Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Water Supply
Robert Pitt
University of Alabama
and
Shirley Clark
Penn State - Harrisburg
1
Child potty, ancient
Greece
(Agora Museum)
House drain
at the Agora,
Athens,
Greece (1st
to 4th century
BC) Roman community toilet, Athens, Greece (100 BC)
"Tout-a-la-rue (all in
the streets), with the
expectation that dogs,
pigs, and rain would
effectively remove
wastes. This was the
waste disposal policy in
most western cities
Coliseum sewage ditch, Rome (completed in 80 AD) until the late 1800s.
J. Harper photo
2
Early Flush Toilet Vast Improvement in Sanitation
Several European
More people
cities transported
were able to
wastewater to
have a flush
agricultural areas for
toilet, not
fertilizer
just the rich.
First US
treatment
plant built in
NYC in 1886
At a later time in the to protect
USA, transporting Coney Island
wastewater to sewage beaches from
farms was less common, vast increases
but still practiced by in wastewater
some cities volume.
Slide by Steve Burion, Univ. of Utah
Sewer is from the early English meaning seaward.
3
Polluted New York Harbor in 1883 Polluted New York Harbor (Coney Island Creek) in 2000
Coombs and
Boucher
4
Basic Wastewater Conveyance in Sanitary Condition not
Always Achieved Two Categories of Sewer Systems
Separate Sewer
Systems
Combined Sewer
Systems
5
Gravity Sanitary Sewer Pressure (Pumped) Sanitary Sewer
Pressure
Vacuum Sanitary Systems Sewer
System
Wastewater transported in a vacuum
Otherwise, same as for pressure systems
Vacuum
Sewer
System
6
Industrial Wastewater Collection Options Storm Sewer Systems
Discharge to sanitary sewer for treatment at a Almost always gravity-flow systems due to large
publicly owned wastewater treatment plant quantities of stormwater
Partial treatment on site, followed by discharge to Collect stormwater from streets, roofs and other
sanitary sewer for treatment at a publicly owned sources
wastewater treatment plant (pre-treatment) Sanitary wastewater is (in theory) totally excluded
Plumbing cross connection
Complete treatment to permit specifications on site, Leaking sanitary sewers
followed by release to receiving water Sanitary sewer overflows
Failing septic tanks
7
Location of Communities with Combined Sewer Systems
8
. . . the great prodigality of Paris, her marvelous fte, her Charles Dickens was a satirical journalist, besides a very
Beaujon folly, her orgy, her full-handed outpouring of gold, her popular novelist, who championed improved public
pageant, her luxury, her magnificence, is her sewer. (Les health. The Water Drops, a Fairy Tale, is a little known
Miserables; Jean Valjean, Book II, ch1, by Victor Hugo; The story graphically describing the urban water system in
Intestine of Leviathan) London in the 1800s. I transcribed it several years ago
Freely available at:
from a old copy of the book and it is posted at:
http://www.readbookonline.net/read/177/5767/ http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Class/Computerapplications/Module1/
Dickens%20The%20Water%20Drops.PDF (or search Google for
A graphic description of the sewers of Dickens The Water Drops)
Paris in the mid 1800s, and the
mystery of their construction and
design.
The Great London Fire
burned for 14 days in 1666,
(Read these sections only, not the
right after a plaque outbreak
entire novel, unless you have a really
and provided an opportunity
long rainy weekend available!)
to rebuild the citys water
system.
9
Components of a Communitys Wastewater Infiltration to Sanitary Sewer Systems
Domestic (sanitary) wastewater wastewater Groundwater/percolating water in the
discharged from residences and from commercial,
institutional and similar facilities. subsurface entering a sewer system through:
Industrial wastewater wastewater in which Defective pipes
industrial wastes predominate. Leaking pipe joints
Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) extraneous water that enters Poor connections
the sewer system from the ground through various
means, and storm water that is discharged from Cracked manhole walls
sources such as roof leaders, foundation drains, and etc.
storm sewers.
Stormwater runoff resulting from rainfall and
snowmelt.
10
Inflow and Infiltration Locations Engineered by-pass in Five-Mile Creek,
Birmingham, AL
11
Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) in Separate Causes of Sanitary Sewer Overflows (other than
Sanitary Sewer Systems through engineered by-passes)
Power
Failure
Pipe
Breaks
Pipe
Blockages Insufficient
System
Capacity
Effects of SSOs
Environmental
Nutrients and toxicants may cause algal blooms and
harm wildlife. Algal blooms remove O2 from water,
smothering aquatic life.
Decrease in water quality reduces number and range of
plants and fish.
Public Health
Direct contact with water containing sewage can cause
skin and ear infections and gastroenteritis, and cuts
become infected.
Illnesses result from eating fish/shellfish that swim in
sewage contaminated waters.
Inhalation and skin absorption can also cause disease.
12
Sewer Corrosion is an Important Cause of
Sewerage Failure Acid Attack Sewer Corrosion Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfide attack, hydrogen sulfide corrosion or
simply sulfide corrosion.
