Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
and
Insulation Coordination
in Power Systems
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -1-
What is Insulation Coordination?
Definition
Definition in
in IEC
IEC 60071-1
60071-1
Definition
Definition in
in IEEE
IEEE 1313.1
1313.1
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -2-
Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination
5
Possible voltages without arresters
Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.
4
Withstand voltage of equipment
1
Voltages limited by arresters
0
Lightning overvoltages Switching overvoltages Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment
(Microseconds) (Milliseconds) (Seconds) (Continuously)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -3-
What is Insulation Coordination?
Procedure of insulation coordination [THI-01]
Three
Three elements
elements are
are involved
involved in
in the
the insulation
insulation coordination
coordination discipline,
discipline, namely:
namely:
•• the
the study
study of
of the
the "stresses",
"stresses", both
both electrical
electrical and
and environmental,
environmental, acting
acting on
on the
the equipment
equipment
insulation.
insulation. This
This is
is usually
usually performed
performed by
by calculations
calculations or
or field
field measurements;
measurements;
•• the
the study
study of the "strength"
of the "strength" (dielectric
(dielectric withstand
withstand characteristics)
characteristics) of of the
the insulation
insulation (both
(both
new
new and
and aged)
aged) when
when submitted
submitted to
to such
such stresses,
stresses, taking
taking into
into account,
account, when
when applicable,
applicable,
the
the effect
effect of
of the
the environmental
environmental stresses
stresses (pollution,
(pollution, rain,
rain, snow,
snow, ice,
ice, atmospheric
atmospheric
conditions
conditions atat large
large altidudes),
altidudes), including
including the
the study
study of
of the
the "test
"test and
and measurement
measurement
techniques"
techniques" which
which are
are employed
employed toto assess
assess such
such strength.
strength. The
The strength
strength is is determined
determined
by
by calculations,
calculations, based
based on on suitable
suitable discharge
discharge models,
models, and/or
and/or by
by laboratory/factory
laboratory/factory tests,
tests,
on-site
on-site tests
tests and
and in-service
in-service measurements
measurements (diagnostics);
(diagnostics);
•• the
the assessment
assessment of of the
the insulation
insulation performance
performance (usually
(usually expressed
expressed inin terms
terms ofof risk
risk of
of
failure)
failure) in
in the
the considered
considered situation
situation of
of stresses
stresses and
and strength,
strength, including
including the
the selection
selection and
and
application
application of of "protective
"protective devices
devices and
and techniques",
techniques", to
to establish
establish the
the final
final insulation
insulation
design
design fulfilling
fulfilling the
the specified
specified requirements.
requirements. This
This may
may bebe based
based on
on "deterministic"
"deterministic" or or
"statistical"
"statistical" approach.
approach.
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -4-
Literature (1)
[BAL-04-1] G. Balzer
Power Systems, Part 2
Chapter 4: Insulation coordination
Script TU Darmstadt, 2004
[BAL-04-2] G. Balzer
Elektrische Energieversorgung, Teil 2
Kapitel 4: Isolationskoordination
Skript der TU Darmstadt, 2004
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -5-
Literature (2)
[CIG-79-3] CIGRE WG 33.06
Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination
Part 3: Design and testing of phase-to-phase insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 182-210
[DOR-81] H. Dorsch
Überspannungen und Isolationsbemessung bei Drehstrom-Hochspannungsanlagen
Siemens AG, Erlangen, 1981 (ISBN 3-8009-1325-9)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -6-
Literature (3)
[ERI-88] A.J. Eriksson, K.-H. Weck
Simplified procedures for determining representative substation impinging lightning
overvoltages, CIGRE report 33-16, 1988
[ETG-93] ETG-Fachbericht 49
ETG-Tage '93: Isolationskoordination in Hoch- und Mittelspannungsanlagen
vde-Verlag GmbH Berlin, Offenbach (ISBN 0341-3934)
[HIL-99] A. R. Hileman
Insulation Coordination for Power Systems
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, 1999
[HIN-00] V. Hinrichsen
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, 1. Auflage 2000
AbleiterBuch.pdf
[HIN-01] V. Hinrichsen
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, Edition 1, 2001
ArresterBook.pdf
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -7-
Literature (4)
[HIN-03] V. Hinrichsen
Latest Designs and Service Experience with Station-Class Polymer Housed Surge Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Marbella (Málaga), Spain, November 16-19, 2003, Proceedings pp. 85-96
pub_048.pdf
[KIN-05] V. Hinrichsen
Latest Testing Requirements and Emerging Standards for Transmission Line Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Hong Kong, November 27-30, 2005
inmr_2005_paper.pdf
[KIS-84] I. Kishizima, K. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, New facilities for phase switching impulse
tests and some test results, IEEE PAS TO3 No. 6, June 1984 pp. 1211-1216.
