Chapter 6 Reference

Design Parameters
Path Length: 20.5 km
Reliability: 99.999%
Configuration: not protected (1+ 0)
Traffic Capacity: (8xE1)
Site A:
Latitude: 141747.35N
Longitude: 1204732.85 E
Site B:
Latitude: 14952.27N
Longitude: 1205530.61 E
Frequency Band Required:15 GHz
Frequency Range: 14.20 GHz 14.93 GHz
Low Band Range: 14.20 GHz 14.93 GHz
High Band Range: 14.37 GHz 15.37 GHz
Duplex Spacing: 260 MHz
Channel bandwidth for 8xE1: 14 MHz
Frequency Pair for the Actual Computation of the Hop:
No. of Duplex Channels: = 14.93 GHz 14.20 GHz
14 MHz
= 52.14 or 52 channels
Selecting 5 channels spacing above the high band edge
(14 MHz)(5) = 70 MHz
Low Band Frequency:
14.20 GHz + 70 MHz = 14.27 GHz
High Band Frequency:
14.37 GHz + 70 MHz = 14.44 GHz
Minimum Elevation at site A and site B that would clear the Earth Curvature
h = d 2_ where:
1.5 k h = in meters
h = (17.5)2__ d = in km
1.5(4/3) k = 4/3
h = 153.13 meters
Microwave Path Link Budget: TABLE
From the Formula:
Free Space Loss = 92.45 + 20log(Dkm) + 20log(FGHz)
Receive Signal Strength (RSL) =Transmitter output + Gain Losses
Thermal Fade Margin = RSL Minimum Receiver Threshold

From the specification sheet:
Radio Configuration: Indoor Mounted RF Module
Transmitter Output Power: 30 dBm
Minimum Receiver Threshold: -84 dBm
Waveguide loss: 7.81 dB
Connector loss: Typically at 0.5 dB
Antenna Gain: 42.7 dB
I. Basic Thermal Fade Margin:
Free Space Loss:
a. For low band frequency: 14.27 GHz

FSL = 92.45 + 20log (17.5 km) + 20log (14.27 GHz)
FSL =140.3992404 dB
b. For high band frequency: 14.44 GHz
FSL = 92.45 + 20log (17.5 km) + 20log (14.44 GHz)
FSL = 140.5021048 dB
II. Thermal Fade Margin with Rain Consideration
(Rain Fade Margin): TABLE
Rain Attenuation
Frequency KH Kv aV aH
1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880
2 0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923
4 0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075
6 0.0017500 0.0015500 1.388 1.265

7 0.0033100 0.0026500 1.332 1.312
8 0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310
10 0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264
12 0.0188000 0.0168000 1.217 1.200
15 0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128
20 0.0751000 0.0691000 1.099 1.065
25 0.1240000 0.1133300 1.061 1.033
33 0.1870000 0.1670000 1.021 1.000
35 0.2633300 0.2333300 0.979 0.963
40 0.3500000 0.3100000 0.939 0.929
Formula:
M = log f1 log fx
log f1 log f2
Kx = log-1 [log k1 M(log k1 log k2)]
x = 1 M(1 2)
note:
f1<fx< f2
k1<kx<k2
1<x<2
Crane Rain Attenuation
(For Path Length up to about 22.50)

