SOCIAL STRUCTURE

By Ashima Mathur
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Sikkim today is a rapidly evolving society. Its major towns like
Gangtok the capital city, Namchi and Jorethang already are
urbanizing at a steady pace. More and more people are being
attracted by business opportunities and gradually imbibing the
cosmopolitan character.
Though Sikkim is predominantly a Buddhist state its spirit is secular
and here churches, monasteries, gurdwaras, mosques and temples
co-exist peacefully. It is hard to define the true culture of Sikkim. It
could best be called a wonderful mosaic, a unique pattern made
beautiful by the unusual harmony in its individually colourful threads.
And that is its trait. The predominant communities are the Lepchas,
the Bhutias and the Nepalese and over the years there have been
Inter-racial marriages among the three.
The Lepchas are very peace loving people, deeply religious and shy,
which characteristics they still have retained. They were in fact the
children of nature, and worshipped nature or spirits of nature. These
Lepcha lived quite close to the nature by way of leading sustenance.

The three Lepcha youth are also involved in the preservation of their cultural
communities - the heritage. Buddhist monk Likdem Lepcha (pictured here) runs an
Lepchas, the Bhutias orphanage and school for underpriviledged boys from the Upper
and the Nepalese. Dzongu region.

People
The Lepchas
The Lepchas are the natives of
Sikkim with very little known
about their origin. A theory has it
that the Lepchas moved in from
the borders of Assam and Burma
while another speaks of them
migrating from Southern Tibet.
But basically they are of
mongoloid stock.
The tribe were nature worshippers and belonged to the Bon
faith. It was later that they converted to Buddhism and much
later to Christianity. In order to preserve their tribe and their
tradition the government also has a reserved area for the
Lepchas at Dzongu that has been declared restricted area.
Like all other ancient tribes, besides being skilled hunters, Lepchas
could have been painstaking food gatherers once. Our first
knowledge of this ancient people comes across when they were
already practicing shifting or jhoom cultivation. Clearing new forest
lands every few years the Lepchas cultivated two types of dry-land
paddy called Dumbra and Ongrey-Zo, Mongbree, a kind of millet,
and Kunchung, or maize eaten in different forms, were other main
agricultural products. Zo-Mal or rice was meant only for important
occasions like wedding, house warming and celebrating the
Nambun, Lepcha New Year.
Lepchas have their own script but most of their ancient literary
works, called namthars, are found recorded in Tibetan script.
Gazetteer of Sikkim mentions that it was the third Chogyal, Chador
Namgyal who invented the Lepcha script. But the Lepchas believe
that their script existed even before the reign of Chador Namgyal.
The Bhutias
The Bhutias are purely of Tibetan origin
who migrated to Sikkim from Tibet
somewhere after the fifteenth century.
The language of the Bhutias is
Sikkimese, a dialect of the Tibetan
language and are mostly Buddhists. A
predominant Bhutia population inhabits
North Sikkim in the villages of Lachung
and Lachen. The Lachungpas and the
Lachenpas still retain their age old
village administrative system called the
Dzumsa with an elected village chief.
Bhutias are warm hearted and simple people. They prefer living in joint
families . A Bhutia is called Khin which is built in rectangular shape. Bhutias
follow tantric Bhuddhism and legal system among the Bhutias is named as
the Dzuma which means the rendezvous point of the common masses. Pipon
is the village headsmen under whom Dzumsa works.
It ensures law and order and is responsible for conservation of practises such
as grazing , cultivation programs and the seasonal development of the
community. Agariculture is the main source of occupation among bhutias.
Bhutias usually practice intermarriage within their clans and follow
hierarchical system of bride and groom selection .
The main festival celebrated by Bhutia Tribes are Loser and Losoong. The
first week of the February is Losar as it marks the beginning of the Tibetan
new year. During this festival the evening act of Fire Metho takes place.
Losoong is celebrated at the end of the harvest season and also the end of
the Tibetan year. It is uaually at the end of the tenth Tibetan lunar month.
It is the most important festival among the Bhutia tribes in India. During thus
festival Chaandancing and merrymaking at the monasteries at Palace ,
Phodong and Rumtek are enjoyed by the tribe.
Their main sport is archery competition and stage fights passing through the
crounds wih the fire torch add more excitement to the festival
The Nepalis
The Nepalis dress differently speak different language and worship
different religion .They remained a group apart ,especially the upper
castes like Brahmins and chettris. But their mere distinctiveness need not
be looked at as a factor of discord in the society.In fact through them the
people of Sikkim could gain the benefit of influence of by the indiam
civilization .
Warfare between Tibetan and Chinese since 1949 to 1962 let to division
of culture and trade between the sources. People were forced to become
refugee and had to change their means of livelihood.
Since then interaction and intermixing of culture between Tibet and
Sikkim has come to an end.
The Nepalese who migrated from Nepal from the mid-nineteenth century
form the dominant population. It was the British who patronized the
Nepalese for their warlike qualities and integrity and raised an entire army
consisting purely of Nepalese soldiers. They were also allowed to settle
down in the hill tracts belonging to British India. In Sikkim the Chogyal
had granted a lease to some Nepalese traders sometime in the year
1860. It was these traders who reaped bountiful harvests in the fertile
lands of Sikkim with the help of Nepalese farmers who later settled down
completely. These early Nepalese settlers introduced terraced farming in
the region and also brought the cardamom along with them which
became a prized cash crop. The Kiratis who are also Nepalese are also
believed to be the natives of Sikkim along with the Lepchas. The Kiratis
include the Limbus, Rais, Tamangs, Gurungs, Magars and others. The
Nepalese speak the Nepali language written in the Devanagri script and
is the major language spoken in Sikkim. The Nepalese are mostly Hindus
though we can also find Buddhists and Christians among them too.
One of the major outcome of this warfare was ambiguity regarding water
source which is travelling from China and flows towards Bangladesh
across India.

