) (

) (
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 .
Mohammed Abu-Risha, 2015. No part of this material may be published,
reprinted or released in any means without the permission of the author. The only
website that is permitted to release the electronic copy of this book is
www.arabtranslators.org Any unauthorised uploaded copy to any other site is
prohibited and such sites shall forthwith delete any copy of this book.
(P) Arab Professional Translators Society, 2015

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maburisha@yahoo.com maburisha@arabtranslators.org

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Special thanks are due to my colleagues, the translators and
members of Translators Caf (www.translatorscafe.com).
On several occasions, I consulted with them on legal
terminology and they have been so generous and amazingly
helpful in making me get through the many intricacies I
faced throughout the writing of this book.

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Blacks
Legal Dictionary
/http://thelawdictionary.org

.

.
-

. Building Skills

 for the TOEFL Nancy Stanley and Carol King

.



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) (
.




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-

.
.
-- /
. law

"" the law "" .
.
:
:

. generic reference
.
:
Ants are industrious insects. OR An ant is an industrious
insect.
:
.

:
The law published today is related to companies.
the )
( companies )(
) (.
--
:
I borrowed the book of the .
boy.
I broke the leg of the table. .

This is the office of the .
manager
The boys book
The book of the boy
The mans position
The position of the man
The babys happiness
The teachers computer
The computer of the teacher
The students birth date
The birth date of the student
The immigrants application
The application of the
immigrant
The shepherds work
The work of the shepherd

.
--
Building Skills for the TOEFL Test
:

 : -
.
He is speak.
.(speak) ( is)
Example: Correct answer:
The man he is my friend. Omit: he
She (is speak, speaks) English. speaks
A book on this topic. There is no verb.
Consider: A
book was
written on this
topic.

: -
Example: Correct
answer:
The man along with his children is
(is, are) happy.
Yesterday, he (catch, catched, caught
caught) a big fish.
The cars (have been cleaned, have have been
cleaned). cleaned

 : .
Example: Correct
answer:
He solved the problem (although, despite
despite) limited time.
This is my son (with whom, who) with whom
I am pleased
(Because he, Because) wanted to Because he
succeed in business, he spent lots
of time in the market.

: .
Example: Correct answer:
The book is (interested, interesting
interesting).
The man (stand, standing) there standing
is my friend.
The (mended, mend) computer mended
is now in good shape.

 : .
Example: Correct
answer:
It was (I, me) who was knocking I
at the door.
Everybody should care about (his, his
their) work.
The engineer is very careful, which
(which, who) prevents accidents
at work.

: .
Example: Correct
answer:
His (success, succeed) encouraged Success
him to write another book.
Shakespeare was a (fame, famous) famous
writer.
A good man is one who controls anger
the (angry, anger) of his foes.

 . :
Example: Correct answer:
She wanted to know where (I I live
live, do I live).
In the box are new toys. In the box are
In the box new toys are. new toys.
The laws elaborated on the The laws
matter are modern. elaborated on
The elaborated laws on the the matter are
matter are modern. modern.

.
.
.:
similar trademarks

.:
.
Trademarks similar to ours.
) similar trademarks to ours
( .

 : .
Example: Correct
answer:
She is clever, hardworking and reliable
(can be relied on, reliable).
He intends to go shopping, visit pay
friends and (paying, pay) the bills.
You can speak either French or English
(English, speak English).

: .
Example: Correct
answer:
She is clever and smart. She is clever.
Give me my book which belongs Give me my
to me. book.
The shop decided to raise the Omit the word
prices by one dollar more. more.

 : .
Example: Correct
answer:
She distributed the candies among
(among, between) the three
children.
The old man (sat, set) on the chair Sat
all afternoon.
Workers believe they are entitled raise
to a salary (raise, rise).

:(/)


:
. .
a. Yesterday, I saw a boy
b. Yesterday, I saw boy.
. .
a. Tomorrow, I will visit a friend.
b. Tomorrow, I will visit the friend.
. .
. said they were about to find a cure for that
disease.
a. The scientists b. Scientists

 . .
a. Law is group of official rules.
b. Law is a group of official rules.
. .
a. Running red light is against the law.
b. Running a red light is against the law.
. .
a. Laws are keep peace in the society
b. Laws they are keep peace in the society.
c. Laws keep peace in the society.
d. Keep peace in the society.
. .
a. Long ago, people lived in groups small.
b. Long ago, people lived in small groups.
. .
a. Long ago, there were no laws written.
b. Long ago, there were no written laws.
. .
a. People, in the past, were guided by traditions and
values.
b. People, in the past, guided by traditions and
values.
. .
a. Laws became formal and then written.

 b. Laws became formal then they were written.
.
.
a. This is the law amend the aforementioned law.
b. This is the law amended the aforementioned law.
c. This is the law amending the aforementioned law.

. .
a. Romans in ancient times, they wrote down their
laws.
b. Romans, in ancient times, they wrote down their
laws.
c. In ancient times, wrote down their laws.
d. Romans, in ancient times, wrote down their laws.
. .
a. Our laws from the Roman legal system.
b. Our laws are derived from the Roman legal system.
c. Our laws they are derived from the Roman legal
system.
d. Are derived from the Roman legal system.
.
.
a. Under the English law, a case according to
previous similar cases.
b. Under the English law, a case must be decided
according to previous similar cases.

 . .
a. The parliament it passes laws.
b. The parliament is pass laws.
c. The parliament passes laws.
. .
a. Until today, the English law it is important.
b. Until today, the English law important.
c. Until today, the English law is important.
.
.
Legal provisions ..in legislation,
constitutions and judicial opinions.
a. find b. found
c. are found d. finding
. .
Special authorities in the state..laws.
a. enact b. enacting
c. are enacted d. have enacted
. .
The functions of the lawthroughout history.
a. varied b. vary
c. have variedd. are varying.
. .
The law .in the society by competent
authorities.

 a. enforce b. to enforce
c. enforcing d. is enforced
. .
Law .from customs.
a. is distinguished
b. distinguishes
c. distinguished
d. distinguishing
. .
Penal codes help in ..peace in the
society.
a. maintain
b. maintained
c. maintaining
d. is maintained
. .
The law ..as a tool of social change.
a. has been used b. used
c. using d. uses
. .
Some laws.discrimination.
a. are prohibit b. prohibiting
c. prohibited d. prohibit

 . .
Commercial transactions .by the
provisions of the Trade Law.
a. govern b. are governed
c. governing d. governed
. .
A law is empty if it. by people.
a. not obeyed
b. does not obey
c. is not obeyed
d. not obeying
. .
Courts .institutions to which people resort to
have their disputes resolved.
a. are b. is
c. have d. has
. .
Law.as people develop.
a. evolve b. evolving
c. is evolved d. evolves.
. .
A company can its name at any time.
a. change b. changing
c. changed d. be changed

 .
.
Before the development of the prison system, many
societies .the death punishment on several
crimes.
a. were applied
b. are applying
c. had been applied
d. applied
. .
It is justice that a killer must
a. dead b. dying
c. die d. died
.
.
The labour inspector may inspect the work place and
..it down if necessary.
a. closing b. closed
c. was closed d. close
. .
The judge may compel the witness to .before the
court.appear b. appearing
c. appeared d. was appear.
. .
The respondent to prove an alibi.

 a. bailed b. appealed
c. pleaded d. failed
. .
The provisions of Article (10) shall ..to fines.
a. applying b. applied
c. apply d. has applied
. .
In some cases, the .is final.
a. decision court
b. court of the decision
c. courts decision
. .
What is more important than the trial is the polices
ability to the judges decision.
a. executing b. execute
c. executed d. execution
. .
This agreement has been executed for the purposes
of..equipment.
a. procurement b. procuring
c. procured d. is procured
.
.
Before ..their inheritance, the heirs must
bring a deed of settlement of a succession.

 a. receive
b. they receiving
c. received
d. receiving
. .
The dispute may ..to any other way of dispute
resolution.
a. refer b. referring
c. be referred d. referred

41. The petition has been accepted by the judge.

a.
b.

42. The law firm filed a petition after it was conflicted out
of the case.
.................


a.
b.

43. The case was heard and decided by X judge.

a. ( )
b. ( )

 44. The case was remanded to the Court of First Instance.
a.
b. .

45. This agreement has been entered into by and between

X and Y.
a. .
b. .
KEY:
1. a 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b
6. c 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. b
11. c 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. c
16. c 17. c 18. a 19. c 20. d
21. a 22. c 23. a 24. d 25. b
26. c 27. a 28. a 29. a 30. d
31. c 32. d 33. a 34. d 35. c
36. c 37. b 38. b 39. d 40. c
41. a 42. b 43. a 44. b 45. a

.-

.
.


 .
:

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) :(/
:--
:
---
This agreement has been entered into
by and between the following Parties: :

 :

:
: "" .

---
The First Party has bought the
Property from the Second Party. :

:
.
: .
: ""
.

---
Whereas the First Party wishes to
rent the Premises from the Second :
;Party

:


:


 "".

:

---
The Landlord and Tenant have
agreed to the following: :

: :
: :
: .

---
Both the Landlord and the Tenant
certify that all information provided :
by them in this Lease Agreement is
accurate

:
.
:
.

: " "
.

 "
.
".

---
Any member asking to be replaced
by an alternate shall without delay :
inform the Chairman of the Board
concerned of such matter.

:

.
:

.
:
" "
) .( :

---
The employer shall pay to the agency
the sum of 150 Dollars per month. :

 :
.
:
.
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) ( ) (
. )
( :
.

---
The First and Second Parties shall
indemnify the contractor against any :
loss arising from the provision of the
service.
:
.
:
.
: "" .

---
For the purpose of interpreting this
Agreement, any reference to dates or :

 times shall be interpreted according
to the Gregorian calendar.
:

.
:
.
:
.

.



.

---
The Plaintiff invited the Defendant
to dinner in that restaurant, and the :
defendant complied with that
invitation.
:
.
:
.


 "" :
.
"" ""
" "
.

:
King, C and S Nancy (1999), Building Skills for the TOEFL
Test. Longman: London.
) ( ) (
.

.() -.

.


.

.

.