d = 3.8 0.6 ln (Rp)
Rp = crane rainfall rate (taken from the table)
b = 2.3 Rp-0.17
c = 0.026 - 0.3ln (Rp)
= ln (b ecd)/(d)
if PL > d
A = KxRpx [((exd 1) / (x)) ((bcxeMxd) / (cx)) ((bcxeMxD) / (cx))]
Computing for Rainfall Attenuation
For Low Band Frequency: (14.27 GHz)
f1 = 12 GHz 1 = 1.154
f2 = 15 GHz 2 = 1.217
k1 = 0.0335
k2 = 0.0168
M = (log 12 - log 14.27) / (log 12 log 15)
M = 0.7764
Kx = log -1[log 0.0335 0.7764(log 0.0335 log 0.0168)]
Kx = 0.0196
x = 1.154 0.7764(1.154 1.217)
x = 1.2029
For path length up to about 22.5 km
d = 3.8 0.6 [ln (0.00001)]
d = 10.7078
b = 2.3 (0.00001) -0.17
b = 16.2828
c = 0.026 0.03 [ ln (0.00001)]
c = 0.3714
= ln [(16.2828)(e(0.3714)(10.7078))] / (10.7078)
= 0.6320
A = (0.0196)(0.00001) 1.2029 [((e(0.6320)(1.2029)(10.7078) 1) / (0.6320*1.2029)) ((16.2828(0.3714)

(1.2029)
* e(0.7764)(1.2029)(10.7078)) / (0.3714*1.2029)) ((16.2828(0.3714)(1.2029) * e(0.7764)(1.2029)(14)) /
(0.3714*1.2029))]
A = (0.0169*0.00001 1.2029) (4510.9353 171543.7687 3712749.28)
A = |-63.4153 X 10-3| dB/Km
Computing for Rainfall Attenuation
For High Band Frequency: (14.44 GHz)
M = (log 12 log 14.44) / (log 12 log 15)
M = 0.8295
Kx = log -1 [log 0.0335 0.8295 (log 0.0335 - 0.0168)]
Kx= 0.0189
x = 1.154 0.8295(1.154-1.217)
x = 1.2063
A = (0.0189)(0.00001) 1.2063 [((e(0.6320)(1.2063)(10.7078) 1) / (0.6320*1.2063)) ((16.2828(0.3714)

(1.2063)
*e(0.8295)(1.2063)(10.7078)) / (0.3714*1.2063)) ((16.2828(0.3714)(1.2063) * e(0.8295)(1.2063)(14)) /
(0.3714*1.2063))]
A = (0.0189*0.00001 1.2029) (4602.9507 350614.8356 336476.8028)
A = |-6.314277484x10-3| dB/Km
From: Specification Sheet
RADIO CONFIGURATION: Indoor Mounted RF Module
TRANSMIT OUTPUT POWER: (15 GHz) = 30 dBm
MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD (8XEI) at 15 GHz: -84dBm
WAVEGUIDE INSERTION LOSS: 7.81 dB
Computation for waveguide loss:
Given:
Waveguide attenuation dB / 100m = 15.62 dB/100m
Waveguide length =150m

Waveguide loss =15.62 dB (150m)
100m
Waveguide loss = 23.43 dB
*see appendix for specification sheet of waveguide attenuation
CONNECTOR LOSS: Typically at 0.5 dB
ANTENNA GAIN: 50.5 dB
COMPUTATION FOR LOW BAND FREQUENCY (14.27 GHz)
PARAMETER VALUE UNIT
Microwave Radio Output 80 dBm

Power
Connector Loss 0.5 dB
Waveguide Loss 23.43 dB
Antenna Gain 50.5 dB
Free Space Loss 140.3992404 dB
Power Input to Receiver (RSL) - 58.260 dBm
Minimum Receiver Threshold -84 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin 25.74 dBm
For Low Band Frequency: (14.27 GHz)
FSL = 92.45 + 20 log (14.27) + 20 log (17.5)

FSL =140.3992404 dB
RSL = Po+Gt-Lt
RSL = 30 + 50.5 + 50.5 [140.3992404+ 23.43+ 23.43+ (4*0.5)] = -58.260 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin = - 58.260 (-84) = 25.74 dBm
DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN
The actual dispersive fade margin may be given in the radio specification sheet
itself. However, if both are not given, one may assume the value base on the following
guide.
No equalizer regardless modulation -30db to 50db.
Adaptive transversal equalizer present, modulation 2PSK/QAM
E1 to 4*E1-80db to 90db
4*E1 to 8*E1-70db to 80db
19*E1 to E1-50db to 70 db
Note: Since the dispersive margin is not given in the radio specification sheet, we
assume that the value will be 40db.
INTERFERENCE FADE MARGIN
Assume no interference.

