Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Editorial
109
3/2010
Technical Advisory Board: was jointly organized by TMS, SME, MetSoc of CIM and CIME. The event
attracted participants from 30 countries and featured 250 technical papers,
Prof. Dr. mont.
a fact which highlighted the sustained growth of this series of conferences.
Helmut Antrekowitsch
Montanuniversitt Leoben, Austria The Phoenix meeting stressed the continuing expansion, sophistication and
technical evolution of the copper industry that allowed the costs of produc-
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ihsan Barin tion to be kept in check despite declining ore grades and ever increasing
Thermochem GmbH, Germany environmental regulations. The Copper-Cobre conference then returned to
Maurits van Camp Chile, and the fifth meeting was held in Santiago in 2003. This meeting fea-
UMICORE Research, Belgium tured over 300 technical presentations which discussed the modernization of
Dr.-Ing. Andr Ditze the copper refining industry and offered some intriguing hydrometallurgical
TU Clausthal, Germany alternatives to the smelting of copper sulphide concentrates. Also evident
was the growing power of process control and mathematical modelling. The
Ass. Prof. Dr. Christian Edtmaier
sixth conference, Cu 2007, was held in Toronto in the summer of 2007, and 330
Vienna Univ. of Technology, Austria
technical papers were presented at the meeting. The technical presentations
Prof. Dr. Sc. (Tech.) Olof Forsn illustrated the continuous evolution of the copper industry with special atten-
Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Finland tion being given to the pressure leaching of sulphide concentrates, enhanced
Prof. Tekn. Dr. Eric Forssberg productivity through automation and process control and the need to address
Lule Univ. of Technology, Sweden stringent environmental and health issues.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Friedrich The 2003 Santiago conference marked an important turning point in the
RWTH Aachen, Germany evolution of this series of copper conferences. The Copper-Cobre meetings
Dr. Gnther Leuprecht attracted a growing international audience that, in part, was a reflection of the
Aurubis, Germany growing globalization of the copper industry and the rapid industrialization
of China. There was also a recognition that copper production technology
Dr. Adalbert Lossin
and its associated research activities were intensifying and that change was
Aurubis, Germany
occurring ever more rapidly. To address these issues, it was decided to hold the
Prof. Dr. David F. Lupton conferences every three years (after the Toronto 2007 meeting) and to expand
W.C. Heraeus GmbH, Germany the conference venues beyond Chile and North America. Accordingly, TMS,
Dr. Urban Meurer SME, MMIJ and the GDMB became co-organizers of future Copper-Cobre
BERZELIUS Stolberg GmbH, conferences, and it was decided that the 2010 conference would be hosted by
Germany the GDMB. The GDMB recognized that Hamburg, Germany would be the
Dipl.-Ing. Norbert L. Piret
ideal site for the seventh international copper conference, and the result is
Piret & Stolberg Partners, Germany Copper 2010. This conference will discuss all aspects of copper production
and will also feature technical short courses, a metallurgical exhibition, a
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mohammad Ranjbar dedicated poster session and an extensive post-conference tour program.
University of Kerman, Iran We congratulate the GDMB and the co-organizing professional societies for
Prof. Dr. Markus Andreas Reuter putting together such a comprehensive program that will continue the tradi-
Ausmelt Ltd., Australia tions of the previous meetings while adding a distinctive German flavour to
Dr.-Ing. Georg Rombach the event. We extend our best wishes for a highly successful Copper 2010
Hydro Aluminium Deutschland GmbH, meeting and we look forward to meeting many of our friends and business
Germany acquaintances in Hamburg.
Dr. Bruno Schwab
Mlheim an der Ruhr, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Stelter
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
110
Carlos M. Daz: Copper Sulphide Smelting: Past Achievements and Current Challenges
In the last three decades, increased oxygen consumption the last 30 years. Spurred by rapid economic expansion and
in copper sulphide smelting and converting and the imple- the resulting huge increase in demand for basic materials,
mentation of computerized process control, among other a number of modern, large capacity copper smelters have
factors, have led to higher process intensity and smelter been built in China, India and other Asian countries. Only
concentrate processing capacity, decreased smelting en- moderate growth in smelting and eletrorefining capacity
ergy consumption and improved SO2 capture from process has taken place elsewhere. Moreover, ER cathode output
gas streams. An annual primary smelting furnace through- in the USA has substantially decreased. In this paper, the
put of one million tonnes of concentrate is the new indus- author examines recent technological advances and indus-
try standard. Top submerged lance smelting has become try changes and highlights issues, such as energy consump-
an important processing route in recent years. Two new tion and the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions that
continuous converting routes were commercialized in the will become the focus of future discussion.
