NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PROBLEM SETS IN
PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATIONS

STUDENT NO: 2016-100543

NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P.
PROGRAM: BSEE
SECTION: ELE-131
DATE SUBMITTED: JULY 10, 2017

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. KING GEORGE CHUA, ECE

SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
1
SECTION: ELE131

1-1 Convert the following absolute power ratios to dB:

a. 5 e. 2000

Solution: 1010 (5) Solution: 1010 (2000)

Answer: 6.99dB Answer: 33.01dB

b. 15 f. 10000
Solution: 1010 (15) Solution: 1010 (10000)

Answer: 11.76dB Answer: 40dB

c. 25 g. 100000

Solution: 1010 (25) Solution: 1010 (100000)

Answer: 13.98dB Answer: 50dB

d. 125

Solution: 1010 (125)

Answer: 20.97dB

1-2 Convert the following absolute power ratios to dB:

a. 0.1 e. 0.00002

Solution: 1010 (0.1) Solution: 1010 (0.00002)

Answer: -10dB Answer: -46.99dB

b. 0.04 f. 0.000005
Solution: 1010 (0.04) Solution: 1010 (0.000005)

Answer: -13.98dB Answer: -53.01dB

SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
2
SECTION: ELE131

c. 0.008

Solution: 1010 (0.008)

Answer: -20.97dB

d. 0.0001

Solution: 1010 (0.0001)

Answer: -40dB

1-3. Convert the following decibel values to absolute ratios:

a. 26 dB c. 43dB
26 43
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 398.11 Answer: 19952.62

b. 2dB d. 56dB
2 56
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 1.58 Answer: 398107.17

1-4. Convert the following decibel values to absolute ratios:

a. -3 dB c. -23dB
3 23
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 0.50 Answer: 0.00501

b. -9dB d. -36dB
9 36
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 0.13 Answer: 0.000251

SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
3
SECTION: ELE131

1-5. Convert the following powers to dBm.

a. -0.001W c. 1.41016

Solution: Solution:
1010 (0.000001) 1010 (0.0000000000014)

Answer: -60dBm Answer: -128.54dBm

b. -1pW, 21015
Solution:
1010 (0.000000001)
1010 (0.000000000002)

Answer: -90dBm
-116.99dBm

1-6. Convert the following dBm values to Watts:

a. -110 dbm d. 26dBm
26
110
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 11011 Answer: 398.107mW

b. -50dBm e. 60dBm
50 60
Solution: 1010 Solution: 1010

Answer: 1105 Answer: 1000000mW

c. -13dBm

13
Solution: 1010

Answer: 0.0501m
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
4
SECTION: ELE131

1-7. Given three stage system comprised of two amplifiers and one filter with an input power
of Pin=0.001mW and absolute power gains of Ap1= 200; Ap2= 0.1 and Ap3= 100, determine:

a. The input power in dBm

Solution: 0.01mW= 1010 (0.01)

Answer: -20dBm

b. Output power (Pout) in watts and dBm

20
Solution: (0.01)1010
1010 (0.0001)

Answer: 0.0001m
-40dBm

c. The dB gain of each of the three stages

Solution: Ap1= 200 = 1010 (200)

Ap2= 0.1 = 1010 (0.1)

Ap3 = 1000 = 1010 (1000)

Answer: 46.02 dB
-20 dB
60 dB

d. The overall gain dB

Solution: 46.02 + (-20) + 60

=
Answer: 86.02 dB
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
5
SECTION: ELE131

1-8. Given a three-stage system with an input power Pin=-26dBm and power gains of the
three stages of Ap=23dB, Ap1= -3dBm, Ap3= 16dB, determine the output power (Pout) in
dBm and watts.

26
Solution: Pin= -26dBm = 10 10
= 0.00251
26
Pout = Pin (10 10
) = 0.00251(10 10
)

= 1010 (0.0000063)

Answer: 0.0000063mW
-52.01 dBm

1-9. Determine the combined power when a signal with a power level of 10 dBm is combined
with a second signal with a power level of 8 dBm.
10
Solution: P1= 10dBm = 10 10 = 10
8
P2= 8dBm = 10 = 6.31
10
6.31
= 1010 ( 10 )

Answer: -1.9997 dBm

1-10. What is the ITUs designation for the following frequency ranges?
a. 3-30kHz
Answer: Voice Frequency (VF)

b. 0.3-3Mhz
Answer: Low Frequency (LF)

c. 3-30GHz
Answer: Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
6
SECTION: ELE131

1-11 Determine the wavelengths for the following frequencies.

a. 50 MHz c. 4 GHz
300 300
Solution: = 50 Solution: = 4

Answer: 6m Answer: 0.075m

b. 400 MHz d. 100GHz

300 300
Solution: = Solution: = 100
400

Answer: 0.75m Answer: 3mm

1-12. Determine the information capacity for a communication channel with a bandwidth of
50 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB.