Takes place when low pH waste, usually industrial Extremely costly problem.
wastewater comes in contact with the concrete Closely related to acid attack in that they both involve
sewer structure. sulfuric acid attacking the structures.
However, hydrogen sulfide corrosion can be found above
the wastewater surface, usually in the crown of the pipe and
is caused mainly by biological processes.
Corrosion is easily identifiable due to its propensity
Slow moving sewage allows anaerobic bacteria to reduce
of attacking below the wastewater level or sulfate ions to sulfide ions.
anywhere the wastewater contacts the cement Corrosion occurs when the produced H2S gas condenses on
structure on a regular basis. the sewer crown.
Condensate oxidized by aerobic bacterium into H2SO4.
The resulting sulfuric acid destroys the concrete above the
normal wastewater level in the pipe.
Hydrogen sulfide
generation in
wastewater with
more than 1 mg/L
DO
13
Sulfide Generation based on Z values
EBOD P
Z = (0.308) 0.50 0.33
H2S reacts with metals in the fittings and electronic So Q ( )( ) B
equipment and all forms of iron and steel.
EBOD is the effective BOD defined by: EBOD = BOD5 (1.07) T 20
If sewer pipes are made of these materials, they can
P/B is the ratio of the wetted perimeter to the top width of the flow
be attacked from both sides.
These bacteria reduce the sulfate in the groundwater to
precipitate iron (II) sulfides, which are key in the
corrosion of the exterior of the pipes.
This type of corrosion is not exclusive to sewer pipes.
This corrosion can affect any type of pipe exposed to soils
containing sulfate.
Chin 2006
The P/B ratio can be calculated graphically after determining P 4.3 radians
= = 2.57
the d/D ratio, or by using the trial and error method using: B 2 sin (4.3 radians / 2 )
P
=
B 2 sin ( / 2) EBOD = 300 mg / L(1.07) 2520 = 421mg / L
where is the angle from the center of the pipe to the edge of
Z = (0.308) (2.57 ) = 2,948
the water surface, in radians. The following equation can be 421 mg / L
solved by iteration to obtain : (
(0.009 )0.50 1.7m 3 / sec ) 0.33
14
Sewer Corrosion Problems
Biggest Problem: Loss of structural integrity.
When the concrete is eroded more and more over
time the walls can become very thin, and even
disappear in some cases.
Vero Beach, FL (1990). Sulfide levels in the sewage
were averaging 12-15 mg/L and gaseous H2S readings
in excess of 900 parts per million. A 12-ft vertical drop
located in a wastewater-treatment-plant influent channel
was constructed. In four months time this newly
constructed structure lost four inches of concrete.
St. Louis (1987). 12 in. thick concrete baffle walls
virtually disappeared.
15
Calculation/Estimation of Infiltration/Inflow (I&I) Graphical Identification of I&I
Calculation/Estimation of Infiltration/Inflow
Smoke Testing to Identify Inflow Locations
for New Construction
16
Sources and Rates of Domestic Wastewater
Design Approach to Wastewater Flows
Where does the wastewater come from? Small residential districts wastewater flows
determined based on population density and average
How much wastewater flow is there going to per capita contribution of wastewater.
be? Large residential districts wastewater flows
developed based on land use areas and anticipated
How is the wastewater going to be removed population density (typically rates are based on
and treated? wastewater flows from nearby areas).
If data is unavailable, estimate 70% of the domestic
water-withdrawal rate is returned to the sanitary sewer
system.
In all cases, should try to obtain local wastewater flows
for a similar area.
17
Typical Hourly Variations in Residential Area Example 3.29 (Chin 2006)
Wastewater Flows
A trunk sewer is to be sized for a 25 km2 (2,500 ha) city. It will
be 60% residential, 30% commercial, and 10% industrial. The
residential area will have 40% large lots, 55% small single-
family lots, and 5% multi-story apartments. The average
domestic wastewater flowrate is 800 L/d/capita (9.26x10-6
m3/sec/person), the average commercial flowrate is 25,000
L/D/ha (2.89x10-4m3/sec/ha), and the average industrial
flowrate is 40,000 L/d/ha (4.63x10-4m3/sec/ha). I&I is 1,000
L/d/ha for the entire area. Estimate the peak and minimum
flows to be handled by the trunk sewer.
The residential area will be 60% of 2,500 ha = 1,500 ha. The The total city flow, excluding I&I, will therefore be: 2.34 + 0.22
flowrates for each residential area will be: + 0.12 = 2.68 m3/sec. The total city population will be 252,975
(or 252.975 thousands of people). The peak and minimum
flow rates can therefore be estimated:
Q peak 5.5 5.5
= = = 2.0
Qave p 0.18 (252.975)0.18
18
Peaking Factor for Residential Wastewater Average Wastewater Flows from Residential
Flows Sources
Source Unit Flow, L/unit-day
Range Typical
Apartment Person 200 340 260
Hotel, resident Resident 150 220 190
Individual Dwellings
Average Home Person 190 350 280
Better Home Person 250 400 310
Luxury Home Person 300 550 380
Semimodern Home Person 100 250 200
Summer Cottage Person 100 240 190
19
Average Wastewater Flows from Commercial Average Wastewater Flows from Commercial
Sources (cont.) Sources (cont.)
