Geometric Series & Telescoping Series: Calculus II

Geometric Series & Telescoping Series
Calculus II
Josh Engwer
TTU
26 March 2014
Josh Engwer (TTU) Geometric Series & Telescoping Series 26 March 2014 1 / 20
Finite Sum Rules (M, N N)
N
X
Constant Rule c = Nc
k=1
XN N
X
Constant Multiple Rule cak = c ak
k=1 k=1
XN N
X N
X
Sum/Diff Rule (ak bk ) = ak bk
k=1 k=1 k=1
M
X N
X N
X
Lump-Sum Rule 1 < M < N = ak + ak = ak
k=1 k=M+1 k=1
N
X N(N + 1)
Sum of Integers k=
2
k=1
N
X N(N + 1)(2N + 1)
Sum of Squares k2 =
6
k=1
N
X N 2 (N + 1)2
Sum of Cubes k3 =
4
k=1
Infinite Series (Definition)
Definition
n
X
Let {an } be a sequence. Then the nth partial sum is defined by Sn := ak
k=1
Definition
An infinite series

X
ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + k is the index
| {z }
k=1 expansion
| {z }
closed form
n
X
is a sequence of partial sums {Sn }
n=1 where Sn := ak
k=1
REMARK: Going forward, Series means Infinite Series.
Infinite Series (Convergence)
Going forward, if the starting point of a series does not matter,

X P
the series ak will be denoted as ak .
k=N
Definition
P
Series ak converges Sequence of Partial Sums {Sn } converges.
P
Series ak diverges Sequence of Partial Sums {Sn } diverges.
Using this definition to test a series for convergence is often too tedious.
Many useful convergence tests will be developed throughout this chapter.
Definition
P
Let series ak converge with partial sum sequence {Sn }.
P
Then its sum is ak = lim Sn
n
Infinite Series (Linearity)
Theorem
(Series Linearity Theorem)
P P P
(i) Series ak and bk both converge = (ak + bk ) converges.
P P P
(ii) Series ak and bk both converge = (ak bk ) converges.
P P
(iii) Series ak converges = cak converges, where c R.
Infinite Series (Linearity)
Theorem
P P P
(i) Series ak and bk both converge =
(ak + bk ) converges.
P P P
(ii) Series ak andbk both converge = (ak bk ) converges.
P P
(iii) Series ak converges = cak converges, where c R.
PROOF:
P P
Let series ak , bk both converge. P P
Let {An }, {Bn } be the sequences of partial sums for ak , bk respectively.
Then {An }, {Bn } converge to finite values LA , LB respectively.
= lim An = LA , lim Bn = LB
n n
= lim (An + Bn ) = LA + LB , lim (An Bn ) = LA LB , lim cAn = cLA
n n n
= LA + LB , LA LB , cLA are all finite values.
= {An + Bn }, {An Bn }, {cAn } are all convergent sequences.
P P P
= (ak + bk ), (ak bk ), cak are all convergent series.
QED
Infinite Series (Linearity & Divergence)
Theorem
(Divergent Sum Theorem)
P P P
ak converges and bk diverges = (ak + bk ) diverges.
Theorem
(Divergent Sum Theorem)
P P P
ak converges and bk diverges = (ak + bk ) diverges.
PROOF:
P P
Let ak converge and bk diverge.
P
BWOC, assume (ak + bk ) converges.
P
Then, by the Series Linearity Theorem, [(ak + bk ) ak ] converges.
P
= bk converges CONTRADICTION!
P
Therefore, (ak + bk ) must diverge.
QED
BWOC By Way Of Contradiction

Theorem
(Divergent Difference Theorem)
P P P
ak converges and bk diverges = (ak bk ) diverges.
Theorem
(Divergent Difference Theorem)
P P P
ak converges and bk diverges = (ak bk ) diverges.
PROOF:
P P
Let ak converge and bk diverge.
P
BWOC, assume (ak bk ) converges.
P
Then, by the Series Linearity Theorem, [ak (ak bk )] converges.
P
= bk converges CONTRADICTION!
P
Therefore, (ak bk ) must diverge.
QED

Theorem
(Divergent Multiple Theorem)
P P
ak diverges = cak diverges, where c 6= 0
Theorem
(Divergent Multiple Theorem)
P P
ak diverges = cak diverges, where c 6= 0
PROOF:
P
Let ak diverge and c 6= 0.
P
BWOC, assume cak converges.
P 1
Then, by the Series Linearity Theorem, c (cak ) converges.
P
= ak converges CONTRADICTION!
P
Therefore, cak must diverge.
QED

