Water Supply

Bangalore Institute of Technology Water supply and Sanitation project
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2
2. Objectives of planned water supply 4
3. Factors to be considered for water supply 4
4. Water quality standard for drinking water 6
5. Design period 7
6. Units of water treatment plant 8
7. Units of sewage treatment plant 9
8. Design of water treatment plant 11
9. Flow diagram of water treatment plant 26
10.Flow diagram of water supply scheme 28
11.Design of sewage treatment units 29
12.Flow diagram of sewage treatment plant 34
13.Bibliography 35
Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

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1. INTRODUCTION
PLACE: - MELKOTE
In preparing schemes of water supply the duties of engineer are to collect all the
information that may prove useful for preparing plan and all the estimates of the project.
Before actual construction of water supply work is taken up in it is necessary to

prepare plan and the full schemes and also design the various component of the project.
The proper planning will ensure an economical and efficient functional scheme, which will
serve the various objectives in view efficient and with minimum expenditure and recurring
operational troubles
A WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ESSENTIAL CONSISITS OF:
1) Works for collection of water.

2) Works for conveyance of water.
3) Works for treatment and purification of water and,
4) Works for distribution of water to the consumers.
In planning good water supply schemes a compromise between efficiency and

economic is generally decided and the schemes possessing at least defects and
professional advice and guidance is very essential for the schemes.
In the case of rural water supply schemes, Since the commutations are
generally small and poor and hence the various element of the scheme have to
be necessarily simple and comparatively cheaper requiring minimum skilled
supervision and maintenance .In the case, the sources are generally ground
water leading to special problems like fluorides, Iron, Sailing etc., One should
take of all these the problems while designing.
NECESSITY OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY
Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a solid form or
in a gaseous form .All these three form of water are extremely useful to man, providing
the luxuries and comforts, in addition to fulfilling his basic necessity of life .No life can
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exist without water since water is essential for life as air. It has been estimated that two
thirds of human body is constituted of water.
From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for
their need must be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or
dissolved in water and no risk should occur to the health of the public as a result of any
water contamination.
A public water supply or water works system has to be both from the point of view
of providing an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the public need
ensuring that the supply so made are not only portable but also fully protected against
every infection which might otherwise pollute water and cause outbreak of disease.
The planned water supply scheme should not only help in supplying wholesome
water to the people for drinking cooking, bathing etc.., so as to keep disease away and
there by promoting better health but it should also help in supplying water for fountains,
garden etc.., thus helping in maintaining better sanitation and beautification of
surrounding thereby reducing environmental pollution .The schemes should therefore
help in promoting wealth and welfare of the entire humanity as a whole.

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2. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY
1) To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers:

2) To supply water in adequate quantity, and
3) To make water easily available to the consumer so as to encourage
4) Personnel and base hold clean lines.
3. FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

The various factors should be taken into consideration before designing any water supply
project is:
1. Population forecast.
2. Per capita supply.
3. Selection of source.
4. Quality requirement.
5. Distribution system.
6. Design period
I.POPULATION FORECAST
The recent population of a region is obtained by recent census figure and perspective
population as a result of growth, development, educational and industrial expansion etc..,
are estimated by followed methods.
i). ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD:
This method is based upon assumption that the populations increase at a

constant rate i.e.., the rate of change of population with time (df/dt) is constant.
Thus dp/df =k
DP=>kdt.
Integrating between first and last available census we get,
Pe-Pf =k(te tf)
Where the suffix e and f represent the last and the first census
respectively. K represent average increase per census .This method gives
comparatively lower results.
ii). GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD:
In this method, a graph is plotted from the available dates between time
and population. The curve is then smoothly extended unto the desired gear. This
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method however gives very approximate results, as the extensions of the curve
are done the intelligence of the designer
II.PER CAPITA DEMAND
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the
domestic use, Industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts etc.., It may be
therefore expressed as Liters per captia per day (LPCD).
Total yearly water required of the city
=365 x DESIGN POPULATION x PER CAPTIA DEMAND
Per capita supply varies as per region and the people living standard in the
region.
For the rural area per capita should be selected as per the following criteria.
1) Where house connection are not contemplated and supply through hand
pumps or central stand post, per capita supply shall not be less than 40 lpcd.
2) Where the house connections are contemplated the supply shall be at
least 70 lpcd.
3) A minimum of 135-lpcd areas preferably 150 for all residence provided
with full flushing systems with modern sanitary.
III. SELECTION OF SOURCE
The following order of priority may be given in the choice of suitable source among the
various sources available.
a) Water that required no treatment except disinfections to meet water