The Yarlung Tsangpo emerges from the Angsi Glacier in Tibet at a height of
5,210 metres and flows across southern Tibet before entering Arunachal
Pradesh. Here it is known as the Siang until it meets the Lohit. It is then
called the Brahmaputra. This first merges with the Ganga and then the
Meghna in Bangladesh and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal.

A look at the schematic of the river tells us that while nearly half of the river
flows through Tibet, its catchment there is a cold desert. So the river has
comparatively lesser water flowing through it as it enters India. It is the one-
third of the catchment area that is in India that receives 3,000 mm of rain
annually and significantly contributes to water in the Brahmaputra.

China has planned 29 dams in the Chinese part of the Yarlung Tsangpo
basin, including the main river and its tributaries, while the Brahmaputra
Board's master plan approved by the Government of India in 1997 has
proposed 168 dams in the Indian part of the basin.

* Sharing of river waters is not based on any one principle, but on a

negotiated agreement that includes the discussion of several factors.
Some of the factors which were taken in consideration while dividing the
source and usage of river Bhramaputra
* India exceeds China in its control over the Brahmaputra in terms of the
amount of water, and dependent population.

* The number of dams planned by India on the Brahmaputra and its

tributaries far exceeds those planned by China .

TOURISM IN SIKKIM

Sikkim is an ever enchanting state with its elegant natural beauty

of snowing mountains, luxuriant forests with exotic flora and
fauna, pristine waterfalls, sacred lakes, holy caves, medicinal hot
springs and gentle streams, one of the bio-diversity hotspots in
the Eastern Himalayas. The weather fluctuates with altitude and
varies from tropical in the low valley to polar-like surroundings
snow and ice in the elevated areas. It boasts of the third highest
mountain in the world Mt Khanchendzonga which is also revered
as the Guardian Deity of Sikkim. The state of Sikkim is a
destination for all season for those seeking solitude for meditation
and those seeking leisure holidays to the more adventurous
visitors. The tourism is one of major sector of the state economy.
Tourism sector has been accorded priority as it is deemed to be
one of the major revenue earning and employment generating
sector. It being the fastest growing industry, there has been
tremendous growth in terms of standard and quality of service,
infrastructural development and competitive promotional
packages.

Foreigners need to obtain Restricted Area Permit (RAP) from

Sikkim Tourism offices at New Delhi, Kolkata, Siliguri, Bagdogra
Airport, Rangpo and Melli on the strength of a valid Indian Visa.
Initially 30 days permit is issued on production of photocopies of
the passport and visa along with two passport sized photos.
Permit can be further extended twice for 15 days each. The
extension of permit can be obtained from Foreigners Registration
Office at Gangtok and office of the Superintendent of Police in the
North, West, South and East Districts. For trekking in the Tourism
and Civil Aviation Department issues Protected Area Permit (PAP)
at Gangtok which is available for groups consisting of two or more
foreigners subject t the condition that the trekking programme is
arranged through a registered travel agency. For those who want
to experience Sikkimese rural lives, village tourism with homestay
facilities are encouraged by the government. Tourists are offered
opportunities to know not only about Sikkimese culture but also
engage oneself in the day to day activities of a rural life. The
following statement showed the number of domestic and foreign
tourist arrival and its annual growth in Sikkim.
 DANCE AND MUSIC
The cultural heritage of Sikkim is
expressed in its traditional folk dances.
Sikkim is domiciled by many ethnic castes
and tribes; each of them has its own
interesting folk dances. The major
inhabitants of Sikkim are divided into three
communities, the Lepchas, the Bhutias
and the Nepalese respectively. The folk
dances and music have become an
inseparable part of Sikkim Culture. A
majority of the dances are associated with
the startling beauty of the natural environs.
Some of them depict the harvest season
and other dances are performed for
opulence. The traditional dances of Sikkim
go together with the tunes of many
musical instruments.
Lu Khangthamo
Lu Khangthamo is a Bhutia folk dance that is celebrated to thank all the Gods
and deities of the three worlds (heaven, hell and earth). This form of dance is
enjoyed by all age groups in their traditional dresses and ornaments. On
occasions like house-warming and New Year celebrations, this dance is
performed in the company of pleasing songs and music.
Rechungma
Rechungma is a kind of typical Sikkimese dance that is performed to show
gratitude towards God for his continued blessings. It is usually arranged on
occasions like childbirth, marriage and other social gatherings.
Maruni
Maruni is one of the most popular and the oldest dance of the Nepalese. This
festival is also correlated with Diwali or Festival of Lights. This beautiful
dance is also performed on marriages. Maruni dancers attire in multi-colored
costumes and heavy ornaments. Maruni dancers are generally attended by a
clown known as 'Dhatu Waray'.

Mask Dance is the renowned dance of

Sikkimese people. Singhi Chaam and Yak
Chaam are the popular Tibetan dance
forms. The various dances of the Bhutias
are Lu Khangthamo, Gha to Kito, Chi
Rimu, Gnungmala Gnunghey, Be Yu Mista
and Tashi Zaldha. Maruni, Tamang Selo,
Dhaan Naach, Dau Ra Jane and Sebru
Naach are different dance forms of the
Nepalese. The Lepchas enjoy Zo-Mal-Lok,
Chu Faat, Kar Gnok Lok, Dharma Jo, Mon
Dryak Loks, Tendong Lho Faat and Mun
Hait Lok. Rechungma and Talachi have
been known as Sikkimese dance forms.
All these communities have their own
dance forms. In this article, we would
discuss the major ones in brief.