-
--




.
) :(/

) :(/ ) Microsoft
(Encarta 2009

.
" "
.



) :
( .
) tribunal :
( ) cassation ( ) jurisdiction
( ) minor offences (
) major offences (.

--
notary public
Apostilles

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. ) (/
:

 ) :(/
) : (aposttille.net

--

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.


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shall, may, notwithstanding .

MemoQ

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.

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) insurance policies (




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--

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.


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.
" "

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) (expert witness

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.

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Code of conduct of court interpreters.

- MemoQ

Microsoft Windows
.
.
.
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Exhibit A - Specimen
Contractors' All Risk Insurance Policy


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.

.

.

 -

.

. ) (/
" "
.
.

) :(/
) - "
"(



.
:
- The Comma That Costs 1 Million Dollars (Canadian),
Accessed from
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/25/business/world
business/25comma.html?_r=0
- The Judiciary System in France, Microsoft Encarta
2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved. (Compact Disk)
- www.memoq.com
https://www.apostille.net/state-of- Apostille.net -
california-apostille.html
:( ) -
.
- www.translatorscafe.com


 :








.

-

.


.





.

. : crime
misdemeanor loss of anticipated profit
.
.
" "
.

. " " .


. " ".
" " .

.
. " "
.
achieve an aim
.
.

.

 :
http://www.translatorscafe.com/tcterms/en-
GB/thQuestion.aspx?id=156602&hlm=c&hlid=787595&scr
oll=down&vm=full#c787595
) (
www.translatorscafe.com/tcterms
achieve an aim
achieve a specific result obligation of
.performance



.
.
.distress
) .(
: .

Remedy by distress .
remedy ""
""
. Remedy
" " :
.

 Blacks :
Distress: The seizure of anothers property to secure the
performance of a duty, such as the payment of overdue rent.
:
.
demised premises

demise " " premises
" :
"" .
" .
title ""
" " . representation ""
"".

facsimile " "
" "
)-( :
" " ) .(/
consideration ""

""
)( .
for good and valued consideration
" ".


serve "" leave
! :
""
Notices shall be served by leaving it, or by sending it by
registered mail addressed to the Company.
".

" :

) :(/ facsimile


) (
. :

www.translatorscafe.com
.www. dictionary.law.com


.
.

) :(/ distress



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.


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 .
" "
.
District Courts
. District
Court


)
(
. District Court
" " " "
" "
.
Supreme Court of the United States "
"
.
):(/
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(

:
1. Relief....

2. Claim...

 3. Plaintiff

4. Trial court.

5. Jurisdictions of courts..

6. Warranties and representations

...
):(/
)-(
)
( :
1. Abatement ...
2. Writ..............
3. Discovery motion ..
4. Direct examination ....
5. Cross examination ....
6. Redress..........

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Reply .Rebuttal
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Direct examination

Cross-examination
Examination / of
witnesses

Blacks :

Direct examination: The first questioning of a witness in a
trail or other proceeding, conducted by the party who called
the witness to testify.
:
.
Cross examination: The questioning of a wintess at a trial or
hearing by the party opposed to the party who called the
witness to testify,
:
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legal capacity
-He is incapacitated.

 incapacity
limited capacity
a person of limited capacity
a person of full capacity
""
.
" " legal
.person )( " "
.natural person )
/( .
insolvent company .

.


.
):(/
:
1. In this lecture, I will talk about how the First Instance
Court is set up and how it works.
2. If either party to the contract is in breach, the other
party shall be entitled to damages.

3. When two persons enter into a contract, they are
understood to having the intention of creating legal
relations between them.
4. There are three main requirements for a contract to
be valid: agreement and consideration.
5. To terminate the contract, you have to prove that the
other party is in breach.
6. If you terminate the agreement before its expiration
and without notice, the other party may sue you for
damages.
7. In some jurisdictions, the judge may award the
plaintiff punitive damages to deter the defendant and
others from engaging in conduct similar to the one
for which a claim was filed.
8. The employer is afraid that he will get sued by some
employees whom he laid off lately.
9. Since the collapse of Enron a decade ago due to
shoddy and deceptive accounting practices, America
has become more aware of the seriousness of white
collar crimes. (Source:
http://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/blog/2011/10-
white-collar-crime-cases-that-made-headlines/)
10. Phishing is an illegal activity to trick people into
divulging sensitive information, such as bank and

 credit card accounts. (Source:
http://us.norton.com/security_response/phishing.jsp)
11. Companies can be divided into two categories:
associations of capital and associations of persons.
12. An inventor is encouraged to patent his inventions
through the local patent authority.
13. Either party hereto may terminate this contract giving
by registered mail a one-month notice before the
termination date.
14. The assignee is the party that receives the rights and
obligations under the contract, but wasn't an original
party to the contract. An assignee usually receives
the contract rights and obligations directly from an
original party to the contract. An assignee can be an
individual, a group, or a business. (Source:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/parties-in-an-
assignment-rights-of-the-assignee-assignor-
obligor.html#lesson)
15. Conflict of laws, or private international law as it is
sometimes called, takes on greater importance with
each passing year. Globalization is eroding borders in
commercial transactions and family relationships, yet
much law remains highly territorial. (Source:
http://www.irwinlaw.com/titles/conflict-laws)

 :
- Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, Lingea
Lexicon, V. 3.1, 1997-2001 (Compact Disc).
- Capacity in Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29
- Distress for Rent Act - Kenya Law Reports,
http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/rest/db/kenyalex
/Kenya/Legislation/English/Acts%20and%20Regulati
ons/D/Distress%20for%20Rent%20Act%20Cap.%202
93%20-
%20No.%201%20of%201937/docs/DistressforRentAc
t1of1937.pdf
- English-Arabic Glossary of Legal Terms (Superior
Court of California)
http://www.almaany.com/dicload/Arabic%20English
%20Legal%20Dictionary%20(Book%202).pdf
- Garner, B, ed, (2004) Blacks Law Dictionary, West
Publishing Co. USA.
- Joseph Kary, "Contract Law and the Social Contract:
What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political
Theory of Hobbes and Locke", 31 Ottawa Law Review
73 (Jan. 2000) (Accessed from: http://www.rdo-
olr.uottawa.ca/index2.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2
Task=dd_download&fid=820&Itemid=842)

 - Kroys-Linder, A. and Firth, M. (2008), Introduction to
International Legal English, Cambridge.
- Objection Your Honor / Mock trial Game
http://texaslregames.org/games_web_eng/objection_
your_honor/objection_your_honor.html
- http://www.diffen.com/difference/Common_Law_vs
_Statutory_Law

-



(Arabic)
https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/arabic/BPGRRRV
GVIHRLS.pdf
(English) http://daccess-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/496/42/PDF/N05
49642.pdf?OpenElement
-
http://www.lawjo.net
-
http://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/36378/
. () -

 :
- Federal judiciary of the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_th
e_United_States
- Lawsuit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit
- United States district court
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_c
ourt
- What is legal capacity?
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/ahc8doc
s/ahc8idc1218ex.doc
- http://www.translatorscafe.com/tcterms/en-
GB/thQuestion.aspx?id=156602&hlm=c&hlid=78759
5&scroll=down&vm=full#c787595
: -
http://ouldbennaji.canalblog.com/archives/2006/08/2
2/2514359.html


 :



.

.

-

.

.
:

The King is the head of the .
State.
The court shall give an

opportunity to every party to
enter his or her plea regarding
the claims and allegations .
made by the opposing party.
The court shall not take the

evidence if the amount needed
to cover the costs is not
deposited within the time limit
fixed by the court. .
The court may not refuse to
decide on a claim falling
within its jurisdiction. .
Freedom of conscience, the
profession and free practice of
religion shall be guaranteed.
No one may, subject to law
and order, be submitted to
measures restricting the .

exercise of these freedoms.

Members of other militias and

members of other volunteer
corps including those of
organized resistance
movements, belonging to a
Party to the conflict and
operating in or outside their
own territory, even if this
territory is occupied, provided
that such militias or volunteer
corps, including such
organized resistance
movements, fulfil the :
following conditions:
Notwithstanding the
provisions of paragraph I of
this article, States Parties shall
ensure to women appropriate
services in connection with
pregnancy, confinement and
the post-natal period, granting
free services where necessary, .
as well as adequate nutrition

during pregnancy and
lactation.
States Parties shall give effect
to fines or forfeitures ordered
by the Court under Part 7,
without prejudice to the rights
of bona fide third parties, and
in accordance with the
procedure of their national .
law.
Internees shall enjoy complete
latitude in the exercise of their
religious duties, including
attendance at the services of
their faith, on condition that
they comply with the
disciplinary routine prescribed .
by the detaining authorities.

.
:

 ):(

.
) ( .
. .Verb to be
):(
) (
" "
." : " "
.... " .
.shall+ verb
) :(
)
( " :
" . :
Shall not + verb
May not + verb
.

 ):(-
.
./
-

.
.


.
:

SHALL: :
Students shall
register their
respective courses
through the .
universitys )
electronic portal. (
SHALL :
NOT/MAY )//(
NOT/SHALL
REFRAI N FROM .

 : - They shall not
pursue any act
that may be .
detrimental to
their reputation.
- They shall refrain
from any act that
may be
detrimental to
their reputation.
- They may not
pursue any act
that may be
detrimental to
their reputation.

:/
. :


.



.

:/

) (:


- Any individual enjoying the right of
asylum under 12 of the present
Charter
(engage) in subversive activities
against his country of origin or any
other State party to the present
Charter.

 - The right to property
..(guarantee).
- Every individual
(take) part in the cultural life of
his community.
- They (suffer), or
be threatened with, prosecution.
- Every individual
.
(entitle) to the enjoyment of the rights
and freedoms recognized and
guaranteed in the present Charter.

.
.
.


. . shall
shall not/may not ) ( may
. .

 :/

. .
.
.
The Sultan, before assuming his authorities,
..in a joint meeting for Oman and
Defence Councils, the following oath.
a. may take
b. shall take
c. will take
d. can take

shall take
may take

will take will

shall
can take can
)
(

shall

 . .
An accusedinnocent until he is
otherwise proven guilty in a legal trial.
a. may be presumed
b. shall be presumed
c. shall presume
d. may presumed
shall be
presumed

may : be
presumed

"
"



)
(.
shall presume


.

