n e , s.f, misfortune,
h e u r e u - x , -se, adj., h a p p y , for- i n f o r t u n , - e , adj., unfortunate,
tunate, i n j u s t i c e , s.f., injustice,
h i e r , adv., yesterday, i n q u i - e t , - t , adj., anxious,

h i p p o p o t a m e , s.?., h i p p o p o t a m u s , i n s t a l l e r , v.t., instal.
h i r o n d e l l e , s.f., swallow, i n s t i t u t - e u r , s.m., -rice, s.f., tutor,
h i s t o i r e , s.f., his>%ry, story, governess,

hiver, s.m., win,, r. i n s t r u i r e ( 333), v.t., i n s t r u c t ,
' H o l l a n d e , s.f., Holland, teach.
h o m m e , s.m., m a n . i n s t r u m e n t , s.m., i n s t r u m e n t ,
h o n n e u r , s.m., h o n o u r , i n s u r g , s.m., i n s u r g e n t ,
' h o n t e , s.f, s h a m e . Avoir honte, i n t e l l i g e n t , - e , adj., intelligent,
be ashamed, i n t e n t i o n , s.f., i n t e n t i o n . Avoir
h t e l , s.m., hotel. Htel de ville, l'intention de, i n t e n d to.
town-hall. i n t r e s s e r , v.t., interest,
' h u i t , num. adj., eight, s ' i n t r e s s e r , v.r., t a k e a n i n t e r e s t ,
h u t r e , s.f., o y s t e r . i n t r t , s.m., interest,
h y g i S n e , s.f., hygiene. i n t e r p r t e r ( 266), v.t.,interpret,
i n t e r v a l l e , s.m., interval,
f ci, adv., h e r e . i n t e r v e n i r ( 297), v.i., intervene,

i d e , s.f, idea, n o t i o n , i n t r o d u i r e ( 332), v.t., i n t r o d u c e ,
i g n o r a n c e , s.f., i g n o r a n c e , show in.

il, pers. pron. m., he, it j ils, pl., i n v e c t i v e , s.f, invective,
they. i n v e n t e r , v.t., invent,
i l l u s i o n , s.f, illusion, i r l a n d a i s , - e , adj., Irish.
s ' i m a g i n e r , v.r., i m a g i n e one's I t a l i e , s.f., I t a l y .
self, f a n c y ,
i m m d i a t e m e n t , adv., immedi- T a c q u e s , s.m., J a m e s . Jacques
ately. V bonhomme, n i c k n a m e desig-
i m m i n e n c e , s.f., imminence, n a t i n g t h e F r e n c h p e a s a n t s as
i m p r a t r i c e , s.f., empress, a class,
i m p l o r e r , v.t., implore, beg. j a l o u - x , - s e , adj., jealous,
i m p o l i t e s s e , s.f., incivility, j a m a i s , adv., ever ; never,
i m p o r t a n t , - e , adj., important, j a p o n a i s , - e , adj., Japanese,
i m p o r t e r , v.t., import, j a r d i n , s.m., garden,
i m p r i m e r i e , s.f., p r i n t i n g , je, pers. pron., I.
i n c l i n e r , v.t., incline, J e a n , s.m., J o h n ,
s'incliner, v.r., b o w . j e u n e , adj., young,

i n c o n s i d r m e n t , adv., incon- j o l i , - e , adj., pretty,
siderately, j o u e r , v.i., p l a y ,
i n d e m n i t , s . f , indemnity, jour, s.m., d a y .
i n d i g n , - e , adj., indignant, j o u r n a l , s.m., n e w s p a p e r ,

i n d i g o , s.m., indigo, j o u v e n c e - a u , s.m., -lie, s.f., l a d ,
i n d i v i d u , s.m., i n d i v i d u a l , s t r i p l i n g , lass,
i n d o c i l e , adj., indocile, j u g e , s.m., j u d g e ,
i n d o m p t , - e , adj., u n t a m e d , wild. j u g e m e n t , s.m., j u d g m e n t .
VOCABULARY. 189
j u g e r ( 274), v.t. $ t., judge. louer, v.t., p r a i s e .

Julie, s J., J u l i a . L o u i s , s.m., Lewis.
j u s q u e , prep., to, as f a r as, till. L o u i s e , s f . , Louisa,
Jusqu', till. Jusqu' ce que, l o u p , s.m., w o l f ,
conf., till, l o u r d , -e, a d j . , h e a v y ,
j u s t e , adj., just. lui, pers. pron., he, h i m ; to h i m ,

t o her, t o it. Lui-mme, h i m -
T a, def. art./., the. self.
-*-1 la, pers. pron., h e r , it. l u m i r e , s.f, light,
l, adv., t h e r e , t h i t h e r , l u n d i , s.m., M o n ' ' ly.
l a b o u r e u r , s.m., husbandman,
l c h e , adj., cowardly, "ly/Taon, s.m., m a s o n .
l a i s s e r , v.t., leave, let. m a d a m e ,s/., madam,
l a i t , s.m., milk, m a h o m t a n , adj., M a h o m e t a n ,
-e,
l a m p e , s.f., lamp, m a i n , s.f, hand,
l a n g u e , s.f., t o n g u e , l a n g u a g e , m a i n - f o r t e , s.f, help,
l a v e r , v.t., wash. m a i n t , - e , adj., m a n y a.
se l a v e r , , v.r., w a s h , m a i n t e n a n t , a d v . , n o w .
l e , def. art. m., t h e . m a i s , conj., b u t .
le, pers. pron. m., h i m , it. m a i s o n , s.f, house,
l e o n , s.f., lesson, m a t r e , s.m., m a s t e r , t e a c h e r ,
l e n t e m e n t , adv., slowly, m a t r e s s e , s . f , mistress,
l e q u e l , rel. fy inter, pron. /., mal, adv., ill, b a d l y ,
l a q u e l l e , / . , lesquels, p l . m., m a l a d e , a d j . , ill.
p l . f , who, whom,
l e s q u e l l e s , m a l a d e , s.m.f., p a t i e n t ,
t h a t , w h i c h , w h i c h one. s.m., m a l e f a c t o r ,
m a l f a i t e u r ,
les, def. art.pl., the. m a l h e u r , s.m., m i s f o r t u n e ,
les, pers. pron., m. %f.pl., them, m a n g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , v.t. Jj- i . , e a t .
l e t t r e , s.f, letter, m a r c h e r , w a l k , go.
v.i.,
l e u r , pen. pron., to t h e m , m a r c h a l , s.m., m a r s h a l ,
l e u r , pass, adj., t h e i r . Le lew, m a r i , s.m., h u s b a n d .
la leur, les leurs, poss. pron., M a r i e , s . f , Mary,
theirs. m a r i n e , s.f, navy,
m a r r a i n e , s.f., godmother,
se l e v e r ( 2 5 8 ) , v.r., rise, g e t up.
m a r t e a u , s.m., h a m m e r ,
libert, s . f , liberty.
m a t r i a u x , s.m. pl., materials,
l i c o u , s.m., halter.
m a t i n , s.m., m o r n i n g ,
lie, s.f, dregs.
m a u d i r e ( 3 4 3 ) , v.t., curse,
l i e u e , s.f, league.
m a u v a i s , -e, a d j . , b a d .
l i m e , s.f, file.
ma, pers. pron., me, t o m e ; m y -
lire ( 3 1 8 ) , v.t. % i., read.
self, to m y s e l f ,
lit, s.m., bed.
m c h a n t , - e , adj., wicked,
livre, s.m., book. m c o n n a t r e ( 313), v.t., m i s -
l o c o m o t i o n , s.f, locomotion. construe,
l o i , s.f, law. m d e c i n , s.m., doctor.
L o n d r e s , s.m., London. M d i t e r r a n e , s.f., M e d i t e r r a n e a n ,
l o n g , - u e , adj., long. m e i l l e u r , -e, adj., b e t t e r . Le
l o n g t e m p s , adv., long, a long
w h i l e , meilleur, t h e best,
l o r s q u e , conj^ w h e n . m m e , adj., same, self.
190 FRENCH- ENGLISH
m m e , a d v . , e v e n , m o n o t o n e , a d j . , m o n o t o n o u s ,
m e n a c e , s.f., threat, m o n s i e u r , s.m., sir, g e n t l e m a n ,
m e n e r ( 2 5 8 ) , v.t., lead, M r .
m e n t e n r , s.m., liar, m o n s t r u e u - x , -se, a d j . , m o n s t r o u s ,
1
m e n t i r ( 285), v.i., lie. m o n t a g n e , s.f., m o u n t a i n .
m p h i t i q u e , a d j . , m e p h i t i c . M o n t n g r i n , s.m., M o n t e n e g r i n ,
m r e , s.f., m o t h e r , m o n t e r , v.i., m o u n t . Monter
m r i t e , s.m.., m e r i t , cheval, ride o n h o r s e b a c k ,
m r i t e r , v.t., deserve, m o n t r e , s.f., w a t c h ,
m e s s i e u r s , s.m. p l . , g e n t l e m e n , m o n u m e n t , s.m., m o n u m e n t .
Messrs. se m o q u e r (de), v.r., l a u g h at.
m t i e r , s.m., trade, calling, m o r t , s.f., d e a t h ,
m t r e , s.m., m e t r e ( 1 ' 0 9 3 6 3 3 m o r t , -e, a d j . , d e a d ,
y a r d s ) , m o u c h e , s.f., fly.
m e t t r e ( 346), v.t., put. m o u d r e ( 323), v.t., g r i n d ,
se m e t t r e , v.r., p u t one's self, m o u r i r ( 299), v.i., die.
b e g i n . m o u s t a c h e , s.f., m o u s t a c h e ,
m e u r t r i - e r , -re, a d j . , m u r d e r o u s , m o u s t i q u e , s.m., m u s q u i t o .
m i d i , s.m., n o o n , m i d d a y , t w e l v e m o u t o n , s.m., s h e e p ,
o'clock. m o u v o i r ( 303), v.t., m o v e , w o r k .

se m o u v o i r , v.r., m o v e ,
m i e n , - n e ( w i t h def. art.), pass.
m o y e n , s.m., m e a n s ,
pron., m i n e ,
m u g i r , v.i., roar.
m i e u x , adv., better. Le mieux,
b e s t . m u l e t , s.m., m u l e , s.f., h e - m u l e ,
m i l , num. a d j . , o n e t h o u s a n d ( i n s h e - m u l e ,
dates A.D.). m u r , s.m., wall,
m i l l e , num. a d j . , t h o u s a n d , m r , -e, a d j . , ripe,
m i l l e , s.m,., m i l e . m r i r , v.i., ripen,
m i l l i a r d , s.m., o n e t h o u s a n d m i l - m u s i q u e , s.f., m u s i c .
lions.
m i l l i o n , s.m., million. p a t r e ( 316), v.i., b e b o r n .
m i n i s t r e , s.m., minister. N a p o l o n , s.m., N a p o l e o n ,
m i n u i t , s.m., m i d n i g h t . n a r r a t i o n , s . f , narrative,
m i n u t e , s.f., m i n u t e . n a t i o n , s . f , n a t i o n ,
m i s r e , s.f., m i s e r y . n a t u r e , s.f., nature,
adj., m o d e r n .
m o d e r n e , n a u f r a g e , s.m., s h i p w r e c k ,
moi, pers. pron., I, me, to me. n a u f r a g , -e, s.m., p e r s o n s h i p -
A moi I h e l p 1 w r e c k e d , c a s t a w a y ,
m o i n d r e , adj., less. Le moindre, ne, adv., n o t .
t h e least, n c e s s a i r e , a d j . , necessary.
m o i n s , adv., less. Au moins, at n e i g e , s.f., s n o w .
least, a t a n y rate. n e i g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , v.impers., s n o w .
& m o i n s q u e . . . ne, unless, n e t t o y e r ( 272), v.t., clean.
m o i s , s.m., m o n t h n e v e u , s.m., n e p h e w .
m o i s s o n , s.f., harvest, crop, n e z , s.m., nose.
m o l l e m e n t , a d v . , feebly, ni, eonj., neither, nor,
m o m e n t , s.m., m o m e n t , nid, s.m., nest.
m o n d e , s.m., w o r l d . Tout le nier, v.t., d e n y .
monde, e v e r y one. noble, a d j . , noble.
VOCABULAHY. 191
noir, -e, adj., b l a c k , ou, conj., or, either.

n o m b r e , s.m., n u m b e r , o, a d v . , w h e r e , w h i t h e r ; at
n o m b r e u - x , -se, a d j . , n u m e r o u s . w h i c h , i n w h i c h ; w h e n ,
se n o m m e r , v.r., b e called, oublier, v.t., forget,
non, <adv., no, not. o u e s t , s.m., w e s t ,
n o t r e , poss. adj. m.f., nos, pl., our. o u r s , -e, s.m.f., bear,
n o u r r i r , v.t., nourish, b r i n g u p . o u v r a g e , s.m., w o r k ,
n o u s , pers. pron., w e , us, t o us. o u v r i e r , s.m., w o r k m a n ,
n o u v e a u w n o u v e l , -le, a d j . , n e w . o u v r i r ( 2 9 3 ) , v.t., o p e n .
n o u v e l l e , s.f., n e w s , tidings,
n o u v e l l e m e n t , a d v . , n e w l y .
se n o y e r ( 272), v.r., b e d r o w n e d , " p a i e m e n t or p a y e m e n t , s.m
d r o w n , ^ p a y m e n t .
n u e , s . f , c l o u d , s w a r m , p a i n , s.m., b r e a d , loaf.
n u i r e ( 335), v.i., hurt, h a r m , p a i x , s . f , p e a c e .
n u i t , s . f , n i g h t . p a l a i s , s.m., palace.
nul, -le, imef. adj. fy pron., no, p a l m i e r , s.m., p a l m .
n o t a n y , n o o n e . papier, s.m., paper.
fax, prep., by.