Chin 2000
20
Average Wastewater Flows from Institutional Average Wastewater Flows from Institutional
Sources Sources (cont.)
Source Unit Flow, L/unit-day
Range Typical
Source Unit Flow, L/unit-day
Hospital, Medical Bed 500 950 650
Range Typical
Employee 20 60 40
School, Day
Hospital, Mental Bed 300 550 400
w/ caf., gym, showers Student 60 115 80
Employee 20 60 40
w/ caf., no gym or Student 40 80 60
Prison Inmate 300 600 450 showers
Employee 20 60 40 w/o caf., gym, shower Student 20 - 65 40
Rest Home Resident 200 450 350 Schools, boarding Student 200 400 280
Employee 20 60 40
Average Wastewater Flows from Recreational Average Wastewater Flows from Recreational
Sources Sources (cont.)
Source Unit Flow, L/unit-day Source Unit Flow, L/unit-day
Range Typical Range Typical
Apartment, Resort Person 200 280 220 Country Club Member present 250 500 400
Cabin, Resort Person 130 190 160 Employee 40 60 50
Cafeteria Customer 4 10 6 Day Camp (no meals) Person 40 60 50
Employee 30 50 40 Dining Hall Meal served 15 40 30
Campground (Developed) Person 80 150 120 Dormitory, Bunkhouse Person 75 175 150
Cocktail Lounge Seat 50 100 75 Hotel, Resort Person 150 240 200
Coffee Shop Customer 15 30 20 Laundromat Machine 1800 2200
Employee 30 50 40 2600
21
Average Wastewater Flows from Recreational Water Reduction Measures: Per Capita Wastewater
Sources (cont.) Flows from Conventional Domestic Devices
22
Flow-Reduction Devices and Systems (cont.) Reductions Achieved by Flow-Reduction
Devices and Systems (cont.)
Device/System Description and/or Application Device Wastewater Flow Reduction
Reduced-Flush Device Toilet tank insert that either prevents a portion of the
tank contents from being dumped during the flush L/capita-day Percent
cycle or occupies a portion of the tank volume so that Level Control for Clothes 4.5 2
less water is available per cycle.
Washer
Urinal Wall-type urinal for home use that requires 5.7
L/cycle. Pressure-Reducing Valve 60.6 25
Vacuum-Flush Toilet Uses air as a waste-transporting medium and requires Recirculating Mineral Oil 94.6 39
System about 1.9 L/cycle. Toilet System
Wash-Water Recycle Recycles bath and laundry wastewater for use in toilet
Shower
System for Toilet Flushing flushing.
Limiting-Flow Valve 22.7 9
Limiting-Flow Shower Head 28.4 12
23
Types of Sewer Pipes in a Typical Separate Types of Sewer Pipes in a Typical Separate
Sanitary Collection System Sanitary Collection System (cont.)
Sanitary sewers must be laid near all occupied Lateral or Branch Sewers
buildings in order to collect wastewater. Forms the first element of a wastewater collection
system.
Building Connecting Pipes
Usually in streets or special utility easements.
Connects the building plumbing to the public Used to collect wastewater from one or more
sanitary wastewater collection system. building sewers and convey it to a main sewer.
Convey wastewater from the buildings to lateral or Main Sewers
branch sewer, or any other sewer except another
Main sewers are used to convey wastewater from
building sewer. one or more lateral sewers to trunk sewers or to
Normally begins outside the building foundation intercepting sewers
Types of Sewer Pipes in a Typical Separate Sewer Pipe Types in a Collection System
Sanitary Collection System (cont.)
Trunk Sewers
Trunk sewers are large sewers that are used to
convey wastewater from main sewers to treatment or
other disposal facilities, or to large intercepting
sewers.
Interceptor Sewers
Intercepting sewers are large sewers that are used to
intercept a number of main or trunk sewers and
convey the wastewater to treatment or other disposal
facilities
24
Design Approach to Wastewater Collection
and Treatment Systems
Choice of Wastewater Collection System
Wherever possible, use a gravity flow system.
Where does the wastewater come from?
How much wastewater flow will be in the When the natural slopes are not sufficient to convey
pipes? flow, a combination of gravity and pressure flow
systems may be used.
How is the wastewater going to be removed The gravity sewer transports flows to a collection point,
and treated? such as a wet well.
The wastewater is pumped from the wet well through a
Treatment is the focus of another class! force main over some obstruction or hill to another gravity
sewer, or directly to a wastewater treatment facility.