Solution: B= 50 kHz
40
S= 40 dB 1010 = 10000

C=500002 (1 + 10000)

Answer: 664.39 kilobit/s

1-13 What is the effect on the information capacity of a communication channel if the
bandwidth is halved? Doubled?

Solution: C= 2 (1 + )
2
50000
2
2 (1 + 10000)

C=2B2 (1 + )

=2(50000)2 (1 + 10000)

Answer: 332.20 kilobit/s

1.33 megabit/s
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
7
SECTION: ELE131

1-14. What is the effect on the information capacity of a communications channel if the
transmission line is doubled?

Solution: C= 2 2 (1 + 2(())
50000
2
2 (1 + (2)10000)

Answer: 714.39 kilobits/s

1-15. Convert the following temperature to Kelvin

a. 17C c. -17C

Solution: 273 +17 Solution: 273 -17

= =
Answer: 290K Answer: 256K

b. 27 C d. -50C
Solution: 273 +27 Solution: 273 - 50
= =
Answer: 300K Answer: 223K

1-16. Calculate the thermal noise power in watts and dBm for the following bandwidths and
temperature:
a. B= 100 Hz ; T= 17C
Solution: P= kBT= k(100)(273+17)
P= 41016 mW

= 1010 (41016mW)

Answer: -153.98 dBm

b. B= 100kHz ; T= 100C

Solution: P= kBT= k(100000)(273+100)

P= 5.151013 mW
= 1010 (5.151013mW)

Answer: -122.88 dBm

SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
8
SECTION: ELE131

c. B= 1MHz ; T= 500C

Solution: P= kBT= k(1000000)(273+500)

P= 1.071011 mW
= 1010 (1.071011mW)

Answer: -109.71 dBm

1-17. Determine the bandwidth necessary to produce 81017 watts of thermal power of
temperature of 17 degrees Celsius.
Solution: P= kBT
81017
B = = (17+273)

Answer: 20 kHz

1-18. Determine the second, third and total harmonic distortion for a repetitive wave with a
fundamental frequency amplitude of 10Vrms, a second harmonic amplitude of 0.2Vrms, and
a third harmonic amplitude of 0.1Vrms.

12 + 22 (10)2 + (0.1)2
Solution: THD2nd = =
2 0.2

12 + 22 (10)2 + (0.2)2
THD3rd = 2
= 0.1

12 + 22 (0.2)2 + (0.1)2
THDT = =
2 (10)2 + (0.2)2

Answer: 50%
100%
2.24%

1-19 For a nonlinear amplifier with sine wave input frequencies of 3kHz and 5kHz,
determine the first three harmonics present in the output for each input frequency and the
cross-product frequencies produced for values of m and n of 1 and 2.
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
9
SECTION: ELE131

Solution:

Answer:

1-20 Determine the power ratios in dB for the following input and output powers.
a. Pin=0.001W; Pout= 0.01W e. Pin=0.04W; Pout= 0.16W

Solution: PdB= 1010 ( ) Solution: PdB= 1010 ( )

0.01 0.16
1010 (0.001) 1010 (0.04)

Answer: 10dB Answer: 6.02dB

b. Pin=0.25W; Pout= 0.5W f. Pin=0.002W; Pout= 0.0002W

Solution: PdB= 1010 ( ) Solution: PdB= 1010 ( )
0.5 0.0002
1010 (0.25) 1010 ( 0.002 )

Answer: 3.01dB Answer: -10dB

c. Pin=1W; Pout= 0.5W g. Pin=0.01W; Pout= 0.4W

Solution: PdB= 1010 ( ) Solution: PdB= 1010 ( )

0.5 0.4
1010 ( 1 ) 1010 (0.01)

Answer: -3.01dB Answer: 16.02dB

SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
10
SECTION: ELE131

d. Pin=0.001W; Pout= 0.001W

Solution: PdB= 1010 ( )

0.001
1010 (0.001)

Answer: 0dB

1-21. Determine the voltage ratios in dB for the following input and output voltages (assume
equal input and output resistance value)
a. Vin=0.001V; Vout= 0.01V c. Vin=0.5V; Vout= 0.25V

Solution: PdB= 2010 ( ) Solution: PdB= 2010 ( )

0.01 0.25
1010 (0.001) 1010 ( )
0.5

Answer: 20dB Answer:-6.02dB

b. Vin=0.1V; Vout= 2V d. Vin=1V; Vout= 4V

Solution: PdB= 2010 ( ) Solution: PdB= 2010 ( )

2 4
1010 (0.1) 1010 (1)

Answer: 26.02dB Answer: 12.04dB

1-22. Determine the overall noise factor and noise factor and noise figure for three cascades
amplifiers with the following parameters: A1=10 dB; A2= 10dB; A3= 20dB; NF1= 3dB;
Nf2= 6dB; Nf3= 10dB.

