Chapter 1

Q1/ What is meant by Data Communication and explain its characteristics?

Answer :

-Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

-The Effectiveness of Data Communication System Depends on Four Fundamental

Characteristics-:

1. Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

2. Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant
delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

4. Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven
delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.

Q2/ Explain different Data flow directions?

Answer:

Data flow can occur in three ways:

1. Simplex: data flows in only one direction on the data communication line
(medium). Examples are radio and television broadcasts.

2. Half-Duplex: data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time on the
data communication line. For example, a conversation on walkie-talkies is a half-
duplex data flow.

3. Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously. Simultaneous

transmissions. For example: Telephone network.

Q3/ What is Network and explain characteristics of Networks?

Answer:
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable
of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most important of
these are performance, reliability, and security.

1. Performance: Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time

and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to
travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response.

2. Reliability: Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it

takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network's robustness in a catastrophe.

3. Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized

access, protecting data from damage and development, and implementing policies
and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.

Chapter 2
Q1/ Explain the main functions of physical layer in OSI model?

Answer:
The main functions of physical layer:

1. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium: The physical layer defines the
characteristics of the interface between the devices and the transmission medium. It
also defines the type of transmission medium.

2. Representation of bits: The physical layer data consists of a stream of bits

(sequence of 0s or 1s) with no interpretation. To be transmitted, bits must be
encoded into signals--electrical or optical. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding (how 0s and 1 s are changed to signals).

3. Data rate: The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second-is also
defined by the physical layer.

4. Synchronization of bits: The sender and receiver not only must use the same bit
rate but also must be synchronized at the bit level. In other words, the sender and
the receiver clocks must be synchronized.
5. Line configuration: The physical layer is concerned with the connection of devices
to the media. In a point-to-point configuration, two devices are connected through a
dedicated link. In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among several devices.

6. Physical topology: The physical topology defines how devices are connected to
make a network. Devices can be connected by using a mesh topology (every device is
connected to every other device), a star topology (devices are connected through a
central device), a ring topology (each device is connected to the next, forming a
ring), a bus topology (every device is on a common link), or a hybrid topology (this is
a combination of two or more topologies).

7. Transmission mode: The physical layer also defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.

Q2/ What does OSI stand for, and what is the OSI model?

Answer:

OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. The OSI model is a model of network
architecture and of the protocol suites across the network architecture. The OSI
model was developed as a framework for international standards in various and
diverse computer network architectures to be developed and implemented.

Q3/ Explain the main functions of application layer in OSI model?

Answer:
1. The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
2. The application layer is deal with File transfer, access, and management. This
application allows a user to access files in a remote host (to make changes or read
data), to retrieve files from a remote computer for use in the local computer, and
to manage or control files in a remote computer locally.
3. The application layer is deal with Mail services. This application provides the
basis for e-mail forwarding and storage.
4. The application layer is deal with Directory services. This application provides
distributed database sources and access for global information about various
objects and services.
5. The application layer is deal with Network virtual terminal. A network virtual
terminal is a software version of a physical terminal, and it allows a user to log on
to a remote host.

Chapter 3
Q1/ We have a low-pass channel with bandwidth 100 kHz. What is the maximum
bit rate of this channel?

Answer:

Bit Rate = Band width * 2

Bit Rate = 100 * 2= 200 KHZ

The maximum bit rate can be achieved if we use the first harmonic. The bit rate is 2
times the available bandwidth, or 200 kbps.

Q2/ what are the causes of transmission Impairment?

Answer:

Three causes of impairment are Attenuation, Distortion, and Noise.

1. Attenuation: means a loss of energy. When a signal, simple or

composite, travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy in
overcoming the resistance of the medium.

2. Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape. Distortion
can occur in a composite signal made of different frequencies.
3. Noise: it is another cause of impairment. There are several types of
noise, such as thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk, and impulse
noise, may corrupt the signal.

Q3/ We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this
channel is 63. What are the appropriate bit rate and signal level?
Answer:

First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper limit.

Maximum data rate = B x log2(1 + SNR)
= 106 x log2(64)
= 6 Mbps

For better performance we choose something lower, 4 Mbps, for

example. Then we use the Nyquist formula to find the number of signal
levels.

BitRate = 2 * bandwidth * log 2(L)

4Mbps = 2 * 1 MHz* log 2(L) L=4