Elements

Description: Silicon is present in the sun and stars and

is a principal component of a class of meteorites
known as aerolites. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the
earth's crust by weight, and is the second most
abundant element, exceeded only by oxygen. It is
found largely as silicon oxides such as sand (silica),
quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and
opal. Silicon is found also in minerals such as asbestos,
feldspar, clay and mica.

Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in

both fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to use as a component of their cell walls.
Silicon is an important ingredient in steel. Silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives.
Workers in environments where silicaceous dust is breathed may develop a serious lung disease
known as silicosis.

Description:Titanium is as strong as steel but much

less dense. It is therefore important as an alloying
agent with many metals including aluminium,
molybdenum and iron. These alloys are mainly used
in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their
low density and ability to withstand extremes of
temperature. They are also used in golf clubs,
laptops, bicycles and crutches.

Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because

of their resistance to corrosion. Because titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater,
it is used in desalination plants and to protect the hulls of ships, submarines and other structures
exposed to seawater.
 Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the
mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The composition of
the mixture is the same throughout.

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of the mixture

are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties. Different
samples from the mixture are not identical to each other. There are always two or
more phases in a heterogeneous mixture, where you can identify a region with
properties that are distinct from those of another region, even if they are the
same state of matter.
 Compounds
Sodium chloride (NaCl) forms colorless, cubic crystals that are made up of
large numbers of NaCl formula units, to give a three-dimensional
crystalline lattice in which each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions
and each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions. The strong electrostatic
attractions between the positive and negative ions, known as ionic bonds, hold
the solid sodium chloride together.

Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is

a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions. Sodium bicarbonate is a
white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly
salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The
natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is
found dissolved in many mineral springs.
 ACID
Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula
HSO and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly
yellow viscous liquid that is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid is a
colorless oily liquid. It is soluble in water with release of heat. It is corrosive to metals
and tissue. It will char wood and most other organic matter on contact, but is unlikely to
cause a fire.

Tannic acid is a specific form of tannin, a type of polyphenol. Its weak acidity is due to
the numerous phenol groups in the structure. The chemical formula for commercial
tannic acid is often given as C76H52O46, which corresponds with decagalloyl glucose, but
in fact it is a mixture of polygalloyl glucoses or polygalloyl quinic acid esters with the
number of galloyl moieties per molecule ranging from 2 up to 12 depending on the plant
source used to extract the tannic acid.
 BASE
Magnesium Hydroxide is a solution of magnesium hydroxide with antacid and
laxative properties. Milk of magnesium exerts its antacid activity in low doses such that
all hydroxide ions that enter the stomach are used to neutralize stomach acid. This agent
exerts its laxative effect in higher doses so that hydroxide ions are able to move from the
stomach to the intestines where they attract and retain water, thereby increasing
intestinal movement (peristalsis) and inducing the urge to defecate.

Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with

the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is obtained
when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or slaked with water. Pure
limewater is clear and colorless, with a slight earthy smell and an alkaline bitter taste of
calcium hydroxide. The term lime refers to the alkaline mineral, and is unrelated to the
acidic fruit.