Solution:
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
11
SECTION: ELE131

Answer:

1-23. Determine the overall noise factor and noise factor and noise figure for three cascades
amplifiers with the following parameters: A1=3 dB; A2= 13dB; A3= 10dB; NF1= 10dB;
Nf2= 6dB; Nf3= 10dB.

Solution:

Answer:

1-24. If an amplifier has a bandwidth B=20kHz and a total noise power N= 21017 ,
determine the total noise power if the bandwidth increases to 40kHz. Decrease to 20kHz.
21017
Solution: N=kBT; T= = = 72.43
(2000)

N= K(4000)(72.43K) = 41017

N= K(2000)(72.43K) = 11017

Answer: 41017

11017

1-25. For an amplifier operating at a temperature of 27 degree Celsius with a bandwidth of 20KHz,
determine:
a. Total noise power in watts and dBm
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
12
SECTION: ELE131

Solution: N=kBT

N= K(2000)(27+273) = 2.761017
= 1010 (2.761017 )
= -135.59 dBm

Answer: 42.4
-135.59 dBm

b. The rms noise voltage (VN) for a 50 ohms internal resistance and a 50 load resistance.
Solution:

Answer:

1-26. Determine the noise power in watts and dBm for an amplifier operating at a temperature of
400degrees Celsius with a 1MHz bandwidth.

a. Determine the decrease in noise power in decibels if temperature decreased to 100

degrees Celsius.

Solution: N=kBT

N= K(1106 )(273+400)
= 9.291015
= 1010 (9.291015 )
= -110.32 dBm

Answer: 9.291015
-110.32 dBm
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
13
SECTION: ELE131

b. Determine the increase in noise power in decibels if the bandwidth doubled.

Solution: N=kBT
= K(10106)(273+100)
= 5.51015
= 1010 (5.51015)
= -142.88 dBm

Answer: 5.51015
-142.88 dBm

c.
Solution: N =kBT
= 1MHz x 2 = 2MHz
= K(2MHz)(273+400)
= 1.861014
= 1010 (1.861014 )
= -137.30 dBm

Answer: 1.861014
-137.30 dBm

1-27. Determine the noise figure for an equivalent noise temperature of 1000k (use 290
degrees Kelvin for the reference temperature)

Solution:
Tn = 1000k
1000
F = 290 + 1 = 290
+1

Answer: 4.45dB
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
14
SECTION: ELE131

1-28. Determine the equivalent noise temperature for a noise figure of 10dB.

Solution: F =10dB
Tn = 290 (F-1)
= 290(10 1)

Answer: 2610K

1-29. Determine the nose figure for an amplifier with an input signal to noise ratio of 30 dB
and an output signal to noise of 50.

100
Solution: NF= 1010 = 1010
50

Answer: 3.01dB

1-30. Determine the nose figure for an amplifier with an input signal to noise ratio of 30 dB
and an output signal to noise of 24dB.
30
Solution: NF= 1010 = 1010
24

Answer: 0.97dB

1-31. Calculate the input signal to noise ratio for an amplifier with an output signal to noise
ratio of 16dB and noise figure 0f 5.4 dB.
5.4
Solution: SNRin = 16 dB (1010 )

Answer: 55.52dB

1-32. Calculate the output signal to noise ratio for an amplifier with an input signal to noise
ratio of 23dB and noise figure 0f 6.2 dB.
23
Solution: SNRout = 106.2
10

Answer: 5.52dB
SN: 2016-100543 PROGRAM: BSEE
NAME: BUSTOS, BEA LOUISE P. PAGE
15
SECTION: ELE131

1-33. Determine the thermal noise voltages for components operating at the following
temperature, bandwidth and equivalent resistances:
a. T= -50C, B= 50kHz, R= 50 ohms
Solution: P=kBT = K (50107 )(50 + 273) = 1.541016
2
P= ; V= 1.541016 (50)

Answer: 8.77108

b. T= 100C, B= 10kHz, R= 100 ohms

Solution: V= k(10105 )(273 + 100)(10)

Answer: 7.18108

c. T= 50C, B= 500kHz, R= 72ohms

Solution: V= k(500103 )(273 + 50)(72)

Answer: 4107

1-34. Determine the 2nd, 5th and 15th harmonics for a repetitive wave with a fundamental frequency of
2.5 KHz.

Solution:

Answer: