Chapter V-6: Cardiovascular

System

Plants and Animals insures the chemical

transfer between cells and their
environment.
 Vascular system consists of two kinds of
conducting tissues in plants:
Xylem
Responsible for conduction of water and
dissolved mineral nutrients
Stores food and helps support the plant
consists of elongated cells with tapered
ends and secondary walls without
cytoplasm and are dead at maturity
(tracheids and vessels).
Phloem
Responsible for conduction of food
consists of cells (sieve elements) that are
living at maturity
 2 types of Circulatory System
In insects blood bathes the organs directly
in an open circulatory system
- no distinction between blood and
interstitial fluid

In a closed circulatory system, blood is

confined to vessels and is distinct from
interstitial fluid
 Humans have a closed system called the cardiovascular
system
Function of the circulatory system
- functions in temperature regulation
- protects against injury and foreign microbes or toxins
-responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire
body

Structure of the circulatory system

- Includes the heart, blood vessels, blood and lymph that
move through the body
A. The HEART
 A. The HEART

The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ located between the

lungs behind the sternum
Size of your fist
The heart muscle forms the myocardium, with tightly interconnect
cells of cardiac muscle tissue.
The pericardium is the outer membranous sac with lubricating
fluid.
It has 1 atria or 2 atrium that receive blood returning to the
heart and has 1 or 2 ventricles that pump blood out of the heart
The septum is a wall dividing the right and left sides.
The heart has 4 valves that prevent backflow of blood
- atrioventricular (AV) valve: between atrium and ventricle
- semilunar valves: located at the 2 exits of the heart
- the lub-dup sound is the of the valves closing
 The Heartbeat
Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle.

cardiac cycle: one complete pumping and filling of blood

Systole (lub) is the contraction of heart chambers (ventricles) and

force blood into arteries (pumping of blood)
Diastole (dub) is the relaxation of the ventricles and receive blood from
artria (filling of blood in the chamber)

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Cardiac cycle
 The cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle creates the heart sounds each
heartbeat, produces two sounds the LUB-DUP that can
be heard in the STETHOSCOPE
Lub-Dup, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular
valves, followed by the closing of the semilunar valves:
Lub heart begins systole; AV valves close
Dup heart begins diastole; SL valves close

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 Intrinsic Control of Heartbeat

The SA (sinoatrial) node, or

pacemaker, sets the rate and
timing at which cardiac muscles
contract on average every 0.85
seconds; located in the right atria.

The AV (atrioventricular) node

conveys the stimulus and initiates
contraction of the ventricles;
located in the right atria

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 Heart Rate
Alteration of systole and diastole is controlled by nerves but
affected by smoking, drugs, alcohol, emotional state and other
factors

heart murmur: a defect in the heart valves when blood

squirts backward
Circulation in Animals
 The Blood Flow Sequence
Heart Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

The Blood Circulation

The cardiovascular system includes two circuits:
1) Pulmonary circuit which circulates blood through the lungs.

2) Systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body.

Both circuits are vital to homeostasis.

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 The Pulmonary Circuit

The pulmonary circuit begins with the pulmonary trunk

from the right ventricle which branches into two
pulmonary arteries that take oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs.
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon
dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be expelled by the
lungs.
Four pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the left
atrium.
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 The Systemic Circuit
The systemic circuit starts with the aorta carrying O2-rich
blood from the left ventricle.

The aorta branches with an artery going to each specific

organ.

Generally, an artery divides into arterioles and capillaries

which then lead to venules.

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21
 The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels:

1.smaller
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries) (arterioles ) network of
vessels, lead away from the heart.