Enchanting Music

Rechungma
It is typical Sikkimese dance performed during the happy occasions like
childbirth, marriage and other social gatherings, offer paying their sincere
thanks to the god for his blessings.
 TRADITIONAL ATTIRE OF SIKKIM

There are three main communities namely Lepchas, Bhutias and

Nepalis in the state of Sikkim and the traditional dressing of this
state replicates their social and ethnic lifestyle. The Lepchas,
Bhutias and Nepalis have distinctive traditional costumes
respectively and this does add to the diversity of the traditional
attire seen in the state. One cannot miss but notice that in different
cities of this state there is presence of natives from other cities of
India especially the Marwaris, Bengalis, Biharis, South Indians and
Punjabis. These people have come and settled in Sikkim mainly
because of their jobs or business.
Lepchas are the original populace
of Sikkim and they love to wear
Monks making music dresses that are colourful and
vibrant.
The traditional dress for females
of Lepcha community is
Tamang Selo Dumdyam or Dumvum (its a
Tamang Selo is a Nepali form of dance that depicts the 'Tamangs' community of comfy and suave ankle-length
the Nepalese. The dance is performed accompanied with the harmonious tunes dress which is worn like Indian
of 'Damphoo', a musical instrument that the dancers carry in their hands. Owing traditional saree), Tago (a loose fit
to it, Tamang Selo is also known as 'Damphoo Dance'. The dance is presented cozy blouse), Nyamrek (is a belt)
on occasions like marriage ceremony, childbirth and village fairs. and Taro (a cap). Almost all the
females in Sikkim can be seen
wearing this dress. Lepcha
Yak Chaam & Singhi Chaam women decorate themselves with
Both of these dances are Tibetan forms of dance. The term 'chaam' implies traditional ornaments like
some religious form of dance'. Yak Chaam is a tribute to Yak, an animal at Namchok (earrings), Lyak
whom man relies for survival at high altitudes. Singhi Chaam is an important (necklace), Gyar (bracelet).
dance form, which is linked with five peaks of Mount Kanchunjunga forming an
image of snow lion. A snow lion is regarded as an important cultural symbol of
the State. The Bhutia community are inhabitants
of Tibet who have long back settled in
Mask Dance Sikkim. The females of this community
Mask Dance is the most famous dance of Sikkim and one can say it is almost wear Kho or Bakhu, Hanju (is a full-
synonymous to Sikkim. The Mask dance is divided into various types, Enchey sleeve loose-fitting blouse of silk
Chaam, Rumtek Chaam and Gouthor Chaam. Gouthor (winter) Chaam, is fabric), Kushen (a jacket), Shambo (a
performed two days prior to Losar in the month of February. Rumtek Chaam is cap of specific design) and Shabchu
the most important religious masked dance that is performed on the 10th day of (the shoes). The females love to
the 5th month of the. The dance presents eight signs of the Guru Rimpoche. accessorize themselves with Yencho
Rumtek Chaam is colorful and fantastic, which allures many pilgrim and (the earrings), Khao (necklace), Phiru
visitors. (ornament made up of pearls), Diu (a
gold bangle), and Joko (the ring). Gold
is an obsession for Bhutia people and
most of their ornaments are made up
of 24K pure gold
. FOOD TRADITION

Sikkimese are essentially rice-eaters. Alcoholic drinks are popular both

amongst men and women. Beef eating is common amongst the
Bhutias. It is not uncommon to see Marwari plainsmen gulping down
Momos and Thukpa and Bhutias partaking to Indian dishes like Puris
and Dosas - a turn sign of national integration. Atypical diet of a working
Sikkimese consists of dal bhat (lentils and rice) with meat for breakfast,
a light lunch of momos, and an early dinner consisting of noodles. Some
of the local cuisines are:-
Momo
Momo is a very popular Tibetan
delicacy in Sikkim. It is prepared by
stuffing minced meat, vegetable or
Sikkimese ornaments for women cheese in flour dough and then
Lepcha males traditional costume is called Thokro-Dum, which consists moulding them in the form of
of white pajama (calf-length), Yenthatse (a shirt) and Shambo (a cap). dumplings. These are then
The traditional attire of Bhutia males consists of Kho or Bakhu (a loose steamed for about half an hour in a
piece of cloth which is tied at one side of the neck and waist with a belt). three tiered utensil that has bone or
Bhutia males also wear Jya Jya (a waist coat), Yenthatse (a shirt), Kera tomato soup in the lowest
(cloth belt) and Shambo (cap). Nepali males of Sikkim follow their own compartment. Steam from the
culture and tradition with respect to their costumes. They wear Shurval (a boiling soup rises through the
churidar pajama), Daura (shirt), Aaskot (a waist coat) and Patuki (a belt). perforations in the containers
above and cooks the dumplings.
Momos are taken along with soup
and home
Lepcha males traditional costume is called Thokro-Dum, which consists
of white pajama (calf-length), Yenthatse (a shirt) and Shambo (a
cap). The traditional attire of Bhutia males consists of Kho or Bakhu (a Thukpa
loose piece of cloth which is tied at one side of the neck and waist with a It is noodle soup with
belt). Bhutia males also wear Jya Jya (a waist coat), Yenthatse (a shirt), vegetable. Thukpa is
Kera (cloth belt) and Shambo (cap). Nepali males of Sikkim follow their readily available in most of
own culture and tradition with respect to their costumes. They wear the local restaurants.
Shurval (a churidar pajama), Daura (shirt), Aaskot (a waist coat) and
Patuki (a belt).