25
Design of Gravity-Flow Sanitary Sewers Preliminary Investigations
26
Information on existing structures and Sanitary Sewer:
utilities Basic Design Considerations
Wastewater flow
Elevations of the sills of buildings and depths Hydraulic-design equation
of their basements Sewer pipe materials
Character, age, and condition of the pavements Minimum pipe sizes
of streets in which sewers will be laid Minimum and maximum velocities
Location of water and gas mains, electric Slopes and cover
conduits, drain lines, and other underground Evaluation of alternative alignments or designs
structures Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances
27
Ductile Iron Pipe
28
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Vitrified Clay Pipe
Minimum size 8 inches (200 mm) Minimum velocity of 2.0 ft/sec (0.6 m/sec)
Smallest sewers should be larger than the with flow at full or full depth
building sewer connections in general use in Maximum average velocities of 8-10 ft/sec
the area (2.5-3.0 m/sec) at design depth of flow
Most common size of building connection is 6 Minimum and maximum velocities may be
inches specified in state and local standards
Connections of 5 and 4 inches have been used
successfully in some areas
29
Gravity Sewer Minimum Pipe Slopes
Slope, m/ma Sewer Pipe Slopes
Size inches (mm) n=0.013 n=0.015
8 (200) 0.0033 0.0044
10 (250) 0.0025 0.0033 Sewers with flat slopes may be required to avoid
12 (300) 0.0019 0.0026 excessive excavation where surface slopes are flat or
15 (375) 0.0014 0.0019 the changes in elevation are small.
18 (450) 0.0011 0.0015 In such cases, the sewer sizes and slopes should be
21 (525) 0.0009 0.0012
designed so that the velocity of flow will increase
24 (600) 0.0008 0.0010
27 (675) 0.0007b 0.0009 progressively, or at least will be steady throughout
30 (750) 0.0006b 0.0008b the length of the sewer.
36 (900) 0.0004b 0.0006b
Sewer Appurtenances
Alternative Sewer Alignments and Designs
Primary appurtenances for sanitary sewers:
It is generally not advisable to construct ordinary
sewers outside public rights of way unless there is a Manholes
significant advantage in cost or other condition. Drop inlets to manholes
Interceptors are often constructed in private Building connections
easements because the most favorable locations for
interception are usually in valleys near natural Junction chambers
drainage channels
30
Manholes
Chin 2000
31
Peoria, IL, Manholes as Published in 1897
32
Manhole Spacing: General Guidance Steps in the Design of a
Sanitary Sewer System
Sewers < 24 in (600mm)
Place manholes at intervals not greater than 350 ft
(100m). 1.Estimate the wastewater flow rates for the design
period and any local conditions that may affect
Sewers 27 48 in (700-1200mm) the hydraulic operation of the system.
Place manholes at intervals not greater than 400 ft Design for the expected peak flows (peak hourly
(120m).
flows from residential, commercial, institutional and
Sewers > 48 in (1200 mm) industrial sources from the entire service area and add
Manholes may be placed at greater intervals the peak infiltration and inflow allowance for the
depending on local conditions like breaks in grade, entire service area).
location of street intersections, etc.
33
Locate lines along
streets or utility
easements (must be Preliminary/Tentative Layout
in front of all Vertical Location
buildings!)
Use arrows to show
direction of flow Note where basement/below-ground service
(normally direction
of ground slope) connections are required
Should have sewer
system leaving area Want to have sewer below basement points so
at its lowest point
(with flow coming to you dont have to pump!
that point from areas
with higher Also must have minimum required cover:
elevations)
In flat areas, sewers 3 m (10 ft) required in northern states
should be sloped to
common collection 0.75 m (2.5 ft) or more required in southern states
point
WATCH OUT FOR
PRE-EXISTING
UTILITY LINES!!
Vertical Profile
Manhole Locations
Prepared for each sewer line
Sewer intersections Horizontal scale of 1:500 or 1:1000
Abrupt changes in horizontal direction or slope Vertical scale of 1:50 or 1:100
Pipe size change locations Show following items:
Ground surface
Regular intervals along straight runs (for
Street surface (where applicable)
maintenance)
Tentative manhole locations
Less than, or equal to 100 m (300 ft) general rule
Elevations of important subsurface strata such as rock
500 ft maximum spacing
Boring locations
Exception: sewers that can be walked through
Underground structures
Number manholes and use manhole numbers to Basement elevations
identify sewers pipes Cross streets
Plan of the sewer line
34
Design Principles Review Typical Sewer Design Problem
Changes in direction in small sewers ALWAYS made at a
manhole Given: Flow
Head loss in manhole due to change in direction assumed Velocity
to be 30 mm (0.1 ft). Drop down-gradient invert by this Minimum pipe size
amount across manhole. Ground elevations and slope
Losses due to pipe size increases: Pipe material and roughness
Provided for by matching the crowns or 0.8 depth points for Minimum pipe cover
sewer pipes on each side of manhole.
Drop in invert due to matching crowns greater than 30 mm, so Calculate: Pipe slope
head loss due to change in direction can be ignored. Pipe size
Dropping invert of lower sewer (by matching crowns) also Pipe alignment
ensures that smaller sewer pipe not flowing full unless larger
pipe is also full.
Assume hydraulic grade line parallels invert if sewer line
is fairly long and not surcharged (assume uniform flow). WATCH COST OF EXCAVATION (slope of pipe versus slope
of land)
35
Information for Sanitary Sewer Design Example (cont.) Calculation of average daily wastewater flows
Area Development Area (ha) Sat. pop. density WW flows Average WW
Average wastewater flow from commercial areas = 20 m3/ha-day Design. type (persons/ha) (L/cap.-day) flow (m3/day)
(2100 gal/ac-day) A-1 S-Family 100 38 300 1140
Peaking factor for wastewater flow from commercial areas = 1.8 A-2 S-Family 112 38 300 1276.8
Average wastewater flow from the school = 75 L/student-day (20
A-3 S-Family 112 38 300 1276.8
gal/student-day)
Peaking factor for wastewater flow from the school = 4.0 A-4 Mix Resid. 114 (38+60+124)/3 = (300+280+225)/ 2263.7
74 3 = 268.3
Anticipated population of the school = 2000 students
A-4 School 16 2000 75 150
A-5 Comm. 110 20 m3/ha-day 2200
A-6 Ind. 110 30 m3/ha-day 3300
A-7 Low-rise 70 124 225 1953
Apart.
A-8 Low-rise 60 124 225 1674
Apart.
A-9 Low-rise 48 124 225 1339.2
Apart.
A-10 Shopping 48 20 m3/ha-day 960
Center
Calculation of average daily wastewater flows (cont.) Line Up- Down- Feeder Cum. Av. WW Peaking Peak WW Flow
Number stream stream Areas Flow (Land Factor (Land Use)
Manhole Manhole Use) (m3/day) (m3/day)
1 1 2 A-1 Res. 2417 2.9 R: 7009
Start at most upgradient location and work downgradient
A-2 Com. 960 1.8 C: 1728
until intersection with another pipe, then go to upper end A-10 Total: 8737
of that pipe and work down to intersection, then work 2 2 3 A-9 Res. 1339 3.0 4017
down until next pipe intersection, etc. This example only
3 3 4 A-3 Res. 1277 3.0 3831
has one main line, with no branching. More complex
4 4 5 A-8 Res. 1674 3.0 5022
situations require care in setting up the calculation sheet.
5 5 6 A-4 Res. 2264 2.9 R:6566
School 150 S: 600
Total: 7166
6 6 7 A-7 Res. 1953 2.9 R: 5664
A-5 Com. 2200 1.8 C: 3960
Total: 9624
7 7 8 A-6 Ind. 3300 2.1 6930
36
Infiltration and Inflow Allowances Calculate Peak Daily Flows Entering Each Pipe Segment (with I&I)
Line # Feeder Infiltration Infiltration Infilt. Peak WW Peak Flow
Use the new sewer curve to determine infiltration and inflow
Areas Area (ha) Allowance (m3/day) Flow (m3/day)
allowances. Assumption: Since industrial, commercial and (m3/day)
(m3/ha-day)
institutional areas typically have a smaller density of sewer pipes,
can assume that only a part of the area is contributing to infiltration. 1 A-1 100 5.4 1274 8737 10011
Assume 50% of area used for infiltration area for finding the A-2 112
infiltration allowance (which is assumed to include inflow) from the A-10 (0.5)48
curve. Total: 236
2 A-9 (0.5)48 8.75 210 4017 4227
Total: 24
3 A-3 112 7.6 8512 3831 12343
4 A-8 60 8.0 480 5022 5502
5 A-4 R: 114 7.6 927 7166 8093
S: (0.5)16
Total: 122
6 A-7 70 7.6 950 9624 10574
A-5 (0.5)110
Total: 125
7 A-6 (0.5)110 8.0 440 6930 7370
= 1.548
(
(0.015) 0.116m 3 / sec ) 0.375
= 0.462m
3 2 14238 12343 26581 0.308 S (0.0019)0.5
4 3 26581 5502 32083 0.371 The next larger commercial pipe size is 525 mm, which has a
full flowing capacity of 10,011 m3/day with this slope and
5 4 32083 8093 40176 0.465 roughness:
Line Cumulative Slope Exact Pipe Full Flow
6 5 40176 10574 50750 0.587 Number Flow (m3/sec) (m/m) Diameter (m) Diameter (m3/day)
(mm)
7 6 50750 7370 58120 0.673 1 0.116 0.0019 0.462 525 10011
37
Pipe Diameter Calculations Velocity of Flowing Sewage
Calculate the pipe diameter assuming these peak flows are sewer Need to calculate the full-flowing velocities at the actual diameters
flowing full conditions. Assume Mannings n of 0.015 and slopes (Vfull) and the velocities at design flow (using the cumulative flow)
as shown in the table (slopes are typically determined from post-
grading topographic maps of an area). through the partial-flow diagram.
If the velocity at design flow is greater than 2 ft/sec, the design
should be sufficient to regularly achieve self-cleansing velocity.
Line Cumulative Slope Exact Pipe Full Flow If not, increase the slope of the pipe, or anticipate increased
Number Flow (m3/sec) (m/m) Diameter Diameter (m3/day) maintenance.
(m) (mm)
If V > 10 ft/sec, need to lessen the slope to prevent erosion of
1 0.116 0.0019 0.462 525 13995 the pipe interior.