 !

.

shall be presumed
. :
.
All commercial transactions shall be governed by
this law.
. .
The commission ..to any appropriate
method of investigation.
a. shall resort
b. shall be resorted
c. may resort
d. may be resorted
may resort
shall resort

.
shall be
resorted .
may be
resorted.

 . ) . :
(
=
No person ..of his freedom.
a. may be deprived
b. shall be deprived
c. both alternatives
Both alternatives :
) (.
.
.
Every individual..part in the cultural
life of his community.
a. should freely take
b. shall freely take
c. may freely take
d. can freely take
may freely
take
should should
freely take "" if
shall freely
take

can freely can
take
.

. .
The prosecutor general.inspect all prisons
under his jurisdiction.
a. can b. shall c. may d. will
. .
Every individual .to equal protection of
the law.
a. may be entitled
b. shall entitle
c. shall be entitled
d. may entitle
. .
All people ..equal before the law.
a. shall be b. may be c. is
. .
The prosecutor general .by his scribe.
a. will be accompanied
b. can be accompanied
c. may be accompanied
d. shall be accompanied
. .
They.
a. shall not threaten
b. shall not be threatened
c. shall not threatening

 . .
Citizens ..be deported from the country.
a. may not b. will not
c. cannot d. need not
. .
Every individual the right to the
respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and
to the recognition of his legal status.
a. has b. will have
c. may have d. shall have
. .
Every individual the right to have his cause
heard.
a. will have b. shall have
.
.
The Member States of the Organization of African
Unity parties to the present Charter .. the
rights, duties and freedoms enshrined herein.
a. shall be recognised
b. shall recognise
c. may be recognised
d. may recognise

 .
.
The accused ..appoint any person who
has the ability to defend him during trial.
a. shall be entitled to
b. shall have the right to
c. may
d. any of the above works
. .
a. Associations may not accept foreign funds.
b. No association may accept foreign funds.
c. Both alternatives are correct.
. .
The State.provide for public education and
.fight against illiteracy.
a. must b. can
c. may d. shall
. .
The prosecutor general be the only person
who may peruse letters and telegrams.
a. shall b. can c. may d. will
. .

 They .to testify on such matters.
a. may not be compelled
b. may not compelled
c. may not compel
. .
They .to testify on such matters.
a. shall not compel
b. shall not be compelled
c. shall not compelled
:/

:
1. All Members shall refrain in their international
relations from the threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of any
state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
Purposes of the United Nations.

2. The public authorities shall refrain from any

interference which would restrict this right or impede
the lawful exercise thereof.

3. The Corporation shall not be entitled to cancel a

membership of a Member except if the Members in a

 General Meeting, by resolution passed by a majority
of not less than three fourths of the votes of the
Members at any time cancel the membership of a
Member.

(Source:
http://woodbuffalo.albertacf.com/sites/default/files/w
oodbuffalo.albertacf.com/member_criteria.pdf)

4. A Bronze Member will receive all the rights and

privileges of membership for one year, but shall not
have the right to vote or hold office.
(http://www.nciss.org/about-us/nciss-bylaws.php)

5. A person shall be prohibited from offering, and a

public official shall be prohibited from soliciting or
receiving any money for advice or assistance given in
the course of or relating to the public officials
employment.
(http://dcregs.dc.gov/Notice/DownLoad.aspx?VersionID=3
526452)
:/
UN Conventions in Four
Shall Languages

 may shall
) .may .(/
:
www.sattarsite.com

 ) :(/

 -

. ) :
(:

) (
) (

) (
) (

.

 ) ( ) ( .
) (

. ) (
.

) (
) (
) ( .
.
Provided that / / /

He may declare the contract
avoided for the future,
provided that he does so .
within a reasonable time.

Subject to / /
/

The State Party which
nominated the member shall
appoint another expert from
among its nationals to serve .

for the remainder of the
term, subject to the approval
of the Committee.

Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding anything to
the contrary in this
Agreement, neither party
excludes or limits its liability
in respect of death or personal
injury .

In accordance with /
Applications may be filed in

accordance with the .
provisions of the law.

Without prejudice to/ /

without detriment to /
Without prejudice to the
competence of courts and
higher authorities,
disciplinary punishment

may be ordered only by the
commandant of the place of .
internment, or by a
responsible officer or official
who replaces him, or to
whom he has delegated his
disciplinary powers.

Pursuant to
/
The Assembly shall prescribe
the limits on the borrowing
power of the Authority in the )(
financial regulations adopted
pursuant to article 160, .
paragraph(2, f).

:/
:
1. Provided that all the parties agree, the applicable law
may be changed at any time.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of
article 39 and paragraph (1) of article 43, the buyer
may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or

 claim damages, except for loss of profit, if he has a
reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required
notice.
3. Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3,
patents shall be available for any inventions, whether
products or processes, in all fields of technology,
provided that they are new, involve an inventive step
and are capable of industrial application.
4. Without detriment to the collective responsibility of
the managing board, the members have agreed to the
following allocation of tasks:
5. Resolution of disputes arising in implementation of
this contract shall be conducted in accordance with
the laws of the State of Michigan.

:
- Civil Procedure Code, the Supreme Court of the
Republic of Croatia. Accessed from
http://www.vsrh.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV/Files/L
egislation__Civil-Procedure-Act.pdf
: -
http://www.fiu.gov.om/forms_arb.html
: -

 http://www.tag-
legal.com/Upload/file/IP/Syria/%D8%A7%D9%84%
D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D
8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A.
doc
-
www. http://sattarsite.com


 :




-


-

:
.
-


.
.
() : ) (
.

 :
.

.

--
)(///

. :
Oman sultanate, is an independent
Islamic Arabic fully sovereign state, and :
its capital is Masqat.
The Sultanate of Oman is an independent
fully sovereign Arab Islamic State, and its :
capital is Muscat.
The Sultanate of Oman is a fully sovereign
independent Arab Islamic State whose :
capital city is Muscat.
- :

.
- .


.
- Arabic
.Arab .
-
. Sultanate,
Oman, Islamic
-
) Sultanate .(is

)(///

. :
the state religion is Islam and the Islamic
law is the base of legislation :
The States religion is Islam and the
Islamic Law is the main source of :
legislation.
Islam is the religion of the state and
Islamic Sharia is the main source of :
legislation therein.
- :
. state religion
.

 -

base.basis -
.
therein " -
" .
-
.

)(///
.
:
the state official language is Arabic.
:
The States official language is Arabic.
:
Arabic is the official language of the State.
:
- :
. the state
official language .
-
The State

 )(///

. :
The law of the state shall specify its flag,
emblem, insignia , and its national :
anthem.
The law shall specify the States flag,
emblem, insignia and national anthem. :
The States flag, emblem, insignia and
national anthem shall be defined by law. :
- specifydefine :


.
- .
and
.

)(///

:

the state regime is Hereditary soltani in
the male from Mr. Turki bin Saeed bin :
Sultan , and the chosen one of the
authority should be a Muslim adult sane
and a legal son to Muslim Omani parents.
The system of governance shall be Sultani
hereditary in the male descendants of :
Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan. The
successor shall be a Muslim, sane and
legitimate adult son of Muslim Omani
parents.
The system of governance shall be Sultani
hereditary in the male descendants of :
Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan. The
successor to the throne shall be a Muslim
sane adult son legitimately born to Omani
Muslim parents.
- :
.
system of -
governance
. -
""
.Mr

 -
.
-
.
.

(///)

:
.
The ruling Family Council should
determine the successor of the throne :
within three days of unfilled position.
The ruling Family Council shall
determine the successor to the throne :
within three days after the Sultans
position becomes vacant.
The Ruling Family Council shall define,
within three days from the day on which :
the Sultans position becomes vacant, the
person upon whom the throne shall
devolve.

 . :

.

) (
.

) ( .
.
) Word Usage (.
successor
to
.of

)(///

:
The Sultan should take a sworn in a joint
session of both houses of Oman and :
Defence before exercising his power.
The Sultan shall before assuming his
powers take the following oath in a joint :
session of both houses of Oman and
Defence.


:
before . :
.
take .
an oath
should .
"" shall

take a sworn : .

.
oath sworn ""
=
. "
."oath

)(///

:
The Government continues to conduct its
business as usual until the Sultan is chosen :
and begins to exercise his powers
The Government shall continue its
business as usual until the Sultan is chosen :
and begins to exercise his powers.


:
. = :

. =

)a. (Shall + Verb
. continue to conduct

continue its business

)(///

. :

.
The Ruling Sultanate should be on the
basis of justice, consultation and equality, :
according to that statue, terms and
conditions prescribed by the law, the
citizens have the right to participate in the
public affairs.
Governance in the Sultanate shall be on
the basis of justice, consultation and :

equality. In accordance with this Statute
and with the terms and conditions
prescribed by the law, the citizens have the
right to participate in the public affairs.
Governance in the Sultanate shall be
administered on the basis of justice, :
consultation and equality. Citizens shall
have the right to participate in public
affairs, subject to the provisions of this
Statue and the terms and conditions set
forth by the law.
. according to :

) (
subject + to

.

(///)
:
:

Maintain the independence and
sovereignty, and safeguard the States :

entity and stability, and defend it against
aggressions.
Maintain independence and sovereignty,
and safeguard the States entity, security :
and stability, and defend it against all
aggressions.
Maintain independence and sovereignty,
and safeguard the States entity, security :
and stability, and defend it against all
aggressions.
." "" " :

(///)

:
.
No one neither natural or legal person
shall function as broker for use or worker :
supply of non-national workers unless he
is licensed to do so
No person, either natural or legal, may act
as an intermediary for the recruitment of :
or contracting with non-nationals, unless
he is authorised to do so.


:
. one ) :( :
person
)
( )(
person
one "".
.
.intermediary

. " " .may not

shall not
.

)(///

. :
Children , both sex shall not be employed
before the age of 15 years old fully. :
Minors of both sexes shall not be
employed before the age of 15. :
Minors of both sexes may not be
employed before the age of 15. :

 shall not be employed . :
may not be employed
.