Phagshapa
Phagshapa is strips of
pork fat stewed with
radishes and dried
chillies.
Sael Roti BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Nepali cuisine is prepared by grinding
a mixture of rice and water into a paste.
The paste is then poured into hot oil and
deep fried. It is normally eaten with potato
CUSINE OF SIKKIM
curry. Normally not available in restaurants
http://www.sikkimdarjeeling.com/foodofsikkim.htm
but is widely prepared during parties. http://www.indianetzone.com/25/foods_drinks_sikkim.htm

Niguru with Churpi
Niguru is a local fiddlehead
fern and its tendrils when
light with churpi (cheese)
forms an irresistible dish.
Normally not available in
restaurants but is prepared
ATTRIRE OF SIKKIM
http://www.slideshare.net/Shreshtha0000/patterns-of-
consumption-of-clothes-in-gangtok-sikkimindia
http://www.nelive.in/himalayan-state-sikkim/art-
culture/colourful-sikkim-their-traditional-attire
TOURISM
http://www.sikkimtourismindia.com/
http://www.esikkimtourism.in/gangtok-tour-packages/

as a household dish.
DANCE AND MUSIC
www.north-east-india.com Sikkim Culture
www.bharatonline.com Sikkim Sikkim Culture

Gundruk
Gundruk are leaves of the mustard oil POLITICAL AMBIGUITY
plant that have been allowed to decay tibet.net/2016/04/water-war-this-river-could-sink-china-india-relations/
for some days and then dried in the
sun. these dried leaves are then
cooked along with onions and

tomatoes and forms a tasty dish .

Chang (Thomba)
Chang is a local beer with is made
by fermenting millet using yeast. It
is sipped from a bamboo
receptacle using a bamboo pipe.
The receptacle which has millet in
it is topped with warm water a
couple of times unit the millet loses
its potency. Chang can sometimes
be strong and very intoxicating
indeed.
ECONOMY AND LAND-USE

Namrata Agarwal
A1904013111
G6 - Gangtok
 ECONOMY
Agriculture : Sikkims economy is largely agrarian, based on traditional
farming methods, on terraced slopes. The rural populace grows crops such
as cardamom, oranges, apples, tea and orchids. Rice is grown on terraced
hillsides in the southern reaches. Sikkim has the highest production and
largest cultivated area of cardamom in India.
CARDMOM CROPS BREWERY
Main Industries : Breweries, distilleries, tanning and watch-making
.Because of the hilly terrain, and lack of reliable transportation infrastructure,
there are no large-scale industries. These are located in the southern
reaches of the state, primarily in the towns of Melli and Jorethang.
The state has an impressive growth rate of 8.3%, which is the second
highest in the country after Delhi.
Online Gambling : The state has recently invested in is online gambling.
The Playwin lottery, which is played on custom-built terminals connected to
the Internet, has been a commercial success, with operations all over the
country.
Hospitality : The hospitality industry is the largest industry in Gangtok as
the city is the main base for Sikkim tourism. Summer and spring seasons are
the most popular tourist seasons. Many of Gangtok's residents are employed
directly and indirectly in the tourism industry, with many residents owning and
working in hotels and restaurants.
In recent years, the government of Sikkim has promoted tourism. Sikkim has
a vast tourism potential and by tapping into this the state has grossed an
earnings windfall. With the general improvement in infrastructure, tourism is
slated to be the mainstay of the Sikkims economy.
MG Marg (Road) is one of the main shopping and cultural activity streets in
Gangtok
Ecotourism : Ecotourism has emerged as an important economic activity in
the region which includes trekking, mountaineering, river rafting and other
nature oriented activities.
RUMTEK MONASTERY
An estimated 351,000 tourists visited Sikkim in 2007, generating revenue of
about Rs 50 crores(Rs 500 millions).
 Earlier Gangtok had an organic growth. Mixed landuse is prominent feature
of this City. The guiding factor for the development was accessibility and
availability of suitable land. The landuse distribution of 1995 and 2006 shows
decline in percentage share in the residential area. However, there is
considerable increase in public semipublic landuse share. It was due to new
institutions and other public buildings came into being. There has also been
increase in the share of industrial landuse.
NATHULA PASS

The Nathula Pass : The Nathula Pass, located about 50 km from Gangtok,
used to be the primary route of the wool, fur and spice trade with Tibet and
spurred economic growth for Gangtok till the mid-20th century. In 1962, after
the border was closed during the Sino-Indian War, Gangtok fell into
recession. The pass was reopened in 2006 and trade through the pass is
expected to boost the economy of Gangtok. The Sikkim government is keen
to open a LhasaGangtok bus service via Nathula pass. In 2013 premier
Indian publishing company Thomson Digital opened its production unit in
Gangtok. Thus becoming first MNC to venture there and paving path for
future private companies to explore potential of young workforce of Gangtok.

LAND-USE
Land-Use : The highest growth rate has been seen in the industrial sector,
which shows a growth rate of 363.41% from 1985-1995, this is mainly due to
coming up of new industries along the NH-31A, there has also been
considerable increase in the transport and recreational sector, however
residential, commercial and public uses have been growing at a slower pace.