2 0.165 0.0015 0.528 600 17803
3 0.308 0.0012 0.667 675 26581 Example for first pipe:
2/3 2/3
1D 1 0.525m
4 0.371 0.0011 0.716 750 32083 V full = S 0.5 = (0.0019)0.5 = 0.75m / sec = 2.5 ft / sec
n 4 0.015 4
5 0.465 0.0010 0.779 900 40176
6 0.587 0.0007 0.849 900 50750 Q
=
( )
0.116m 3 / sec (86,400 sec/ day )
= 0.716
7 0.673 0.0009 0.894 900 58120 Q full 13,995m 3 / day
38
Sewer Profile Example (Construction Drawings)
Example
Sewer Profile
Once the final
design is
complete, need
to draw profile
maps of the
sewer. An
example profile
map is shown
here (it is not
the same sewer
as this example
problem).
Example 3.32 (Chin 2006) The average per-capita wastewater flowrate is estimated to be 800
L/D/capita, and the I&I is estimated to be 70 m3/d/km. This new
A sewer system is to be designed to service the residential area shown on sewer is to join an existing system at manhole #5, where the
the following map: average wastewater flow is 0.37 m3/sec, representing the
contribution of about 100,000 people. The existing sewer at MH#5
is 1,065 mm in diameter, has an invert elevation of 55.35 m, and is
laid on a slope of 0.9%. The flow will be along Main Street from
MH#5 to MH#26. The following table lists the pipe lengths,
contributing areas, and ground surface elevations. Design a sewer
system between A Street and C Street for a saturation density of
130 persons/ha. Local regulations require:
39
Example 3.32 Sewer System Data (Chin 2006)
1) The average wastewater flow is 800 L/D/person x 130
persons/ha = 104,000 L/D/ha = 0.0722 m3/min/ha. The I&I
is 70 m3/d/km = 4.86x10-5 m3/min/m.
40
6) Along Main Street (flat, with no ground slope), using the Another Sanitary Sewer Design Example
smallest pipe slope (0.001) that meets the depth of flow and
velocity criteria minimizes excavation depths.
41
Example Solution: Summarize Data
Pipe No. Upstream Downstream Street Street Pipe Slope
Manhole Manhole Elevation Elevation Length (ft)
Up (ft) Down (ft)
3. Determine distance between manholes.
1 7 6 116.60 112.19 630 0.007
4. Determine slope of land/street. 2 6 5 112.19 109.23 470 0.006
3 9 8 115.04 112.04 390 0.008
Elevation 4 8 5 112.04 109.23 385 0.007
Slope = 5 5 4 109.23 107.25 330 0.006
Length
6 10 11 117.46 113.77 410 0.009
7 11 12 113.77 110.29 400 0.009
8 12 4 110.29 107.25 380 0.008
9 4 3 107.25 105.33 370 0.005
42
6. Determine Infiltration Rate (given: 600 gal/acre/day)
7. Determine amount of infiltration to each pipe segment from its Pipe No. Contributing Infiltration Rate Infiltration
surrounding area. Area (ac) (gal/acres/day) Amount
(gal/day)
Pipe No. Contributing Infiltration Rate Infiltration 9 600 0
Area (ac) (gal/acres/day) Amount (gal/day) 10 5 600 3000
11 4.9 600 2940
1 87 600 52200
12 4.3 600 2580
2 5.1 600 3060
13 13.1 600 7860
3 12.1 600 7260 14 5.3 600 3180
4 600 0 15 9.7 600 5820
5 4.8 600 2880 16 600 0
6 8.7 600 5220 17 600 0
7 6.3 600 3780
8 4.7 600 2820
43
12. Find peaking factor (given: peaking factor = 3.0).
13. Convert gallons/day to cubic feet per second (where 1 ft3 = 7.48
gal and 1 day = 86,400 sec). Pipe Up Down Avg. Total Design Design Cum.
No. Manhole Manhole Flow Flow Flow Design Flow
14. Cumulative Design Flow = Design Flow for Pipe Segment + (gal/day) (gal/day) (ft3/sec) (ft3/sec)
Total Upstream Flow
9 4 3 0 0 0.00 2.65
Pipe Up Down Avg Design Design Cum
No. Manhole Manhole Total Flow Flow Design 10 16 17 23000 69000 0.11 0.11
Flow (gal/day) (ft3/sec) Flow 11 17 18 22540 67620 0.10 0.21
(gal/day) (ft3/sec)
12 18 3 19780 59340 0.09 0.30
1 7 6 400200 1200600 1.86 1.86
13 13 14 60260 180780 0.28 0.28
2 6 5 23460 70380 0.11 1.97
14 14 15 24380 73140 0.11 0.39
3 9 8 55660 166980 0.26 0.26
15 15 3 44620 133860 0.21 0.60
4 8 5 0 0 0.00 0.26
16 3 2 0 0 0 3.55
5 5 4 22080 66240 0.10 2.23
17 2 1 0 0 0 3.55
6 10 11 40020 120060 0.19 0.19
7 11 12 28980 86940 0.13 0.32
8 12 4 21620 64860 0.10 0.42
18. Calculate full pipe flow rate using Mannings equation and
pipe diameters from Step 17.