.
"" "".
= ) of both sexes .
: (
years old fully .
.
full
before they attain the age of 15

)(///

:

.
It is prohibited to employed children in
the hazardous or harmfull occupations :
which are determined by the minister of
labour and social affair after consulting
the Competent authorities.
It is prohibited to employ minors in
hazardous or harmful occupations :
defined by a decision issued by the

Minister of labour and Social Affairs after
consulting with the competent
authorities.
Minors may not be employed in
hazardous or harmful occupations in :
respect of which a decision is issued by
the Minister of labour and Social Affairs
after consulting with the competent
authorities.
- :
.harmful
" " " " -
.Subject + may + passive voice
harmful occupations -
) (
.the
"" -
are defined
.determine
a decision " " -
) from
.(
in -
respect of which

 )(///

:
.
women shall not be employed during
night shift . Meaning by the word ( night :
) of no less than 11 consecutive hours
including the period between 10 p.m.
and. 7 a.m.
Women shall not be employed at night.
The word night shall mean a period not :
less than eleven consecutive hours
inclusive of the period between 10 p.m.
and 7 a.m.

:
- . :
- . night
night shift
. .
- including " "
inclusive " ".

 (///)
( )
:


.
Subject to the {provisions of Article (2) or
prescribed in the Article (2) }:- the :
contract shall be written in two copies,
delivered to the employee and the
employer ,In absence of a written contract
all of its conditions may be proved by all
legal means of evidence.
Subject to the provisions of Article (2),
the employment contract shall be written :
in two copies, handed to the worker and
employer, respectively. In the absence of
a written contract, the terms and
conditions may be proven by all legal
means of evidence.
Without detriment to Article (2), an
employment contract shall be executed in :
writing in two copies and handed to the
worker and employer respectively.
Should there be no written contract, all

agreed conditions may be proven by all
legal means of evidence.
. :
.
) .
in the
.(absence
In .
.in absence of the absence of

(///)

. :
Each condition violates the provisions of
this law, even if it was before its entering :
into force unless it has more benefits to
the worker, shall be considered null and
void.

Any condition that violates the provisions

of this law, even if it were agreed upon :
before this law has come into force, shall
be null and void unless it brings more
benefits to the worker.


:
- : " " :
" " .

.

.
-
condition ) violates =
.(any condition which violates
subordination .
its
) (
law condition
.
. :
.law

)(///

:

.
.

The periods and dates set forth in this law
shall be calculated with the Gregorian :
calendar. The Calendar Year that is
applicable to the provisions of this law
shall be 365 days and 30 days for the
month calendar. Unless otherwise
specified in the employment contract.

The periods and limitations set forth in

this law shall be calculated in calendar :
days. The calendar year, in
implementation of the provisions of this
law, shall have 365 days. Each month shall
be considered to be made of 30 days,
unless otherwise specified in the
employment contract.
The periods and limitations set forth in
this law shall be calculated in calendar :
days. In implementation of the provisions
of this law, a calendar day shall be made
of 365 days and each month shall have 30
days, unless otherwise specified in the
employment contract.
" " . :



.


.limitations
Unless.contract .

.

(///)

:

.
The work is a right for the citizens of the
United Arab Emirates "UAE" and non- :
citizens may not engage in the work inside
the country except according to the
conditions contained in this law and the
resolutions issued for this purpose.
Work is the right of the nationals of the
United Arab Emirates. Non-nationals :
may not engage in work inside the State,
except in accordance with the terms and
conditions defined in this law and the

resolutions issued in implementation
thereof.

:
- :
: State in
accordance with
-
) pronominals
(.

)(///

:

.
The Ministry of Labour may not agree
upon employing non-citizens except after :
making sure that there are not among the
citizens registered in the records of the
department of employing unemployed
workers capable of performing the
required work.

The Department of Labour may not
approve the employment of non- :
nationals except after ensuring, in light of
its records, that among the nationals
registered with this department are no
unemployed persons capable of
performing the required job.
.
:
"" " . :
agree approve "
." "
Registered . .
registered in the with
records of

(///)

:
.
A department for employing non-citizens
shall be established in the Ministry of :
Labour and the Ministry of Social Affairs

to regulate the work herein by passing a
resolution from the minister.
A department for employing non-citizens
shall be established in the Ministry of :
Labour and the Ministry of Social Affairs
and shall be regulated by a decision from
the Minister.

:
in this law herein . :
.
therein " "

The work therein shall be regulated
by a decision from the Minister.
." " .
. a decision from
resolution

.

 (///)

:

The bank shall not refuse the fulfil to the
beneficiary for a reason belongs to the :
relation of the bank with the bidder or the
relation of the bidder with the
beneficiary.
The bank shall not refuse to honour the
beneficiary for a reason which belongs to :
the relation between the bank and the one
who placed the order or between the one
who placed the order and the beneficiary.
The bank may not refrain from
honouring the beneficiary on such :
grounds related to the relationship
between the bank and the issuer or
between the issuer and the beneficiary.
- :
.


. ""

 for a reason -
which
Which = . +
. Subject
.

(///)

:
.
The united international rules and norms
issued by the chamber of commerce in :
Paris shall apply the letter of guarantee
unless a special proving came up.
The international standard rules and
norms issued by the International :
Chamber of Commerce in Paris shall
apply to the letter of guarantee unless
otherwise provided for.
In the absence of relevant special
provisions, the letter of guarantee shall be :
subject to such international rules and
norms issued by the International
Chamber of Commerce in Pairs.

 :
.

.subject to

)(///

:

The full name shall consider if the
person's name, father name and :
grandfather name are all right and if the
surname available too.
The name shall be considered to be full if
it includes the correct first name, fathers :
name, grandfathers name and surname if
any, respectively.

:
=
- : :
consider ) (
is considered shall
be considered

 - ""
correct
.right

)(///

:
The foundling may consider Iraqi unless
proven otherwise. :
A foundling shall be considered as Iraqi
unless otherwise is proven. :

:
- ) :
( ) (
- :
unless otherwise is proven
may - may

""
shall be considered

 (///)

:
.
Courts shall send to the general
directorate or related departments copies :
of taken decisions in accordance to the
provisions of law and other relevant laws.
Courts shall send to the general
directorate or related departments copies :
of decisions taken in accordance with the
provisions of this law and other relevant
laws.
Courts shall send to the General
Directorate or the departments affiliated :
thereto copies of the decisions such
courts have taken in accordance with the
provisions of this law and any other
relevant laws.
- :
.( )
" " :
the taken decisions
""


.
:
The taken decisions in accordance with
this law.. X

The decisions taken in accordance with
this law
-
thereto pronominals
.

(///)

:
.

Employees or Deserving categories are

exempt from paying all the costs for :
certificates and copies they request. Also,
they are exempt from paying filing fees
for claims and complaints filed according
to the law.

Employees or the persons who hold their
entitlements shall be exempt from paying :
all of the costs for such certificates and
copies they may request. They shall
furthermore be exempt from paying filing
fees for claims and complaints filed in
accordance with the law.

:
in - :
accordance with
-
"
"

(///)

:

Every citizen who is able to perform a job

is requested to apply at the Department of :
State or any related centres. The applicant

must provide his age at the time of
submitting the application and list his
skills, occupation and previous work
experience if applicable.
Every citizen who is able to perform a job
is requested to apply with the Ministry or :
any centres affiliated therewith. The
applicant shall mention his age at the time
of submitting the application and list his
skills, occupation and previous work
experience if applicable.

:
- :

-
pronominals

(///)

:

The employer is required to provide
employees with receipts for papers, :
certificates or tools entrusted to him.

The employer shall hand his employees

receipts of any received papers, :
certificates or tools entrusted therewith.

:
- :

-
pronominals

(///)

. :
The employer is permitted to terminate
job traineeship contract agreements :
provided the incompetence of the trainee.
The employer may terminate the
apprenticeship contract if it is proven to :

him that the respective apprentice is
incompetent.

:
- :

-
apprentice,
apprenticeship
.

)(///

. :
It is not permitted to hire an employee as
a trainee more than once with the same :
employer
No worker may be hired under probation
for more than one time for the same :
employer.

:

 - :
No : .
.worker may be hired
= -
worker

(///)

) ( :


.
.
The public prosecution in each Appeals
court shall be directed by a judge known :
as (Public Prosecutor) and his assistants
shall perform their duties in the Appeals
courts each in his jurisdiction in
accordance with the effective laws. The
duties of the General Attorneys and all
the judicial police employees shall be
monitored by the Public Prosecutor.
The public prosecution in each Appeals
court shall be headed by a judge called :
Public Prosecutor supported by a

number of assistants who shall perform
their duties in the Appeals courts each in
his respective jurisdiction in accordance
with the effective laws. The public
prosecutor and all of the judicial police
employees shall answer to such public
prosecutor.

:
- :
.
:
supported by
all the ) all -
(all of the
directed -
headed

(///)

:
.
The proceedings shall be held invalid if it
is stated by the law or the invalidation is :

attributable to an essential defect in which
the purpose of the proceedings is not
realized.
A proceeding shall be held invalid if it is
expressly invalidated by the law or if it is :
intrinsically flawed to the effect that the
purpose for which the proceeding has
been initiated could not be attained.

:
proceeding/it - :
proceedings/they

it is intrinsically flawed

 --
)(///
A right holder shall have the exclusive
right to use and to prevent others from :
using the trademark.

. :

. :
.
:
. :
"" ""

.

)(///
A trademark shall be legally protected in
the Russian Federation on the basis of its :
State registration.

:


:
.
.
:
. : " " :
"" ""

""


.

.

.
. " "
shall be legally
protected

.
.
.
)(
)( .

 state
"/".

)(///
Nobody shall be allowed to use a
trademark protected in the Russian :
Federation without authorization by its
holder.

:


. :

. :
" ."
- :
"" )(
""
"".
-
.
.
.
:

 Protection
= Authorization

)(///
A trademark may be registered in any
colour or combination of colours. :

:


. :

. :
:
.
.
"
.." "" .

Claiming
colour as your trademark

 )(///
The following signs shall not be registered
as trademarks if they are identical or :
confusingly similar to:

. :

"" "". :

: :
:

.

)(///
An aircraft may be registered in Malta and
be subject to the laws of Malta and have :
all the rights and privileges of a Maltese
aircraft subject to the provisions of this
Act.

:
.


:

.

:
- " :
".
"" "
"

)(///
An aircraft may be registered in the
National Aircraft Register by any person :
referred to in article 6, upon satisfying
such requirements as are prescribed by
this Act


:
.


:
.

:
.

- :
"" .
- " "
.
- such
"/"
.

)(///
Subject to the provisions of this article and
article 14 an aircraft shall not be :
registered or continue to be registered in
Malta, and the certificate of registration
shall forthwith be returned by the
registrant to the Director General for
cancellation by the Director General if:


:

:

""
. :

:
:
. " : "
" ".

)(///
The certificate of registration of an aircraft
is in any case to be considered void if the :
registration of the aircraft to which it
relates is cancelled.

. :

 ""
" )( ) :
(

. :

:
""
.

)(///
Pending the determination of an appeal
under the preceding subarticle, the :
Director General shall not proceed to
close the register.


. :

:
.

:
.

 - pending :
) (
) (
.

.
pending
.Director General
- ""

.

)(///
Except with regard to matters in relation
to the registration of the aircraft under :
this Act and to the maintenance of such
registration, the international registrant
may restrict any of the above powers of
the resident agent:

:

.

:


.

:

.
. :
) ( ).(,
. " "
.
"".
. . agent
"".
.
"" ""
.

)(///
A criminal case is not admissible unless
a charge for the offence has been brought :
by a person who by law has the right to
do so.


. :

:
.


:
.
- :
:
- criminal case
- bring a case
-

) (
.
:

.

)(///
A person without full legal capacity shall
alone have the right to request that a :
charge be brought, if an offence has been

directed at property which is under
his/her sole administration.

:

.

:
.

:
.
. :



. MemoQ


.

 )(///
The public prosecutor shall bring a
charge if there is a prima facie case :
against the suspect.

. :
-
:

. :
prima :
facie case " ".

)(///
A civil claim arising from the offence for
which a charge has been brought may be :
heard in connection with the charge. If
such a claim is made separately, the
provisions on civil procedure apply.

:

.


:
.

.

. :


.
- :

.pronominals
the offence for which
" : " .
+ .
-
.
--
.

)(///
If both parties are absent from the
hearing in a criminal case prosecuted :
solely by the injured party, the case is to
be struck from the docket.


:
.

:
.

:
.
:
.


.

)(///
Any court shall, subject to the provisions
herein contained, have jurisdiction to try :
all suits of a civil nature excepting suits of
which its cognizance is either expressly or
impliedly barred.

:

.


:


.
.
:
- shall :
.
.
- herein "
"
- expressly :


impliedly

)(///
Where a plaintiff is precluded by rules
from instituting a further suit in respect :
of any particular cause of action, he shall
not be entitled to institute a suit in respect
of that cause of action.

:
.


:
.
.
:
- cause of :
.action
- " "

" .
"

.
.
)(

.

)(///
Every suit shall be instituted in such
manner as may be prescribed by the law. :

:


:
.
:
:
. "".

)(///
Where a suit has been duly instituted the
defendant shall be served in manner :
prescribed to enter an appearance and
answer the claim.

:
.

. :

:
.
- " :
" " "


.
-
"" "" ""
"".

)(///
Employers shall ensure equal treatment
for all employees as regards employee :
working conditions, remuneration for
work and other emoluments in cash and
in kind, vocational training and
opportunities for career advancement.

:

.

:

.

:



.
. :

.

)(///
The laws of the Republic of Latvia, the
collective agreement and other :
agreements shall determine the economic
and financial relations of trade unions
with an employer.

:


:
.

:
- :
. ""


.

-
with an employer "
"
.

)(///
Officials who are guilty of a trade union
rights violation, as well as of a failure to :
fulfil the legal requirements thereof, shall
be held disciplinary, administratively or
materially liable in accordance with the
procedures specified by law, but officials
guilty of interference with the legal
operation of trade unions criminally
liable.

:




.


:




.

:




.
- :
.

" " .
" ".
- guilty "

"".
-
.
)
(.

 -

)
(.

)(///
In accordance with the Declaration on
the Restoration of the Independence of :
the Republic of Latvia and the laws of
Latvia, the inhabitants of the Republic
have the right to form trade unions freely

:
.

:
.

:
.
:
"...."

 )(///
Trade unions in their activities shall be
independent from the State authorities :
and administrative bodies, other
organisations, and they shall be mutually
equal. They shall operate in accordance
with the current legislation of the
Republic of Latvia.

:


.

:


.

:

.
.
:
. ""

 current
" ".

)(///
The laws of the Republic of Latvia, the
collective agreement and other :
agreements shall determine the economic
and financial relations of trade unions
with an employer.

:


:
.

:
.
- . :
: +

+ .
"
".

 -
. :
.relations

)(///
A criminal trial or inquiry shall be
deemed to be a proceeding between the :
prosecutor and the accused within the
meaning of this article.

:
.

:
.

:
.
:
.

.

 )(///
The court shall, in the absence of
evidence to the contrary, presume that :
the signature to any such certificate is
genuine and that the person signing it
held the office, which he professed at the
time when he signed it.
)
( :

.

:

.

:

.
"" )"" - :
""(
- " shall
"presume .

-


 .


.
)" " held -
""(
. certificate -
"" "".

. -
" "
.
such "/" -

)(///
An affidavit shall not be admitted which
is proved to have been sworn before a :
person on whose behalf the same is
offered, or before his legal practitioner, or
before a partner or clerk of his legal
practitioner.

:

-
:


:

.
- :
"" ""
) .
(.
-
.
.

)(///
The court may permit an affidavit to be
used, notwithstanding it is defective in :
form according to this Act, if the court is
satisfied that it has been sworn before a
person duly authorised.

:

.

:


.

:


.

- :
"" "
" .
.
"" .

) "" ""(.
-
"
"in form " "duly
- ""
" " "
".
- " oath" ""
.

 )(///
A defective or erroneous affidavit may be
amended and re-sworn by leave of the :
court, on such terms as to time, costs or
otherwise as seem reasonable.

:


:
.

:

.
- . :
-
reasonable
.

 )(///
The parties to an arbitration agreement may
determine the number of arbitrators to be :
appointed under the agreement, but where no
such determination is made, the number of
arbitrators shall be deemed to be there.

:
.

. :

.

. :
.
- may . :
- ""

.
-
.
.

 .
:
http://www.translatorscafe.com/tcterms/en-
GB/?emq=155751

" ".
:
Judging from the rest of the context you
provided - (see 7.2.a.), I believe the "there" is
a typo for "three".
- " "
.

)(///
In any arbitral proceedings, the arbitral
tribunal shall ensure that the parties are :
accorded equal treatment and that each
party is given full opportunity of
presenting his case.

:
.


:
.


:
.
:
.
shall ensure

" . "
.

.

)(///
Notwithstanding the provisions of this
Act the arbitral tribunal may, if it :
considers it necessary, extend the time
specified for the performance of any act
under this Act.

:
.

:


.

:

.
- Act : :
"" ) ( time ""
. under this Act
" "
" ".
- )
(
.

)(///
The conciliation proceedings shall
commence on the date the request to :
conciliate is accepted by the subject of the
dispute.

. :


. :



.
:
- :
.
subject
.
- .

)(///
The provision of this Part of this Act shall
apply solely to cases relating to :
international commercial arbitration and
conciliation in addition to the other
provisions of this Act.

:
.

:
.


.
- "" . :
solely "".
-
. Part
"" Title Book
"".


 : -
--
) (
:

1. The Supreme Court has the final say on the meaning

of the Constitution. Neither the U.S. Congress, nor
the president, nor other American courts can go
against its decisions. (Source:
http://royaltrigger.blogspot.com/2011/04/supreme-
court-of-united-states-is.html)
2. Courts are established to administer the civil and
criminal laws. There are several forms of courts: trial
courts and procedural courts, and civil courts and
criminal courts.
3. Civil and criminal courts deal with cases arising from
infractions of the civil law and the criminal law,
respectively. (Source:
http://autocww2.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFi
les/LawAndCourts/Courts.html)
4. Tort is a wrongful act that causes injury to a person
or property and for which the law allows a claim by
the injured party to recover damages (money).
(Source:
https://www.coursehero.com/file/9752743/13/)

5. An officious intermeddler is a person who voluntarily,
and without request or pre-existing legal duty,
interjects him- or herself into the affairs of another,
and then seeks remuneration for services or
reimbursement. Example: Person "A" leaves for
vacation for two weeks during the summer. (Source:
Wikipedia)
6. Small claims cases are those where the plaintiff seeks
US$3,000 or less in damages. In a small claims case,
neither party can be represented by an attorney, and
the judges decision is final. (Source: Case Closed, a
series on court proceedings released on YouTube)
7. Obligation may arise from breach of contract. While
one person is under promise to another, the promisee
has a right against the promisor to performance of the
promise when performance becomes due, and to the
main tenance up to that time of the contractual
relation. But, if the promisor breaks his promise, the
promisee's right to performance has been violated,
and, even if the contract is not discharged, a new
obligation springs up, - a right of action for damages,
similar to that which arises upon a delict or tort. The
cause of action results from the breach of contract,
and is said to arise ex contractu.

 (Source:
http://chestofbooks.com/business/law/Handbook-
Law-Of-Contracts/Sources-Of-Obligation-21-
Directly-From-Agreement.html#.VZZsEv6Hvok)
8. An agreement must contain four essential elements to
be regarded as a contract. If any one of them is
missing, the agreement will not be legally binding.
(Source:
https://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/business-
topics/money-tax-and-legal/legal-matters/business-
contracts/four-essential-elements-of-a-contract/)
9. In common law legal systems, a precedent or
authority is a principle or rule established in a
previous legal case that is either binding on or
persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding
subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
Common law legal systems place great value on
deciding cases according to consistent principled
rules so that similar facts will yield similar and
predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is
the mechanism by which that goal is attained. (Source:
Wikipedia)
10. Address for service is Address given to a court by a
party to an action, for delivery of associated writs,
summons and other legal documents. Deliveries of

 documents made at this address are assumed to have
been delivered to the addressed party. (Source:
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/addre
ss-for-service.html)
11. The jurisdiction of the court may be determined
according to various criteria. Subject matter is one of
the most common. Courts are set up to handle
specific types of cases; for example, criminal courts
hear criminal cases; probate courts try cases
concerning the estates of deceased persons; and
divorce courts hear suits for divorce. (Source:
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2009)
12. On 31 December 2003 the applicant boarded a bus
in Ulm, Germany, with a view to visiting Skopje in
order, as he stated, to take a short vacation and some
time off from a stressful home environment. At
around 3 p.m. he arrived at the Serbian/Macedonian
border crossing at Tabanovce. A suspicion arose as to
the validity of his recently issued German passport. A
border official checked his passport and asked him
about the purpose of his trip and the length and
location of his intended stay. A Macedonian entry
stamp dated 31 December 2003 was affixed to his
passport. On that occasion, his personal belongings
were searched and he was questioned about possible

 ties with several Islamic organisations and groups.
The interrogation ended at 10 p.m. Accompanied by
men in civilian clothes who were armed, he was
driven to a hotel, which later research indicated was
the Skopski Merak hotel in Skopje (the hotel). Upon
his return to Germany, the applicant recognised,
through photographs available on the hotels website,
the hotel building, the room where allegedly he had
been held and one of the waiters who had served him
food during his detention in the hotel. (Source:
http://www.bailii.org)
13. In February 1992, Stella Liebeck ordered a cup of
coffee to go from McDonalds. Liebeck was sitting in
the passenger seat of her nephew's car, which was
pulled over so she could add sugar to her coffee.
While removing the cup's lid, Liebeck spilled her hot
coffee, burning her legs. It was determined that
Liebeck suffered third degree burns on over six
percent of her body. Originally, Liebeck sought
$20,000 in damages. McDonalds refused to settle out
of court. However, they should have. Liebeck was
ultimately awarded $200,000 in compensatory
damages, which was reduced to $160,000 because she
was found to be twenty percent at fault. She was also
awarded $2.7 million in punitive damages. (Source:

 https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/top-ten-frivolous-
lawsuits)
14. In 1995, Robert Lee Brock, a Virginia prison inmate,
decided to take a new approach to the legal system.
After filing a number of unsuccessful lawsuits against
the prison system, Brock sued himself. He claimed his
civil rights and religious beliefs were violated when he
allowed himself to get drunk. After all, it was
inebriation that created his cycle of committing
crimes and being incarcerated. He demanded $5
million from himself. However, since he didn't earn
an income behind bars, he felt the state should pay.
Needless to say, the case was thrown out. (Source:
https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/top-ten-frivolous-
lawsuits)
15. Unjust enrichment is a legal doctrine based on the
general equitable principal that no one should be
allowed to profit at anothers expense. A simple
example would be a minor who signs a contract which
is unenforceable because, until an adult, that minor
does not have the legal capacity to enter such an
agreement. Nevertheless, if the minor receives a
benefit under the failed contract, the court would
likely require the minor to pay for that benefit based
on the law of unjust enrichment. (Source:
http://disinherited.com/unjust-enrichment-fair-is-fair/)

 --
:
: .
.
) .
(www.lawjo.net
.
. - Stare decisis
.
. :

) .:
http://www.fsjes-
(fes.net/vb/showthread.php?t=541
.


.

) .:
http://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/g_sabb
arini/uploads/IL%201.ppt

. ) (



.


-


) (

.
): .
(http://www.jc.jo/node/529
.
.





.
):
http://fatwa.islamweb.net/ramadan/index.php?pa
ge=ShowFatwa&lang=A&Id=291112&Option=Fat
(waId

 .


.


.
)(http://www.appsvillage.net/?p=6755 :

) (
www.lawjo.net
.
.

.
.
. .
. .
.
.


 :






.

.

MemoQ
.
.

.



.

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.

.MemoQ



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.
.


.


.

) (-
.

 ) :(-

 :
- )
(
. -
-
.
-
.
-

.
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)
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.

.MemoQ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

 .
.

.

.

.
.

.
.
.
. ) (

.
.
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.
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)
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.
.
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.
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.
.

.
.
.

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)
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. ) (

.

.
.

. .
.
.


.


.


.
.



 .
.

.

.
:

.

.

.
.
.
// -
.//
- We hereby certify that Mr. So and so has worked for
us as an Accountant from 1/2/2010 up till 1/2/2011.
- This is to certify that
- .
- Reference is made to the above. We hereby enclose
the required power of attorney.

 - With reference to the above, please find enclosed the
required power of attorney.
-
.
The certificate should be duly notarised and legalised
up to the Italian Embassy.
.// -
- We are pleased to inform you that your application
No. 1234 dated 2/2/2010 has been accepted.
. -
- We regret to inform you that your application has
been rejected.

-
.
Failure to comply with the Registrars request within
seven days will be construed as non-interest on the
part of the applicant.
. -
- Please be informed that the judge has entered a
judgement in your favour.
. -
Kindly / please expedite the document.
-
.

 - I am writing this to explore the possibility of
cooperating with your institution.
. -
For your information and action.
-
.
- We hereby warn you to refrain forthwith from
impersonating our bank in your service promotional
campaigns.
. -
- A contract brings rise to obligations on both parties
thereto.
-
.
- Any matter not provided for in the contract will be
governed by the law.
. -
- Mutual assent is a basic requisite of contracts.
. -
- Acceptance must match the offer.
. -
- He brought a claim to the court.
.( ) -
Promisee and promisor (promissory note).

 . -
- After 17 years, the case was abated by prescription.
-
.
- Having been short of funds to appeal the courts
decision, the convict was permitted to proceed
in forma pauperis.

-
.
- In our present case, do not forget that the
construction of the contract is subject to the laws of
Switzerland.
-
.
- This article requires the courts to refer to Jordan laws
for the characterisation of the legal bonds.
-
.
- The court shall decide on the law applicable to
persons of unknown nationalities.
-
.

 - The international private law shall be applied to
anything not provided for in the above mentioned
articles.
.. -
- mentioned earlier, the above mentioned, the
aforementioned
-
.
- Birth and death events shall be recorded in such
registers especially designed for those purposes.
-

.
- A contract is discharged if something happens
making the performance of the contract impossible.
In this case, the two parties thereto must settle their
accounts.
- A contract is discharged if it is frustrated by an even
beyond the control of the two parties thereto. In this
case, the two parties thereto must settle their
accounts.
-
.

 - The contract has been rescinded restoring the parties
thereto to their position before the contract was made.
. -
- This law regulates family affairs.


-
.
- The law requires that a testimony does not lead the
witness to gain a benefit or avert a detriment.
. -
- A will is deemed invalid if the testator were proven to
be incompetent.
. -
- Property means any real estate or right to which a
monetary value is attached in transactions.
. -
- No one shall afflict harm on others nor shall it be returned
by harm. Harm shall be made good.
.
.
- The court will accept the testimony of the translator
as an expert witness under oath if he is knowledgeable
of the language pair in question.

 .
.
- Any competent person may submit with the court a
demand of interdiction of a relative thereof if such a
relative is insane or demented.
: .
.
- In addition to capacity, there are three requisites of
contracts: mutual assent, object and lawful cause.
.

.
- A contract is made valid if acceptance precisely
matches the offer made, subject to any further
provisions on specific conditions for the validity of
contracts.
.
.
The Companys fiscal year shall commence form the first of
January and end on the thirty-first of December of the same
year.
. .

The Company shall be managed by a Board of Directors,
which shall be composed of ten members.
. .
The liability of shareholders shall be limited to the values of
their respective shares.
.

.
Any shareholder wishing to dispose of his shares shall first
offer them to the other shareholders of the Company pro
rata to their shareholdings at the price that shall be
determined by the Company in due course.
.
.
Incapacitated or limited-capacity persons shall be governed
by the applicable rules of guardianship, conservatorship and
custodianship.

 .

.
If a court rules a limited liability company bankrupt, the
creditors cannot go after the owner to have them pay with
their own money for any shortfall not covered by the
companys assets.
.

.
If either party wishes to terminate the agreement, he shall
send a prior notice to the other party in a registered letter at
least six month before the intended termination date.
.
.
The Companys object shall be legitimate and shall observe
the unity and specialization of the main objects.
.
.

Where it is agreed in the Companys Memorandum of
Association that a partner shall be prevented from getting
profit or shall otherwise be relieved from loss, such
Memorandum shall be rendered invalid.
.
.
A general partnership is an association of two or more
partners who are jointly and severally liable with all of their
own money for the partnerships obligations.
.
.
The Director may pursue any such acts that are compatible
with the Companys objects, unless his powers are restricted
by the Companys Memorandum of Association.
.
.
The decisions and recommendations of the tender
committees shall be sent to the competent authorities for
endorsement within seven days from the date on which such
decisions and recommendations were made.

 .
.
No natural or juridical person may enter into a construction
agreement with an unlicensed contractor.
.
.
All competent authorities, each in its own respective
jurisdiction, shall implement the provisions of this law. This
law shall enter into force after the lapse of thirty days from
its publication in the Official Gazette.
.
.
The contractor shall not be held liable for any damages
resulting from delay of implementation of the contract or
failure to live up to the terms and conditions thereof, should
such delay or failure be attributed to force majeure.
.
.

A merchant may be declared bankrupt upon his request or
the request of one of his creditors or that of public
prosecution. The court may also enter a judgement of own
motion declaring the merchant bankrupt.
.
.
Bankruptcy claims shall be expediently heard and any
judgements issued in relation thereto shall have immediate
effect without bail, unless otherwise provided.
. .
The court shall appoint in the bankruptcy judgement an
official receiver who shall administer the bankrupt entity
and undertake its liquidation.
.
.
The Penal Code shall apply to all crimes committed on the
Republics territories.

 .

.
The validity of employment contract shall be bound by such
conditions as those related to mutual assent of the two
parties thereto and their legal capacity, the consideration
and cause as defined by the Law of Obligations and
Contracts.
. .
The employment contract may be proved by all means of
evidence.
. .
Contracts shall remain valid in the event of a change in the
legal position of the employer.
.
:
The following shall be deemed as gross errors that may lead
to the layoff of the employee if he has made any of them:

 .

.
The State and the regional authorities in charge of regulating
on-land transport as stated in Chapter IX herein, each in its
respective jurisdiction, shall regulate and control the proper
functioning of on-land transport.
.
.

Licenses prescribed herein may be abolished upon the

request of the respective licensees when it is proven that the
respective activity has not been exercised for over two years.

.
.
Should the number of candidates be equal to the number
required to be elected, all of them shall be declared winners
by acclamation without the need for elections.
.
.

(Candidates to the chairman or members of the
Administrative Council shall be Egyptians with full civil and
political rights.
.
.
8Members of the Administrative Council may not
participate in or referee any of the Federations matches.
. .
A member of the Administrative Board shall lose his
membership in any of the following cases.

: Pronominal Adverb
+
.

.

Hereabout
.

I know this doctor lives in a place close to this
place.
I know this doctor lives hereabout.

 Hereabouts

.
People here and in the surrounding areas would
pay to see a thing like that.
People hereabouts would pay to see a thing like
that.

Hereafter
)(
( )
This contract has been entered into by and
between X Company (Hereafter the
Company) and Y Company.

.( )
People believe they will rise again from the
dead in the life that comes after this life.
People believe they will rise again from the
dead in life hereafter.

 Hereby

.
I declare by this document that I have
appointed my brother to act on my behalf in
financial transactions.
I hereby declare that I have appointed my
brother to act on my behalf in financial
transactions.

Hereinbefore

.
All of the answers stated before were given by
the respondents of the questionnaire.
All of the answers hereinbefore were given by
the respondents of the questionnaire.

Hereof /


.
We have completed the procurements in
accordance with Article 10 of this contract.
We have completed the procurements in
accordance with Article 10 hereof.

Hereunder/hereinunder
.
Here are the grades that the student has scored during
his college study.
Listed hereunder are the grades the student has
scored during his college study.

Hereunto

..........
In whitnesseth whereof, the two parties hereto have
set their hands and seals hereunto on this day.

Hereupon
: .
:
:

.
This Amendment shall be part and parcel of the contract
and shall hereupon have the same force and effect as if it
were set forth in the original contract document.

Herewith

.
With reference to your letter, enclosed herewith is the
required power of attorney.

Thereafter

.
Thereafter, the Commission shall be convened by its
Chairman whenever necessary but at least once a year.

Thereagainst -


.
After hearing the testimonies of the victim, the law
enforcement agencies shall protect the victim from any
harm that might be inflicted thereagainst.

Therearound

the circumstances therearound

Thereat

.
The officer in charge shall furnish Governor with the
names of employees of such institutions to act as police
officers thereat.

Thereby


.
The institution shall offer vocational training in useful
trades shall be provided for prisoners able to profit thereby
and especially for young prisoners.

Thereby

.
The institution shall observe the Trade Law and the bylaws
issued thereby.

Thereby


. ) (
The student shall successfully complete 15 credit hours
this semester thereby bringing the total credit hours to
135.

Therefrom


The Enterprise shall be
provided with the funds necessary to
explore and exploit one mine site, and to
transport, process and market the minerals
recovered therefrom

Therein

.
Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate
one specially qualified person to represent it therein.

Thereof




.
The original of this Statute, of which the Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally
authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof
to all States.

Thereof

The government and its program = the government and
the program thereof

Fraud and the harmful effects thereof
Fraud and its harmful effects

Thereon

.

.


It shall review formal written plans of work for activities
in the Area in accordance with article 153, paragraph 3,
and submit appropriate recommendations to the Council.
The Commission shall base its recommendations solely on
the grounds stated in annex III and shall report fully
thereon to the Council.

Thereto


.
Each State may, at the time of signature or ratification of
this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does
not recognize the competence of the Committee provided
for in article 20.

Thereunder

:
The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in
the following categories as may be placed thereunder by
means of trusteeship agreements:

Therewith


Representatives of the protected persons shall
participate in the administration or be associated
therewith in an advisory capacity under prescribed
conditions.

Whereabout


The right to a prompt and effective judicial remedy as
a means of determining the whereabouts.

Whereby

.
The Secretary-General shall establish procedures
whereby staff may seek in confidence clarification as
to whether proposed outside activities would conflict
with their status as international civil servants.

Wherein / in which


.
The representatives or delegates of the Protecting
Powers shall not in any case exceed their mission
under the present Convention. They shall, in
particular, take account of the imperative necessities of
security of the State wherein they carry out their
duties.

Whereof

.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly
authorized, have signed the present Convention.

Preposition + Which/who/whom
. .
This is my son. I am pleased with him.
This is my son with whom I am pleased.
. .
This is the table on which I put the book.
. .
This is the car where I found the bag.
This is the car in which I found the bag.
. .
This is the desk. I hid the pen under it.
This is the desk under which I hid the pen.

 . .
This is the letter. I attached the document to it.
This is the letter to which I attached the document.
. .
These are the friends. I sacrificed a lot for them.
These are the friends for whom I sacrificed a lot.


 :( )

A conflict may arise between .

two persons.
A final decision //
A legal representative
A public prosecution case ....
may not be filed except.
No public prosecution case
may be filed except..
abatement
Abatement ( )
Abide by letter of the law
Abrogating
Accountability


.
Address for service
Administrative Judicial
Court
Affidavit
After he has taken an oath
Under oath
After perusal of

After the expiration of
After the lapse of
After the termination of
Agencies

Agency by necessity
Aggravating circumstances
Amending
Annexed
Another answer is submitted
by the plaintiff (a reply). .
Answer
Appeal

Appellant / appellate
Appellee
Appoint on his behalf
Arbitrator
arson ( )
as amended
As required by the
circumstances
Before the competent court
Before the court/judge

Opening statements
Binding precedent
Bis.
Breach of trust
Burglary )
(
By a decision from the
Minister
Case law )
(
Chief judge
Civil cases )(
Civil law
Civil liability
Closing statements
Closure
Code of conduct
Comes into force )(
Commit a crime
Common law

Common law derives from
customs and judicial .
precedents.
Competence

Jurisdiction
Complainant and
respondent
Complementary oath
Compliance with ( )
Confidentiality
Contract
Void contract
Voidable contract
Contractual liability
Contrary to
Correct ( )
Counter-terrorism
Court of last resort
Court room
Courts sessions
Crimes committed against
Crimes penalised by
Criminal cases
Criminal judiciary
Criminalisation
Cross examination
To cross the witness
Cross-examine

Death sentence
Capital punishment
The Accused who is in .
preventive imprisonment
shall not be released if
imprisoned for a crime
penalized by capital
punishment.
Death sentence/ capital
punishment
Debt
Decision
Decisive oat
Deduction, reasoning
Deductions
Defamation
Deposition of witnesses
Direct examination
To direct the witness
Direct the decisive oath
Direct-examine
Directives -
Discretion
)

 .
(
Disputants
Disputing parties
Dispute, conflict
Domicile

Domicile
Due to

Effective date
Eminence
Enact a law OR promulgate a
law
Entity
Evidence /
burden of proof
Except after
Except from
Except in the circumstances
prescribed by the law
Exchange of pleadings
Statement of
Claims
Answer

 Reply

Rebuttal
Execution of the contract / /

Expiry date
Extenuating circumstances
Facts
Felony, offence
Fine
Form of the Statement of
Claims
Competent court
Plaintiff
Defendant
Address for service /
Claims selected domicile
Request claims
requests
Frivolous
General Provisions
Governance
Governance is the state of an
entity characterized by: :
Transparency

Accountability
Democracy
decentralisation
Grace period
Legal period
Grievance
Gross
Has no effect

Have not yet been decided
He did it on his own motion
He filed a case with the first .
Instance court.
(primary court)
He has the right to )
He shall have the right to (
He shall be entitled to
He may
He shall be penalized by
imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months
and/or fined by an amount
not exceeding OR100.
Health care services
Hear the case
Herebaove mentioned

Hereby decree the following
Heresay

His representative
The person who represents
him
The representative thereof
His representative
The person who represents
him
I am held accountable.

If the accused failed to
appear before the court
If the court finds

If, should
In accordance with
In contempt ..
In form

In light of the facts.
In the following cases
Under the following
circumstances
In the manner prescribed in
this law

In the manner prescribed
herein
In violation of the law

In which ...... .....
Whereby
Indictment
Indictment
Indivisible
Initiation of public action
Instruments
.
Intermediation and
arbitration
Intermediator
International instruments / )
(
Interpreter under oath
Introductory
Investigate ....
Is authorised to/ shall have
the authority to
Is hereby repealed
It shall be effective after three
months of its publication.

It shall enter into force..
Its publication date
Judgement, sentence
Judicial police officer
Juries
Jurisdiction
Law
Law enforcement
Law enforcement officers



.
Law No.1 for the year 2000 is
hereby repealed
Legal bond
Legal relation
Legal jurisprudence
Liability
Libel
limitations
List of charges
May not be disrupted
May not be relinquished
Misdemeanour

Mr. Foreperson. Have you .
reached a verdict?
No evidence can be
introduced to the appeals .
court.
No house may be inspected
except with a substantiated
permission from the
Prosecutor General
Non-disclosure
Non-volitional
Nothing in this law shall .....
prevent.
Notification
Notification
Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding the

provisions of Article 100
Objection, your Honor.
Your eminence
Sustained
Overruled

The witness gives his
testimony.

Offence; felony
Official Gazette
Ombudsman
Ombudsmans office
on the promulgation
Opposition ( )
Out-of the court settlement
overruled
Paralegal assistants
Penal Code /
/
Perjury
Persuasive precedent
Peruse
Plaintiff
Plaintiff and defendant
Pleadings
Pre-emptive right )
Pre-emption (
Prescribed in the law
Provided in the law
Stipulated in the law
Press charges on
Preventive detention

Prior
Procedural court
Proceedings
Proceedings
opening
statement
closing
statement
Process server )
(
Process serving
Promulgated by
Pronominal adverbs
Prosecutor general
Public action
Public interest
Public order
Public prosecution
Public security
Reasoning
Rebuttal
Recital of charges
Reconciliation
Redress

Refusal to take an oath. )
(
Regulating
Remedy
Reparation
Reply
Required by
Royal Decree
Sanitation
Scribe
Severance
Severally and collectively
Serious
Shall apply to
Shall be entitled to
Shall have the right to
May
Shall be governed
Shall be published
Shall have the authority
Shall remain in force
Small-claims court
Social compact
Sources of obligation
State Basic Law

Statement of claims
Statement of indictment
List of charges
..counts ()
Statutory law, written law
Subject matter jurisdiction
Summon the accused to
appear
Supreme Court /
Court of Cassation
Suspect
Sustained
Territorial jurisdiction
Testimony under oath
The accused
The aggrieved
The aggrieved party goes to
the court and files a case.\ .
The aggrieved party goes to
the court to initiate action
against the opponent.
Prosecution
The aggrieved party seeks .
remedy.

The Appeals Court affirmed
the decision of the first .
instance court.
The case is decided.
The Cassation Court
The Supreme Court
The competent authority
The convict
The court erred. /

The court is correct.
The courts clerk office
The courts opinion is
binding.
The defence at the Supreme
Court is procedural only. .
The defendant submits an
answer. .

-
1admits that. .....
2.. admits that .... -
3. Denies that.
....
The effective date

The effective date
The executive
The first instance court was
correct in concluding that. .....
The following words and
expressions shall have the
meaning assigned to each of
them hereinunder unless :
otherwise required by
context:
The judge exercises his
discretion. .
The judge hears the
arguments of the litigants . )(
then he decides the case.
The judge listens to the case
parties (the litigants). ( )
litigation

adjudication
civil cases
criminal
cases
prosecutor
general

 People
Regina
Prosecutor General
) (
) United States (
) Crown (
) People
(
The judge reaches a
conclusion. .
The judge summons the .
witnesses.
The judgement and .....
sentencing are affirmed.
The judgement and .....
sentencing are vacated.

We vacate the judgement

and remand the case to .

The judgement is issued in

absentia.


." :

 " "
"


.
.

:

As if in presence

.
)( The judgement is issued in
presence.
The judgement is issued.
The judicial authority is
vested with the courts. .
The judiciary
The law
Contract
Unilateral volition
- Promise of a reward -

- Officiousness -


Beneficial act
Harmful /injurious act
Unjust/undue enrichment
The laws regulating .
The laws regulating .
The legislative
The petition submitted by
the person is called
Statement of claims. .()

writ
The provisions of this law
shall apply to
The public law
The request is declined
The request is granted
The session is adjourned
The state provides its citizens

with means of remedy. .
The states provides the
opportunity for challenging .
the decision.

The testimonies shall be
taken
Theft
Their effective date
Then he applies the law.
There is no crime and no
punishment without a pre-
existing penal law
They must reach a consensus
This act is criminalized by
the law. .
This law shall be published
in the Official Gazette
This matter is
stipulated/prescribed by the .
law.
To commence
To proceed pro se
To take an oath
Tort
Transactions
Transactions )

(
Transcript

Trial
Trial court
Under the law
As required by the law
Unless otherwise is proven
Unless otherwise is provided
Unless otherwise required by
another law
Unless otherwise stated in
the law
Uphold the decision
Upon
Value
Victim
Volitional
Warranties and
representations
Ways of challenging
We call the sessions hearing
sessions
We call this conflict in legal
terms A dispute. .""
disputants
Welfare
Welfare

What say you? )

(
When the aggrieved wishes
to challenge the decision of
the Appeals Court, he must
go to the court of last resort, )
that is the Cassation Court (
(Supreme Court).

a final decision
procedural
court
When the case is decided
Who owes whom
With regard to
In respect of
In relation to
With the exception of the
following
Without prejudice to
Subject to
Without detriment to
Witness examination
Writ for certiorari


Written and personal
evidence


 . :( )
Per Curiam
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
JAMES ERIC MOORE v. UNITED STATES

ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
EIGHTH CIRCUIT

No. 0710689. Decided October 14, 2008

James Eric Moore was convicted of one count of possessing

cocaine base with intent to distribute, [which is] a violation
of 21 U. S. Code. 841(a)(1) and (b)(1).
Given the quantity of crack cocaine, the presentence report
calculated that Moores sentencing range under the United
States Sentencing Guidelines was 151 to 188 months. At
sentencing, Moore asked the District Court to impose a
below-Guidelines sentence in light of our decision in United
States v. Booker, 543 U. S. 220 (2005), and the Guidelines

disparate treatment of similar amounts of crack and powder
cocaine.
The District Court refused, saying: With regard to the crack
and powder cocaine difference, that is the law. Im applying
the law as it currently stands. If that is going to be changed,
that is a congressional matter. Congress is the one who looks
at the guidelines and decides whether or not they should be
put inin force. . . . It isnt the judges. Its the lawmakers,
and I have taken an oath to apply the law, and thats what I
will do in this sentencing. App. C to Pet. for Cert. 5556.
The District Court sentenced Moore to 188 months of
imprisonment and six years of supervised release.
Moore appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for
the Eighth Circuit affirmed his conviction and sentence.
United States v. Moore, 470 F. 3d 767 (2006). In response to
his claim that the District Court should have considered the
crack/powder disparity, the peals held that the district court
was correct in concluding that neither Booker nor [18 U. S.
C.] 3553(a) authorizes district courts to reject the powder
cocaine to crack cocaine quantity ratio [which is] mandated
by Congress and [which is] reflected in the Guidelines. Id.,
at 770 (quoting United States v. Spears, 469 F. 3d 1166, 1176
(CA8 2006) (en banc)). Moore filed a petition for certiorari
with this Court. Pet. for Cert. in Moore v. United States, No.
069749.

While Moores certiorari petition was pending, this Court
issued its opinion in Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U. S.
___ (2007), concluding that a judge may consider the
disparity between the Guidelines treatment of crack and
powder cocaine offenses when applying 18 U. S. C.
3553(a), even in a mine-run case. Id., at ___, ___ (slip op.,
at 2, 21).
We granted Moores petition, vacated the judgment, and
remanded the case to the Eighth Circuit for further
consideration in light of Kimbrough. Moore v. United
States, 552 U. S. ___ (2008).
On remand, without new briefing, the Eighth Circuit
affirmed again. 518 F. 3d 577 (2008). This time, the Court
of Appeals concluded that [a]s there was then no circuit
authority to the contrary of the discretion exercised by some
judges, we presume the district court was aware that Booker
granted it discretion to vary downward based upon the
impact of the crack cocaine guidelines on this defendant, but
elected not to exercise that discretion. Id., at 580.
Proceeding pro se, Moore again petitioned for certiorari ,
arguing that the Eighth Circuits new characterization of the
transcript is wrong, and that it is clear that the district court
thought judges had no discre[t]ion to reject the Guidelines
ratio. Pet. for Cert. 7. The United States agrees that the

Eighth Circuit erred, see Brief for United States 9, and so do
we.

When the District Court said that [i]t isnt the judges but
Congress that looks at the [G]uidelines and decides
whether or not they should be put . . . in force, the court
showed that it did not think it had the discretion later
upheld by Kimbrough. App. C to Pet. for Cert. 56. The
Eighth Circuits first decision recognized this, describing the
District Court as concluding (correctly under circuit
precedent) that it was not authorize[d] . . . to reject the
crack/powder disparity. Moore, 470 F. 3d, at 770 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In light of the District Courts
comments at sentencing, the Court of Appeals should have
remanded the case to the District Court for re-sentencing
under Kimbrough. We express no views on how the District
Court should exercise its discretion at resentencing.
The petition for certiorari and the motion for leave to
proceed in forma pauperis are granted. The judgment of the
Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
(Source: www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-
10689.pdf)



:
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*


//

Trademark

ALIALI
.

 ALIALI




-- .

ALIALI

//


.

ALIALI

//

* : . .
.


 :
Warning Letter
So and So Law Firm
Beirut 22/4/2008
Messers Arriyada Sporting Co.
Via Mr. Saleem

Warning Letter

Sent via a postal notice with acknowledgement of receipt

To be handed to him in person, to his substitute or to any
person working for him.
Beirut- Hamra Street

Greetings,

In our capacity as representatives of the American Trademark

Corporation.

WHEREAS our client, a leading company in sports

particularly sportswear and sports equipment is the owner
of Trademark ALIALI & Logo, which has gained an
international reputation;

WHEREAS our client, in view of the reputation of its
trademark ALIALI & Logo and the quality of the goods to
which it is attached, registered the said trademark and logo
in many counties in the world for use on all types of clothes,
footwear, headwear, and bags, and all other goods under
international classes 18. 25, 28;

WHEREAS you have illegally usurped the reputable

trademark ALIALI & Logo owned by our client by
registering the very same trademark with the Intellectual
Property Protection Authority at the Ministry of Economy
under No. (5000) dated 22/2/2001 for explicit use on the
same goods marketed by our client with the purpose of
creating confusion in the minds of the consumer benefiting
from the reputation that our client has earned worldwide all
over the years; and,

WHEREAS your act constitutes an illegal and parasitic

competition and usurpation of our clients trademark, in
violation of the legal provisions protecting trade and
intellectual property rights particularly Articles 97, 98 and
105 of Decision No. (2385) and Articles (702), (703) and
(714) of Lebanons Penal Code,

NOW, THEREFORE

We HEREBY warn you to stop forthwith your illegal
competition of our client and imitation and usurpation of
its trademark, to cancel the trademark ALIALI & Logo
registered with the Intellectual Property rights Protection
Authority at the Ministry of Economy under No. (5000)
dated 22/2/2001, and to withdraw the imitated goods from
the Lebanese market within one week from your receiving
of this warning letter. Should you fail to do so, we will
regrettably initiate action against you before the competent
court in order to protect the rights of our client. We
preserve the right to claim compensation from you for
damages resulting from your illegal competition and
imitation of our clients trademark.

With due respect,