quality standard and would be supplied by gravity.
b) Water that requires no treatment except disinfections to meet water
quality standard but would require pumping.
c) Water that requires simple treatment like chlorination.
IV.QUALITY REQUIREMENT
The water required for domestic uses, particularly the water required for drinking must be
colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It should be free from turbidity and excessive of toxic.
The maximum permissible limits for physical, chemical and bacteriological standards
should satisfy the drinking water standard as given by ISI in the table shown.
These limits in table are ideal and safe for public supplies, therefore in village they may
not be followed rigidly due to the shortage of funds for treatment or due to

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lack of development .However, bacterial quality should no where be relaxed as to

avoid serious water borne disease.
4. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER
Type of Type of Permissible E Absolute Max.Limits Remarks

characteristics impurity limits
Physical 1.Turbidity 5 10 On silica scale.
2. Colour 10 20 On cobalt scale.
3. Taste and 01 03
odor Threshold no.
Chemical 1. pH value 6.6 8.0
2. Hardness 75mg/ltr 110mg/ltr Expressed as CaCo3

Equilatew/s.
As per WHO
3. Total solids 500mg/ltr 1500 mg/lit international STDs.
-do-
4. Mg & Na 500mg/ltr 1000mg/ltr -do-
5. Chlorides. 200mg/ltr 400mg/ltr -do-
6. Calcium. 75mg/ltr 200mg/ltr -do-
7. Iron. 1.0mg/ltr -do-
8. Fluorides. - 1.5mg/ltr
Biological & Coli form Nil 1Coliform colony per -

micro-organic Bacteria 100m/n of B coli is
ltd.to 0.3 mg/ltr1per
100me
Radiological Emitters Nil - -
After a complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of

houses and public places by means of distribution network. The distribution system consistof
pipes of various sizes, valves, water pumps, distribution reservoirs, hydrants, stand posts

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etc.., The pipes carry water to each and every house,roads,streets,while are controlled by
valves. Mainly in village water flow will be designed as gravitational so the pumping is not
required.
5. DESIGN PERIOD
The water supply schemes include huge and costly structure such as dams,
reservoir, treatment plants ,penstock pipes etc.., which cannot be replaced are
increase in their capacities easily and conveniently .For example the water mines
laid underground including distribution system cannot be replaced or added without
digging the road and disturbing the traffic .In order to avoid this future complication
of expansion the various component of water supply scheme are purposely made
larger so as to satisfy the community needs for a reasonable number of years to
come.
This future period or number of years far which a provision is made designing the
capacities of various components of water supply scheme is known as DESIGN
PERIOD.
Such a scheme which is designed for a design period of say X year is supposed to
satisfactorily serve the community need up to the end of x years .The design period
should neither be too long nor too short .The design period cannot exceed the
useful life of the components structure . Here the design period for water supply
scheme is taken as 20 year.

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6. UNITS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Design of intake well and screen:
The intake well is a circular or rectangular well with circular ends

located in a river bed, so that it always remains surrounded with water, even
during low flood stage. The well is built in masonry or concrete, and is raised
above the river HFL and covered at the top by wooden sleepers etc; as to make
it approachable from the river bank through a foot bridge arrangement.
Screens are generally provided in front of the intake works, so as to
exclude the large sized particles. Screens are normally inclined at about 45 -
60 to the horizontal, so as to increase the opening area to reduce the flow
velocity.
Pre-sedimentation Tank:
In order to remove the large sized and rapidly settleable solids to reduce
turbidity, it is proposed to construct a pre-sedimentation tank and raw water
storage.
Cascade type Aerator:
Since the raw water does not contain too much color and odor, only nominal
aeration is proposed. This unit will help in maintaining the wanted oxygen levels in
water , remove dissolved iron , manganese, CO2 and H2S gases as well as color and
taste caused by volatile oils etc.
Combined Coagulation cum Sedimentation Tank:
It shall be constructed to allow formation of flocs and settlement of

particles. The fine colloidal particles present in water, gets attracted and absorbed in
these flocs, forming the bigger sized flocculated particles.
Rapid Gravity Filter:
Filter units shall be constructed to filter the sedimented water, as usual,

with provision of wash water tank. Rapid Gravity Filter is the best and most
economical and, therefore invariably used for treating public supplies, especially for
large towns and city. The treated water is not so much safe as obtained from slow
sand filter and need further treatment before they can be supplied to the public.
Chlorinator:

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Considering the remote area and difficulty in transporting and storing the
chlorine gas cylinders, it has been decided to use bleaching powder for disinfection
by providing gravity type of chlorinator. Bleaching powder mixed clear water will be
fed by gravity into clear water tank where contact period shall be more than half
hour, which is the acceptable limit.
7. UNITS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Primary Sedimentation Tank
The Clarification of sewage by the process of sedimentation can be affected by providing

conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settle out. This is
brought about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation Tanks.
Trickling Filters
Trickling filters are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary treatment to
sewage. These filters, also called as percolating filters or sprinkling filters, consist of tanks of
coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by
means of spray nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating sewage is collected at the
bottom of the tank through a well designed under-drainage system. The purification of the
sewage is brought about manly by the aerobic bacteria, which form a bacterial film around
the particles of the filtering media. The action due to the mechanical straining of the filter
bed is much less. In order to ensure the large scale growth of the aerobic bacteria, sufficient
quantity of oxygen is supplied by providing suitable ventilation facilities in the body of the
filter; and also to some extent by the intermittent functioning of the filter.
Secondary Sedimentation Tank
A filter does remove only a very small percentage of the finely divided suspended
organic matter present in sewage, while the majority of this organic matter
undergoes a change of character, only due to the biological oxidation and
nitrification taking place in the filter. Due to this aerobic oxidation and nitrification
that takes place in the filter, the organic solids are converted into coagulated
suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and would thus settle down by
gravity, if allowed to dos so in sedimentation tanks. The effluent of the filter is,

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therefore, passed through a sedimentation tank, called Secondary settling tank or

Humus Tank.
Sludge Digestion Tank
The sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible
organic matter, and if disposed of without any treatment, the organic matter may
decompose, producing foul gases and a lot of nuisance, pollution, and health
hazards. In order to avoid such pollutions, the sludge is, first of all, stabilized by
decomposing the organic matter under controlled anaerobic conditions, and then
disposed off suitably after drying on drying beds, etc. The process of stabilization is
called the sludge digestion; and the tank where the process is carried out is called
the sludge digestion tank.
Three distinct stages have been found to occur in the biological action involved in
the natural process of sludge digestion tank. These stages are:
(i) Acid fermentation;

(ii) Acid regression; and
(iii) Alkaline fermentation.
Sludge Drying Bed
Sludge drying beds are open beds of land, 45 to 60 cm deep, and consisting of about
30 to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15 cm
at bottom to 1.25 cm at top, and overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick coarse sand layer.
Open jointed under-drain pipes (15cm dia) @ 5 to 7 cm c/c spacing are laid below
the gravel layer in valleys, at a longitudinal slope of about 1 to 100. The beds are
about 15 X 30 m in plan, and are surrounded by brick walls rising about 1 meter
above the sand surface.

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8. DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Calculation of water Demand
1. Minimum domestic water consumption as per IS- 1172-1993 required

water = 200 lit/hd/day
2. Parks-3.5lit/ sq m/day
3. Schools & colleges (day)- 45lit/hd/day
4. For Mattas 45lit/hd/day
Assumed area of park -10,000 sq m

No of Schools & Colleges -5no, and having 200 students for each
No of mattas 15no, Capacity of each 80members
Water required
Domestic - 200*25,000 =50,00,000lit/day

Parks - 10,000*3.5 = 35,000lit/day
Schools & Colleges - 5*200*45 = 45,000lit/day
For Mattas 15*45*80 = 54,000lit/day
Total = 51,34,000lit/day
Maximum water Demand = 1.5*5134 = 7701Cum/day
Discharge = 7701.0/(24*60*60)
= 0.0891Cum/sec

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DESIGN OF RAISING MAIN

Using Leas formula for most economical diameter
D=0.972Q to 1.22Q
D=23.81cm to 29.8cm
Hence provide 30 cm pipe
Velocity = Q/A = 0.0891/0.00706
= 1.26m/sec
DESIGN OF PUMPS
Calculations of total head:-
H=Hs + Hd + Hf
Hs = Section head
Hd = Delivery head
Hf = Head loss due to friction
Hs = 952.0-944.5=7.5m
Hd = 961.0-952.0=9.0m
Hf = 4flv2/2gd
= 0.025*50*1.262/2*9.81*0.3
= 0.337m
Total Head H= 16.5+0.337= 16.837
Adding 0.05% as Minor losses = 16.837*1.05= 17.679m
Break Horse power:-

