Airport Design Standard and Consideration (Not Sure)

Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
Airport Planning and

Terminal Design
presented by
Eiieen Poh
Assistant Director (ICAO Affairs)
Major Terminal Design Considerations
+ Passenger Terminal
Configuration
+ P
+ Passenger
assenger
Terminal
Ter minal
Concepts
Con cepts
+ Major Design
Considerations

9-13 April 2007
1
Terminal Configuration
+ Centralised proces
processing
sing building conn
connected by
people mover syste
system to satellit
llites
Satellite
Buildings
People mover system

Terminal

9-13 April 2007
Denver International Airport
Sat
Satelli
llite Buildings
Peo
People Mover System
Termin
Termina
al Building

9-13 April 2007
Heathrow Airport Alternatives

9-13 April 2007
Terminal Configurations
+ Centralised pas
passen
senger processing ter
terminal
building with finge
finger piers
Terminal
Finger Piers

9-13 April 2007
HONG KONG
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT

9-13 April 2007
S CH I P O L
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
Term
erminal
nal Bui
Building
Finger Piers
Finger Piers

9-13 April 2007
CHANGI AIRPORT
Finger piers
Finger piers

9-13 April 2007
Passenger Terminal Concepts

+ Easy
Easy orientati
entation
+ Simplicit
licity
+ Min
Minimise walking distan istanc ces
B as i c + Min
Minimise level chang hanges
Planning + Min
Minimise pax pax cross- ss-flows
Criteria in + Compatipatibilit
ility of facili
facilitties
with aircraft char haracterterist
istics
Development + Buil
Builtt-in flexibilitlity to
of Passenger accommoda odate futur
future chang
hanges in
dynam
namic indusndustry
Terminals + Traf
raffic peakin king charharacterist istics
+ Trans
ansfer fer volume and and
connec
onnecting times

9-13 April 2007
1. Pier/Finger
2. Linear
5 Common
3. Transporter
Terminal
Concepts 4. Satellite
5. Compact Module
Unit Terminal
9-13 April 2007

1. Pier/Finger
P
Nashville Baltimore - Washington

9-13 April 2007
1. Pier/Finger
Advantages Disadvantages
Centralized resources, Long walking distances
economies of scale (human,
facilities, amenities) Kerbside congestion
Facilitates pax management Limited expansion capability
Economical to build Reduced aircraft circulation &
Efficient use of land manoeuvrability
Limited compatibility of future
aircraft design development

9-13 April 2007

2. Linear
P P

9-13 April 2007
2. Linear
Shortest walking distances Duplication of terminal
facilities/amenities
Clear orientation
Longer minimum connecting
Simple construction time
Adequate kerb length Longer walking distances for
Shorter close-out times transfer pax
Lower baggage systems costs Special logistics for handling
(conveying/sorting) using of transfer bags
decentralized system Less flexibility in terminal and
apron for future changes in
operations eg aircraft design,
airlines
9-13 April 2007

3. Transporter
P
Dulles
International

9-13 April 2007
3. Transporter
Easy compatibility of terminal/ Higher instances of pax delays
apron geometry and future
aircraft design development Early closed-out times
Ease of aircraft manoeuvrability High capital, maintenance &
operating costs
Ease of expansion capability for
aircraft stands Susceptible to industrial
disputes with vehicle drivers
Simple and smaller central
terminal Increased vehicular movements
on airside with aircraft
Cost savings
Kerbside congestion
Increased minimum connecting
times
9-13 April 2007

4. Satellite

9-13 April 2007
4. Satellite
Centralized resources (human, Requires high technology,
facilities and amenities) underground transportation
Facilitates pax management system
Additional satellites can be High capital, maintenance &
designed to accommodate future operating cost
aircraft design developments Kerbside congestion
Limited expansion capability
at main terminal
Increases minimum
connecting times
Early closed-out times

9-13 April 2007

5. Compact Module Unit Terminal
P P

9-13 April 2007
10
5. Compact Module Unit Terminal
Short walking distances Multi-compact module units
Late closed-out times require pax and bag transfer
systems between terminals
Longer kerb length than
conventional central terminal Duplication of facilities,
higher operating costs
Capital investment is
commensurate with demand
Simple pax & baggage
transportation/sorting
systems within each module
Low baggage mishandling
potential

