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7, 8 or 9
types of wastes
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The fight against these wastes In the Lean approach, any effort
are basics of lean thinking and not meeting a customer need or
starting point for many expectation is qualified a waste.
performance improvement
programs. The exception is probably what
marketing call Kano's "delighting
The 7 types of waste, found in surprise", a function, feature or a
the workshops, can be service not expected by clients,
adapted into any kind of but which discovery gives them
activities, including services. "super satisfaction".
Conversely, the lack of this
The seventh type will no "surprise" does no harm, as there
longer point a physical non- is no expectation.
conformity or a defective
product, but a non-conformity
regarding a client requirement The combination of both (Ohno
or expectation. & TQM) approaches defines the
8th type of waste as Not grasping
development of products or opportunities is the ninth
services nobody wants, mainly
because they do not respond to
type of waste
customer's needs or
expectations.
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Waste of opportunities
First example Second example
Imagine a firm's purchasing manager, proud of Imagine a firm's sales manager proud of the
having kept the purchasing prices unchanged, regular progress of sales.
"while prices raise regularly".
A quick check on the market reveals a global
A quick check on the market prices reveals a competitors have boosted their sales
global drop of prices due to severe competition. exponentially.
The purchasing manager wasted an opportunity of The sales manager wasted an opportunity of gain
gain by choosing a general defensive strategy, by sticking to the illusion of satisfying
while the right process would have been: performance. The performance is real compared
1. Get information, stay tuned to market relatively to company's previous achievements,
reality, yet far behind competitors.
2. Demand suppliers to align their prices to
market level,
3. Negotiate an additional effort
Replace purchasing manager by production manager or Supply Chain manager and the price stability
by the cycle time or delivery time steadiness.
Imagine competitors have achieved drastic cycle time / delivery time reduction…
Replace in the same manner the R&D manager and time to market performance.
Think this way about all departments and activities which performances improvement gives a
competitive advantage.
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Waste of opportunities
Generally
Performance losses are generally understood as a Moving from standard level to new standard level
negative gap between actual measured level and (in C) can be done step by step in small
a "standard" level, as shown in A on the diagram increments (continuous improvement, kaizen…),
hereunder. or with a breakthrough (Kaikaku,
reengineering...), or by an opportunistic mix of
This performance loss may be slow and gradual, both approaches.
so that a poor monitoring system, or a busy
manager do not take notice.
Conversely, the positive gap B of achievable Womack et Jones* urge their reader to strive for
performance compared to standard is an perfection, to go beyond the limited objective of
opportunity. Not grasping this opportunity by aligning to best in class (benchmarking), in order to
moving up the B gap means to accept an get close to perfection and get outstanding competitive
"opportunity loss". advantage.
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