LAND UNDER PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

By- Yash Shivhare

CONTEMPORARYARCHITECTURE
What is contemporary architecture?
It is usually defined as the architecture of the present day.
Contemporary architecture is based on a principle that is shared by all those who
practice it: the desire and the will to design and build things that are different from
what was done in the past and what is usually done today. Contemporary
architecture aims to break away from the processes and ways of thinking that
have become standard. It is innovative.
Contemporary Architecture- Gangtok
The present day Architecture in Gangtok is focusing on the resemblance of their
old style of construction along with the consideration of Earthquake resistance
structures.
Design Considerations
The buildings are designed to allow interaction between the residents and nature.
The public and semi private spaces are outward looking and allow the outside to
part of the users space.
There is also allows Ventilation and light is available in plenty even when the
weather is harsh and unrelenting.
There is clear distinction between private and public spaces with a smooth
transition through buffer semi private areas. They are visually linked to public
and private areas. This makes the house open and a coherent whole visually.
Structural Considerations-
The key lies in combining traditional technology with elements of modern building
technology, each strengthening the other. Thus most houses of bamboo or wood
and walls of plaster and roofs of tin are excellent in terms of safety. Yet, their
foundations, one study said, are vulnerable. On the other hand, wall and roof
collapses cause high casualties in brick and cement buildings. Thus, the
foundations of the these can be strengthened with cement, making it a key model
for safe buildings across the region.
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION
Climatic Consideration
Ecohousing is a characteristic that isnt restricted to contemporary architecture.
Many conventional buildings incorporate sustainable elements, or, at the very least,
energy efficiency. But in contemporary architecture, these elements are required.
Gangtok has cold winters, heavy monsoon and mild summer. For this kind of
climate, having a building with ample sunlight is crucial, especially in a residential
one. The urban fabric of Gangtok is such that there are buildings very close to each
other and no place for light and ventilation.
Material
The materials used in the building draw inspiration from the traditional ones used in
the region. The warmth of wood complements the stability of the granite. This
together with modern materials like glass and GI sheet roofing is a good mix of
aesthetics and utility.
EXAMPLES
Mimani Residence, Gangtok
The building is a single family residence located in Gangtok.
The entrance to the building premises is at the same level as the lowest most
floor. The user climbs up a flight of stairs and as they ascend, the space opens
up into a front yard along with the main entrance. The yard is visible only from
he top of the stairs, not before.

Windows
Larger and more plentiful windows are also a characteristic of contemporary
architecture. Multiple openings and their uncommon positioning, panoramic There is clear distinction between private and public spaces with a smooth
windows, window walls, and skylights have all entered the playing field. transition through buffer semi private areas. They are visually linked to public
One of the consequences of this kind of fenestration, beyond creating and private areas. This makes the house open and a coherent whole visually.
spectacular views, is that it makes full use of the sunlight: first of all as natural
lighting, and secondly, to take advantage of passive solar heating. If you love
natural light or enjoy spectacular views,
Dealing with the Topography- Windows-
The site was sloping on to the road and is surrounded by other buildings. The
Long fenestrations are provided to allow more lights inside the house so
residence is made to accommodate the topography and this context of the site.
as to keep the house warm during winters.
The terrain is used to create a sense of allure.

The site for this project are mostly surrounded by buildings. So the faades on
which sunlight could be brought inside are limited. However, it has been designed Materials-
such that there is sunlight throughout the day. This cuts down on energy required
for heating, which is a major source of energy consumption in winter. Granite, fly ash bricks, wood are the common and the traditional materials
used in Gangtok

CLIMATIC CONSIDERATION- WINTERS

Hotel Golden Crest, Gangtok
A hotel located in Gangtok, Sikkim. It is a 5 1/2 storeyed hotel with 27 rooms.
The site is located in Amdo Golai, Deorali Bazaar, Gangtok, on a very
strategic node where the by-pass road connecting Gangtok to the North of
Sikkim, meets N.H.10 heading towards the city .The node is a commercial
hub bearing restaurants, shops and many other institutional buildings.
Besides the strategic location, the site is surrounded by lush green flora which
provides a buffer and a screen from the surrounding. A jhora marks the site
boundary from the adjacent land. A garage is present right next to the building
on a higher level.
Dealing with the Topography-
The site is sloping with flora and is built accordingly to maintain the topography
of the area.
Window-
The elevation of the building has been designed to allow maximum sunlight
inside. Gangtok, with its harsh winters and temperatures on the cooler side
through the year, requires a lot of heating. With sunlight being incorporated into
the building through the design, the need for other methods of heating is
greatly reduced. This cuts the energy requirement of the building.
Exterior-
Materials used in the elevation like granite and wood lend a perfect blend of
hardess and softess to the facade.
Interiors-
A lot of dramatic spaces have been created because of the window design. This
coupled with the natural beauty of the mountains around the site takes the
experience of staying in a hotel up by several notches.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research paper-
Sanjoy Hazarika, Hindustan Times
Combine traditional and modern methods to quake-proof buildings,
Hindustan Times Newspaper,
URL- www.hindustantimes.com/ht-view/combine-traditional-and-
modern-methods-to-quake-proof-buildings/story-
Eb2SLGv1hk9UzYjEySIvPJ.html
Websites-
www.sikkim-building.gov.in/index.php/about-us-6/2013-05-09-10-55-
58/14-programme/47-hazard-safety-cell-2
pparchitects.wordpress.com/2015/03/18/mimani-residence-gangtok
pparchitects.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/hotel-golden-crest//
bonestructure.ca/en/blog/contemporary-architecture
GANGTOK
-LIFESTYLE AND LIVING CULTURE