Arithmetic Series
Definition
P
An arithmetic series has the form (ak + b)
Examples of arithmetic series:
X
k = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +
k=1
X
2k = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +
k=1
X
(1 k) = 2 + 1 + 0 1 2
k=1
Theorem
(Arithmetic Series Theorem)

X
The arithmetic series (ak + b) converges a = b = 0
k=1
Arithmetic Series
Theorem

X
The arithmetic series (ak + b) converges a = b = 0
k=1
PROOF:
() Suppose a = b = 0. Then,
X
X
X
(ak + b) = 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + = 0 = (ak + b) converges.
k=1 k=1 k=1

X
() Suppose (ak + b) converges.
k=1
Then, the partial sum sequence {Sn } converges, where
n n n
X X X an(n + 1)
Sn = (ak + b) = a k+ b= + nb (Finite Sum Rules)
2
k=1 k=1 k=1
n(n + 1)
But lim n = lim = , so {Sn } converges only if a = b = 0.
n n 2
QED
Geometric Series
Definition
ark , where a 6= 0 and r R.
P
A geometric series has the form
Examples of geometric series:
X
2k = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +
k=0
X
(2)k = 1 2 + 4 8 + 16
k=0
k
X 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
2 2 4 8 16 32
k=1
Theorem
(Geometric Series Theorem)

X
k
X a
|r| < 1 = geometric series ar converges and ark =
1r
k=0 k=0
Geometric Series
Theorem
(Geometric Series Theorem)

X X a
|r| < 1 = geometric series ark converges and ark = (a 6= 0)
1r
k=0 k=0
PROOF:
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + + arn1 = rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn

= Sn rSn = a + ar + ar2 + + arn1 ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn
a (1 rn )
= (1 r)Sn = a arn = Sn = , where r 6= 1
1r
a (1 rn ) a(1 0) a
|r| < 1 = lim rn = 0 = lim Sn = lim = =
n n n 1r 1r 1r
X
n
|r| > 1 = lim |r | = = lim |Sn | = = ark diverges.
n n
k=0

X
X
k k
r = 1 = ar = a(1) which diverges QED
k=0 k=0
Reindexing a Series
Recall the sum of a convergent geometric series:

X a
ark =
1r
k=0
QUESTION:
What if the index of a convergent geometric series does not start at zero??
ANSWER: Reindex the series:
k 5 4 3 2 1 X k
X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
k=5 k=0
k 0 1 2 X k
X 5 5 5 5 5
= +
7 7 7 7 7
k=3 k=0
REMARK: Reindexing is used in solving certain differential equations.

Telescoping Series
Definition
A telescoping series has internal cancellation of terms in its partial sums.
Basic Forms of Telescoping Series (f is a function):

P
[f (k + 1) f (k)]
P
[f (k) f (k + 1)]
P
[f (k) f (k 1)]
P
[f (k 1) f (k)]
Telescoping Series Toolkit:
Partial Fraction Decomposition (PFD)
Properties of Logarithms
Rationalizing Numerator
Trig Identities
Telescoping Series
h
X i
Given telescoping series f (k + 1) f (k) , then its nth partial sum is
k=1
Sn = f (2) f (1) + f (3) f (2) + f (4) f (3) + + f (n) f (n 1) + f (n + 1) f (n)
= Sn = f (n + 1) f (1)
h i h i
= lim Sn = lim f (n + 1) f (1) = lim f (n + 1) f (1)
n n n
h
X i
Now, if sequence {Sn } converges, then series f (k + 1) f (k) converges
k=1
h
X i h i
= f (k + 1) f (k) = lim Sn = lim f (n + 1) f (1)
n n
k=1
Fin
Fin.

Geometric Series & Telescoping Series: Calculus II

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Geometric Series & Telescoping Series: Calculus II

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Geometric Series & Telescoping Series

REMARK: Going forward, Series means Infinite Series.

BWOC By Way Of Contradiction

BWOC By Way Of Contradiction

BWOC By Way Of Contradiction

Examples of arithmetic series:

Examples of geometric series:

REMARK: Reindexing is used in solving certain differential equations.

Basic Forms of Telescoping Series (f is a function):

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