15. Determine Mannings n for each pipe Pipe Cumulative Mannings Slope Calculated Actual Full
segment (given n = 0.013). No. Design Flow n Exact Pipe Pipe
(ft3/sec) Diameter Diameter Flow,
(in) (in) Qfull
(ft3/sec)
16. Calculate exact pipe diameter for each pipe
1 1.86 0.013 0.007 10.04 12 2.99
segment using Mannings equation. 2 1.97 0.013 0.006 10.46 12 2.84
3 0.26 0.013 0.008 4.71 8 1.06
17. Set actual pipe diameter equal to the 4 0.26 0.013 0.007 4.75 8 1.04
commercial pipe size equal to or greater than 5 2.23 0.013 0.006 11.06 12 2.77
the calculated exact pipe diameter. 6 0.19 0.013 0.009 4.04 8 1.15
7 0.32 0.013 0.009 4.98 8 1.13
8 0.42 0.013 0.008 5.61 8 1.08
44
19. Calculate velocity in pipe flowing full (Vfull = Qfull/Afull).
Pipe Cumulative Mannings Slope Calculated Actual Full 20. Calculate Q/Qfull where Q = design flow.
No. Design Flow n Exact Pipe Pipe
(ft3/sec) Diameter Diameter Flow, Pipe Cumulative Full Pipe Actual Afull (ft2) Vfull Qdesign/
(in) (in) Qfull No. Design Flow, Diameter (ft/sec) Qfull
(ft3/sec)
Flow Qfull (in)
9 2.65 0.013 0.005 12.12 15 4.67 (ft3/sec) (ft3/sec)
10 0.11 0.013 0.010 3.22 8 1.21
1 1.86 2.99 12 0.785 3.81 0.62
11 0.21 0.013 0.009 4.22 8 1.16
12 0.30 0.013 0.009 4.87 8 1.14 2 1.97 2.84 12 0.785 3.61 0.69
13 0.28 0.013 0.010 4.64 8 1.19 3 0.26 1.06 8 0.524 3.04 0.24
14 0.39 0.013 0.009 5.37 8 1.14 4 0.26 1.04 8 0.524 2.97 0.25
15 0.60 0.013 0.008 6.42 8 1.08 5 2.23 2.77 12 0.785 3.52 0.80
16 3.55 0.013 0.005 13.63 15 4.58 6 0.19 1.15 8 0.524 3.29 0.16
17 3.55 0.013 0.005 13.73 15 4.49 7 0.32 1.13 8 0.524 3.24 0.28
8 0.42 1.08 8 0.524 3.11 0.39
Pipe Cumulative Full Pipe Actual Afull Vfull Qdesign/ 21. Using partial flow diagram, determine d/D and V/Vfull.
No. Design Flow Flow, Diameter (ft2) (ft/sec) Qfull
(ft3/sec) Qfull (in) Pipe Qdesign/Qfull Afull (ft2) Vfull D (in) d/D V/Vfull
(ft3/sec) No. (ft/sec)
9 2.65 4.67 15 0.982 3.80 0.57
10 0.11 1.21 8 0.524 3.47 0.09
11 0.21 1.16 8 0.524 3.33 0.18 1 0.62 0.785 3.81 12 0.57 1.05
12 0.30 1.14 8 0.524 3.25 0.27 2 0.69 0.785 3.61 12 0.62 1.08
3 0.24 0.524 3.04 8 0.30 0.75
13 0.28 1.19 8 0.524 3.42 0.23
4 0.25 0.524 2.97 8 0.30 0.75
14 0.39 1.14 8 0.524 3.25 0.35
5 0.80 0.785 3.52 12 0.68 1.12
15 0.60 1.08 8 0.524 3.09 0.56
6 0.16 0.524 3.29 8 0.28 0.69
16 3.55 4.58 15 0.982 3.73 0.77
7 0.28 0.524 3.24 8 0.31 0.78
17 3.55 4.49 15 0.982 3.66 0.79 8 0.39 0.524 3.11 8 0.43 0.93
45
22. Calculate design depth (d) and design velocity (V) from
Pipe Qdesign/Qfull Afull (ft2) Vfull D (in) d/D V/Vfull ratios from partial-flow diagram.
No. (ft/sec)
Pipe Afull Vfull D d/D V/Vfull Depth at Velocity at
No. (ft2) (ft/sec) (in) Design Design Flow
Flow (in) (ft/sec)
9 0.57 0.982 3.80 15 0.56 1.03
10 0.09 0.524 3.47 8 0.20 0.56
1 0.785 3.81 12 0.57 1.05 6.84 4.00
11 0.18 0.524 3.33 8 0.24 0.68
2 0.785 3.61 12 0.62 1.08 7.44 3.90
12 0.27 0.524 3.25 8 0.36 0.84
3 0.524 3.04 8 0.30 0.75 2.40 2.28
13 0.23 0.524 3.42 8 0.34 0.81
4 0.524 2.97 8 0.30 0.75 2.40 2.22
14 0.35 0.524 3.25 8 0.41 0.89
5 0.785 3.52 12 0.68 1.12 8.16 3.95
15 0.56 0.524 3.09 8 0.55 1.03
6 0.524 3.29 8 0.28 0.69 2.24 2.27
16 0.77 0.982 3.73 15 0.67 1.12
7 0.524 3.24 8 0.31 0.78 2.48 2.53
17 0.79 0.982 3.66 15 0.68 1.12
8 0.524 3.11 8 0.43 0.93 3.44 2.89
Last Steps!