Neelema Sharma
A1904013097

The Lost Kingdom In Eastern Himalayas


PEOPLE
Gangtok is impressively modernised with its world-class education institutions,
hospitals, fast-food courts and other modern amenities locals, and infrastructure
needs, Gangtok people have not yet forgotten their ancient, native customs and
traditions. All communities live in harmony sharing each others culture, ethos, and
traditions. Buddhist Monasteries coexist with Hindus temples, Churches, Mosque
and Gurudwaras. The predominant communities are Lepcha, Bhutia, Tamang, Rai
, Gurung , Mangar, Sunwar, Bahun, Chettri, Kami and Damai.
Lepcha : Lepchas have their own script and
language. They are expert weavers and
craftsmen. They were formally agriculturists
though some have shifted to towns for business
and government jobs. Their quake proof houses
are made entirely of wood, with a complex
system of hinges and sockets. Although some
Lepchas follow Buddhism and Christianity, the
tribe still practice animism.
Bhutias : Monasteries and monk play a dominant role in the socio cultural life of the
Bhutias. Most Bhutia families have a male member joining the monastery as a monk.
Their chief deity is tutelary galaxy of Buddha
and Bodhisattvas, the guardian deities, local
and family deities. Bhutias are divided into
two groups, Tong-du-ruzhi with four clans and
Bed tsengyed with eight clans although there
are other sub castes. They speak and write in
Bhutia language also called Lhokey. Though
they were agriculturist, Bhutia men are
excellent craftmen, while women are expert
carpet weavers.
Tamang :
According to Tibetan version, Tamangs were originally a group of Tibetan cavalry.
They speak in Tamang dialect and use Tibetan script. They have major rituals
associated with birth, marriage, death and rituals associated with the assumption
of priesthood or monk-wood. Most Tamangs follow Buddhism, though some are
Hindus.
Rai :
Also known as Kirant/Kirantis, Rais are one of the major ethnic communities
among the Nepalis .. They have their own script. Rai have a rich oral traditional.
Jeurum Silly is performed by one man and four women where feelings of family
members and friends are expressed on the occasion of a girls marriage.
Gurung :
Known to be jovial and fun loving, Gurungs have the reputation of being one of
the best fighting communities. They speak in Gurung dialect. They are divided
into two main groups Char Jaat(four clans) and Sola Jaat(16 clans).
Traditionally Gurungs were agriculturist and rear sheep, through some have
served in the infantry.
Mangar :
One of the three dominant and militant communities along with Chettris and
Gurungs, Mangers are highly esteemed for their military prowess. Mangar
villages are situated in the sparse forest slopes, mainly in South and East
District. They speak in their own Mangari dialect.
Sunuwar :
Originally, Sunuwars were hunters, scattered in West, East and South Districts.
They have three subgroups Barathares, Dasthares and Jirels. Koicha is their
dialect and script, through most speak in Nepali. Barathsres use this dialect and
script espically during their rituals.
Bahun :
The Sikkimese Brahman is known as Bahun, also called Bajey. They speak in
Nepali and use Devanagari script. Bahuns are identified by the tiks, holy marking
on the forehead. They are mostly habituated to a vegetarian diet.
Chettri :
Chettri is the corrupt form of Kshatriya. The second highest cast after Bahuns,
Chettris are highly esteemed for their military and fighting qualities. They are
divided into a number of patrilineal clans having equal stauts.
Kami :
Kamis, also known as Viswakarma, Lohars or Sunars . They speak Nepali and
use Devnagari script. Rice, wheat and maize are their staple food. Making articles
of iron, aluminum, silver and gold and selling them serve as their major source of
income, through some are agriculturists.
Damai : Other noodle-based foods such as the chowmein, thenthuk, fakthu,gyathuk and

Derived from the word Damaha(drum), which they play, Damais are identified as wonton are available. Other traditional Sikkimese cuisine include shah-phaley

Darji or Masters as most of them have taken to the profession of tailoring. They (Sikkimese patties with spiced minced meat in a crisp samosa-like case) and Gack-

speak in Nepali and use Devnagari script ko soup.

Restaurants offer a wide variety of traditional Indian, continental and Chinese

FOOD
cuisines to cater to the tourists. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from cow's or
yak's milk is sometimes chewed. Chhang is a local frothy millet beer traditionally
Gangtok is a city of food lovers. People here are fond of Indian, Chinese and
served in bamboo tankards and drunk through bamboo or cane straws
continental food. Authentic Nepali and Tibetan cuisine are the personal food
favorites in gangtok
Alcohol is cheap due to low excise duty in Sikkim. Beer, whiskey, rum and brandy
A popular food in Gangtok is the momo, a steamed dumpling containing pork,
are frequently consumed by both locals and non-locals.
beef and vegetables cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup
Wai-Wai is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry
or in soup form.
A form of noodle called thukpa , served in soup form is also popular in Gangtok.
 CULTURE
The capital city Gangtok is a culturally developed city in Sikkim. The different
communities have kept intact the unique culture and identity of the city. Buddhism and
Hinduism are the most significant religions followed in Gangtok. With the presence of
several monasteries and religious institutions, Gangtok has been a centre of Tibetan
Buddhist culture and learning. The people of Gangtok are very enthusiastic about dance
and music which form an integral part of the lives of both the tribals and the non tribal
here .. Most of the dances related to the amazing beauty of the natural surroundings,
some signifies the harvest season and others are performed for prosperity. Many of the
musical instruments that accompany the dances are unique .
Chi Rimu
It is a popular Bhutia folk dance performed in praise of Sikkim by young and old
folks. This dance is a regular feature in every happy occasion when Bhutias
express reverence to great teachers and sacred places of worship.
Rechungma
It is typical Sikkimese dance performed during the happy occasions like childbirth,
marriage and other social gatherings, offer paying their sincere thanks to the god
for his blessings.