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -8-
Literature (5)
[PAR-68] L. Paris, R. Cortina
Switching and lightning impulse discharge characteristics of large air gaps and long insulation
strings, IEEE Trans on PAS, vol 87, No. 4, April 1968, p. 947-957
[THI-01] L. Thione
Insulation coordination in electrical power systems – theory and application
Tutorial, ALPI, Milan, 2001 (www.alpiass.com)
buch_018.pdf
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -9-
Literature (6)
[WEC-07] K.-H. Weck
Standardization of insulation withstand levels for UHV systems in
IEC TC 28 „Insulation co-ordination”
IEC/CIGRE UHV Symposium Beijing 18-21 July 2007, report 5-4
5-4_KHWeck.pdf
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 10 -
Standards (1)
IEC 60071-1, Edition 8.0 (2006-01)
Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEEE 1313.1-1996
IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination—Definitions, Principles, and Rules
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 11 -
Standards (2)
IEEE 1313.2-1999
IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination
IEEE C62.11-2005
IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (> 1 kV)
IEEE C62.22-1997
IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 12 -
Organization
1 18.10.2007 Lecture 1 Introduction
2 25.10.2007 Lecture 2
3 01.11.2007 Lecture 3 Voltage stresses
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 13 -
Organization
Examination
Examination
Exclusively oral
Exercises
Exercises
None; but calculation examples in the lecture
Script
Script
www.hst.tu-darmstadt.de
User: studentiso
PW: isows0708
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 14 -
Insulation Coordination - Principles
System
System voltages
Overvoltage
protection devices
stress
versus
Equipment
Environment strength
Dielectric
strength
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 15 -
Insulation Coordination - Principles
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 16 -
Insulation Coordination - Principles
• Overvoltages
– voltages exceeding the peak value of the highest system voltage
– various amplitudes and shapes depending on
» system configuration (grid size, degree of meshing, etc.)
» origin of overvoltage (failure, switching, lightning strike etc.)
• Dielectric strength of insulation
– verified by type test in the laboratory with the help of
» standardized test voltages (shape, amplitude)
» specified test setups
» specified environmental conditions
• Insulation coordination
– Determination of interdependence between voltages and
overvoltages of the system and necessary test voltages for the
equipment in the laboratory
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 17 -
Insulation Coordination - Principles
Equipment in Equipment in
the system the laboratory
Variety
Variety of
of amplitudes
amplitudes and
and Standardized
Standardized amplitudes
amplitudes
shapes
shapes ofof overvoltages
overvoltages and
and shapes
shapes of
of test
test voltages
voltages
Variety
Variety of
of operating
operating Standardized
Standardized setups
setups
conditions
conditions and
and age
age and
and conditions
conditions
Variety
Variety of
of Standardized
Standardized
environmental
environmental conditions
conditions environmental
environmental conditions
conditions
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 18 -
Insulation Coordination - Principles
bb 2 1
Longitudinal insulation
busbar disconnectors stressed by voltages between same phases of
two different systems
line
3
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 19 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 20 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 21 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
...39
...39 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Procedure
Procedure for for
insulation
insulation
coordination
coordination
== 10
10 pages!
pages!
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 22 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 23 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 24 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 25 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 26 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 27 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
...125
...125 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 28 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General
The procedure for insulation coordination consists of the selection of a set of
standard withstand voltages which characterize the insulation of the
equipment.
Range I Range II
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 29 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General
Basic difference between ranges I and II
Minimum
Minimum ofof withstand
withstand
Range gap spacing 3 m voltage
voltage for
for switching
switching
Range IIII
overvoltage
overvoltage
withstand voltage
Range
Range II Withstand
Withstand voltage
voltage
gap spacing 0.5 m continuously
continuously
decreasing
decreasing with
with time
time
[FGH-78] duration
duration of
of stress
stress
peak
time duration of stress
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 30 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 31 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Determination of the coordination withstand voltages Ucw
• The coordination withstand voltages are the lowest values of withstand voltages of
each overvoltage class, for which the expected low failure rate of the equipment is not
exceeded over its full lifetime.
• Derived from the representative overvoltages Urp by the coordination factor Kc.
Typical for
Germany:
0.1% per year
1 failure in
1000 years
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 32 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Deterministic
Deterministic approach
approach Statistical
Statistical approach
approach
Assumed
Assumed maximum
maximum Statistical
Statistical distribution
distribution of
of
of
of representative
representative overvoltage
overvoltage representative
representative overvoltages
overvoltages
Determination
Determination ofof
failure
failure probability
probability of
of insulation
insulation
Multiplication
Multiplication by
by coordination
coordination Calculation
Calculation of
of failure
failure risk
risk
factor
factor based
based on
on depending
depending on
on assumed
assumed
operating
operating experience
experience coordination
coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
Coordination
Coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
Assumed
Assumed conventional
conventional U (0% value)
cw (0% value)
Ucw Statistical
Statistical U
Ucw (10% value)
cw (10% value)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 33 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
• The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
• Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
• Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and the
atmospheric correction factor Kt or the altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 34 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 35 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
• The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
• Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
• Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and/or the
altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 36 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Selection of the rated and of the standard insulation level
(set of standard rated withstand voltages Uw)
• Most economical set of standard withstand voltages Uw of the insulation to prove that all
the required withstand voltages are met.
• For each range (I or II) a combination of only two withstand voltages defined:
Range I: standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Range II: standard switching impulse withstand voltage
standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
• For range I, only phase-to-earth standard withstand voltages are defined, which have to
cover phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and longitudinal insulation.
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 37 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Definitions
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 38 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Examples for…
... non-self-restoring insulation ... self-restoring
(power transformers, insulation
instrument transformers*)) (disconnectors,
insulators)
*) mixed insulation
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 39 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
List of standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltages (r.m.s. values in kV)
10 20 28 38 50
70 95 140 185 230
275 325 360 395 460
480 510 570 630
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 40 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Range I:
Um = 1 kV up to and including Um = 245 kV
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 41 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Range II:
Um above 245 kV
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 42 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 43 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary
Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1)
[IEC 60071-1]
continued next slide
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 44 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary
Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1) (continued)
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 45 -