Pipe Afull Vfull D (in) d/D V/Vfull Depth at Velocity at
No. (ft2) (ft/sec) Design Design 23. Check velocities at the design flows to ensure that
Flow (in) Flow they are greater than 2 ft/sec. In this example, Pipe
(ft/sec) #10 has a calculated 1.9 ft/sec velocity. The slope of
the pipe could be increased, with resulting trench
9 0.982 3.80 15 0.56 1.03 8.40 3.92 depths, but this calculated value is close enough to
10 0.524 3.47 8 0.20 0.56 1.60 1.94 the desired outcome considering the method used.
11 0.524 3.33 8 0.24 0.68 1.92 2.26
Computerized design methods have smaller rounding
errors and are more convenient when adjusting the
12 0.524 3.25 8 0.36 0.84 2.88 2.73 slope to meet the targeted velocity value. Obviously,
13 0.524 3.42 8 0.34 0.81 2.72 2.77 regulatory agency approval is needed if the
14 0.524 3.25 8 0.41 0.89 3.28 2.90 minimum velocity criterion is not met, as increased
15 0.524 3.09 8 0.55 1.03 4.40 3.18
maintenance may be needed.
16 0.982 3.73 15 0.67 1.12 10.05 4.18
17 0.982 3.66 15 0.68 1.12 10.20 4.10
24. Draw profiles, considering the final pipe depths and
extra trench dimensions. Ensure that subsurface
obstructions are cleared.
46
Trenching and Excavation
Underground Pipe Support
Trench width must be great enough to provide room
to join pipe sections and install required fittings.
Clearance of about 150 mm (6 inches) on either side
normally adequate.
In rock excavations, the trench is typically cut at least
6 inches (150 mm) below the final grade of the pipe
and sand or clean fill is placed between the rock and
the pipe.
Pipe Bedding
Sewer Construction
47
Sewer Construction Sewer Construction
Marstons equation widely used to determine the vertical load
on buried conduits caused by earth forces in all of the most
Loads on sewer lines affected by conditions of commonly encountered construction conditions.
flow, groundwater, adjacent earth, and
superimposed situation. W = CwB 2
Loads include hydraulic loads, earth loads, where W = vertical load on pipe as a result of
groundwater loads, and superimposed loads. backfill, lb/linear foot
Therefore, crushing strength of sewer material, C = dimensionless load coefficient based on
backfill and ratio of trench depth to
type of bedding and backfill load are all
width (often found using nomograph)
important. w = unit weight of backfill (lb/ft3)
B = width of trench at top of sewer pipe (ft)
48
Sewer Construction
Sewer Construction
Load also influenced by coefficient of friction between
backfill and side of the trench () and by coefficient of
internal friction in backfill soil (). Common cuts for sewer pipe installations.
For design purposes, these are often set equal to each other.
But if the backfill is sharp sand and the sides of the trench are
sheeted with finished lumber, may be substantially greater
than .
Unless specific information is available and known,
often assumed that k = k = 0.103.
If backfill soil is slippery clay, k = k = 0.110.
Specifically, k = 0.110 for saturated clay, 0.130 for
clay, 0.150 for saturated top soil, 0.165 for sand and
gravel, and 0.192 for cohesionless granular material.
49
Bedding
Conditions
for
Concrete
Pipe
Note: 21
inch
concrete
pipe not
normally
available
McGhee 1991
McGhee 1991
External Loads
External loads are superficial loads on the soil
produced by buildings, stockpiled materials, and
vehicles.
A portion of these loads will reach a buried pipe,
depending on burial depth, soil characteristics, and
load geometry.
Long superficial loads are loads longer than the
trench width, while short superficial loads are loads
applied over lengths that are shorter than the trench
width, or perpendicular to the trench.
The proportion of the external loads reaching the pipe
Allowable loads based on cracking do not usually need a safety factor as the ratio are determined using the following tables.
of ultimate load to cracking load is approximately 1.5 for reinforced concrete pipes.
McGhee 1991
50
McGhee 1991 McGhee 1991
Solution:
This is a short load as it crosses the trench. The load applied by the
structure is:
The ratio of depth to width is 1.83/1.22 = 1.5. From the table for short loads
for this depth to width ratio and damp clay, the maximum proportion of the
load reaching the pipe will be 0.51. Therefore, the load reaching the pipe will
be:
P = 1795 kg/m (0.51) = 915 kg/m which must be added to the static
load from the fill material.
51