Lu Khangthamo
Enchey Chaam
It is dedicated to a day of thanks giving to all Gods and deities of the three worlds, Performed by lamas in the 'Gompa'
Heaven, Earth and Hell. This age old folk dance is performed regularly by the young and courtyard to celebrate religious
festivals, dances demonstrate perfect
old folk alike in their traditional customs and ornaments accompanied by the pleasing footwork and grace. Costumed lamas
song and music on the occasion like warming and New Year celebrations. It is a Bhutia with gaily painted masks, ceremonial
swords and sparkling jewels leap and
folk dance. swing to the rhythm of resounding
drums, trumpeting of horns and
Gnungmala Gnunghey chanting of monks.

It is a typical Bhutia fold dance

performed in praise, by both male and
female to the accompaniment of ECONOMY
devotional hymns and song of the
With a rich cultural and geographical heritage, such as this, it comes as no surprise
multi purpose majestic bamboos,
that the hospitality industry is the most important economic industry here. Moreover,
describing its use.
in the recent years, Ecotourism, which includes river-rafting, trekking, etc, has
emerged as a new and popular economic avenue among the people of Gangtok.

Gha To Kito
It is a song cum dance which describes all about the treasures of Sikkim like Mount
Khangchendzonga and the snow covered Himalayan ranges, rhododendrons and primulas,
holy places, caves ad minerals. It is a Bhutia folk dance.
 CLOTHING
Costumes reflect the social and cultural lifestyle of the major communities namely Lepchas, Nepali, another predominant
Bhutiasand Nepalis . They flaunt costumes with resplendent colours. group of Sikkim, has
sustained the ethnicity of their
Male Clothing own culture in their costume.
The Nepalese men dress
The traditional costume of the Lepcha male is Thokro-Dum which involves a white pajama,
themselves in Shurval, a
stretching only to the calves, Yenthatse, a Lepcha shirt and Shambo, the cap. The texture of
Churidar Pajama, topped off by
the male dress is rough, and long-lasting.
a shirt, known as Daura. It is
associated with Aaskot, wrist
coat and their belt, called
Patuki.

Female Clothing

The hereditary costume of Lepcha women is Dumvum or Dumdyam, a

kind of smooth and cosy ankle-long dress, draped like a saree, Tago a loose-
fitting comfortable blouse, Nyamrek, a belt and Taro, a cap. The magnificent
ornaments exhibited by the Lepcha women, entail, earrings, called
Namchok.

Lepcha Bhutia
The traditional costume of Bhutia males comprises Kho, also known as Bakhu. It is a loose
mantle which is tied at the neck on one side, and at the waist region with a silk or cotton belt.
Added to this basic garment, a Bhutia man dons Jya Jya, a waist coat, the shirt, called,
Yenthatse, shirt, Kera, a cloth-belt and Shambo, the cap.
The Bhutia community, hailing from the adjacent country of Tibet, has over
years become rooted in the culture and social norms of Sikkim. A Bhutia
woman's general costume consists of Kho or Bakhu, Hanju, a silky full-
sleeve loose blouse, Kushen, a jacket, a different pattern of the cap,
Shambo and Shabchu, the shoe. Pangden, the stripy apron, the signifier of
marital status is a symbol of married Bhutia females.
The traditional costume of the Nepali women of Sikkim is endowed with fabulous
hues. Pharia, the saree, gorgeous in vibrant shades, definitely augments the grace
of the Nepali women. The dressing gets the right finish with a long loose blouse, is
fastened from four sides and hence is called Chaubandi Cholo. Another variety in
blouse is the Tharo Cholo.

The other Marwari, Bihari, Bengali or Punjabi communities cater to their traditional
costumes of salwar-kameez dupatta, saree, woolen textiles, and even to Western
outfit, like jeans, T-shirts, trousers, anything which suits their taste and preferences.

Languages

Language is undoubtedly a crucial medium to communicate. Gangtok is a multi-

lingual place , where people of many communities reside harmoniously. Nepali
can be termed as the most spoken language. However, English is also
frequently used, though it is mainly spoken in municipal areas. Hindi, the official
language of India, is also spoken. Besides these languages, there are
numerous local dialects in Sikkim. Out of these dialects, Tibetan, Bhutia and
Lepcha language are significant.
The people, who migrated from Tibet, have joined the hoard of Lepchas and
Bhutias; yet old people speak the language. English is used especially for
official matters; nonetheless Hindi is spoken and understood by the maximum
number of people.
 RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL
INFLUENCES ON MONASTRY
ARCHITECTURE

By- Harshika Sharma

RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MONASTRY ARCHITECTURE
Influence of Hindu architecture
Buddhism has a strong influence in Gangtok. This is evident as one drives up
In early development stage Hindu temples had a simple plan a square inner
the winding and scenic route to Gangtok taking in the local populace. Gangtok
space, the sacrificial arena, often with a surrounding ambulatory route
rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction
separated by lines of columns, with a conical or rectangular sloping roof, behind
of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. There are about 75 monasteries in Sikkim.
a porch or entrance area, generally framed by freestanding columns or a
Hinduism and Buddhism are the most popular religions in Gangtok. They have
colonnade. The external profile represents Mount Meru, the abode of the gods
shared parallel beliefs that have existed side by side, but also pronounced
and centre of the universe. The dimensions and proportions were dictated by
differences.
sacred mathematical formulae.
Originally the Lepcha ethnic tribe lived here and later, a Tibetan tribe migrated in
This simple plan was adopted by early Buddhists, sometimes adapted with
the 17th century. Thus the architecture of Sikkim mirrors mainly the traditions of
additional cells for monks at the periphery which came to be known as viharas
these two tribes. The noteworthy buildings mostly comprise Buddhist gompas
or monasteries. Local influences and differing religious practices led to different
(monasteries) because the state has cultural links with Ladakh and Tibetan
architecture
Buddhism. A large number of Tibetans have immigrated to the town.

