Cellular System

Fundamentals

Complied By:
Kartik R. Patel
EXTC Department
KJSCE 2/4/2017 Cellular System Fundamentals 1
 Cellular System
Fundamentals

Provide additional radio capacity with

no additional increase in radio
spectrum
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 Introduction
Early mobile radio system was to achieve a large
coverage areas by using high powered transmitter,

with an antenna mounted on a tall tower.

In this case it is impossible to reuse those same

frequencies throughout the system.

Since any attempts to achieve frequency reuse

would result in interference
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Single Cell

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M Small Cells

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Interference if all cells uses same
frequency

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Cell Shape

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Signal Strength (Ideal)

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Signal Strength (Actual)

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 Introduction
Cellular concept is a system level idea which calls
for replacing a single , high power transmitter,

With low power small transmitters with each

providing coverage to only a small portion of
service area.

Each base station is allocated a portion of total no of

channels available to entire system.

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 Introduction
Nearby base station are assigned different groups of
channels,

so that all the available channels are assigned to a

relatively small no. of neighboring base stations.

Nearby BS are assigned different groups of channel

so that interference between. BS is minimized.

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 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

Cluster of 7 cells

Cells

seven groups of channel from A to G

footprint of a cell - actual radio coverage
omni-directional antenna v.s. directional antenna
 CELLULAR NETWORK

use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells

cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user

density, geography, transceiver power etc.

hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes

depend on geography)
 Frequency Reuse
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels within a small geographic area called
a cell.

Neighboring cells are assigned different channel

groups.

Coverage area of each cell is limited to boundary.

Same frequency can be reused.

Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.

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 Frequency Reuse

The design process of selecting and allocating

channel groups for all of the cellular base station
within a system is FREQUENCY
REUSE/PLANNING

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Frequency Reuse

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Frequency Reuse: Excitation Methods
Center Excited Cell
BS transmitter is in the center of the cell
Omni directional antennas are used.

Edge Excited Cell

BS transmitters are on three of the six cell
vertices.
Sectored directional antennas are used.

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 Frequency Reuse: The Cluster
Consider a cellular system which has a total of S
duplex channels.

Each cell is allocated a group of k channels,

.
The S channels are divided among N cells.
The total number of available radio channels,
S kN
The N cells which use the complete set of channels
is called cluster.
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 Frequency Reuse: The Cluster
The cluster can be repeated M times within the
system.

The total number of channels, C, is used as a

measure of capacity,

C MkN MS
The capacity is directly proportional to the number
of replication M.

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 Frequency Reuse: The Cluster
The cluster size, N, is typically equal to 4, 7, or 12.

Small N is desirable to maximize capacity.

The frequency reuse factor is given by

1 / N

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 Frequency Reuse: Capacity
If cluster size (N) is reduced and the geographic
area for each cell is kept constant:

The geographic area covered by each cluster is smaller,

so M must to cover the entire coverage area (more
clusters needed).

S remains constant.

So C

The smallest possible value of N is desirable to

maximize system capacity.
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 Frequency Reuse: Capacity
Cluster size N determines:
distance between co-channel cells (D)

level of co-channel interference

A mobile or base station can only tolerate so

much interference from other cells using the same
frequency and maintain sufficient quality.

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 Frequency Reuse: Capacity
large N large D low interference
but small M and low C !

Tradeoff in quality and cluster size.

The larger the capacity for a given geographic

area, the poorer the quality.

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Frequency Reuse: Reuse Planning

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Frequency Reuse Pattern for N=7
(i=2 and j=1)

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Frequency Reuse Pattern for N=19
(i=3 and j=2)

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Frequency Reuse Pattern for N=12
(i=2 and j=2)

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Frequency Reuse (N=3)

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Frequency Reuse (N=4 and N=7)

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 Frequency Reuse: Advantages
Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user
capacity.

Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum

without major technological changes.

Reuse of radio channel in different cells.

Enable a fix number of channels to serve an

arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.
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Channel Assignment Strategies

Reverse Channel

Forward Channel

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 Channel Assignment Strategies
Fixed Channel Assignment
strategy
Any call
Each cell is
attempt within If all channels
allocated a
cell can only in that cell are
predetermined
be served by occupied, the
set of
the unused call is blocked.
channels.
channel.
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 Channel Assignment Strategies
Dynamic Channel Assignment
strategy
The MSC
Channels are For each call
then allocates
not allocated BS requests
a channel to
to different the serving
the requested
cells MSC for
cell following
permanently. channels.
an algorithm.
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Channel Assignment Strategies
Algorithm takes into account following:

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