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BHP = wQH/ *.735
= 9.81*0.0891*17.67/0.65*0.735
= 32.34 ~ 35Hp
Design of Primary Sedimentation tank:-

Discharge = 7701cumec/day
Detention time = 3hours
Depth of sedimentation tank = 2.5m
Specific gravity = 2.65
Velocity Vs = 0.23mm/sec
Volume of water to be treated / hour = 7701/24
= 320.87cumec / hour
The Raw water to be treated for a detention period = 7701*3/24
= 962.62cumec
Circular sedimentation tank:-
Depth of sedimentation tank = 2.5m
Surface Area = 962.62
2.5
= 385.05sq m
Diameter of circular tank = 22.14m
Effective settling zone = 22.04

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= 11.07
Provide 20% of Diameter of tank for Inlet zone = 4.43m
Surface flow rate = 7701
385.05
= 20m/day
Horizontal flow velocity = 20
86400
= 0.00023m/sec
Weir loading = 7701/2*13.285
= 92.258cumec/m/day
Inlet velocity = Q = a*v
0.0891 = *22.142*v/4
V = 0.00023m/sec
Sludge collecting capacity, assume suspended solid particles in water 300mg/lit
Sludge collection = 7701*106*300/105
= 2310lit/day

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Inlet pipe
Provide 0.15m dia
Q = a*v
0.0891 = *.0152*v/4
V = 5.04m/sec
V = 2gH
H = v2 /2g
H = 5.042/2*9.81
H = 1.29m
Design of raw storage tank
Capacity of water to be stored on tank approximately one day demand of water.
Quantity of water should be stored on tank = 7701Cum
Depth of water stored in a tank =4.5m
Provide circular tank. D = dia of the tank
D = 4*A/
D = 4*1711.32/
D = 46.67m

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Design of inlet well
Providing an oblong shaped inlet well, with openings provided at 3 levels.
The openings shall be fitted with bar screens made of 20mm dia steel bars of 50mm
openings. Let the velocity through the bar screens be limited to 0.16m/s.
The area of openings required at each level = Q/v
= 0.133/.16
= 0.831sq m
Let us provide 1m height of screen openings; then the clear length of the openings
required = 0.831m
No. of openings required = 0.831/0.05 = 17no
No. of bars=17
Length occupied by 20mm dia bars = 17*0.02= 0.34m
Total length of screen = 0.831+0.34 = 1.171 1.2m
Design of pipe connecting intake well to jack well.
Therefore, Q=0.133cumec
V=0.16met/sec
Area of pipe = Q/V
= 0.133/0.16
= 0 .831m2
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Therefore, d = 4*0.831/
d = 1.028m
Provide jack well dia = 10m.
Design of Cascade Aerator:
Water requirement = 7.70 MLD
Q= 0.0891m/s
Provide 3 steps, dia ratio 1:2:3.
Depth of wall =0.75m
Diameter of weir proposed
Top = 1m
Middle = 2m
Bottom = 3m
Sedimentation aided with coagulation tank:

Average daily consumption = Volume of water treated per day =7701 m3
Assume detention period of 4hrs.
Quantity of water to be treated = 7701*4/24 = 1283.5m3
.. Capacity of tank = 1283.5 m3 1284m3
Assuming depth of water in tank = 4m , we have,
Plan area = Breadth*L ength= capacity/depth
= 1284/4 = 321m3
Take Breadth = 9m
.. length = 321/9 = 35.67m 36m
Settling tank dimension = 36x9x4
Providing an extra depth of 0.5m at the starting tank ,I,e; a depth of 4.5 at the start and
providing a slope of 1in30 along the length.