History of Buddhist monastery architecture

Vihara, early type of Buddhist monastery consisting of an open court
Buddhist monasteries, known as vihara, emerged sometime around the 4th
surrounded by open cells accessible through an entrance porch. The viharas
century BC, from the practice of vassa, the retreat undertaken by Buddhist
in India were originally constructed to shelter the monks during the rainy
monks and nuns during the South Asian rainy season. To prevent wandering
season, when it became difficult for them to lead the wanderers life. They took
monks from disturbing new plant growth or becoming stranded in inclement
on a sacred character when small stupas (housing sacred relics) and images of
weather, Buddhist monks and nuns were instructed to remain in a fixed location
the Buddha were installed in the central court.
for the roughly three-month period typically beginning in mid-July. Outside of the
vassa period, monks and nuns both lived a migratory existence, wandering from
town to town begging for food. These early fixed vassa retreats were held in
pavilions and parks that had been donated to the sangha by wealthy supporters.
Over the years, the custom of staying on property held in common by the
sangha as a whole during the vassa retreat evolved into a more coenobitic
lifestyle, in which monks and nuns resided year round in monasteries.

In India, Buddhist monasteries gradually developed into centres of learning

where philosophical principles were developed and debated; this tradition is
currently preserved by monastic universities of Vajrayana Buddhists, as well as
religious schools and universities founded by religious orders across the
Buddhist world. In modern times, living a settled life in a monastery setting has
become the most common lifestyle for Buddhist monks and nuns across the
globe
Monastery architecture in Gangtok
The present architecture of the Buddhist Monasteries in gangtok is heavily
influenced by Tibetan designs and bears a close similarity to the visuals seen on
the other side of the Himalayas
Buddhist architecture is one of the most simple, colourful and splendid form of
art. Its simplicity brings out the temperament and character of the lives and
people of the place. For example, the Buddhist prayer wheel, along with two
dragons, can be seen on nearly every temple in Sikkim. They always
considered the topography and locally available materials for construction for
example- random rubble masonry for walls, bamboo work etc.
Main entrance of the temple is decorated with traditional colourful murals.
Many of the houses and monasteries are typically built on elevated, sunny sites Use Of Rich Colors
Hand Carved Pillars
facing the south.
Rocks, wood, cement and earth are the primary building materials.
Flat roofs are built to conserve heat and multiple windows are constructed to let
in the sunlight.
The ghanzira, adorning the rooftop. The ghanzira is a combination of five
distinct shapes representing the five Tathagata (Buddha) families - Amithaba;
the wheel, Vairochana; the bell, Amoghasiddhi; the vase, Akshobya; and the
jewel, Ratnasambhava. Traditional Wheel
Due to frequent earthquakes, walls are usually sloped inward at 10 degrees.
Furniture made primarily from pine and other Himalayan soft woods, it is noted
more for its sometimes lavishly painted surface and/or carved decoration than
for its joinery
Painting of a Hindu God, Lord Ganesha at rumtek monastery stands as a proof
of influence of Hinduism. He finds a place here because of the vision of the 16th
Karmapa in which he saw the elephant headed deity aiding the construction
work.

Traditional Frescos And Murals Depicting Life Of Buddha

Motifs & Symbols used in frescos and murals

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Authors name: Mark Turin

Title of book: Milestones Sikkim, india
City of publication: Gangtok
Name of publisher: Metro prints
Copyright date/year: 2007

Authors name: Rajesh verma

Title of book: Sikkim: guide and handbook

Research paper& articles

Author name: dr bandana mukherjee

Title of research paper: some aspects of bhutia culture in sikkim
8 Symbols of Good Fortune
Source of publication: bulletin of tibetology
The eight Buddhist auspicious symbols consist of a parasol, pair of golden
fish, the great treasure vase, a lotus, the right turning conch, the endless knot, Website
the banner of victory and the wheel of dharma. These originated from a group of
Author name: Anand
early Indian symbols of royalty which were presented at special ceremonies Title of work: Influence of Buddhism on indian culture
such as the coronation of a king. In Buddhism these symbols of good fortune url: http://www.historydiscussion.net/buddhism/influence-of-buddhism-on-
indian-culture/3020
represent the offerings that were made by the gods to Shakyamuni Buddha
immediately after he attained enlightenment. Brahma appeared offering the
http://www.indianetzone.com/43/architecture_sikkim.htm
thousand spoked golden wheel as a request to Shakyamuni to turn the teaching
Author name: Sonia revankar
wheel of dharma. Indra appeared presenting the right spiraling conch shell as a
Title of work: tibetian budhhist art & architecture
symbol of the proclamation of the dharma and Sthavara presented the golden
url: https://soniarevankar.wordpress.com/2009/07/03/tibetan-art-architecture/
vase full of the nectar of immortality.(beliefs of hindu & budhhists ) this depicts
close inter relation among them. http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/monasteries/sikkim/ralang-
monastery.html