9-13 April 2007
Changi Airport Terminal Concept

Hybrid Concept
PProvide large
rovide la rge passengers
rge pass
passengers pprocessing
eng ssing ccapacity
rocessin apaci
apacitty
Permit
Permit ccentralization
Per entr
entraliz ation oof
lizati f ffacilities
acilit and
d aamenities
cilities and
an meni
enities
Manpower
M anpower ssaving
anpow inthe
aving in the
th e ccentralization
entraliz ation ssystem
lizati ystem
tem
FFacilitate
acilitate fflow
cilitate and
low and
and oorientation
entation oof
rientati passengers
f pas
passeng
engers
RReasonable
eas onable ccheck-in
easonable heck--in aand
heck close-out
ose-out ttimes
nd clo
cl i m es
HHigher
igher level
her le vel oof
f sservice
ervice
9-13 April 2007
Changi Airport Terminal 3
EXISTING RUNW
UNWAY 1
SOUTH
CROSS RELOCATED PROP
ROPOSED RAPID
T A X IW A Y T A X IW A Y EXIT TAXIWAY
LOCATION OF
MRT STATION
P R O PO SED NEW PEOPLE
2ND SOUTH MOVER SYSTEMS
CROSS
T A X IW A Y TERMINAL 3
TERMINAL 1
TERMINAL 2
NORTH NORTH
NEW PEOPLE CROSS
ROSS 2 CROSS
ROSS 1
MOVER SYSTEMS T A X IW A Y T A X IW A Y
RUNW
UNWAY 2

9-13 April 2007
Major Considerations
Key for Manageme
Management to first define its object ectives
+ Type of airport operations: hub, poipo i nt - to-
point, low cost, charters, general aviation
+ Demographics of pax:
international/domestic, business/ss/tourists
+ Level of service
+ Establish key design criteria/parameters =
design brief: simpl
simplicity, clarity, effi
fficiency,
minimum change in level, comfort, ambience, ce,
architectural statement/icon, state-of-the-art
technology, low operating costs
+ Prioritise design criteria/parameters

9-13 April 2007
Major Considerations
What factors contribute towards a good terminal
building design?
+ Passenger Flow
+ Walking Distance
+ Level of servic
service for passe
ssengers
+ Performance standards
+ Traffic peaking characteristics
+ Future growth
+ Sophisticated and costly airport sys
systems
+ Ease of wayfinding
+ Processing times
+ Retail

9-13 April 2007
Passenger Flow
Minimise level changes
Segregation of screened pax
DEPARTURES GATE LOUNGE
ARRIVALS CORRIDOR
TYPICAL PIER SECTION
DEPARTURES FLOW
ARRIVALS FLOW

9-13 April 2007
Passenger Flow

9-13 April 2007
Passenger Flow

9-13 April 2007
Passenger Flow
CUSTOMS
TAXI BAGGAGE RECLAIM

PICK-UP
IMMIGRATION
ARRIVALS
CARPARK
ARRIVALS FLOW

9-13 April 2007
Walking Distance
A major quantifiabl
quantifiable factor that
takes into account the psychology
of users and propor
proportions of bui
buildings
relative to human scale

9-13 April 2007
Walking Distance
Aided and Unaided

walking distances

9-13 April 2007
Walking Distance
Industry norms for walking distances :
... IATA : < 300m unaided
... AdP : < 300m unaided;

< 900m with travellators
... BAA : < 250m unaided;

< 650m with moving sidewalks

9-13 April 2007
Level of Service for Pax
Capacity is a function of Level Of

Service
- A facility can operate at varying

degrees of congestion and delay
depending on level of service
intended

9-13 April 2007

Established design norms :
IATAs Leve
IATA Level of Ser
Service (LOS) Framework
consisting of six categories, ie. from LOS
A to F
LOS A LOS C LOS F
Excellent LOS, free Unacceptable LOS, cross

flow, no delays and flow, system breakdown
excellent level of and long delays and
comfort unacceptable level of
comfort

9-13 April 2007
LOS A LOS C
LOS F

9-13 April 2007
IATA Level of Service Space Standards for Airport

Passenger Terminals
Level of Service Standards (sq. m per

occupant)
Check-in queue area

Wait/circulate
Hold room
Bag claim area
(excluding claim device)
Government inspection 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
-

9-13 April 2007
Performance Standards
Translate expectati
ctations of service standards
into quantifiable measures, differs from
airport to airport
Processing speed
eed
- check-in process
cess
- immigration/custo
immigration/customs clearance
- pax and baggag
baggage security
screen
eening
- baggage delivery
Functionality standards
- Minimum connecti
connecting time
Availability
- Key operating syst
systems eg flight
monitor, escalato
escalators, trolleys etc
9-13 April 2007
Traffic Peaking Characteristics

Pax Peaky
Traffi
ffic Patte
ttern
Flat
Patte
ttern
Time
1 (Hour)
9-13 April 2007
Future Growth - Expandability
+ Over or prematur
premature investment?
+ Support modular expansion?
+ Flex
Flexibi
ibility and constraints?
+ Lead time needed to add capacity?
+ Disruptions to existing operations?