1990s. However, due to substantially improved converting
practice and larger converters, Peirce-Smith converting still Keywords:
maintains its position as the dominant technology. A major Copper Smelting Converting Oxygen Productivity
realignment of world copper smelting has taken place in Energy Environment Markets
Business environment, for any industry, has changed dra- oping the recycling business. Exemplified by the operations
matically over the last decade. Copper industry is no ex- at Onahama smelter, which has the worlds largest furnace
ception and those involved are experiencing an unprec- for treatment of shredder residue, the industry has worked
edented period of upheaval. The landscape of the market closely with other sectors and municipalities. Building an
has completely altered, with large-scale M&As taking place effective structure to make the best use of our facilities is
among miners creating an oligopoly situation and a a key for success in this field. It is fair to say that Japanese
rapid expansion of smelting capacity within developing copper smelters, including MMC, are now regarded as an in-
countries, driven by strong economic growth. Traditional dispensable part of national environmental policy. Finally,
copper smelters and fabricators have been facing chal- progression of integration in the copper fabrication sector
lenges, but a long-term sustainability of Japanese copper has strengthened the industrys capability of providing a
business is achievable. Firstly, an immense amount of ef- variety of high-value-added products to end-users. Tight
fort has been made over the years to develop the clean and relationships with the consumers have been beneficial in
one of the most environmentally-friendly processes in the developing new use of copper. Evidence of a promising fu-
industry. Mitsubishi Materials (MMC) particularly plays ture can be seen in increasing use of copper in the growing
a great role in establishing Japanese smelters reputation sectors such as hybrid automobiles and renewable energy.
as the most energy-efficient operations in the world. It is
our strong commitment to be a leader in this expertise by Keywords:
sharing our technologies with the industry. Secondly, infra- Copper fabrication Mitsubishi Process ASR treatment
structures for copper smelting have been utilized in devel- Environmental preservation Copper business
The main incentive of this work is to study the removal and Present ferrous iron was oxidized by hydrogen peroxide
recovery of copper from mine waters at the RTB Bor Com- to ferric iron and then most of the iron was precipitated as
pany in Serbia. Two mine waters were selected, one from ferric hydroxide at pH 3.5. The resulting filtrate contained
the underground mine in Bor and the other from an open 2.5 g/l copper, 1.5 g/l iron at pH 1.8. A solvent extraction
pit in Cerovo. Together the collected mine water contained procedure followed by electrowinning was then used to
0.38 g/l copper and 1.74 g/l iron at pH 3.8. This solution was recover cathode copper of good quality.
further treated by neutralization with sodium hydroxide
at pH 5.5. The hydroxide sludge was collected and then Keywords:
again dissolved in a sulphuric acid solution at pH 1.5. The Copper mine waters Solvent extraction Electrowinning
resulting solution contained 2.5 g/l copper and 11.3 g/l iron. Cathode copper
Solventextraktion/Elektrolytische Gewinnung (SX-EW) Integrierter Prozess zur Rckgewinnung von Kupfer aus
Grubenwssern
Gegenstand dieses Artikels ist es, die Abtrennung und Ver- sen. Zweiwertiges Eisen wurde durch Wasserstoffperoxid
wertung von Kupfer aus Grubenwssern des Bergwerks zu dreiwertigem Eisen oxidiert und bei pH 3,5 als Eisenhy-
RTB Bor in Serbien zu studieren. Zwei Grubenwsser droxid ausgefllt. Das daraus resultierende Filtrat enthielt
wurden ausgewhlt, eines aus dem Bergwerk in Bor und 2,5 g/l Cu, 1,5 g/l Eisen bei pH 1,8. Ein Solventextrakti-
das andere aus dem Tagebau in Cerovo. Gemeinsam ent- onsverfahren, begleitet von einem Elektrolyseverfahren
halten die gesammelten Grubenwsser 0,38 g/l Kupfer und erzeugt Kathodenkupfer von guter Qualitt.
1,74 g/l Eisen bei einem pH-Wert von 2,8. Diese Lsung
wurde durch Neutralisation mit Natronlauge bei pH 5,5
behandelt und der daraus entstandene Hydroxidschlamm Schlsselwrter:
dann wieder mit Schwefelsure bei pH 1,5 gelst. Die re- Grubenwsser Solventextraktion Elektrolytische
sultierende Lsung enthielt 2,5 g/l Kupfer und 11,3 g/l Ei- Gewinnung Kathodenkupfer
The Outokumpu (now Boliden Kokkola) zinc plant at was also implemented at this plant site. Recently a new ap-
Kokkola in Finland has since the start-up more than 40 plication of the Outotec Zinc Concentrate Direct Leaching
years ago been using roasting leaching solution purifi- Process has been started up in P.R. China. This process can
cation electrowinning casting process. Since then these case by case be combined with all the other zinc technolo-
zinc plant processes have been improved together with gies of Outotec into one technology package, which also
the plant capacity expansions several times. One of these includes Outotec proprietary equipment, automation-in-
events was the development and implementation of the strumentation package and project services.