2. Veins carry blood toward the heart. (venules )small vessels collect blood from capillaries

3. Capillaries where nutrient and gas exchange occur

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Blood flow sequence
Heart Arteries Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins Heart
Composition of blood
 1. Plasma

A pale yellow liquid that remains when elements are

removed from blood
Whole blood is 55% plasma
Plasma is 90% water and approximately 10% proteins
It contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes,
hormones, and wastes
Helps fight infection and assists in the clotting (coagulation)
of blood

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 2. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

RBC, or erythrocytes, are the most common blood cells

- main function is to transport O2
- lack nuclei; leaves more space for hemoglobin
- lack mitochondria; no aerobic respiration
Each red blood cell lives only 90 to 120 days
New cells are manufactured by the red marrow or myeloid tissue in
bones
The liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells

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 3. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

White blood cells remove microbes and foreign particles, fight

infection, role in inflammation via histamine, and help prevent
disease
There are fewer white blood cells than red
White blood cells are larger than red
Leukocytes live about 9 days
Pus consists of white blood cells mixed with bacteria
There are 5 major types of WBCs or leukocytes
- monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes
- monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytes
- lymphocytes play key role in antibody production
- eosinophils may help defend against parasitic infections
4. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Smallest blood cells

Platelets promote clotting to prevent blood
loss
Platelets can form a plug to seal small
vessels by themselves or start the clotting
process
Produced in red bone marrow
Live about 5 to 9 days

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 Blood Typing
A persons blood type is an inherited characteristic of the blood
A blood type is determined by the antigens located on the surface of red blood
cells
Clumping of incompatible cells blocks blood vessels and may cause death

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 DISEASES AND DISORDERS
Hypertension
high blood pressure
arteries have persistently elevated
blood pressure
normal level for BP is below
120/80
BP between 120/80 and 139/89 is
called prehypertension
of 140/90 or above is considered
hypertension
Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

condition in which the brain cells

suddenly die because of a lack of
oxygen
can be caused by an obstruction in
the blood flow, or the rupture of an
artery that feeds the brain
patient may suddenly lose the
ability to speak, there may be memory
problems, or one side of the body can
become paralyzed
 Atherosclerosis

an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of

cholesterol
usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral
vascular disease
 Aneurysm

Is a balloon-like bulge in an artery

occurs when part of a blood

vessel (artery) or cardiac chamber
swells, - either the blood vessel is
damaged or there is a weakness in
the wall of the blood vessel.
 Coronary artery disease (CAD)

disease in which a waxy

substance called plaque
builds up inside the coronary
arteries
 Heart attack

myocardial infarction, cardiac infarction, coronary thrombosis

If the heart muscle does not have enough blood (and consequently
oxygen) it dies and a heart attack occurs.

a heart attack is "infarction of a segment of heart muscle, usually due to

occlusion of a coronary artery". (Infarction = the process whereby an area
of dead tissue is caused by a loss of blood supply).
 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Heart failure (HF), congestive heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure
(CCF)
occurs when the heart is unable to provide sufficient pump action to distribute
blood flow to meet the needs of the body

Symptoms :
Shortness of breath, leg swelling and exercise intolerance
Treatment :
smoking cessation
light exercise including breathing protocols,
decreased salt intake and other dietary changes
implanted devices (pacemakers)
heart transplant
 Chapter V-7: Lymphatic system

Consist of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid

organs.
Closely related to cardiovascular system and has
three (3) functions:
take up excess tissue fluids
absorbs fats and return it to the
bloodstreams
defends the body against the diseases
LYMPHOCYTES are produced
and accumulate in the
lymphoid organs
The Lymphoid Organs of Special Interest are the following.

LYMPH NODES
found at certain points in the lymphatic vessels
for immediate source of defense
cleanse the lymph
TONSILS
partially encapsulated lymphatic tissue located in a ring about the pharynx
pharyngeal tonsils are known as adenoids; the palatine tonsils are opt to be infected
SPLEEN
located in the upper left region of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm cleanses the
blood
consist white pulp that contains lymphocytes and performs immune responses, and red
pulp that contains plentiful of red blood cells and macrophages
THYMUS GLAND
located along the trachea behind the sternum
contains T-lymphocytes
produces hormone such as thymosin, that are thought to aid in the
maturation of the T-lymphocytes and also performs other functions in
immunity

RED BONE MARROW

site of origination for all types of blood cells (including the five types of
WBCs) contains stem cells