p a r a t r e ( 3 1 4 ) , v.i., a p p e a r
/ " J b j e t , s.m., object, pare, s.m., park,
" o b s c u r m e n t , a d v . , o b s c u r e l y , p a r c e q u e , conj., b e c a u s e ,
obscurit, s.f., obscurity, p a r c o u r i r ( 2 9 8 ) , v.t., g o over,
s'occuper, v.r., o c c u p y one's self, p a r d e s s u s , s.m., overcoat,
b e b u s y , p a r e s s e , s . f , idleness, laziness,
o d e u r , s . f , odour, smell, scent, p a r e s s e u - x , -se, a d j . , lazy,
il, s.m, ( p l . y e u x ) , e y e . p a r f a i t , -e, a d j . , perfect,
u v r e , s . f , w o r k , parfois, a d v . , s o m e t i m e s ,
o f f i c e , s.m., service, p a r f u m , s.m., p e r f u m e ,
officier, s.m., officer, parler, v.i., s p e a k , talk,
offre, s . f , offer, p a r l e r , s.m., u t t e r a n c e ,
offrir ( 293), v.t., ofEer. p a r m i , prep., a m o n g ,
o i n d r e ( 3 3 1 ) , v.t., a n o i n t , p a r o l e , s.f., w o r d ,
o i s e a u , s.m., bird, p a r r a i n , s.m., g o d f a t h e r ,
oisi-f, -ve, a d j . , idle, parti, s.m., side, resolution.
on, indef. pron., one, t h e y , p e o p l e , Prendre son parti, m a k e u p
oncle, s.m., u n c l e , one's m i n d ,
o n z e , m o n . a d j . , e l e v e n , p a r t i c i p e , s.m., participle,
o p i n i t r e m e n t , a d v . , o b s t i n a t e l y , p a r t i r ( 2 8 6 ) , v.i., set out, start,
or, s.m., g o l d , p a r t o u t , a d v . , e v e r y w h e r e ,
oracle, s.m., oracle, pas, adv., no, n o t .
o r a n g e r , s.m., o r a n g e - t r e e , p a s s a g e , s.m., passage,
o r a t e u r , s.m., orator, p a s s a n t , s.m., passer-by.
o r d o n n e r , v.t., order, p a s s , -e, a d j . , past, last,
ordre, t.m., order, p a s s e p o r t , s.m., passport,
oreille, s . f , ear. passer, v.t., pass.
o r i g i n e , s . f , origin, sc p a s s e r de, v.r., d o w i t h o u t , dis-
orner, v.t., a d o r n , p e n s e w i t h ,
oser, v.t., dare. p a s s i o n , s.f. passion.
J. F. C.
13
192 FRENCH- ENGLISH
p a t h t i q u e , adj., pathetic, p i r e , adj., worse. Le pire, t h e

ptissi-er, s.m., -re, s.f., p a s t r y - worst.
cook. p i t t o r e s q u e , adj., picturesque,
patrie, s.f., n a t i v e c o u n t r y , place, s.f., place ; post ; square,
p a u v r e , adj., poor. p l a i d e u r , s.m., l i t i g a n t .
p a y e r , v.t., p a y , p a y for. se p l a i n d r e ( 329), v.r., c o m p l a i n ,
p a y s , s.m., c o u n t r y . p l a i r e ( 317), v.i., please. S'il
p c h e , / . , peach. vous plat, if you please,
p c h e , s.f., fishing. p l a i s i r , s.m., p l e a s u r e ,
p c h e r , v.t. 4' i-> fish, fish f o r . p l a n t e r , v.t., p l a n t ,
p d a n t , s.m., p e d a n t . p l a t e - b a n d e , s.f., border,
p e i n e , s.f., p a i n , t r o u b l e , a n x i e t y . pltre, s.m., plaster,

p e n d a n t , prep., during. p l e u r e r , v.i., cry, w e e p ,
p e n d a n t q u e , conj., whilst, w h i l e . p l e u v o i r ( 304), v.impers., rain,

p e n s e r , v.t. i., t h i n k . p l o m b , s.m., lead,
p e n s o m , s.m., imposition. p l o y e r ( 272), v.i., b e n d ,
p e r c e r ( 275), v.t., pierce. p l u m e , s.f., f e a t h e r , pen.
p e r d r e , v.t., lose. p l u s , adv., m o r e . Plus . . . pha,

p e r d r i x , s.f., p a r t r i d g e . t h e more . . . t h e more. Le
pre, s.m., f a t h e r . plus, t h e most,
p l u s i e u r s , pron. $ adj., m.f. pl.,
p e r f i d e , adj., perfidious.
p r i r , v.i., perish. several,
p e r l e , s . f , pearl. p o i g n a n t , - e , adj., keen,
p e r m e t t r e ( 346), v.t, permit, point, a d v . , n o , n o t , n o t a t all.
allow. poire, s.f., pear,

p e r s v r e r ( 266), v.i., perse- p o l i c e , s.f., police,
vere. p o m m e , s.f., a p p l e . Pomme de
p e r s o n n e , s.f., person, terre, potato,
p e r s o n n e , indef. pron. m., a n y - p o p u l a i r e , adj., popular,
body, nobody, p o p u l a t i o n , s.f., p o p u l a t i o n ,
p e r s u a d e r , v.t. $" .", persuade, p o r t , s.m., port, h a r b o u r ,
p e r t e , s.f., loss, d e s t r u c t i o n , p o r t e , s.f., gate, door,
p e t i t , - e , adj., little, small, p o r t e - m o n n a i e , s.m., purse,
p t i t i o n , s / . , petition, p o r t e r , v.t., carry, incline,

peu, adv., little, f e w . p o s i t i o n , s.f., position,
p e u p l e , s.m., people, n a t i o n , p o s s d e r ( 266), v.t., possess,
p e u r , s.f., f e a r . Avoir peur, b e p o s s i b l e , adj., possible,
a f r a i d . De peur de, for f e a r p o u d r e , s.f, powder, g u n p o w d e r ,
of. De peur que . . . ne, lest, p o u r , prep., for ; i n order to, to.
for f e a r t h a t , p o u r p a r l e r , s.m., parley,
p e u t - t r e , adv., perhaps, p o u r q u o i , conj., w h y .
p h a r e , s.m., light-house, p o u r s u i v r e ( 338), v.t., pursue,

p h r a s e , s.f., phrase, sentence. p o u r v u q u e , conj., p r o v i d e d t h a t ,
P i e r r e , s.m., Peter, p o u s s e r , v.t., push ; utter,

p i e r r e , s.f., stone, p o u v o i r ( 306), v.t. be able,
p i l o t e , s.m., pilot, can, may.
p i m e n t , s.m., capsicum, p r a i r i e , s.f, meadow,
p i n c e - s a n s - r i r e , s.m., sly, m a l i - p r f r e r ( 266), v.t., prefer,
cious person. p r e m i - e r , - r e , adj., first.
VOCABULARY. 193
p r e n d r a ( 345), v.t., take, q u a t r e - v i n g t s , num. adj., eighty,

p r p a r e r , v.t., prepare. que, rel. <f' inter, pron., w h o m ,
se p r p a r e r , v.r., p r e p a r e , t h a t , which, w h a t ,
p r e s e r i p t i o n , s.f., order, que, conj., t h a t ; t h a n ,
p r e s c r i r e ( 336), v.t., prescribe, q u e l , - l e , inter, adj., w h a t . Quel
p r s e n t e m e n t , a d v . , n o w . que, w h a t e v e r ,
p r s i d e n t , s.m., p r e s i d e n t , q u e l c o n q u e , adj., whatever,
p r e s q u e , adv., almost, q u e l q u e , adj., some, a n y , a f e w .
p r t e r , v.t., lend, q u e l q u ' u n , - e , indef. pron., some-
p r t e u - r , s.m., - s e , s f . , lender, body, some one, a n y b o d y , a n y
prtre, s.m., - s s e , s.f, priest, one. Quelques-uns, -unes, some,
priestess, s o m e people, a n y , a few.
p r i e r , v.t. Sf %., p r a y , beg. se q u e r e l l e r , v.r., q u a r r e l ,
p r i r e , sj., prayer, q u e s t i o n , s.f, question,
prince, s.m., - s s e , s . f , prince, q u e u e , s.f., tail.
princess, qui, rel. Sf inter, pron., who,

p r i n c i p a l , - e , adj., principal, whom, which, that,
p r i n t e m p s , s.m., spring, q u i t t e r , v.t., q u i t , leave,
p r i s o n n i - e r , s.m., -re, s . f , pri- q u o i , rel. Sf inter, pron., w h i c h ,
soner, what.
p r i x , s.m., price ; prize, q u o i q u e , conj., although.
p r o c h a i n , - e , adj., next,
p r o c l a m a t i o n , s.f., p r o c l a m a t i o n ,
p r o f e s s e u r , s.m., professor, T > a c o n t e r , v.t., relate.
p r o f o n d , - e , adj., deep, raisin, s.m., g r a p e , grapes,
p r o f o n d m e n t , adv., deeply, r a i s o n , s.f., reason,
p r o j e t , s.m., project, r a i s o n n e m e n t , s.m., reasoning,
p r o m e n a d e , s.f., w a l k , r a m a s s e r , r.i., pick up.
p r o m o u v o i r ( 303), v.t., promote, r a m e a u , s.m,, bough. Le di-
p r o n o n c i a t i o n , . / . , pronunciation, manche des Itameaux, Palm-
proph-te, s.m., -tesse, s.f., pro- Sunday.
p h e t , prophetess, se r a p p e l e r ( 261), v.r., recollect,
p r o p o s e r , v.t., propose, r a s s u r e r , v.t., reassure,
p r o p r e , a d j . , o w n . r a t , s.m., r a t .
p r o v e r b e , s.m., p r o v e r b , r a v i r , v.t., delight,
p r u d e n c e , s.f, p r u d e n c e , r e c e v o i r ( 301), v.t., receive,
p r u d e n t , -o, adj., p r u d e n t , cau- r e c h e r c h e , s.f., search,
tious. r c i t , s.m., n a r r a t i o n ,
p u b l i - c , - q u e , adj., public, r e c o m m e n c e r , v.t., b e g i n a g a i n ,
p u b l i c , s.m., public, r c o m p e n s e , s.f., r e w a r d ,
p u r i l , - e , adj., childish, r c o m p e n s e r , v.t., r e w a r d ,
p u i s , adv., t h e n , a f t e r t h a t , r e c o n n a t r e ( 313), v.t., recog-

p u n i r , v.t., punish. nize.
P y r n e s , s.f. pl., Pyrenees. r e c o u d r e ( 327), v.t., sew again,
r e c o u r i r ( 298), v.i., apply,
Q ualit,
q u a n d ,
s.f, quality,
a d v . , w h e n ,
r e c u e i l l i r ( 292), v.t., receive.
se r e c u e i l l i r , v.r., m e d i t a t e ,
q u a r t , s.m., q u a r t e r , rflchir, v.i., reflect, medi-
q u a t r e , num. adj., four. tate.
194 EitENCH- ENGLISH
r e f l t e r ( 2 6 6 ) , v.t., reflect, t h r o w se retirer, v.r., retire,
back, r e t o u r n e r , v.i., r e t u r n , go back,

e f u s e r , v.t., refuse, r e t o u r n e r , v.t., t u r n , t u r n over.
r e g a r d e r , v.t., look a t . se r e t o u r n e r , v.r., t u r n rouncj.

r g i m e n t , s.m., r e g i m e n t , r u n i r , v.t., unite.
r g l e , s.f., rule, se r u n i r , v.r., m e e t ,
r e g r e t , s.m., regret. r u s s i r , v.i,, succeed,
r e g r e t t e r , v.t., regret, r e v e n i r ( 297), v.i., come b a c k ,
r g u l i e r , - r e , adj., regular, r e v t i r ( 295), v.t., clothe, p u t on.
r e i n e , s.f., queen, r e v o i r ( 310), v.t., see a g a i n ,

r e i n e - m a r g u e r i t e , s.f., China- review,
aster. r v o l t a n t , - e , adj., revolting.
r e j e t e r ( 262), v.t., r e j e c t , R h i n , s.m., R h i n e ,
r e l e v e r ( 258), v.t., raise again, riche, a d j . , rich.
relieve. r i e n , indef. pron., anything,

r e l i r e ( 318), v.t., r e a d a g a i n . n o t h i n g . N'aboutir rien, to
B e m i , s.m., Remigius. come to nothing,
r e m p l a c e r ( 275), v.t., replace, r i e n - r , - s e , adj., laughing.
r e m p l i r , v.t., fill, fulfil, r i r e ( 339), v.i., laugh.
r e m u a n t , - e , adj., restless, se r i r e d e , v.r., l a u g h a t .
r e m u e r , v.t. $ i., move, stir, r i v a g e , s.m., shore,
r e n c o n t r e r , v.t., meet. r i v i r e , s.f., river,
se r e n d o r m i r ( 284), v.r., fall r o b e , s.f., dress,

roi, s.m., k i n g ,
asleep again,
r e n d r e , v.t., render, return. rle, s.m., p a r t , c h a r a c t e r ,
r o m a i n , - e , adj., Roman.
se r e n d r e , v.r., s u r r e n d e r ,
. R o m a i n , s.m., Roman,
r e n o u v e l e r ( 261), v.t., r e n e w ,
r o m p r e , v.t., break,
r e n t r e r , v.i., enter again, r e t u r n ,
r o u g e , a d j . , red.
r e n v o y e r ( 282), v.t., send b a c k ,
r p a n d r e , v.t., spread, r o u g i r , v.i.,
blush,
r e p a s , s.m., meal, r e p a s t ,
r o u - x , adj., reddish,
-sse,
r o y a l , - e , adj., royal,
r p t e r ( 266), v.t., repeat,
r p o n s e , s.f., answer, rue, s.f, street,
r u i n e , s.f., ruin.
r e p r i s e , s.f., repetition. A plu-
sieurs reprises, r e p e a t e d l y , rusBe, adj., Russian.
r e p r o c h e , s.m., r e p r o a c h .
Russie, s.f, Russia.
se r e p r o c h e r , v.r., r e p r o a c h o n e ' s
self.
r p u b l i q u e , s/., republic, Q a . See son.
r p u t a t i o n , s.f, reputation, ^ adj., sage, wise,

s a g e ,
r e q u r i r ( 300), v.t., request, s a i n t , s.m., saint,
r s i s t e r , v.i., resist, s a i s i r , v.t., seize,
r s o l u t i o n , s.f, resolution, s a i s o n , s.f, season,

r s o u d r e ( 325),v.t. resolve ; s a l l e , s. f., ball, room,
dissolve ; solve. s a l u t a t i o n , s.f, salutation. Ami-

se r s o u d r e , v.r., resolve, caler salutations, k i n d regards,
r e s s e m b l e r , v.i., resemble, s a n g , s.m., blood,
r e s t e r , v.i., r e m a i n , stay, sans,prep., without,

r e t a r d , s.m., d e l a y . s a n t , s.f., healtt).
VOCABULARY. 195
s.f.,
s a t i s f a c t i o n , satisfaction, s o l d a t , s.m., soldier,
s a u v a g e , adj., savage, wild. sollicitation, s . f , solicitation,
S a u v e u r , s.m., deliverer, Saviour, s o m m e , s f . , s u m .
s a v a m m e n t , adv., learnedly, s o m m e i l , s.m., sleep,
s a v o f r ( 305), v.t., k n o w ; be able, son, s.m., sound.
can. son, m., sa, / . , ses, m.f. pl., post.
s c i e n c e , s.f., k n o w l e d g e , science, adj., his, her, its.
se, rejlex. pron., h i m s e l f , h e r - s o n g e r ( 274), v.i., think
self, itself ; t h e m s e l v e s ; one's sort, s.m., lot.
self. s o r t i r ( 2 9 0 ) , v . i . , go o u t .
s a n c e , s.f, sitting, sot, -te, s. Sf adj., fool, foolish,

sec, sche, a d j . , d r y . sou, s.m., sou, h a l f p e n n y ,
s e c o n d , -e, adj., second, s o u h a i t e r , v.t., wish,
secours, s.m., help. Crier au s o u p o n n e r , v.t., suspect
secours, c r y for help, s o u p e r , v.i., s u p .
s e o r - e t , - t e , adj., secret source, s.f., source,

s e c r e t , s.m., secret. s o u r d , adj., deaf,
-e,
S e i g n e u r , s.m., Lord. s o u r n o i s , - e , adj., artful,

s e i z i m e , adj., sixteenth, sous, prep., u n d e r , b e n e a t h , i n .
s j o u r n e r , v.i., s t a y , s o u s c r i r e ( 336), v.t., sign,
s e m a i n e , s.f, week, e s o u v e n i r d e ( 297), v.r., re-
s e m b l a b l e , adj., like, such, member,

s e m b l e r , v.i., seem, a p p e a r , s o u v e n t , adv., often,
s e m e r ( 2 5 8 ) , v.t., s o w . s p e c t a c l e , s.m., spectacle,
s e n t e n c e , s.f, sentence, style, s.m., style,

s e r - f , - v e , s.m.f, serf, s u b i r , v.t., undergo,
s r i e u s e m e n t , adv., seriously, s u b s t a n t i e l , - l e , adj., substantial,
s e r p e n t , s.m., serpent, s u c c s , s.m., success,
s e r r e , s.f, talon, s u c c e s s i v e m e n t , a d v . , succes-
s e r v a n t e , s.f., servant-maid, sively.

s e r v i r ( 289), v.t. 4'i., serve. s u c c o m b e r , v.i., succumb.
se s e r v i r (de), v.r., use.
s u c r e , s . m . , sugar.
s e u l e m e n t , adv., only, sud, s.m., s o u t h .
si, conj., if, w h e t h e r , s u d o i s , -e, a d j . , S w e d i s h .
si, adv., so, so m u c h , yes. ( 340), v.i., suffice, b e
suffire
s i c l e , s.m., century, sufficient.
sien, - n e ( w i t h def. art.), pers. S u i s s e , s f . , Switzerland,
pron., his, hers, its. s u i t e , s.f., consequence. Par

s i g n e r , v.t., sign, suite de, in consequence of.
s i l e n c e , s.m., silence, s u i v r e ( 338), v.t., follow,
s i m p l e , adj., simple, s u j e t , s.m., s u b j e c t , g r o u n d . Au
s i t t q u e , conj., as soon as. sujet de, w i t h r e g a r d to.
s i x , num. adj., six. s u p r i e u r , - e , adj., superior,
s o b r e m e n t , adv., soberly, s u p p o s e r , v.t., suppose,
s u r , s.f., sister, s u r , prep., u p o n , on, over,
soi, rijtex.pron., one's self, self, s u r p a s s e r , v.t., surpass,
s o i n , s.m., care, s u r p r e n d r e ( 345), v.t.., sur-
s o i r , s.m., e v e n i n g , n i g h t , { prise.
sol, s.m., soil, g r o u n d . I s u r v e n i r ( 297), v.i., t u r n up.
196 FRENCH- ENGLISH
M ' a b a c , s.m., tobacco, se trahir, v.r., b e t r a y one's self,
table, s.f., table, t r a i r e ( 3 3 7 ) , v.t., m i l k ,
t c h e , s.f., task, traite, s.f., bill,
t a i l l e , s.f., cutting, t r a n q u i l l e , a d j . , quiet, c a l m ,
t a i l l e u g s.m., tailor, t r a n s p o r t e r , v.t., c o n v e y , trans-
t a i r e ( 319), v.t., say nothing of. port.
se t a i r e , v.r., be silent, t r a v a i l , s.m., w o r k ,

t a l e n t , s.m., talent, t r a v a i l l e r , v.i., w o r k ,
t a q u i n e r , v.t., tease, t r e m b l e r , v.i., t r e m b l e , shiver,
t a r d , adj. $ adv., late, trente, n u m . a d j . , thirty,
te, pers. pron., thee, to thee, trs, a d v . , very.
t e i n t u r e , s.f., dyeing, t r e s s a i l l i r ( 291), v.i., s t a r t
t e l , -le, adj., such, like, thrill,
t m r a i r e , adj., rash, tribu, s.f., tribe,
t e m p t e , s.f., tempest, trois, num. a d j . , three,
t e m p l e , s.m., temple, t r o i s i m e , num. a d j . , third,
t e m p s , s.m., time ; weather, t r o m p e r , v.t., d e c e i v e .
tenir, ( 296), v.t. $ i., h o l d . se t r o m p e r , v.r., b e m i s t a k e n ,
Tenir , desire to. t r o m p e u - r , -se, a d j . , deceitful,
se t e n i r , v.r., stay, remain, trop, a d v . , t o o m u c h , t o o m a n y ,
t e r r a , s.f, earth, land, too.
t e r r i t o i r e , s.m., territory, tropical, -e, a d j . , tropical.

t h , s.m., tea. t r o p i q u e , s.m., tropic.
t h t r e , s,m., theatre, t r o u p e , s.f., troop.
t h o r i e , s.f., theory, t r o u p e a u , s.m., flock.
t i g r e s s e , s.f, tigress, t r o u v e r , v.t., find.
t i r a i l l e u r , s.m., skirmisher. En se t r o u v e r , v.r., find o n e ' s self, be.
tirailleurs, in skirmishing truie, s . f , s o w .
order. tsar, s.m., czar.
t i r e r , v.t. % i., draw, fence. t s a r i n e , s.f., czarina.
se t i r e r , v.r., extricate one's self. tu, pers. pron,, t h o u , y o u .
Se tirer d'affaire, get out of a tuer, v.t., kill.
fix. Turc, s.m., T u r k .
t i t r e , s.m., title. t u r c o - g r e c , -que, a d j . , T u r c o -
toi, pers. pron., thee, thou. G r e e k , G r e c o - T u r k i s h .
t o m b e r , v.i., fall.
t o n , m., t a , / . , t e s , m.f. pl., poss.
T T l y s s e , s.m., U l y s s e s .
adj., thy. ^ num. adj., o n e .
un, -e,
t o n n e r , v.i., thunder,
un, -e, indef. adj. fy pron., one.
tort, s.m., wrong. Avoir tort, un, -e, indef. art., a, an.
be wrong, u s a g e , s.m., use.
t o u j o u r s , adv., always,
u s i n e , s.f., factory,
t o u r , s.m., turn. utile, a d j . , useful.
t o u s , adj. 7n.pl., t o u t e s , adj.f. pi.
t o u t , - e , adj., all, every. Tous
les jours, every day.
t o u t , s.m., whole, everything,
V accine,
v a c h e ,
s f . ,
s.f.,
v a c c i n a t i o n ,
c o w .
t o u t , adv., wholly, quite, v a i l l a n t , -e, a d j . , valiant,
t r a g d i e , s.f., tragedy. v a i n c r e ( 32S;, v.t., v a n q u i s h .

VOCABULARY. 197
v a i n q u e u r , s.m., victor, v i o l e t t e , s f . , violet.

v a i s s e a u , s.m., ship, v i s a g e , s.m., face.
valet, s.m., f o o t m a n , servant, visite, s . f , visit, call.
v a l o i r ( 308), v.i., b e w o r t h . vite, a d v . , q u i c k l y .
Valoir mieux, b e better, v i t r a i l , s.m., s t a i n e d g l a s s w i n d o w .
v a n i t , s.f., v a n i t y , v i v r e ( 326), v.i., live.

v a n t e r , v.t., v a u n t , extol, voici, h e r e is, h e r e are ; this is,
v a p e u r , s . f , s t e a m , t h e s e are.
v h i c u l e , s.m., vehicle, voil, t h e r e is, t h e r e are, t h a t is,
v e n d r e , v.t. % i., sell, t h o s e are.
v e n d r e d i , s.m,., F r i d a y , v o i r ( 3 1 0 ) , v.t., see.
v n r e r ( 2 6 6 ) , v.t., v e n e r a t e , v o i s i n , s.m., -e, s.f., n e i g h b o u r ,
v e n i r ( 297), v.i., c o m e . v o l e r , v.t., fly ; v.t., steal,
V e n i s e , s . f , V e n i c e , v o l e u r , s.m., t h i e f , r o b b e r ,
v e n t , s.m., w i n d , gale, v o l o n t , s . f , will,
v e r g e r , s.m., o r c h a r d , votre, poss. adj. m.f, vos, pl.,
v r i t a b l e , a d j . , true, g e n u i n e , your.
v e r m e i l , -le, a d j . , rosy, v o u l o i r ( 3 0 7 ) , v.t., will, b e w i l l -
v e r s e t , s.m., verse, ing, w i s h ,
v t i r ( 2 9 5 ) , v.t., clothe, v o u s , pers. pron., y o u , t o y o u .
v e u - f , -ve, s.m.f., w i d o w e r , w i d o w , Vous-mme, y o u r s e l f ,
v i a n d e , s . f , m e a t , v o y a g e , s.m., j o u r n e y ,
vice, s.m., vice, v o y a g e r ( 274), v.i., travel,
v i c o m t e s s e , s . f , viscountess, v o y a g e u r , s.m., traveller,
v i c t i m e , s f . , v i c t i m , v r a i , -e, a d j . , true,
v i c t o i r e , s.f., victory, v r a i m e n t , a d v . , truly, i n d e e d ,
vieille, s.f., o l d w o m a n , v u e , s . f , sight.
v i e u x or vieil, -le, a d j . , old.
v i g n e , s . f , v i n e ,
ville, s . f , t o w n , city,
" " , a d v . , there.
v i n , s.m., w i n e ,
y , p e r i , pron., t o h i m , her, it,
v i n g t , num. a d j . , t w e n t y ,
t h e m ; i n it, t h e m ,
v i o l e n t , -e, a d j . , v i o l e n t , s t r o n g .
y e u x . See il.
I I . E N G L I S H F E E N C H .
un effray. Be afraid, avoir

A ' a f r a i d ,
peur. Be much afraid, avoir
^ - J abandonner.
a b a n d o n , g r a n d peur.
a b b e y , abbaye,/. A f r i c a , Afrique, / .
a b l e , capable. Be able, pouvoir a f t e r , prep., aprs; conj., aprs que.
( 306). _ a f t e r n o o n , aprs-midi, m. and / .
a b o u t , environ, age, ge, m. Of age, m a j e u r .
a b o v e , au-dessus de. Under age, mineur,
a b s e n t , absent, a g i l i t y , agilit, / .
a b s o l v e , absoudre ($ 3 2 4 ) . a g i t a t e , mouvoir 303).
a c c e s s i o n , avnement, m. a g r e e , convenir ( 297), agrer,
a c c o m p a n y , accompagner, a g r e e a b l e , agrable,
a c c o u n t , rapport, m. aid, aide, assistance, / ,
a c c u r a t e l y , avec correction, aid, secourir (298), aider,
a c c u s e , accuser, aim, vise, / . Take aim, viser,
a c c u s t o m , accoutumer, air, air, m .
a c h i e v e , accomplir, A i x - l a - C h a p e l l e , m .
a c k n o w l e d g e , reconnatre ( 313). ajar, entr'ouvert,
a c q u i r e , acqurir ( 3 0 0 ) . a l a r u m - c l o c k , rveille-matin, m.
a c r o s s , travers, A l e x a n d e r , Alexandre, m.
act, acte, m. A l g i e r s , Alger, m.
act, agir, all, adj., tout, pl., tous,
active, acti-f, -ve. all, adv., tout. At all, du tout,
a c t r e s s , actrice, / . a l l e v i a t e , soulager ( 274).
a c t u a l l y , vritablement, a l l o w , permettre { 346), accorder
a d d r e s s , adresse,/, a l l u d e , faire ( 344) allusion,
a d d r e s s , adresser, s'adresser , a l m o s t , presque.
parler . A l p s , Alpes, / . pl.
a d j a c e n t , avoisinant. a l r e a d y , dj,
a d m i r e , admirer, a l s o , aussi.
a d m i t , admettre ( 346).
a l t h o u g h , bien que, q u o i q u e ,
a d v a n c e , s'avancer, avancer
a l w a y s , toujours,
( 275)
a m b a s s a d o r , ambassadeur, m.
a d v e r s a r y , adversaire, m.
a m b i g u o u s , ambigu, - .
a d v i c e , avis, conseil, <.
A m e r i c a , Amrique,/,
. f f i s o p , Esope, m.
a m m u n i t i o n , munitions, / . pl.
afar, loin,
a m o n g , parmi,
affair, affaire, / .
a m u s e , amuser.
affection, affection, / .
198
VOCABULARY. 199
a m u s i n g , amusant, a r r o w , flche, / .
a n , u n . a r s e n a l , arsenal, m.
a n c e s t o r s , anctres, aeux, m. pl. a r t , a r t , m.
a n c i e n t , a n c i e n , -ne. a r t i c l e , article, m.
a n d , et. a r t i l l e r y , artillerie, / .
a n g e r , colre,/. a s , conj., comme. As for, q u a n t .

A n g e v i n , angevin. as, adv., aussi . . . que.
n j o u , .Anjou, m. a s c e n d , gravir.
a n n o u n c e , a n n o n c e r ( 275). A s i a t i c , asiatique.
a n o t h e r , un autre. One another, a s i d e , de ct.
l'un l'autre, a s k , a s k for, d e m a n d e r .

a n s w e r , rponse, / . a s s a i l , assaillir ( 2 9 1 ) .
a n s w e r , rpondre, a s s e m b l e , assembler.
ant, f o u r m i , / , assembly, assemble,/.
a n t i d o t e , antidote, m. a s s i s t a n c e , aide, / .
a n t i - j a c o b i n , anti-jacobin, a s s i z e s , assises, / . pl. Court of
a n t i q u i t y , antiquit, / . assizes, cour ( / . ) d'assises,
any, d u , de la, de 1', d e s ; quel- a s s o c i a t i o n , association, / .
c o n q u e ; en. Anything, rien, a s s u r e , assurer,
a p p a l l i n g , effrayant, a s t o n i s h , tonner,
a p p e a l , appel, m: a s t o n i s h m e n t , t o n n e m e n t , m.
a p p e a r , p a r a t r e ( 3 1 4 ) , com- at, . At my grandmother's, chez
paratre, ma grand'mre,
a p p l a u s e , applaudissements, m. pl. a t h l e t e , athlte, m .
a p p l e , pomme,/, A t l a n t i c , Atlantique,
a p p l y , s'adresser. Apply one's self, a t t a c h , a t t a c h e r , a d j o i n d r e (331).
s'appliquer, Attached, dvou,

a p p r e c i a t e , apprcier. a t t a c k , attaque, / .
be a p p r e h e n s i v e , a p p r h e n d e r , a t t a c k , attaquer,
a p p r o a c h , approche,/, a t t a i n , a t t e i n d r e ( 3 3 0 ) , p a r -
a p p r o a c h , t., s ' a p p r o c h e r de, i., v e n i r ( 297).
s'approcher, a t t e m p t , tentative, / .
a p p r o v a l , approbation, / . a t t e m p t , t e n t e r , essayer ( 2 7 2 ) .
a p r i c o t , abricot, m. a t t e n t i o n , attention, / .
A r a b , A r a b e , m. a t t e n t i v e , attenti-f, -ve.
A r a b i a n , arabe, a t t o r n e y g e n e r a l , avocat gnral,
a r c h b i s h o p , a r c h e v q u e , m. a t t r a c t i v e , attrayant.
a r c h i p e l a g o , archipel, m. A u s t r i a , Autriche, / .
a r g u e , d b a t t r e ( 347). a u t h o r , a u t e u r , m.
a r i s e , se lever ( 258). a v e n g i n g , v e n g e - u r , -resse.
a r m , bras, m. a v o i d , viter,
a r m s , a r m e s , / . pl. Lay down a w a i t , attendre,
arms, m e t t r e 346) b a s les a w a k e , veill,
armes, a w a r d , dcerner.
a r m y , arme,/, A z o r e s , Aores, / . pl.
a r o u n d , autour d e .
arrest, arrestation,/,
a r r i v a i , arrive, / . >y, bb, m.
a r r i v e , arriver, aboutir. bad, mauvais.
200 KNGLISH-KENCH
B a d e n , Bade, / . B e n g a l , B e n g a l e , m.
badly, mal. b e s i e g e , assiger, ( 274).
baffle, c h a p p e r . b e s t , adj., le meilleur ; adv., le
B a l d w i n , B a u d o u i n , m. mieux,
b a l l , balle, / . Dance, b a l , e. b e s t o w , accorder,
b a n d i t , b a n d i t , m. betray, trahir.
bank, rive,/. b e t t e r , adj., meilleur ; adv., m i e u x .
barley, o r g e , / . Be better, valoir ( 308) m i e u x ,
barn, grange, / . between, entre,
b a r o n , b a r o n , m. b e y o n d , a u - d e l de.
base, b a s e r . b i g , gros, -se.
b a s i n , bas-fond, m. biography, biographie,/,
b a s i s , base, / . bishop, vque, m.
Bastille, Bastille,/. bite, m o r d r e ,
b a t a l l i o n , bataillon, m. b l a c k , noir,
b a t h , b a i n , m. blood, sang, m.
b a t h e , t., b a i g n e r , i., se Daigner, b l o w , coup, m.
b a t t e r y , batterie, / . b l u e , bleu,
battle, bataille,/, blush, rougir.
battle-axe, hache (/.) d'armes, b o a r d i n g - h o u s e , pension ( / ) de
be, tre ( j 348), se t r o u v e r , famille,
b e a c h , plage, / . b o a s t e r , h b l e u r , m.
b e a r , porter, s u p p o r t e r . Be born, b o a t , bateau, m.
natre 316). b o d y , corps, m.
b e a t , b a t t r e ( 347). boil, i., bouillir ( 283), t., f a i r e
b e a u t i f u l , beau or bel, -le. bouillir,
beauty, beaut,/, b o n d , lien, m.
become, d e v e n i r ( 297). book, livre, m. Exercise book,
bed, lit, m. Go to bed, se coucher, cahier, m.
beer, b i r e , / , b o o k - k e e p i n g , t e n u e ( / ) des
before, adv., a u p a r a v a n t , livres.
b e f o r e , prep, (of time) avant, be b o r n , n a t r e ($ 316).
(of place) devant, (with injin.) B o s p h o r u s , Bosphore, m.
a v a n t de ; conj., a v a n t q u e . b o t h , l ' u n et l ' a u t r e , t o u s les
beg, prier. deux,
b e g i n , commencer ( 275). Begin boy, garon, m.
afresh, recommencer, brandy, eau-de-vie,/,
b e g i n n i n g , c o m m e n c e m e n t , m. brave, vaillant,
b e h a v e , se comporter, se con- b r e a d , p a i n , m.
d u i r e (I 332). b r e a k , r o m p r e . Break into, en-
b e h i n d , d e r r i r e . From behind, f o n c e r ( | 275). Break out,
par derrire. clater,
Belgian, beige. b r e a k f a s t , d j e u n e r , m.
B e l g i u m , Belgique, / . b r e a t h , o u t of, essouffl,
believe, croire ( 321). b r e a t h one's l a s t , r e n d r e le d e r -
bell, cloche, / . n i e r soupir,
b e l o n g , a p p a r t e n i r ( 296). bride, pouse,/,
below, en bas, b r i e f l y , brivement,
b e n e f a c t o r , bienfaiteur, m. b r i l l i a n t , clatant.
VOCABULARY. 201
b r i n g , apporter, rapporter, amen- c a u s e , cause, / .

er, r a m e n e r 258). c a u t i o n , prudence, / .
B r i t a i n , Grande Bretagne, /. c e a s e , cesser.
B r i t i s h , britannique, c e d e , cder ( 266).
b r o a d , large, c e l e b r a t e , clbrer ( 266).
b r o t h e r , f r r e , m. c e l e s t i a l , cleste.
b r o w , f r o n t , m. c e n t r a l , central.
B r u s s e l s , Bruxelles, / . c e n t r e , centre, m.
b u i l d , btir. c e n t u r y , sicle, m.
b u i l d i n g , b t i m e n t , difice, m. c e r t a i n , certain.
b u l k , g r o s , m. c h a n g e , c h a n g e m e n t , m.
b u l l e t , balle,/, c h a n g e , t., c h a n g e r ( 274), t., se
b u l l e t i n , b u l l e t i n , m. changer,
b u l l - f i g h t , course ( / . ) de t a u - c h a n n e l , dtroit, m.
reaux, c h a p e l , chapelle, / .
b u r d e n , f a r d e a u , m. c h a p t e r , chapitre, m.
b u r n i n g , incendie, m. c h a r a c t e r , caractre, m.
but, mais. c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , caractristique,
buy, acheter (5 264). c h a r g e , attaquer,

b y , p a r , de. c h a r i t y , charit, / .
c h a r m , charme, m.
c h a r m i n g , charmant,
C ab, fiacre, m.
Caesar, Csar, m.
c h a r t , carte, / .
c h a s e , chasse, / .
c a l a m i t y , calamit, f . c h a s e , chasser, refouler,
call, appel, m. c h a t t e r e r , b a v a r d , m.
c a l l , appeler ( 261). c h e e r f u l n e s s , gaiet,/,
c a l m l y , tranquillement, c h e r r y , cerise,/,
can, p o u v o i r ( 306),savoir ( 305). c h i e f t o w n , chef-lieu, .
C a n a d a , Canada, . child, e n f a n t , m.f.
c a n a l , canal, m. c h o o s e , choisir. Chosen men,
c a n d i d a t e , candidat, m. hommes d'lite.
c a n n o n , canon, m. Cannon-ball, C h r i s t o p h e r , Christophe, m.
b o u l e t (m.) de canon. c h u r c h , glise, / .
C a n t e r b u r y , C a n t o r b r y , m. c i t i z e n , citoyen, m.
cap, b o n n e t , m. c i r c u m s t a n c e , circonstance, / .
c a p i t a l , capitale, / . c i t y , ville, cit, / .
c a p i t u l a t e , capituler, c l a i m , prtention, rclamation,/,
c a p t a i n , capitaine, m. c l a s s , classe, / .
c a p t i v e , captif, prisonnier, m. C l a u d i a , Claude, / .
c a r e , se soucier, C l a u d i u s , Claude, m.
c a r n a t i o n , oeillet, m. C l e a r l y , clairement,
c a r n i v a l , c a r n a v a l , m. c l e r k , commis, m.
c a r t , charrette, / . c l e m e n c y , clmence, / .
case, caisse, / . clever, instruit,
c a s t , j e t e r ( 262). c l i f f , falaise, / .
c a s t l e , chteau, m. c l o a k , mfinteau, m.
eat, chat, m. c l o c k , horloge, f . Seven o'clock,
e a t c h , attraper. sept heures.
202 KNGLISH- KENCH
elose, troit. c o n f i r m , confirmer,
close, f e r m e r . c o n n e c t , lier.
c l o s e u p t o , tout prs de. c o n q u e r , v a i n c r e ( 328), c o n -

c l o u d , n u a g e , m. q u r i r ( 300).
c l u s t e r , b o u q u e t , m, c o n q u e r o r , c o n q u r a n t , 'vain-
c o a c h m a n , cocher, m. queur, m.
c o a s t , cte, / . c o n q u e s t , conqute, / .
c o c k , coq, w i . Cock and bullstory, c o n s e n t , consentir ( 288).
c o q - - 1 ' n e , m. c o n s i d e r , trouver,
c o c k a d e , cocarde, / . c o n s p i c u o u s , important,
c o f f e e , caf, . c o n s p i r a t o r , c o n j u r , m.
-
c o g n i z a n c e , m a r q u e distinctive^/ , c o n s t r u c t , construire 333).
c o l d , froid, c o n s u l t , consulter,
c o l d l y , froidement, c o n s u m e , consumer,
c o l l a p s e , s'crouler, c o n t a i n , contenir ( 296), r e n -
c o l o n i s t , colon, m. fermer,
c o l o n i z e , coloniser, c o n t i n e n t , continent, m.
c o l o n y , colonie, / . c o n t i n e n t a l ,continental,
c o l o u r , couleur, / . c o n t i n u e , continuer,
C o l u m b u s , Colomb, m. c o n t r a d i c t , contredire 342).

c o m e , v e n i r ( 297). Come down, c o n t r a s t , contraste, m.
descendre. Come in, e n t r e r , c o n t r i b u t e , contribuer,
r e n t r e r . Comeout, sortir ( 290). c o n v e n t i o n , convention, / .

c o m e d i a n , comdien, m. c o n v e r s a t i o n , conversation, / .
c o m m a n d , commander, dominer, c o n v i n c e , c o n v a i n c r e ( 328).
c o m m e r c e , commerce, m. cook, cuire ( 334).

c o m m u n e , commune,/, cool, f r a - i s , -che.
c o m m u n i c a t e , communiquer, coolness, s a n g - f r o i d , >.
c o m p a n i o n , compagn-on, -e. c o p y , copie,/,

c o m p a t r i o t , compatriote, m. c o q u e t t i s h , coquet, -te.
c o m p e t i t o r , c o n c u r r e n t , m. corn, bl, g r a i n , m.
c o m p l a i n , se plaindre ( 329). c o r o n a t i o n , c o u r o n n e m e n t , m .
c o m p l e t e , compl-et, - t e . correct, corriger ( 274).
c o m p l i m e n t , compliment, m. c o t t o n , coton, m.
c o m p o s e , composer, c o u n s e l , conseil, m.
c o m p o s i t i o n , composition, / . c o u n t , comte, m.
c o n c e a l , cacher, c o u n t , compter,
c o n c e i v e , concevoir ( 301). c o u n t e r p o i s e , contrepoids, m .
c o n c e r n i n g , touchant, c o u n t e s s , comtesse,/,
c o n c e r t , concert, m. c o u n t r y , pays, m., c a m p a g n e ,
c o n c l u d e , conclure ( 322).
patrie, contre, / .
c o n d e m n , condamner,
c o u r a g e , courage, m.
c o n d i m e n t , condiment, m.
courageusement,
c o u r a g e o u s l y ,
c o n d i t i o n , situation, c o n d i t i o n , / .
c o u r t , cour, / .
On condition, sous condition, c o u s i n , cousin, - e .
c o n d u c t , conduite,/, c o v e r , couvrir 293).

c o n d u c t , conduire ( 332). cow, vache, / .
c o n f i d e n c e , confiance, / . create, crer,
confident, sr. c r i m e , crime, m
VOCABULARY. 203
c r o w d , foule,/, d e g r e e , degr, m.
c r o w n , couronne, / . d e l a y , dlai, m.
c r o w n , couronner, d e l i v e r , dlivrer, r e m e t t r e ( 3 4 6 ) .
c r u m b l e , s'crouler, d e l i v e r a n c e , dlivrance,/,
c r u s a t l e r , crois, m. d e m o c r a t i c , dmocratique,
c r u s h , craser, d e n s e , dense, i m m e n s e ,
c r y , cri, m . d e p a r t m e n t a l , de d p a r t e m e n t ,
c u l p r i t , coupable, m. d e p r i v e , priver,
c u l t i v a t e , cultiver, d e p u t y , dput,
cup, tasse, c o u p e , / , d e s c e n d , descendre,
c u r s e , m a u d i r e ( 343). d e s c r i b e , dcrire ( 3 3 6 ) .
c u s t o m , coutume / . d e s e r t i o n , dsertion, / .
c u s t o m - h o u s e , douane,/. Custom- d e s e r v e , mriter,
house officer, douanier, m. d e s i g n , dsigner,
e u t , couper. Cut down, a b a t t r e d e s i r e , dsirer,
d e s p a t c h , dpche, / .
( 347). Cut o f f , couper,
d e s p a t c h , expdier,envoyer ( 2 8 2 )
coutelier, m.
c u t l e r ,
d e s p e r a t e , acharn,
d e s t r o y , dtruire (f 333).
d e t a i n , r e t e n i r ( 2 9 6 ) .
T A a m a g e , d g t , m.
danger, ta.
d a n g e r ,
d e v a s t a t e , dvaster,
d e v i a t e , se d p a r t i r ( 2 8 6 ) .
d a r e , oser,
d e v o t e , consacrer,
d a r i n g , audace, / .
d i a m o n d , d i a m a n t , m.
d a r k , sombre, b r u n ,
D i a n a , Diane, / .
d a r k n e s s , tnbres, / . pl.
d i c t i o n a r y , dictionnaire, m.
d a t e , dater,
d a u g h t e r , fille, / .
die, m o u r i r ( 299).
d i f f e r e n c e , diffrence, / . , (quarrel
d a w n , surgir.
d a y , jour, m., j o u r n e , / , livery diffrend, m.
d a y , t o u s les jours, different, diffrent,
d e a d , m o r t . d i f f i c u l t y , difficult, / .
d e a d l y , m e u r t r i - e r , -re. d i g n i f i e d , lev,
d e a l e r , m a r c h a n d , m. d i l i g e n t , d i l i g e n t , appliqu,
d e a r , ch-er, -re. d i n e , dner,
d e a t h , mort,/, d i n n e r , d n e r , m.
d e b t , dette, f . by d i n t of, force de.

d e c a n t e r , carafe, / . d i p l o m a c y , diplomatie, /
d e c e i v e , dcevoir {\ 301), t r o m - direct, direct,
per. d i r e c t , d i r i g e r ( 2 7 4 ) .
D e c e m b e r , dcembre, m. d i s a d v a n t a g e , dsavantage, m.
d e c e n t , convenable, d i s a p p e a r , disparatre ( 3 1 4 ) .
d e c l a r e , dclarer, d i s a s t e r , dsastre, m.
d e c r e a s e , dcrotre ( f 315). d i s c i p l e , disciple, m.
d e e p , profond, d i s c o u r s e , discourir ( 2 9 8 ) .
d e f e a t , dfaite, / . d i s c o v e r , dcouvrir ( 2 9 3 ) .
d e f e n c e , dfense,/, d i s c r e e t , discr-et, - t e .
d e f e n d a n t , d e n d e - n r , -resse. d i s f i g u r e , dfigurer,
d e f e n d e r , dfenseur, m. d i s h o n o u r , dshonneur, m
d e f i n i t i o n , dfinition,/. d i s p e r s e , disperser.
204 KNGLISH- KENCH
d i s p l e a s e , dplaire ( 317). e a r n , g a g n e r ,
d i s s o l v e d , dissou-s - t e . e a r t h , terre,/,
d i s t i n g u i s h , distinguer, e a s i l y , facilement, aisment.
d i s t r a c t e d l y , perdument. E a s t e r , P q u e s , m.
d i s t r e s s , dtresse,/, e a t , m a n g e r ( 274).
d i s t u r b , d r a n g e r ({ 274). e c c l e s i a s t i c a l , ecclsiastique,
d i v i n i t y , divinit, e d u c a t i o n , ducation,/.
d i v i d e , p a r t a g e r ({ 274). E d w a r d , E d o u a r d , m.
d i v i s i o n , p a r t a g e , m. e f f e c t , effet, m. In effect, e n effet,
do, f a i r e , ( 344). e g g , u f , m.
d o c t o r , docteur, mdecin, >. Egypt, Egypte,/,
dog, c h i e n , m. e i g h t , huit,
d o l l , poupe, / . e l a p s e , s'couler,
d o m i n a n t , prdominant, e l b o w , coudoyer ( 272).
d o m i n i o n , tat, m. e l d e s t , an,
door, porte,/. e l e c t o r , lecteur, m.
d o u b t , doute, m. No doubt, sans e l e g a n t l y , lgamment,

e l e p h a n t , lphant, m.
doute,
e l e v a t e , lever ( 258).
d o u b t , douter,
e l e v e n , onze,
d o w n , e n b a s .
e m b a s s y , ambassade, / .
d o z e n , douzaine, / .
e m b l e m , emblme, m.
d r a g o o n , d r a g o n , m.
e m b r a c e , embrasser,
d r a m a , d r a m e , m.
e m b r o i d e r y , broderie, / .
d r a w , dessiner. Draw up, dresser,
d r a w i n g , dessin, m.
e m i n e n t , eminent,
e m p e r o r , e m p e r e u r , m.
d r a w i n g - r o o m , salon, m .
e m p i r e , empire, m.
d r e a m , rver.
e m p l o y , employer ( 272).
d r e s s , robe, / .
e m p r e s s , impratrice, / .
dress, h a b i l l e r , v t i r ( 295), (a
e n c h a n t , enchanter,
wound) p a n s e r . Dress again, se
e n c o u r a g e , encourager ( 274)
revtir,
end, fin,/., bout, rsultat, m.
d r i n k , boisson, / .
end, finir.
d r i n k , boire ( 320).
d r i v e , chasser, refouler, e n d e a v o u r , s'efforcer 275).
d r o w n , n o y e r , ( 272). e n d o w , douer,
d u c h e s s , duchesse, f . e n d u r e , supporter,
d u e , d, due. e n e m y , ennemi, m.
d u k e , d u c , m. e n e r g y , nergie,/,
pendant,
d u r i n g , e n g e n d e r , engendrer,
d u s t , poussire, / . e n g i n e e r , i n g n i e u r , m.
d u t y , devoir, droit, m. E n g l a n d , Angleterre,/.
dye, t e i n d r e (j 330). E n g l i s h , anglais,
e n h a n c e , rehausser,
e n j o y o n e ' s s e l f , s'amuser bien,
T f a c h , adj., c h a q u e ; pron., c h a - e n o u g h , assez. Be enough, s u f -

cun, - e . Each other, l ' u n fire ( 340).
l'autre, e n q u i r y , question,/,
ear, oreille, / . e n s l a v e , asservir,
e a r l y , de b o n n e h e u r e . e n t e r , i. e n t r e r ; t. e n t r e r dans.
VOCABULARY. 205
e n t e r p r i s e , entreprise, / . e x p e d i t i o n , expdition, / .
e n t h u s i a s m , enthousiasme, m. e x p e r i e n c e , exprience, / .
e n t h u s i a s t , enthousiaste, m. e x p e r i e n c e , p r o u v e r , subir,
e n t i r e l y , entirement, e x p e r i e n c e d , expriment,
e n t r a n c e , entre, / . e x p i a t e , expier,
e n t r e a t , supplier, e x p l a i n , expliquer,
e n v i r o n s , environs, m. pl. e x p l o i t , exploit, m.
e n v o y , envoy, m. e x p l o r a t i o n , exploration, / .
e p i s o d e , pisode, ta. e x p l o r e , explorer,
e q u a l l y , galement, e x p l o s i o n , explosion, / .
e q u i t a b l e , quitsvble. e x p o r t , exporter,
e q u i v a l e n t , quivalent. Be e x p r e s s l y , expressment,
equivalent, quivaloir ( 308). e x t e n s i v e , tendu,
e r e c t , dresser, riger 274). e x t e n t , tendue, / .
e s c a p e , s'chapper, chapper . e x t r a o r d i n a r y , extraordinaire,
e s t a b l i s h , tablir, e x t r e m e , extrme,
e s t e e m , estime,/, e x t r e m i t y , extrmit,
e s t e e m , estimer, e y e , i l , m .
e t e r n a l l y , ternellement.
E u r o p e , Europe, / .
E u r o p e a n , europen, - n e .
T r a h i e , fable, / .
e v e n , mme. fail, chouer,
e v e n i n g , soir, m., soire, / . f a i n t , s'vanouir,
e v e n t , v n e m e n t , m. f a i t h , foi, / . Faith ! m a f o i !
e v e r , jamais. f a l l , chute, / .
e v e r y , chaque, tout. Everybody, f a l l , tomber,
t o u t l e m o n d e . Every day, t o u s f a m e , renomme, / .
les j o u r s , chaque j o u r . Every- f a m i l y , famille, / .
thing, t o u t , f a m o u s , illustre,
e v i d e n c e , t m o i g n a g e , m. fan, ventail, m.
e v i d e n t , vident, far, loin. As far as, j u s q u ' .
evil, m a l , m . f a r m e r , f e r m i e r , c u l t i v a t e u r , m.
e x a c t l y , justement, f a s h i o n a b l e , lgant, h a u t ,
e x a g g e r a t i o n , exagration, / . f a s t , vite, r a p i d e m e n t ,
e x a l t , lever ( 268) fat, gras, -se.

e x a m p l e , exemple, m. f a t a l , fatal, funeste,
e x c e e d , surpasser, father, pre, m. Father-in-law,

e x c l u d e , exclure { 322). b e a u - p r e , tn.
e x c l u s i v e l y , exclusivement, f a t h e r l a n d , patrie, / .
e x c u r s i o n , excursion,/, f a t i g u e , fatigue,/,
e x e c u t e , excuter, f a u l t , faute, / .
e x e r c i s e , exercice, m. f a v o u r a b l e , favorable,
e x e r c i s e , exercer, f a v o u r i t e , favori, - t e .
e x h i b i t i o n , exposition,/, fear, peur,/.
e x i l e , exil, tn. ; (person) exil, f e a r , c r a i n d r e ( 329), avoir p e u r ,
exile, exiler, f e a r f u l , pouvantable.
e x i s t , exister, ! f e a s t , rgal, m.
e x i s t e n c e , existence, / . i f e a t h e r , pluroe,/.
e x p e c t , attendre. F e b r u a r y , fvrier, m.
206 KNGLISH- KENCH
feed, nourrir, forces, troupes, / . pl.

feel, sentir ( 288). foresee, prvoir ( 310).
f e r t i l e , fertile. forest, f o r t , / . Black Forest,
f e t c h , ehercheT, aller c h e r c h e r . Fort Noire,
Fetch down, descendre, f o r g e t , oublier,
f e v e r , fivre, / . f o r g i v e , pardonner,
few, p e u . A few, u n peu, q u e l - f o r m , forme, / .
ques, q u e l q u e s - u n s , q u e l q u e s - f o r m , former.
unes. former, prcdent. The former,

field, c h a m p , m. Battle-field, celui-l, ceux-l ; celle-l,
c h a m p de bataille, celles-l.
fifth, cinquime. Charles the f o r m e r l y , autrefois,
Fifth (of Spain), C h a r l e s - Q u i n t , f o r t i f i c a t i o n , fortification, / .
fight, se b a t t r e , c o m b a t t r e ( 347). f o r t r e s s , forteresse, / .
fight, combat, m. f o r t u n a t e l y , h e u r e u s e m e n t , avec

fill, remplir. succs,
find, trouver. Find out, d- f o u n d , fonder,
c o u v r i r ( 293). f o u r , quatre,
fine, fin. fourscore, quatre-vingts,
finish, finir, achever ( 258). fox, r e n a r d , m.
fire, f e u , m . f r a n c , franc, m.
fire, tirer. F r a n c e , France, / .
firm, f e r m e , fidle. F r a n c i s , Franois, m.
first, premi-er, -re, unime. f r a n k , f r a n c , -he.
fish, poisson, m. f r e e , libre,
fisherwoman, pcheuse, / . f r e e d o m , libert, / .
five, cinq. F r e n c h , franais ; (the language)

fix, tablir. f r a n a i s , m.
flame, flamme,/. f r e q u e n t , frquent, n o m b r e u - x ,
flash, clair, m. -se.
fiat, plat. friend, a m i , m.
fiee, s ' e n f u i r , f u i r ( j 294). f r i e n d l y , favorable.

fleece, e o i c h e r . f r i e n d s h i p , amiti,/.
fleet, flotte, j. f r i g h t , f r a y e u r , /".
float, flotter, naviguer, f r i g h t e n , effrayer.
flock, accourir ($ 298). f r i g h t f u l , pouvantable.
flotilla, flottille, /. f r o c k , robe, / .
flow, couler, f r o c k - c o a t , redingote,/.
flower, fleur,/, f r o m , de. From . . . to, depuis
foe, e n n e m i , m. . . . jusqu' .
f o l l o w , suivre ( 338). f r u i t , f r u i t , m.
f o l l o w i n g , d'aprs, f u g i t i v e , f u y a r d , f u g i t i f , m.
f o o d , n o u r r i t u r e , / . , aliment, m . f u l l , plein, rempli,
foolish, sot, -te, f o u or fol, -le. f u n e r a l , funrailles, / . pl.
f o o l i s h l y , sottement, f u r i o u s , f u r i e u - x , -se.
for, prep., pour ; (of time) p e n -
d a n t , depuis,
for, conj., car. ain, g a g n e r , r e m p o r t e r
f o r c e , f o r c e r ( 275). g a l l a n t , vaillant.
VOCABULAHY. 207
g a l l a n t l y , galamment, goddess, desse,/,

gallery, galerie,/, gold, or, m.
g a m b l i n g , jeu, m . good, b o n , -ne.
g a m e , gibier, m. governess, institutrice, g o u v e r -
g a r d e n , j a r d i n , m. nante, /
g a r d e n e r , j a r d i n i e r , m. g o v e r n m e n t , g o u v e r n e m e n t , m.
g a r m e n t , v t e m e n t , m. governor, g o u v e r n e u r , m.
g a t e , porte, b a r r i r e , / . g r a m m a r , grammaire, / .
g a t h e r , t., cueillir ($ 292), ras- g r a n d - d u c i i y , g r a n d - d u c h , m.
sembler ; ., se r u n i r . grand-father, grand-pre, a e u l ,
Gaul, Gaulois, m., (country) m.
Gaule, f . g r a n d - m o t h e r , g r a n d ' m r e , aeule,
g e n e r a l , gnral, m.
/
g e n e r a l l y , gnralement,
g r a n t , accorder, octroyer ( 272).
g e n i u s , gnie, m.
grape, raisin, m .
g e n t e e l l y , avec u r b a n i t .
g r a t i t u d e , reconnaissance, f .
g e n t l e , d o u - x , -ce.
great, grand.
g e n t l e m a n , monsieur, m.
g r e a t l y , beaucoup.
g e n t l y , doucement.
Greece, Grce, / .
G e o f f r e y , Geoffroi, m.
Greek, grec, -que.
g e o g r a p h e r , g e o g r a p h e , ni.
g r e e n , v e r t , m.
g e o g r a p h y , gographie, / .
grief, douleur, / .
G e o r g e , Georges, m.
g r i n d , m o u d r e (323). Grind
G e r m a n , allemand. again, r e m o u d r e ,
G e r m a n i e , germanique. g r o a n , g m i r , g e i n d r e ( 330).
G e r m a n y , Allemagne, f .
g r o u n d , terre,/,
g e t , o b t e n i r ( 296). Get away, se g r o w , crotre ( 315).
s a u v e r . Get late, se f a i r e ( 344) g u a r d , garde, / .
t a r d . Get up, se lever (\ 258). g u a r d i a n s h i p , tutelle, f .
g i r l , fille, / .
g u i d e , guider,
g i v e , donner. Give back, r e n d r e . g u i l t y , coupable.
Give chase, f a i r e ( 344)ta chasse.
Give icay, reculer,
g l a d , b i e n aise, h e u r e u - x , - s e . T T a b e r d a s h e r , mercier, m
glass, verre,m. habit, habitude, / .
g l o b e , globe, m . h a i r , cheveu, m.
g l o r y , gloire, / half, s., m o i t i , / . , adj., d e m i .
go, aller ( 281). Go away, s ' e n Half an hour, u n e d e m i - h e u r e .
aller. Go by, passer. Go Half a dozen, u n e d e m i - d o u -
down, descendre. Go on, c o n - zaine. Half-way, mi-chemin,
t i n u e r , se prolonger (J 274). Go h a l l , salle, / .
ont, sortir ( 290). Go out h a n d , main,/. Cn all hands, de
again, ressortir. Go up, upstairs, tous cts,
m o n t e r . Go to bed, aller se h a n d s o m e , beau t>rbel, - l e .
coucher. Go with, accom- h a n g , pendre,
pagner, h a p p a a , arriver,
goal, but, m. h a p p y , h e u r e u - x , -M\
goat, chvre, / h a r d , dur.
God, Dieu, m. hare, livre, m.
J. l'. c. 13
208 KNGLISH- KENCH
h a r m , m a l , m . h o p e , e s p r a n c e , / . , espoir, m.
h a r m o n i o u s , h a r m o n i e u - x , -se. h o p e , esprer 266), s o u h a i t e r .
h a r v e s t , moisson, / . horror, horreur,/,
h a s t e , hte, / . Make haste, se h o r s e , cheval, m . ; cavalerie,/.
h t e r , accourir ( 298). h o s t e s s , htesse, / .
h a s t e n , se hter, h o t e l , htel, m.
h a t , chapeau, m. hour, heure, / .

h a v e , avoir ( 312). h o u s e , maison, / .
h a z a r d , hasarder, how, c o m m e n t .
he, il, iui ; celui, h o w e v e r , q u e l q u e . . q u e ; ce-
h e a d , tte, / . pendant,
h e a l t h , sant, / . hue, teinte, f .
h e a r , e n t e n d r e , a p p r e n d r e ( 345). h u g e , vaste,
h e a t , chaleur, / . humble, humble,
h e a v e n , ciel, m. h u m m i n g - b i r d , oiseau-mouche, m.
heavy,lourd. h u n d r e d , cent.
h e d g e , haie, / . H u n g a r i a n , 'Hongrois.
h e i g h t , h a u t , m., h a u t e u r , f , H u n g a r y , 'Hongrie,/,
h e l p , secours, m. h u n t e r , chasseur, m.
h e l p , aider, secourir ( 298). h u n t r e s s , chasseuse, chasseresse,

hen, p o u l e , / . /
H e n r y , H e n r i , m. h u r r y , se hater,
h e r , pers. pron., e l l e , l a , l u i ; poss. h u s b a n d , m a r i , m.

pron., son, sa, ses. h u s s a r , hussard, m.
h e r e , ici. Sere is, here are, v o i c i ,
h e n n i t , e r m i t e , a n a c h o r t e , m.
h e r o i n e , hrone, f .
h e r s , le sien, la sienne, l e s
I
siens,
,
je, moi,
idle. oisi-,-ve.
i d l e r , paresseux, m.
i d o l , idole,/,
les siennes ; elle,
i f , si.
h e s i t a t e , hsiter,
h i d i n g - p l a c e , cachette, / . i g n o m i n i o u s l y , i g n o m i n i e u s e -
h i g h , haut, ment,
hill, colline,/, i l l , adj., m a l a d e ,
h i m , le, l u i . i l l , adv., m a l .
i l l u s i o n , illusion, / .
h i m s e l f , l u i - m m e , se, soi
his, adj., son, sa, ses, pron., le illustrions, illustre,
i m a g e , image, / ,
sien, l a sienne, les siens, lea
i m a g i n e , s ' i m a g i n e r , se f i g u r e r ,
siennes ; l u i .
h i s t o r i c a l , historique, i m m e d i a t e l y , t o u t de suite, i m -
h i s t o r y , histoire, / .
m d i a t e m e n t , sur le c h a m p ,
h o l d , t e n i r ( 296).
i m m e n s e , immense,
i m m o r t a l i t y , immortalit, / .
h o l e , trou, m.
i m p a t i e n c e , impatience, / .
h o l y , saint,
h o m a g e , h o m m a g e , m.
i m p a t i e n t , impatient,
a t h o m e , chez soi, la m a i s o n ,
i m p e r t i n e n t , impertinent,
h o n e s t , honnte, implore, implorer.
h o n e s t y , honntet, p r o b i t , / ,
| i m p o r t , importer,
h o n o u r , honneur, m
i m p o r t a n t , important,
h o n o u r , h o n o r e r .
i m p o r t u n e , importuner.
VOCABULARY. 209
i m p o s i n g , imposant, J a m e s , J a c q u e s , m.
i m p o s s i b l e , impossible, J a n e , Jeanne, / .
in, en, dans, . jaw, mchoire,/.
i n c e s s a n t l y , sans cesse, J e r u s a l e m , J r u s a l e m , m.
i n c r e a s e , augmenter, j e w e l , b i j o u , m.
i n c u r , encourir ( 298). j e w e l l e r y , b i j o u x , m . pl., bi
i n d i c t m e n t , procs-verbal, m. jouterie, / .
i n d e e d , e n effet. J o a n of A r c , Jeanne d'Arc, f .
I n d i a , Inde, / . J o h n , J e a n , m.
I n d i e s , I n d e s , / . pl. j o i n , j o i n d r e , r e j o i n d r e ($ 3 3 1 ) .
i n d i s c r e e t , i n d i s c - e t , -te. j o u r n e y , voyage, m.
i n d i v i d u a l , individu, m. j u d g e , j u g e , m.
i n d u c e , e n g a g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , p o r t e r , j u d g e , j u g e r (J 274).
i n d u l g e n c e , indulgence,/, j u d g m e n t , j u g e m e n t , m.
i n d u s t r i o u s l y , assidment, J u l y , j u i l l e t , m.
i n d u s t r y , industrie, / . J u n e , j u i n , m.
i n f e r i o r , infrieur, j u n i o r , jeune,
i n f l u e n z a , grippe,/, j u s t , juste.
i n f o r m a t i o n , renseignement, m .
i n h a b i t a n t , h a b i t a n t , m.
i n j u r e , n u i r e (J 335).
TZ^eep, g a r d e r .
i n s i s t , exiger ( 2 7 4 ) .
^ k e e p i n g , gardo, /
i n s o l e n c e , insolence. / ,
key, clef,/,
i n s t a n t [of the monti), courant. kill, tuer,
i n s t a n t l y , s u r le champ,
kind, espce,/,
i n s t e a d o f , a u lieu de.
k i n g , r o i , m.
i n s t r u c t , instruire 333). kingdom, royaume, m.
i n s u r m o u n t a b l e , insurmontable, k n e e , g e n o u , m.
i n t e g r i t y , probit, droiture, / .
k n o w , savoir ( 305), c o n n a t r e
i n t e l l i g e n t , intelligent,
($ 313). Not know, ignorer.
i n t e n t i o n , intention, / .
Know how, savoir.
inter, ensevelir,
i n t e r c e p t , intercepter,
i n t e r e s t , intrt, m.
T a b o u r , travail, m.
i n t e r e s t , intresser,
^ l a d y , dame,/,
i n t e r r u p t , interrompre,
l a k e , lac, m .
i n t o , dans, e n .
l a n d , t e r r e , / . , pays, m.
i n t r e n c h , retrancher,
l a n d , dbarquer.
i n t r o d u c e , prsenter,
i n v a d e , envahir, l a n d - l o c k e d , enferm par des
i n v e n t , inventer, terres.
i n v i t e , inviter, l a n g u a g e , langue, / . , langage,
it, il, elle ; le, la ; es. m.
l a r d e r , g a r d e - m a n g e r , m.
I t a l y , Italie, / .
l a r g e , g r a n d , gros, -se.
i t s , son, sa, ses.
last, d e r n i - e r , -re. Last week,
la semaine dernire. At last,
enfin,
T a c k a l , chacal, m. last, durer.
j a c k e t , jaquette,/. I late, tard.
210 ENGLISH--FRENCH.
latter, d e r n i e r . The latter, celui- little, adj., p e t i t ,

ci, ceux-ci, m . , celle-ci, celles- little, adv., p e u . A little, u n p e u .
ci,/. live, vivre (f 326), d e m e u r e r ,
l a u g h , r i r e ( 339). To laugh at, living, vie, / .
se m o q u e r de, r i r e de. locomotive, locomotive, / .

l a w , loi, / . Clive law, f a i r e (} l o d g e , loger ( 274), rester log,
344) la loi. l o f t , grenier, m.
lay, dposer, L o n d o n , L o n d r e s , m.
l e a d , plomb, m. l o n g , adj., long, -uo.
l e a d , m e n e r ( 258), g u i d e r , con- l o n g , adv., longtemps, lloiv long ?
d u i r e ( 332). combien de t e m p s ? Not long,

l e a f , feuille, / . peu de temps,
l e a n , a p p u y e r ( j 282). look (at), r e g a r d e r . Look for,
l e a r n , a p p r e n d r e ( 345). chercher. Look towards, re-
l e a r n i n g , tude, / . garder,
l e a s t , adj., le moindre, le p l u s petit, l o o s e , lancer 275).
l e a v e , cong, m. l o o s e n , relcher.
L o r d , Seigneur, m.
l e a v e , i., p a r t i r ( 2S6), t., laisser,
l o r d , lord, seigneur, m. My lord,
quitter,
lecture, confrence,/, monseigneur,
l e f t , gauche, l o s e , perdre,
l e g i b l y , lisiblement, loud, haut.
lend, prter. Louvre, Louvre, m.
l e n g t h , l o n g u e u r , / . At length, love, aimer,

enfin. l o w e r , r a b a t t r e ( 347).
l\3ss, m o i n s , i o y a l t y , loyaut, / .
lesson, leon, classe, / . l u c k y , h e u r e u - x , -se.
lest, q u e . . . ne.
letter, lettre, / .
level, n i v e a u , m. "j\/Tadam, madame,/.
l e v y , percevoir 301). m a g a z i n e , p o u d r i r e , / ,
L e w i s , Louis, m. m a g i s t r a t e , m a g i s t r a t , m.
l i a r , m e n t e u r , m. m a g n i f i c e n t , magnifique.
l i b e r t y , libert, / . . m a h a r a j a h , i n a h a r a j a h , m.
lie, m e n t i r 285) : tre situ, m a i d , f e m m e de c h a m b r e , / ,
life, vie,/. m a i n a r m y , gros (m.) de l ' a r m e ,

m a j e s t y , majest,/.
l i g h t , l u m i r e , / , j o u r , m.
m a k e , faire ( 3 4 4 ) .
l i g h t e n , clairer,
M a l a g a s y , Malgache, m.
like, adj., tel, -le.
m a l i g n a n t , mali-n, -gne.
l i k e , conj., comme,
l i k e , aimer,
man, h o m m e , valet, m. Man-of-
l i n e , ligne,/. war, vaisseau (m.) de g u e r r e ,
l i o n , lion, m. Lion-hearted, au m a n k i n d , g e n r e h u m a i n , m.
c u r de lion, m a n n e r , manire, f a o n , / ,
l i s t e n (to), couter, m a n t l e , manteau, m .
l i t e r a r y , littraire, m a n y , beaucoup, bien, p l u s i e u r s .
l i t e r a t u r e , l i t t r a t u r e , / . , lettres, ' Many a, m a i n t . IIow many 9

f . pl. c o m b i e n ? A great many, u n
l i t r e , litre, m. g r a n d nombre.
VOCABULARY. 211
mark, m a r q u e , / . m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , msintelli-
m a r k , marquer, gence, / .
m a r k e t , m a r c h , m. m i x , se mler,
M a r m o r a , Marmara, mob, f o u l e , / ,
m a r v e j , merveille, / . m o d e r n , moderne,
m a r v e l l o u s l y , merveille. m o d e s t , modeste,
M a r y , Marie, / . m o d e s t l y , avec modestie,
m a s k , masquer. m o m e n t , m o m e n t , m.
m a s s , messe,/. Highmass,gmnA'- m o n a r c h , m o n a r q u e , m.
messe, / . m o n a s t e r y , monastre, m.
m a s t e r , m a t r e , m. M o n d a y , l u n d i , m.
m a s t e r - p i e c e , c h e f - d ' u v r e , m. m o n e y , a r g e n t , m.
m a t t e r , circonstance, m a t i r e , / . m o n o t o n o u s , monotone,
What is the natter with you ! m o n t h , mois, m.
qu'avez-vous 1 m o n u m e n t , m o n u m e n t , m.
may, pouvoir ( 30(3). M o o r i s h , marocain,

me, m e , m o i . m o r e , plus, davantage,
m e a d , h y d r o m e l , m. m o r n i n g , m a t i n , m.
m e a d o w , prairie, / . m o r r o w , lendemain, m. To-

meaiiB, m o y e n , moyens, m. morrow, demain,
m e a n w h i l e , cependant, m o r t a l , mortel, -le, h u m a i n .
m e d i c a l m a n , mdecin, m. M o s l e m , musulman,
M e d i t e r r a n e a n , Mditerrane, / . m o s t , le plus.
m e e t , rencontrer, m o t h e r , mre, / . Mother longue,
m e e t i n g , r u n i o n , sance, / . l a n g u e maternelle, / .
m e l o n , melon, m. m o u n t , m o n t , m. Mount Calvary,
m e m o r i a l , exemple c l a t a n t , m. le M o n t Calvaire,
m e m o r y , mmoire, / . m o u n t a i n o u s , montngneu-x, -se.
m e r c h a n d i s e , marchandise, / . m o v e , mouvoir ($ 303), t o u c h e r ,
m e r c h a n t , ngociant, m. m u c h , beaucoup, bien,
m e s s e n g e r , messager, m. m u l t i p l y , multiplier,
m e t r e , m t r e , m. m u s t , falloir ( 309), devoir
m i d d l e a g e s , m o y e n ge, m.
( 302).
m i d n i g h t , m i n u i t , m.
m u s t a r d , moutarde,/,
m i l d , bni-n, -gne.
m u t i n y , rvolte, / .
m i l e , mille, m.
m y , m o n , m a , mes.
m i l k , traire 337).
m i l l e r , m e u n i e r , m.
m i n e , le m i e n , la m i e n n e , les a k e d , n u .
miens, les miennes ; moi. n a m e , n o m , m.
M i n e r v a , Minerve, / . N a p o l e o n , Napolon, m .
m i n u t e , minute,/, n a r r o w , troit,
m i s c h i e f (to do), nuire ( 335), n a t i o n a l , national,
g o v e r n s dative, n a t u r e , nature,/,
m i s e r a b l e , malheureu-x, -se. n a v a l , maritime,
m i s f o r t u n e , infortune, / . n a v i g a t o r , navigateur, t .
m i s t a k e , erreur, faute, /. He n e a r , adj., contigu, -.
mistaken, so truinper. n e a r , prep., prs de.
m i s t r e s s , matresse. / . n e a r l y , p r s de.
212 ENGLISH- -FRENCH.
ncessaire.
n e c e s s a r y , To is now, maintenant, prsent,
necessary, falloir 309). n o w h e r e , nulle part,
n e c k , c o u , m- n u m b e r , nombre, m.
Neckar, m.
N e c k a r , n u m e r o u s , nombreu-x, - s e .
n e e d , besoin, m. If need le, au nuptials, noces, f.pl.

besoin. n u r s e , nourrice, / .
n e e d , avoir besoin de, falloir nut, noisette,/.

309).
n e e d l e , aiguille,/,
n e g r e s s , ngresse,/, (f~)bey, obir (governs dative).
n e i g h b o u r , voisin, m.
w
oblige, obliger ( 274). 1
n e i t h e r , ni l ' u n ni l'autre, was obliged, il m'a fallu,
n e p h e w , neveu, m. o b s t i n a c y , opinitret, / .
n e s t , n i d , m . o b s t i n a t e , opinitre, rcalcitrant,
n e v e r , ne . . . jamais, obstin, entt,

new, neu-f, -ve, nouveau or o b s t i n a t e l y , opinitrment.
nouvel, -le. New year, nouvel o b t a i n , obtenir, ( 296).
an, m. occasion, occasion,/
n e w s , nouvelle, / . , nouvelles, o c c u p y , occuper.
O c t o b e r , octobre, m.
/ Pl-
o ' c l o c k , h e u r e s , e.g. trois h e u r e s ,
n e w s p a p e r , journal, m.
o f , de.
n e x t , prochain. Next day, lende-
o f f e n d , offenser,
main, m.
o f f e n d e r , contrevenant, m.
N i a g a r a , Niagara, i .
o f f i c e r , officier, m.
n i c e , gentil, - l e .
o f t e n , souvent.
n i e c e , nice, / .
N i g e r , Niger, m. old, vieux or vieil, -le, Old man,
n i g h t , nuit,/. vieillard, m.
N i l e , N i l , m . on, sur.
n i n e , neuf, once, une foiB. At once, tout de
n i n t h , neuvime, suite. All at once, tout coup,
no, adj., nul, -le, aucun (usually o n e , adj., un.
with ne). one, pron., on, l'on,

no, adv., non, pas. No longer, only, adj., seul.
ne . . . plus, o n l y , adv. seulement, ne . . . que.
n o b l e , noble, superbe, o p e n , t., ouvrir ( 2 9 3 ) , montrer,

n o b l e m a n , genti Ihomme, noble, m. i., dboucher,
n o b o d y , ne . . . personne, o p i n i o n , opinion,/,
n o i s e , bruit, m. o p i u m , opium, m.
n o n e , adj. pron., nul, -le, aucun o p p o r t u n i t y , occasion, / .
(usually with ne). o r , ou.
n o o n , miili, m. o r a n g e , o r a n g e , / ,
N o r m a n , normand. o r d e r , ordre, m. In order to, pour.
N o r m a n d y , Normandie, / . In order that, a f i n que, pour

n o r t h , nord, m. que.
not, ne . . . pas, ne . . . point, non, o r d e r , ordonner, commander,
pas. orphan, orphelin, m.

n o t h i n g , ne . . . rien. other, autre. Others, les autres,
n o t i c e , mention, / . | autrui.
iAKY, 213
o u g h t , d e v o i r ( 302), falloir p e a r l , perle, / .

( 309). You ought, v o u s p e a s a n t , paysan, -ne.
devriez, pen, p l u m e , / .
our, n o t r e , nos. p e o p l e , peuple, m . , g e n s , . , / , pl.
o u r s e l v e s , n o u s - m m e s , nous, p e p p e r , poivre, m.
o u t l e t , dbouch,., o u v e r t u r e , / , p e r c e i v e , apercevoir, ($ 301),
o u t s t r i p , devancer ( 2 7 4 ) . s'apercevoir de, voir ( 310).
o u t w e i g h , l'emporter s u r . p e r f o r m , achever ( 258).
over, s u r . p e r h a p s , peut-tre,
pardessus, m.
o v e r c o a t , p e r i l , pril, m.
owe, devoir ($ 302). Owing to, p e r i o d , poque, / .
la suite de. p e r s e v e r a n c e , persvrance, / .
owl, ' h i b o u , m. p e r s e v e r e , prsvrer ( 266).
own, propro. P e r s i a , Perse,/.

o y s t e r , hutre,/. p e r s o n , personne, / . In person,
en personne.
P e t e r , P i e r r e , m.
T ) a g e , page, / . p h e a s a n t , faisan, m.
p a i n ,douleur, / . P h i l i p , Philippe, m.
p a i n t , peindre ( 330). p h i l o s o p h e r , philosophe, m.
p a i n t e r , peintre, m. p h o t o g r a p h , photographie, / .
p a i n t i n g , peinture,/, p i c k , cueillir (} 292).
p a l a c e , palais, m. p i c t u r e , tableau, m.
P a l a t i n e , palatin. p i c t u r e s q u e , pittoresque,
P a l a t i n a t e , p a l a t i n a t , m. p i e c e , morceau, m.
P a n a m a , P a n a m a , m. p i e r c e , percer ( 2 7 5 ) .
p a p e r , papier, j o u r n a l , m. p i l g r i m , plerin, m.
p a r d o n , pardonner, p i l o t , pilote, m.
p a r e n t s , p a r e n t s , m. pl. p i s t o l , pistolet, m.
P a r i s , P a r i s , m. p i t c h , p o i n t , m.
p a r l i a m e n t , p a r l e m e n t , m. p i t e o u s l y , piteusement.
p a r l i a m e n t a r y , du parlement, P i u s , P i e , m .
p a r t , p a r t i e , / . , rle, m. p l a c e , p l a c e , / . , e n d r o i t , lieu, m.
p a r t i c i p l e , participe, m. p l a i n , plaine,/.
p a r t i c u l a r l y , particulirement, p l a i n l y , franchement, carrment,
p a r t y , p a r t i , m. p l a i n t i f f , d e m a n d e - u r , -resse.
p a s s , passer. Pass away, passer. p l a n , plan, m.
p a s s a g e , passage, m. p l a n t , plante,/,
p a s t , pass. Half-past one, u n e p l a y , j o u e r , se rcrer,
h e u r e et demie, p l e a d , allguer ( 266).
p a s t r y - c o o k , ptissier, m. p l e a s e , plaire ( 3 1 7 ) .
p a t h , v o i e , / . , sentier, m. p l e a s u r e , plaisir, m.
p a t i e n c e , patience, / . p l u n d e r , b u t i n , m.
p a t i e n t ( t o b e ) , avoir patience, p o e t r y , posie, / .
p a t r i a r c h , patriarche, m. p o i n t e d , pointu,
pay, payer, rendre, p o i s o n , poison, m.
p e a c e , puis. / . P o l e , Polonais, m.
p e a c h , pche, / . p o l i e e m a n , a g e n t de police, ser-

p e a r , poire, / g e n t de ville, g e n d a r m e , m .
214 ENGLISH-:
polite, poli. project, p r o j e t , .

p o l i t e l y , p o l i m e n t , avec lgance, project, p r o j e t e r ( j 262).
p r o m i s e , promesse, / .
p o l i t i c a l l y , politiquement,
p r o m i s e , p r o m e t t r e ( 346).
p o n d r o n s , pesant,
p r o m p t , prompt,
poor, pauvre,
p r o m p t i t u d e , promptitude, / .
p o p e , pape, m.
p r o n u n c i a t i o n , prononciation, /
p o p u l a r , populaire,
p r o p e r t y , proprit, / .
p o p u l a t i o n , population,/,
p r o p o s a i , proposition, / .
p o r t , port, m.
p r o p o s e , proposer,
p o r t r a i t , p o r t r a i t , m.
p o s i t i o n , position,/, p r o s t r a t e , prosterner,
p r o t e c t i o n , protection, / .
p o s s e s s , possder ( 266).
p r o t e s t , protestation, / .
p o s s e s s i o n , possession, / . In
possession of, a u pouvoir de. P r o t e s t a n t , protestant,
p r o v e o n e ' s s e l f , se m o n t r e r ,
possible, possible,
p r o v e r b , proverbe, m.
p o s t , poste, emploi, m.
p r o v i n c e , province, / .
p o s t , poster,
p r u d e n c e , prudence, / .
p o u n d , livre, / .
p o u r d o w n , se prcipiter,
p r u d e n t l y , prudemment.
P r u s s i a n , prussien, - n a
p o w e r , puissance, / .
p u b l i c , publi-c, -que.
p r a c t i c a l l y , en f a i t ,
p r a y , prier. Fray for, i m p l o r e r , p u b l i s h , publier,
prefer, p r f r e r ( 266), a i m e r p u n i s h , punir.
mieux, p u p i l , lve, m.f., disciple, m.
p r e p a r e , prparer, pure, pur.
p r e s e n c e , prsence, / . p u r s u e , poursuivre ( 338).
p r e s e n t , prsent, cadeau, tu. p u t , m e t t r e ( 346). Fut on, r e -
p r e s e n t , adj., prsent, vtir.
p r e s e r v e , confire ( 341). p y r a m i d , pyramide, / .
p r e t t y , joli,
p r i m i n g , amorce,/,
p r i n c e , prince, m.
Wales, P r i n c e de Galles,
Prince of
Qu aql iut ayr, t eqru, aqlui tar,t/,,q u a r t i e r , m.,
p r i n c e s s , princesse, / . p a r t i e , / . Quarter of an hour,
p r i n c i p l e , principe, m. quart d'heure. Head-quarters,
p r i s o n e r , prisonnier, accus, m. quartier-gnral,
p r i z e , p r i x , m. q u e e n , reine, / .
p r o b l e m , problme, m. q u e s t i o n , question, / . To be a
p r o c e s s i o n , cortge, m. In pro- j question of, s ' a g i r de.
cession, en cortge, q u i c k l y , vite,
p r o c l a i m , proclamer, q u i n c e , coing, m.
p r o d u c e , p r o d u i r e ( 332).
p r o f e s s , professer,
p r o f e s s i o n , profession, / . ace, peuple, m., race, f .
p r o f e s s o r , professeur, m. r a i n , pleuvoir ( 304).
p r o f i t , profiter. r a l l y i n g - p l a c e , point (m.) de r a l -
p r o f o u n d , profond. j liement,
p r o f u s e l y , profusment. j r a m p a r t , r e m p a r t , m.
p r o g r e s s , progrs, m. < r a n k , r a n g , m.
VOCABULARY. 215
r a p a c i t y , rapacit, / . r e p e n t , se repentir ({ 287).

r a p i d l y , rapidement. r e p e n t a n t , repentant,
r a s c a l , fripon, m. r e p l y , rpondre,
r a t h e r , plutt. I would rather, r e p r e s e n t , reprsenter,
j'ilime(rais) mieux, r e p r i m a n d , rprimande,/,
ray, rayon, m. r e p r o a c h , reproche, m.
r a z o r , rasoir, m. r e p u b l i c , rpublique,/.
r e a c h , atteindre ( 330), parvenir ' r e p u b l i c a n , rpublicain,
(\ 297). j r e p u i s e , repousser.
r e a d , lire ( 318). Read again, ! r e q u e s t , requte, / .
relire, r e q u i r e , exiger ($ 274), a v o i r be-
r e a d y , prt, soin de.

r e a l , vrai. reserve force, corps (m.) do r-
r e a p e r , moissonneur, m. serve,
r e a r - a d m i r a l , contre-amiral, m. reside, rsider.
r e a s o n a b l e , raisonnable, r e s i d e n c e , rsidence,/., sjour, m.
r e b e l , insurg, m. r e s i s t a n c e , rsistance, / .
r e b e l l i o n , rvolte, / . r e s o l v e , rsoudre ( 325).
r e b u k e , rprimande, / . r e s p e c t , respecter,
r e c e i v e , recevoir ( 301). r e s t , repos, m.
r e c e p t i o n , rception, / . r e s t o r e , restaurer, rtablir, rendre,
r e c o g n i z e , reconnatre ( 313). r e t a k e , reprendre ( 345).
r e c o m m e n d , recommander, r e t i r e , se retirer.
r e c o n q u e s t , reprise, / . r e t r a c e one's steps, rebrousser
r e - c o n s t r u c t , reconstruire ( 333). chemin,
r e c o v e r , reprendre (J 345), relever r e t u r n , retour, m.
( 258). r e t u r n , (give back) rendre ; (come

r e - c o v e r , recouvrir ( 293). back) revenir ( 297); (go back)
red, rouge. retourner,
r e d b r e a s t , rouge-gorge, m. r e v e n g e , revanche,/,
r e d u c e , rduire ( 332). r e v e n g e , venger ( 274).
r e f u s e , refuser, r e v i v e , renatre ( 316).
r e g e n t , rgent, m. r e v o l u t i o n , rvolution,/,
r e g i m e n t , rgiment, m. r e w a r d , rcompenser.
r e g r e t , regretter, R h i n e , lhin, m.
r e i g n , rgner ( 266). r h i n o c e r o s , rhinocros, m.
r e - j o i n , rejoindre ( 331), r i b b o n , ruban, m.
relate, raconter, r i c h , riche ; gras, - s e .
r e l i g i o n , religion, / . r i g h t , droit. Be right, avoir
r e m a i n , rester, demeurer, raison,

r e m e m b e r , se souvenir (j 297) de, r i g h t l y , avec raison,
se rappeler (j 261). ring, sonner,
r e m i n d , rappeler (dative of the ripe, mr.
person, accusative of the thing), ripen, mrir.
r e n d e r , rendre, rise, se lever, se relever ( 258),
r e n e w , renouveler (5 261). monter,
repair, rparation,/, r i v a l , rival, m.
r e p a i r , t., rparer; t . , se rendre, r o a d , route,/.,chemin, m., voie,/,
r e p a r a t i o n , rparation,/. r o a r , grondement, m.
216 E N G LI S U - F R E N C H
roar, gronder, s e c o n d , seconder,

robber, voleur, m. s e d a t e l y , posment,
r o b u s t , robuste. see, voir 310). See again,
R o c h e l l e , l a Rochelle, / . revoir.
B o m a n , romain. s e e m , Bembler, p a r a t r e ( 313).
Borne, Rome,/, S e i n e , Seine,/.
roof, vote,/, s e i z e , saisir, s ' e m p a r e r de. Seize
r o o m , chambre, / . upon, s ' e m p a r e r de.
root, racine,/, sell, vendre.
r o s e , rose, / . s e n d , envoyer ( 282). Send bach,
B o s a m o n d , Rosamonde, / . renvoyer. Send for, envoyer
r o u n d , adj., rond. chercher. Send o f f , expdier,
r o u n d , prep., autour d o . AU s e n s e , sens, m.
round, t o u t autour, s e p u l c h r e , spulcre, m.
r o u t , droute, / . s e r g e a n t , sergent, m.
r o y a l , royal, s e r i o u s , srieu-x, -se.
r o y a l t y , royaut, / . s e r v a n t , serviteur, m., s e r v a n t e

r u i n , ruiner, / . , domestique, ./., bonne, / .
rule, r g l e , / , s e r v e , servir ( 289).
r u n , courir 298). s e r v i c e , service, m,
B u s s i a , Russie,/. set, m e t t r e ( 346). Set one's self
about, se m e t t r e . Set the
example, donner l ' e x e m p l e ,
W a c k , sac, m . s e t t l e , asseoir ( 311).
^ sacrifice, sacrifier, s e v e n , sept.
sad, triste, seventeenth, dix-septime.

s a d d e n , attrister, s e v e r a l , plusieurs.
s a i l , naviguer, voyager 274). severe, svre.
s a i l o r , m a r i n , m. S e v i l l e , Sville, / .
s a i n t , saint, m. sew, coudre ( 327). Sew up
s a l a r y , salaire, m. again, recoudre,
s a l u t a r y , salutaire, sex, sexe, m.
s a m e , mme, share, part, / .
s a n d , sable, m. s h a r p , aigu, -.
S a r a c e n , Sarrasin, m. Bharpen, moudre ( 323)
s a t i s f i e d , content, Sharpen again, rmoudre,
s a v a g e , sauvage, m. s h a t t e r , fracasser,
s a v e , sauf, except, l'exception she, elle.
de. sheep, b r e b i s , / , mouton, m.
say, dire ( 342), rciter. s h e p h e r d , berger, m.
s c a r c e l y , peine. ship, navire, vaisseau, m'.
s c e n e , scne, / . shock, choc, m.
s c h o o l , c o l e , / . , collge, m. shop, magasin, m.
s c o r e , vingtaine, / . show, p a r a d e , / .
S c o t l a n d , Ecosse, / . s h o w , m o n t r e r . Show out, con-
sea, m e r , / . duire ( 332).
s e a t , sige, m . shower, averse, / . A heavy
s e a t , asseoir (} 3 1 1 ) . shower, une forte averse,
s e c o n d , second, deuxime. s h u t , fermer.
VOCABULARY. 217
s h u t t e r , volet, m. sorry, fch.

side, ct, m. On either side, des soul, m e , / .
d e u x cts, s o u t h , s o u t h e r n , sud.
s i g h t , vue, / . , spectacle, m. south-west, sud-ouest.
silence, silence, m s o v e r e i g n , souverain, m.
s i l e n t , silencieu-x, -se. Be silent, sovereignty, souverainet, / .
se t a i r e ( 319). Spain, E s p a g n e , / .
silk, soie,/, S p a n i a r d , E s p a g n o l , m.
s i l v e r , a r g e n t , m. S p a n i s h , espagnol.
simply, simplement, spare, pargner.
s i n c e , prep., depuis, conj., d e p u i s S p a r t a , Sparte, / .
que. S p a r t a n , spartiato.
sincere, sincre, Bpeak, parler.
sincerely, sincrement, speech, discours, m .
sinner, pche-ur, -resse. s p e n d , passer.
sir, monsieur, s p h e r e , sphre, / .
sister, s u r , / . s p l e n d i d , splendide.
sit, s'asseoir ( 311). Sit doien s p l e n d o u r , splendeur, / . , clat, m.
s'asseoir, s p r e a d , t., rpandre, t., se
s i t e , site, m. rpandre,
s i t u a t i o n , situation, / . s q u a r e , carr.
s i x , six. o t a i r , degr, m. Stairs, escalier,
Bixty, soixante, m. Upstairs, en h a u t ,
s k y , ciel, m. s t a n d i n g , debout,
slate, a r d o i s e , / start, p a r t i r ( 286), tressaillir
slay, tuer. (J 291). Start again, r e p a r t i r ,
sleep, d o r m i r 284). etate, tat, m.
slope, cte, / . State, annoncer ( j 275).
slowly, lentement, stay, rester, d e m e u r e r ,
s m i l e , sourire, m. steadily, toujours,
smile, sourire ( 339). steal, voler,
smiling, riant, steep, rapide,
smoke, f u m e r . s t e p , pas, m.
so, si, ainsi. So many, so much, Stephen, Etienne, m.
t a n t . So that, de sorte q u e . Stick, c a n n e , / ,
society, socit, / . s t i l l , encore,
s o f t , m o u or mol, -le, t e n d r e , stimulate, stimuler,
soldier, soldat, m. stock, approvisionner,
solve, rsoudre ( 325). stop, t., s ' a r r t e r ,
some, adj., d u , de la, d e 1', des storm, orage, m.
quelque. story, histoire, / .
some, pron., en, q u e l q u e s - u n s , Btout, c o r p u l e n t ,
-unes. s t r a i g h t , droit,
somebody, q u e l q u ' u n , - e . strange, trange,
s o m e t h i n g , quelque chose, m. stray, s'garer.
sometimeB, quelquefois, Strength, f o r c e , / .
son. fils, m. Strengthen, raffermir, fortifier,
soon, bientt. As soon as, aussitt strike, frapper,
que, ds que. strong, fort.
t
s t u d e n t , tudiant, m. T a s m a n i a , Tasmanie,/.
s t u d y , tude,/, tax, impt, m.
s t u d y , tudier, t e a , th. m.
s t u f f , toffe, / . teach, enseigner, instruire ( 333),

s u b j e c t , sujet, m, tea-pot, thire,/.
s u b - l i e u t e n a n t , sous-lieutenant, tear, dchirer,
m. tease, taquiner,
s u b m i s s i o n , soumission, / . t e l e g r a p h , tlgraphier,
s u b m i t , se soumettre (J 346). tell, dire ( 342).
s u b u r b , f a u b o u r g , m. temple, temple, m.
s u c c e e d , russir, temptation, tentation, / .
s u c c e s s , succs, m. t e n , dix.
s u c c e s s o r , successeur, m. terrifie, terrible,
s u c h , tel, -le. t e r r i t o r y , territoire, m.
suffer, souffrir ( 293). terroi. terreur,/,
s u f f i c e , suffire ( 340). t h a n , que, de.
s u f f i c i e n t , suffisant, t h a n k , remercier,
s u g a r , sucre, m. t h a t , demonst. adj., ce, ce . . . l,
s u g g e s t i o n , proposition, / . cet, cet . . . l, m., cette, cette
s u l t a n , sultan, m. .. .l,/,
s u m m e r , t, m . t h a t , demonst.pron., celui, celui-l,
sun, soleil, m. m., celle, c e l l e - l , / . , ce, cela,
s u p p o r t , soutenir ( 296), n o u r r i r , t h a t , rel. pron., qui ; lequel,
s u p p o s e , supposer, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles ;
s u p p r e s s i o n , rpression,/, que.
s u r e l y , srement, t h a t , conj., que.
s u r g e o n , chirurgien, m. the, le, la, les.
s u r p r i s e , tonner, t h e a t r e , thtre, m.
s u r r o u n d , entourer, thee, te, toi.
s u r v i v e , t., survivre ( 326). t h e i r , leur, leurs,
s u s p e c t , souponner, t h e i r s , le leur, la leur, les leurs ;
s u s t a i n , soutenir ( 296). eux, elles,
s w a l l o w , hirondelle, / . t h e m , les, eux, elles,
s w e a r , jurer, themselves, eux-mmes, elles-
s w e a t , sueur,/. mmes ; se.
s w e e p , balayer, chasser ( 2 7 2 ) . t h e n , alors, puis,
S w i t z e r l a n d , Suisse,/, thence, de l, en.
s w o r d , pe,/. there, l, y. There is, there are,
s y r u p , sirop, m. voil
t h e r m o m e t e r , thermomtre,'!,
these, adj., ces, ces . . . ci, m . / . ,
' T ' a k e , prendre ( 345), mener pron., ceux, ceux-ci, m., celles,
( 258). Take prisoner, faire celles-ci, / .
( 344) prisonnier. Take with t h e y , ils, m.pl., elles, f.pl. ; ceux,
one, emmener ( 258). m.pl-, celles, f.pl. ; eux, m.pl.,
t a k i n g , prise,/, elles, f.pl.
talk, causer, thine, le tien, la tienne, les tiens,
t a l l , grand, les tiennes ; toi.
t a s k , tohe,/. thing, chose,/.
VOCABULARY. 219
t h i n k , penser, songer ( 274), t o t t e r , chanceler ( 261).

t r o u v e r , croire ( 321). t o w a r d s , vers,
t h i r d , troisime, t o w e r , tour, / .
thirty, trente. t o w n , ville, / .
t h i s , demonst. adj., ce, ce . . . ci, t r a c e , t r a c e r ( 275).
cet, cet . . . ci, m., cette, c e t t e t r a i n , t r a i n , m.
...ci,/, t r a n s f e r , t r a n s f r e r ( 266).
t h i s , demonst. pron., celui, celui- t r a n s l a t e , t r a d u i r e ( 332).
ci, m., celle, celle-ci, / . , ce, translation, traduction, / .
ceci, t r a n s m i t , t r a n s m e t t r e ( 340)
thither, y. t r a v e l , v o y a g e r ( 274)."
t h o s e , adj., ces, ces . . . l, m.f. ; t r a v e l l e r , v o y a g e u - r , -se.
pron., ceux, m., c o l l e s , / , c e u x - treacherously, tratreusement,
l, m., c e l l e s - l , / , t r e a s u r e , trsor, m,
t h o u , t u , toi. treat, traiter,
t h o u g h , t i e n que, quoique, t r e e , arbre, m.
t h o u s a n d , mille, mil (in dates t r i b u l a t i o n , dtresse, / .
A.D.). tri-coloured, tricolore,
threat, menace,/, t r i u m p h , t r i o m p h e , m.
t h r e a t e n , m e n a c e r ( 275). troop, troupe, / .
t h r e e , trois, t r o p i c a l , tropical.
t h r e s h , b a t t r e ( 347). Troy, Troie, / .
t h r o u g h , travers, p a r . Ail t r y , essayer ( 272), g o t e r ,
through., p a r t o u t , dans t o u t e sa tulip, tulipe,/,
longueur, t u n n e l , t u n n e l , m.
t h r o w , j e t e r ( 262). Turkey, T u r q u i e , / .
thunder, tonner. Turkish, tur-c, -que.
T h u r s d a y , j e u d i , m. t u r n , t o u r n e r . Turn round, re
t h u s , ainsi, tourner.
tigress, tigresse,/. t w e l v e , douze. Twelve o'clock,
till, jusqu'. midi, minuit,
t i m e , temps, m., poque, / . , (re- t w e n t y , vingt,
petition) f o i s , / . , (of day) h e u r e , t w i c e , deux fois,
/ . In time, t e m p s . For a t w i n , j u m e - a u , -lie.
long time, longtemps, t w o , deux.
t i m i d , timide.
to, , en (with countries), p o u r
(in order to). TTgly, laid.
t o a d , crapaud, m. ^ u m b r e l l a , p a r a p l u i e , m.
tobacco, tabac, m. u n c l e , oncle, m.
to-day, aujourd'hui, uncommon, peu o r d i n a i r e ,
t o g e t h e r , ensemble, u n c o v e r , dcouvrir ( 293).
tongue, l a n g u e , / , a n d e r , sous.
too, t r o p . Too much, too many, u n d e r s t a n d , c o m p r e n d r e (5 345).
trop. u n d e r t a k e , e n t r e p r e n d r e ( 345),
tool, i n s t r u m e n t , m. se c h a r g e r de ( 274).
tooth, d e n t , / , undresB, dshabiller, dvtir
t o p , sommet, in. ( 295).
t o r r e n t , t o r r e n t , in. u n f a i t h f u l , infidle.
u n f o r t u n a t e , infortun, mal- voice, voix, / .

h e u r e u - x , -se. void, vide, m.
u n g r a t e f u l , ingrat,
u n h a p p y , m a l h e u r e u - x , -se.
u n i f o r m , uniforme, m. " \ \ T a i t , attendre. Wait 'for,
u n i v e r s a l , universel, -le. ' attendre.
u n i t e , runir, W a l e s , pays de Galles, m.
u n k n o w n , inconnu, w a l k , promenade, / .
u n l e s s , moins que . . . n e . walk, marcher,
u n s e w , dcoudre ( 327). w a l l , m u r a i l l e , / . , m u r , f.
u n t i l , j u s q u ' ce que. walnut, noix,/.
u n w i l l i n g l y , contre-cur, w a n t , avoir besoin de, vouloir
up, en h a u t , ( 307).
u p - h i l l , en m o n t a n t ,
w a r , guerre, / .
u p h o l d , soutenir ( 296).
w a r m , chaud,
u p o n , sur. Upon it, dessus, w a r m l y , chaleureusement,
use, u t i l i t , / . , usage, m. w a r n , avertir, p r v e n i r ( 297).
use, Be servir de ($ 289), e m - w a t e r , eau, / ,
ployer ($ 272). w a t e r , arroser,
u s e f u l , utile,
w a t e r - f o w l , oiseau d ' e a u , m.
u s e l e s s , inutile,
w a t e r - l i l y , n n u p h a r , m.
u s u a l , usuel, -le.
w a y , voie, route, / .
w e , nous.
w e a k , faible. Grow weak, f a i b l i r
T T a i n , vain.
In vain, en vain. w e a k e n , affaiblir,
* valle,/,
v a l l e y , w e a r , porter.
v a l u e , valeur, / . wearisome, e n n u y e u - x , -se.
V a n d y k e , V a n D y c k , m. w e a t h e r , temps, m.
v a n q u i s h , vaincre ($ 328). week, semaine,/,
v a r i o u s , divers, w e l l , puits, m.
v a s e , vase, m. w e l l , bien. Il is well, il est bon.
v a s t , vaste. well-informed, instruit,
v e n t u r e , s ' a v e n t u r e r , oser, w e s t , ouest, m.
v e r h o s e , v e r b e u - x , -se. w e s t w a r d , l'ouest,
v e r y , adj., m m e , w h a t , rel. pron., ce qui, ce que,
v e r y , adv., f o r t , bien, trs, inter, pron., q u ' e s t - c e qui,
v i c i o u s , mchant, q u ' e s t - c e que, que, quoi,
v i c t i m , victime, / . w h a t , adj., quel, -le.
v i c t o r i o u s , victorieu-x, - s e . w h a t e v e r , quel . . . q u e .
v i c t o r y , victoire,/, w h e a t , bl, m.
vie, rivaliser, w h e n , quand, lorsque,
v i e w , v u e , / . w h e r e , o.
v i g i l a n c e , vigilance, / . w h e t h e r , soit que, que.
vile, vil. w h i c h , rel. pro., qui ; lequel,
v i l l a g e , village, m. laquelle, lesquels ; quo. That
v i n e g a r , vinaigre, m. which, ce qui. ee que.
v i r t u e , vertu,/, w h i c h , inter, adj., quel, -le.
v i s c o u n t , vicomte, m . w h i p , fouet, m.
v i s i t , visiter. white, blanc, -ho.
VOCABULARY. 221
Who, rel. $ inter, pron., q u i . w o r k , travailler,
W h o e v e r , quiconque, qui que, w o r k m a n , ouvrier, m.
q u e l . . . que. World, monde, m.
whole, enti-er, -re, tout, worse, plus mauvais, pire,
whom, que, qui ; lequel, laquelle, w o r s t , le plus mauvais, le pire.
lesquels, lesquelles, be w o r t h , valoir ( 308).
whose, rel. pron., dont, rel. $ w o r t h y , digne,
inter, pron., de qui, duquel, v wound, blessure, / .
delaquelle, desquels, desquelles, Wound, blesser,
wicked, mchant, w i i t e , crire ( 336).
wife, femme, / . w r i t e r , crivain, m.
w i l l , volont, / . w r i t i n g , criture, / .
w i l l , vouloir (} 307). w r o n g , tort, m. Be wrong, avoir
William, Guillaume, m. tort.
w i n , gagner,
window, fentre,./.
- Wilie, vie, in.
wing, aile,/,
w i n t e r , hiver, m.
wisdom, sagesse,/,
Y ear, an, m., anne, f .
yes, oui, si.
yesterday, hier,
wise, sage. y e t , encore, cependant,
w i s h , souhaiter, dsirer, vouloir you, vous ; t a . te, toi.
307). y o u n g , jeune.
w i t h , avec, your, votre, vos; ton, ta, tes.
w i t h o u t , sans. y o u r s , le vtre, la vtre, les
w i t n e s s , tmoigner, voir ( 310). v t r e s ; vous; le tien, la
wolf, lou-p, -ve. tienne, les tiens, les tiennes ;
Woman, f e m m e , / , toi.
wood, bois, m. y o u r s e l f , v o u s , v o u s - m m e ; t o i -
word, mot, m., p a r o l e , / , mme, te, toi.
work, travail, ouvrage, m., youth (youthfulness), jeunesse, / .
oeuvre, / . y o u t h f u l , jeune.
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CUI H'SKS AND GRAMMARS IN

FRENCH AND G MEM AN

Ube THntv>erstt\? t u t o r i a l press.

T H E T U T O R I A L F R E N C H SYNTAX. By Prof. E. WEEKLEY,

D I R E C T GERMAN C O U R S E . By H , J . CIIAYTOR, .M.A. is. M .

ERNEST WEEKLEY, M.A. C A M B . AND LOND.

Tenth Impression (Second Edition)

UM.U ST., XKW OXFOUD ST., W . f .

THE Junior French Course is intended to be used as a

I n the second edition some continuous passages for

<4 70 IRREGULAR VERBS . . . . . . 90

EXERCISES AND VOCAB UI.AMIES.

FRENCH MINISTER OP EDUCATION, 1901.

BY a decree of the French Minister of Education

Compound substantives may always be written without

The partitive article may be used instead of de before

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

Mme, when added to a disjunctive personal pronoun,

Compound verbs may be written without hyphen or

The following is an abstract of such of these reforms as

1. The French alphabet is the same as t h a t used in

3. The same marks of punctuation are used in French

6. The diaeresis ( " ) indicates that the vowel over

7. The hyphen (-) is used, as in English, to join the

8. The apostrophe (') marks the elision of a vowel

O N THE U S E OF THE ACCENTS.

9. The acute accent (-) is used only over e, to which

"Verbs have suffixes indicating person, number, tense, and

LESSON 1.THE ARTICLE.

12. The article must agree with the substantive in

13. T H E DEFINITE ARTICLE.

NOTE 1. Substantives in French are either masculine or feminine,

14. When the definite article is preceded by the pre-

le to au, de les to des, and les to aux. Du and au are

17. The article, definite, indefinite, or partitive, must be

Learn the verb avoir ( 235).

B . 1 . Edward's friend has an apple. 2. A lady has g i v e n ( d o n n )

18. The definite article must be used, in French, though

5. Instead of the English indefinite article to indicate price.

LESSON 3.THE A R T I C L E (continued).

20. The indefinite article is omitted after the verb tre,

21. The partitive article ( 1 6 ) must be replaced by de

Learn the verb porter ( 237).

23. The feminine of adjectives, and of such substantives

24. The plural of substantives and adjectives is formed

25. When an adjective qualifies substantives of different

26. The position of the adjective is variable in French.

27. The following adjectives usually precede t h e sub-

28. The following classes of adjectives usually follow

Learn the verb finir ( 238).

LESSON 5.THE P E R S O N A L PRONOUNS.

30. The conjunctive personal pronouns have three

31. Pronouns governed by a verb precede t h a t verb in

33. W h e n t h e pronouns are both of t h e t h i r d person,

34. The following are t h e only permissible combina-

Dat. Acc. Acc. Dat.

35. I n the imperative, used affirmatively, t h e accusa-

36. The present tense has only one form in French :

37. The present is also used, as in English, to express

38. The present is frequently employed, in vivid

39. The present is used for the English past indefinite

40. The past indefinite tense corresponds to two

41. The past indefinite is also commonly used, in con-