9-13 April 2007
Future Growth
A380 holdroom
designed to lATA
Level of Service 'A'
Arr a Greeters' Ha
Baggag e C a m Ha
Arr a Imm Arr a Imm

grat on Ha grat on Ha
Baggage Sort ng Area

9-13 April 2007
20
Operating Costs - Maintenance
People mover
system
Baggage handling
and sorting
system

9-13 April 2007
Ease of Wayfinding
+ Complex or convol
convoluted paths?
+ No clear line of sig
sight to facilities?
+ Poor accessibility to commercial areas?
+ Multiple decision points?
+ Back-tracking?

9-13 April 2007
Ease of Wayfinding

9-13 April 2007
Ease of Wayfinding

9-13 April 2007
Facilitating Processes
+ Centralised or decentralised?
+ Required number of units for each facility?
+ Accommodating changes in processcessiing
methodology?
+ Use of technology vs resources
ces?
+ Reliability and redundancy?

9-13 April 2007
Retail
+ Airside or landside?
+ Prime location vs operational need
eeds?
+ Increase dwell time vs effi
fficiency?
+ Creativity vs clarity?
++ $$$$
RReettuurrnnss??

9-13 April 2007
Is there a practical limit
to how large a
terminal building can be?

9-13 April 2007
Seo
Seoul Inc
Inchon
Kansa
nsai Airport
+ 27m
27mppa
ppa
Shanghai Pudong
+30m
30mppa
+20m
20mppa
ASIA +42m
42mppa
ppa
+21m
21mppa
Suv
Suvarnabhu
bhumi Airport Chek Lap Kok
+ 30m
30mppa
ppa
+25m
25mppa
+ 21m
21mppa (T1)
+ 23m
23mppa (T2)Guan
uangzho
zhou Baiyun
Sepang Airport Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
Changi Airport
Heath
eathrow T5 Schipol
if
32m
32mpp
a
if 30m
30mppa
ppa
if 30m
30mppa
ppa
EUROPE

9-13 April 2007 Fran
rankfur
furt T1
Optimal Geometry
+ Centralised terminal with finger piers

9-13 April 2007
9-13 April 2007
Establishing Optimal Size

Optimal Number of Piers = Gates
[Reference: Bandar
Bandara & Wirasinghe 1992]
1992]
For 6 piers,
Number of Gates = 32 to 42
Use of
Planning Norms
20 to 25 million pax a year

9-13 April 2007
Check walking
dist
distances for
departing
Travella
llators passe
assenger
travelli
elling to the
nearest and
fur
furthest gate
CHECK-IN
ISLAND
KERBSIDE
Check walking
dist
distances for
depa
departirting passe
ssenger
travelli
elling from
kerb
erbside to the
fur
furthest checkeck-in
i
9-13 April 2007
s la nd
Check walking
distances for
Travella
llators transfer
passe
assenger
travelling
between the
furthest gates
CHECK-IN
ISLAND
KERBSIDE

9-13 April 2007
Table 1 : Unaided Walking Distances
20 mppa
ppa 22 mppa
ppa 25 mppa
ppa
Kerbside to 195 m 205 m 235 m
furth
rthest check
eck-in island
Furth
rthest check
eck-in 265 m 275 m 300 m
island to nearest
rest gate
Table 2 : Aided Walking Distances

20 mppa
ppa 22 mppa
ppa 25 mppa
ppa
Furth
rthest check
eck-in island 495 m 515 m 550 m
to furth
rthest gate
Furth
rthest gat
gate to gate 790 m 840 m 1,000 m
distance
9-13 April 2007
Optimal Terminal Size
Based on current technology, it

appears that a centralised passenger
terminal building with six finger piers
handling 25 million passengers per is
the optimum size

9-13 April 2007

Airport Design Standard and Consideration (Not Sure)

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Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Airport Planning and

Major Terminal Design Considerations

Strategic Airport Management Programme

People mover system

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Denver International Airport

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Passenger Terminal Concepts

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Changi Airport Terminal Concept

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

TYPICAL PIER SECTION

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

TAXI BAGGAGE RECLAIM

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Aided and Unaided

Strategic Airport Management Programme

... IATA : < 300m unaided

... AdP : < 300m unaided;

... BAA : < 250m unaided;

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Capacity is a function of Level Of

- A facility can operate at varying

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Level of Service for Pax

LOS A LOS C LOS F

Excellent LOS, free Unacceptable LOS, cross

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Level of Service for Pax

IATA Level of Service Space Standards for Airport

Level of Service Standards (sq. m per

Check-in queue area

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Traffic Peaking Characteristics

Strategic Airport Management Programme

Arr a Imm Arr a Imm

Baggage Sort ng Area

Strategic Airport Management Programme