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We get, 4.5+37/30 = 5.7m, at the end.
Design of flocculation chamber:
In addition to 15m length of settling tank, the floc chamber at the entry has to be provided
as half the depth of the sedimentation tank
I.e. 2.5/2 =1.25 m
1.5 m
Detention time = 20 minutes
= 0.08912060
= 106.92cum
Surface area = 106.92/1.5
= 71.28m2
Provide rectangular chamber 1:2ratio
Width of chamber = 6m
Length of chamber = 12m
Thus, floc chamber is of size 6.0 m 12m 1.5m.
Coagulation sedimentation plant:
Coagulant added is Alum.
Given pH=8

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The coagulant added : ALUM
Alkalinity of water is 4.5mg/lit of CaCO3(nat)
Quantity of water treated =7.701 MLD
Quantity of filter ALUM required at 20 mg/lit = 20 x 7.701 x 106 mg/day
=20 x 7.701 = 154 kg/day
Thus the following chemical reaction will take place:
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O+3Ca(HCO3)22AL(OH)3+3CaSO4+18H20+6CO2
CaCO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3CaO+CO2
The molecular weight shall be:
AL2(SO4)3.18H20={(2x27)+3x(32+(16x4))+18x((1x2)+16)}=666gm
Ca(HCO3)2=40+(1+12+48)x2=162gm
CaO=40+16=56gm
It is clear that from the above equations 3x100parts of CaO3 will produce the same alkalinity
as that off 660mg of ALUM
Quantity of CaCO3 required to produce the same alkalinity which is equal to 20mg/litre
=>(3x100x20)/666=9.01mg/lit
The natural alkalinity available in CaCO3 =4.5mg/lit
Additional alkaline required to be added to form the lime=40.5mg/lit of CaCO3
Thus the above equation clearly states that 40 parts of CaCO3 produce by 56 parts of CaO.
Therefore CaO required = (4.5 x 56)/100 = 2.52 mg/lit
But Quick lime required =(2.52 x 100)/80 = 3.156 mg/lit
The quantity of lime required for treatment = 7.701 x 106 x 3.156 mg/day
= 24.30 kg/day
And, from above result,

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the quantity of alum =154 kg/day
or, alum = 154/(24 x 3600) = 0.0018kg/sec.
This coagulant is dispensed using a dry feeding device. These are in the form of a tank with a
hopper bottom. Agitating plates are placed inside the tank so as to prevent the arching the
coagulant. The coagulant is in the powdered form and is allowed to fall in the mixing basin.
Its dose is regulated by the speed of a toothed wheel or a helical screw. The speed of the
toothed wheel or the helical screw is controlled by connecting it to a venturi device installed
in the raw water pipes bringing the water to the mixing basin.
Mixing the coagulant in a mixing basin with baffle walls.

Design:
Assume Velocity of flow = 0.3 m/sec
Detention time = 30min.
Volume of water to be treated per day = 7701m3/day
.. Volume of water required to be treated in 30min = Capacity of tank = 7701*30/(24*60)
= 160.43 m3
Length of flow = velocity*Detention period
= 0.3*30*60 = 540m
The required c/s between each baffle is assumed to be 0.5m.
.. Depth of water in the basin = 0.29/0.5 = 0.58
0.6m
The clear opening between end of each baffle is kept equal to 1.5 times the distance
between baffles = 1.5*0.5 = 0.75m
Assume clear with of clear compartment as 9m.
Effective length of each channel = clear width of each compartment (2*0.5 of clear
opening)
= 9 (0.5*2*0.75)
= 8.25m
.. No. of channels = Total flow length/eff. Flow length of each channel

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= 540/8.25 = 65.45
66
.. The total no. of channels =66 ; and 66/2 = 33 in each half.
Clear length of tank excluding baffle walls and side walls = No. of channels x distance b/w
baffles
= 33*0.5 =16.5m
Assume thickness of baffle = 7.5cm
.. Overall inside length of tank = 16.5 + ( (7.5/100) x no. of baffles)
= 16.5 + ( (7.5/100) x (33-1))
= 18.9m 19m.
Sludge treatment:
The sludge collected from the primary and secondary sedimentation tanks gets stored in a
large storage tank. From here it is taken to the sludge drying beds. Once the water from the
sludge drains into the channel after passing through the sand and gravel layers over a period
of one week, the dry sludge is taken out manually and transported elsewhere.
Design of sludge drying beds
Quantity of sludge generated per day = 2310 litres/day
= 2.310m3/day
Height at the starting of the sludge bed = 2.5m
.. Cross sectional area of the bed = 4.5/2.5 = 1.8m2
Assuming width to be 1.2m, we have,
Length of the bed = 1.8/1.2 = 1.5m
Providing a sand layer of depth 1.5m and a gravel layer of depth 1.5m, we have,
Total height at the start of the sludge bed = 2.5+1.5+1.5 = 5.5m
Providing a gradient of 1in10 along the width, we have,
Depth at the end of 1.2m ,i.e, depth at the channel transporting the water from the sludge
beds
= (2.5+1.2/10)+1.5+1.5
= 2.62+1.5+1.5 = 5.62m
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Now there will be 3 such units on the either side of the channel.
Design of Rapid sand filters:
General provisions
1. Required flow of filtered water = 7.701 MLD
2. Quantity of back wash water used = 3% of filter output
3. Time lost during back washing = 30 minutes
4. Design rate of filtration = 500lit/sq.m/hr.
5. Length to width ratio =1:2.5
6. Under drainrage system = central manifold.
Filter media
Fine grain - (3.5mm-5mm)
Coars grain - (3mm-6mm)
Fine sand - (0.52mm effective size)
Filter water required per hour = 320.87cum/hr
Design flow for filter after accounting for backwash water (3%) & washing time
(20min)
= 320.87(1+0.03)24/23.5
= 337.53cum/hr
Plan of filter required = 337.53/.5
= 675.06 sq m
Generally the plan area of filter unit is kept as 10 sq m to 80 sq m
Provide 1 unit if 80 sq m
Size of tank 12.65m 6.35m.

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Hence provide 8 filter unit
Now, let a manifold and lateral system be provided below the filter bed, for receiving
the filtered water and to allow back washing for cleaning the filter. This consists of central
manifold pipe with laterals having perforations at the bottom.
.. Total area of perforations = 0.2% * filter area
= (0.2/100)*(6.35*12.65) m2
= 0.16 m2
Assuming the area of each lateral = 2 times the area of perforations
Total area of laterals = 2*Total area of perforations
= 2*0.1.6 m2 = 0.32 m2
Assuming the area of manifold to be about twice the area of laterals,
The area of manifold = 2*0.32 = 0.64m2
.. Dia of manifold (d) is given by,
/4*d2 = 0.64
.. d = 0.7m
Hence, use a 70 cm dia manifold pipe laid lengthwise along the centre of the filter bottom.
Laterals running perpendicular to manifold (widthwise) emanating from the manifold may
be laid at a spacing of say 15cm. The number of laterals is then given as,
= 12.65/0.15 = 84.33 say 85
On the either side of manifold. Hence use 170 laterals in all, in each unit.
Now, length of each lateral = (width of filter/2) (Dia of manifold/2)
= (6.35/2) (0.7/2)
= 2.82m
Now, adopting 13mm dia perforations in the laterals, we have,
Total area of perforations = 0.16
= 1600cm2 = x*(/4)*(1.3)2
Where x = Total no. of perforations in all 170 laterals.
.. x = 1600*(/4)*(1/1.3) = 966.64 say 967

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.. No. of perforations in each lateral = 967/170 = 5.68 say 6.
.. area of perforations per lateral = 6*((/4)*(1.3)2) cm2
= 7.96 cm2 .
Now, area of each lateral = 2*Area of perforations per lateral
= 2*7.96
=15.92cm2
.. Dia of each lateral = (15.92*(/4))
= 3.53cm
Hence, use 170 laterals each of 3.53cm dia, @ 15cm c/c, each having 4 perforations of
13mm size, with 70cm dia manifold.
Disinfection process:
Chlorination:
Assume the chlorine dosage rate to disinfect water be 3PPM.
Therefore, chlorine requirement = Avg quantity of water dosage
=7.701106310-6
= 23.10 kg/day
Generally chlorine is stored for 3 months
Therefore chlorine for 3 month = 23.1090
=2079kg
Therefore no. of chlorine cylinder required = 12+1 stand by.
Design of the raising main:

Using the empirical formula given Lea, dia of the pipe= 0.972 to1.22Q
Q = 7.701 MLD
Q = 0.0891
D = 1.220.089
24
= 36.4 cm
40 cm
Therefore provide 30cm dia pipe
.. area of pipe = 0.07m2
.. velocity = Q/A = 0.0
= 1.27m/s
Design of pump.
To pump water from the treatment plant to water storage tank (over head tank)
H = Hs + Hd + Hf
Hs= 3m
Hd = 100m
Hf = 4flv2/2gd
= 4*.0075*1250*1.272/(2*9.81*.3)
= 10.27m
Total head = 3 + 100 + 10.27 = 113.3m
Brake horse power of the pump (BHP)

Assume efficiency of pump as 0.65
BHP = WQH/*0.735
= (9.81*0.0891*113.3)/(0.65*0.735)
BHP =207.28H.P.
Assume the capacity of pump available in the market : 50H.P, 100H.P, 150H.P, 200H.P,
250H.P, 500H.P, 750H.P, 1000H.P,
.. BHP provide = 250H.P

25
Design of clean water reservoir:

Treated water is stored in clear water reservoir = 7.701 MLD
Since the pumping from clear water reservoir to distribution tank is for 24 hrs,
detention period of 24hr is provided in clear water reservoir to ensure 24 hr supply
capacity of clear reservoir.
Capacity of clear water reservoir = 7.70124/24
=7.701 MLD
= 7701cum
Assuming effective depth = 4.50m
Plan area required =7701/4.5
= 1711.3
Provide circular tank
Area = D2/4
1711.33 = D2/4
D = 46.6
.. D = 47m
Design of overhead tank:

Assuming following pattern of % draw off from daily supply
7.00am-8.00am 30% = 2.31MLD
8.00am-5.00pm 35% = 2.69MLD
5.00pm-6.30pm 30% = 2.31LD
6.30pm-7.00am 5% = 0.385MLD
Total storage req. = 7.7MLD
Providing 3 hrs of static storage
Capacity = 7.710003/24

26
= 962.5cum
Assume depth = 4.5
Dia = 16.5
Therefore dia of overhead tank= 9m and depth =3m and distribution mains are designed
for peak demand i.e. for 2.69 MLD and diameter of main is 25cm.

27
9.Flow diagram of water treatment plant

28
10. FLOW DIAGRAM OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

29
11. DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS
Quantity of water supplied = 7.701MLD
Assuming 80% of supplied water becomes sewage
=0.87.701106
=6.16MLD
Assuming detention period = 2hr
Quantity of sewage to be treated in 2hr i.e. capacity of tank
Q =6.162/24
= 0.513 MLD
= 513.4cum
Now, assuming flow velocity = 0.3m/min
The length of tank req. = vel. Of flow detention period
= 0.3260
= 36m
c/s area of the tank req.= capacity of tank/length of tank
= 513.4/36
= 14.26m2
Assume effective depth = 3mc
The width of tank = area of c/s /depth
= 14.26/3
= 4.75m
Assume free board = 0.5m
Overall depth =4.75+0.5 = 5.25m

30
Therefore dimensions of primary sedimentation tank are 36 m 4.75m 5.25m.
Design of trickling filter:
Assume BOD =150 ppm
Total BOD present in sewage to be treated per day = 6.16150
= 924kg
Assume organic loading = 1500kg/ha-m/day
Volume of filtering media req. = 92410000/1500
= 6160 cum
Assuming effective depth = 2m.
We have
The surface area of filter req. = 6160/2
= 3080sqm
Using 15 m dia circular trickling filter units
Area of each unit = 176.71 sq m
No of units req = 3080/176.71
= 18 nos
Check for Hydraulic loading
Assume Hydraulic loading = 25ML/ha/day
Surface area required = total sewage to be treated per day/hydraulic loading per day
= 6.1610000/25
= 2464sqm
Surface area chosen 3080sqm >2464sqm, therefore safe.

31
Design of sec. Sedimentation tank:

Assume detention period = 1.5hr
We have capacity of tank = 6.16(1.5/24)
= 0.385
capacity of tank = 385cum
Volume of each conical tank=V= (1/3) (d2/4) depth
Using 2 numbers of 5.0m depth of each tank, we have total volume required for all
2
Tanks = 385/5
= 77sq m
Therefore dia d = 9.9m
10m
Hence use 2 tanks with Dia of 10m and height of 5.0m and 1 stand by.
Design of Sludge digestion tank:

Assuming suspended solids in raw sewage = 300 ppm.
Moisture content = 85%
Therefore suspended solids in 6.16MLD of sewage flowing per day
= 3006.16106/106
= 1848 kg
Assuming that 65% solids are removed in primary settling tank, we have
Wt of solids removed in primary settling tank = 0.651848
= 1201.2 kg/day
Assuming that the fresh sludge has o m c of 95%, we have 5 kg of dry solids make
100 kg of wet sludge
And 1201.2 kg of dry solid will make = (100/5)1201.2
= 24024kg of wet sludge/day

32
Assuming the sp.gr. Of wet sludge =1.02
i.e. unit wt = 1020 kg/cum
The volume of raw sludge produced per day = V1 = 24024/1020
= 23.55 cum/day
Now, the volume of digested sludge V2 at 85% m c is given by
V2= V1 [100-P1/100-P2]
= 23.55[100-95/100-85]
V2 = 7.85cum/day
Now, assuming the digestion period as 30 days, we have the capacity of required
Digestion tank = [v1-2(v1-v2)/3]t
= [23.55-2(23.55-7.85)/3]30
= 392.5 cum
Provide 5m depth cylindrical tank
C/s area of tank = 392.5/5
= 78.5 sq m
Dia of tank= d = 10 m
Disposal of digested sludge:
Volume of wet sludge from sewage = 23.55cum
And let it spread in 20 cm layer on under drained bed then,
Area of bed required = 23.55/0.2
= 117.75 sqm/day
Under Indian tropical condition , the bed get dried about 10 days and hence taking 2
weeks as Avg drying time = 52/2
= 26 times in an year
Therefore area of bed required per year = 117.75365/26
= 1653.03 sq m
33
Making 100% allowance for space for storage, repair, and resting of beds etc, we
have
The total required area of beds = 2*1653.03
= 3306.06sqm
Using 1025 m beds we have no of beds required = 3306.06/(10*25)
No of beds required = 13.22
No of beds required 14beds
Provide 14 beds with size as
Area = 3306.06/14
= 236.15 sq m
Using width = 10m
Length = 236.15/10
=23.61m
Provide 14 no of (1023.61) m beds.

34
12. FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

35
13. BIBLIOGRAHY
Environmental Engineering 1 S K GARG
Environmental Engineering 1 B C PUNMIA & ASHOK JAIN
Environmental Engineering II S K GARG
Environmental Engineering II B C PUNMIA & ASHOK JAIN

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Bangalore Institute of Technology Water supply and Sanitation project

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

2. Objectives of planned water supply 4

3. Factors to be considered for water supply 4

4. Water quality standard for drinking water 6

6. Units of water treatment plant 8

7. Units of sewage treatment plant 9

8. Design of water treatment plant 11

9. Flow diagram of water treatment plant 26

10.Flow diagram of water supply scheme 28

11.Design of sewage treatment units 29

12.Flow diagram of sewage treatment plant 34

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

Before actual construction of water supply work is taken up in it is necessary to

A WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ESSENTIAL CONSISITS OF:

1) Works for collection of water.

In planning good water supply schemes a compromise between efficiency and

NECESSITY OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

2. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY

1) To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers:

3. FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

i). ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD:

This method is based upon assumption that the populations increase at a

Integrating between first and last available census we get,

Pe-Pf =k(te tf)

ii). GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD:

II.PER CAPITA DEMAND

Total yearly water required of the city

=365 x DESIGN POPULATION x PER CAPTIA DEMAND

III. SELECTION OF SOURCE

a) Water that required no treatment except disinfections to meet water

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

lack of development .However, bacterial quality should no where be relaxed as to

4. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER

Type of Type of Permissible E Absolute Max.Limits Remarks

Physical 1.Turbidity 5 10 On silica scale.

2. Colour 10 20 On cobalt scale.

odor Threshold no.

Chemical 1. pH value 6.6 8.0

2. Hardness 75mg/ltr 110mg/ltr Expressed as CaCo3

Biological & Coli form Nil 1Coliform colony per -

Radiological Emitters Nil - -

After a complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

6. UNITS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Design of intake well and screen:

The intake well is a circular or rectangular well with circular ends

Cascade type Aerator:

Combined Coagulation cum Sedimentation Tank:

It shall be constructed to allow formation of flocs and settlement of

Rapid Gravity Filter:

Filter units shall be constructed to filter the sedimented water, as usual,

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

7. UNITS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The Clarification of sewage by the process of sedimentation can be affected by providing

Secondary Sedimentation Tank

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

therefore, passed through a sedimentation tank, called Secondary settling tank or

Sludge Digestion Tank

(i) Acid fermentation;

Sludge Drying Bed

Extensive Survey Project Batch A2

Sludge collection = 7701106300/105