Outokumpu (now Outotec) Atmospheric Zinc Concen-
trate Direct Leaching Process in 1990s. After that Outo-
kumpu during acquisitions had incorporated the Norzink Keywords:
(now Boliden Odda) zinc operations at Odda in Norway, Zinc Concentrate Atmospheric leaching Technology
the Outotec Zinc Concentrate Direct Leaching Process Indium Iron removal
Processus de lixiviation directe du concentr de zinc sous conditions atmosphrique de Outotec - le pass, le prsent et
le futur
El Proceso de lixiviacin directa de concentrado de zinc bajo condiciones atmosfricas de Outotec el pasado, el pre-
sente y el futuro
Paper presented at the GDMB Zinc Experts Meeting (Zinkfachausschuss) at Boliden Kokkola, September 17-18, 2009,
in Kokkola, Finland.
The main subject of the paper is a review of industrial and lead, the only Imperial Smelting furnace still operat-
installations for production of zinc and crude zinc oxide ing in Europe in zinc smelter HC Miasteczko lskie. HC
operating in Poland. The paper presents the consolidation Miasteczko lskie is significantly changing the used raw
of the branch currently taking place to create an industrial material charge, from the conventional sulfide concentrate
group led by ZGH Bolesaw, the company operating the to sintered zinc-bearing secondary materials. In the nearest
last remaining zinc-lead ore mine in Poland and an instal- future the secondary oxide materials should play a domi-
lation for production of electrolytic zinc by RLE method. nant role in the smelter feed. Synthetic descriptions of the
The second important component of the group is ZGH technologies used in Polish zinc metallurgical plants and
Bolesaws daughter company called Bolesaw Recycling plans for their development are presented.
which produces crude zinc oxide from EAF dusts and
final slimes from the hydrometallurgical treatment of zinc
calcine in Waelz process. The last of the described installa- Keywords:
tions is a shaft furnace for simultaneous production of zinc Zinc Waelz oxide Metallurgy Smelters Poland
1 Vortragsveranstaltung
Dr. Jens Telgkamp, Airbus Deutschland, erffnete die Vor-
tragssitzung (Abbildung 2) mit einem Beitrag ber Design
of aircraft structures under special consideration of non de-
structive testing (NDT). Bei Airbus Deutschland leitet Dr.
Telgkamp ein Forschungsteam, bestehend aus acht Wissen-
schaftlern, die sich beim Flugzeugbau mit neuartigen Struk-
turkonzepten fr Komposite und metallische Materialien
befassen. Knftige Flugzeuge bestehen in zunehmendem
Mae aus kompositen Materialien, wobei besonders CFK
(Carbonfaserverstrkter Kunststoff) zum Einsatz kommt.
Beispielsweise wird der in Entwicklung befindliche Airbus Abb. 1: Das Tagungshotel
A 350 bereits aus etwa 50 % CFK und 50 % anderen Mate-
rialien (grtenteils Metallen) bestehen. Der Treibstoffverbrauch betrgt bei einem A 380 weniger
als 3 l pro Sitz und 100 km. Moderne Flugzeuge haben eine
Lebensdauer von 20 bis 30 Jahren, machen dabei bis zu
50000 Flge und rollen am Boden etwa 200 000 km.
Beim Auslegen neuer Flugzeuge ist besonders zu achten
auf: Einhaltung von Zulassungsvorschriften, Umwelt-
schutz, generelle Anforderungen, spezifische Anforde-
rungen, Materialien und Technologien sowie Herstellungs-
bedingungen.
Als leichtgewichtige Materialien kommen in Frage: Alumi-
niumlegierungen, Komposite und Faser-Metall-Laminate.
Beim Einsatz von neuen Aluminiumlegierungen ist beson-
ders das vorhandene Entwicklungspotenzial hervorzuhe-
ben. Negativ wirken sich hierbei jedoch aus: hohe Dichte,
Abb. 2: Vortragsveranstaltung Blick in das Auditorium Korrosionsprobleme und hohe Kosten fr die Entwicklung
und Herstellung einiger neuer Legierungen.
Geht man etwas in der Geschichte zurck, so dauerte der
erste motorisierte Flug 1903 nur etwa 12 Sekunden, und Im Gegensatz dazu haben Komposite eine geringere Dich-
die Flugweite betrug gerade 53 Meter. Was fr ein Fort- te als Legierungen, keine Korrosionsprobleme, und smarte
schritt in der Zwischenzeit! Der neue Airbus A 380 ist im Strukturen sind mglich. Dem stehen jedoch gegenber:
Vergleich zu den Anfangstypen jedoch kosteneffizienter,
umweltfreundlicher, schneller, grer und weitreichender
(Abbildung 3). Der A 380 kann nonstop bis zu 9000 Mei-
len weit fliegen. Zudem ist der A 380 bezogen auf die
gebotene Leistung auch leichter. Betrug der Gewichts- zu
Ladungs- und Entfernungsfaktor im Jahre 1900 noch 5, so
konnte er im Jahre 2010 bis auf 0,1 reduziert werden.
Vergleicht man zudem das Verhltnis Leistung zu Gewicht,
so liegt dieses bei einem groen Schiff in der Grenord-
nung von 0,01, beim Auto 0,1 und bei einem Flugzeug 1,0. Abb. 3: Modell des Airbus A 380