Power
Rain Attenuation 0.211806 dB
Antenna Gain 0.5 dB

Connector Loss 0.5 dBm
Power Input to Receiver (RSL) - 58.471 dBm
Minimum Receiver Threshold -84 dBm
Rain Fade Margin 25.529 dBm

LOW BAND FREQUENCY (14.27 GHz)
M = 0.8295
Kx = 0.0189
Ax = 1.2063
b = 16.2828
c = 0.3714
d = 10.7078
= 0.6320
Ao = 0.0121032
A = (Ao)(D)
Where:
D = Path Length = 17.5 km
A = (0.0121032dB/km)(17.5 km)
A = 0.211806
HIGH BAND FREQUENCY (14.44 GHz)
M = 0.7764
Kx = 0.0196
Ax = 1.2029
b = 16.2828
c = 0.3714
d = 10.7078
= 0.6320
Ao = 0.0296777 dB/km
Where:
D = Path Length = 17.5 km
A = (Ao)(D)
A = 0.0296777 dB/km)(17.5 km)
A = 0.51936
COMPUTATION FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY (14.44 GHz)

Power
Power Input to Receiver - 40. 7839 dBm

(RSL)
Minimum ReceiverThreshold -84 dBm
Thermal FadeMargin 43.2161 dBm
For High Band Frequency: (14.44 GHz)
FSL = 92.45 + 20 log (14.44) + 20 log (14)
FSL = 138.5639 dB
RSL = Po+Gt-Lt
RSL = 30 + 42.7 + 42.7 [138.5639 + 7.81 + 7.81 + (4*0.5)] = - 40. 7839 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin = -40. 7839 (-84) = 43.2161 dBm

DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN
The actual dispersive fade margin may be given in the radio specification sheet
itself. However, if both are not given, one may assume the value based on the following
guide.
No Equalizer Regardless Modulation -30dB to 50dB
Adaptive Transversal Equalizer Present, Modulation 2PSK/QAM
E1 to 4*E1 80dB to 90dB
4*E1 to 8*E1 70dB to 80dB
19*E1 to E1 50dB to 70dB
Note:
Since the dispersive margin is not given in the radio specification sheet, we assume that
the value will be 40 dB
INTERFERENCE FADE MARGIN
Assume no interference.
RAIN FADE MARGIN

Power
Power Input toReceiver (RSL) -41.5688 dBm
Rain FadeMargin 42.4312 dBm
LOW BAND FREQUENCY (14.27 GHz)
M = 0.7764
Kx = 0.0189
x = 1.2063
b = 16.2828
c = 0.3714
d = 10.7078
= 0.6320
Ao = 0.0634153 dB/km
A = (Ao)(D)
Where:
D = Path Length = 14 km
A = (0.0634153dB/km)(14 km)
A = 0.8878142 dB
HIGH BAND FREQUENCY (14.44 GHz)
M = 0.8295
Kx = 0.0196
x = 1.2029
b = 16.2828
c = 0.3714
d = 10.7078
= 0.6320
Ao = 0.006314278 dB/km
Where:
D = Path Length = 14 km
A = (Ao)(D)
A = (0.006314278 dB/km)(14 km)

A = 0.088399 dB
COMPUTATION FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY (14.44 GHz)

Power

Power Input to -58.77836 dBm

Receiver (RSL)
Minimum Receiver -84 dBm

Threshold
Rain Fade Margin 25.22164 dBm
Note: Because the path length 17.5km is less than 22.5km, crane rain attenuation is
used.
Computation:
For Low Band Frequency (14.27 GHz)
Rain Fade Margin = RSL Minimum receiver threshold
Where:
RSL = 30 + 42.7 + 42.7 [138.4610+ (2*7.81) + (4*0.5) +

0.8878142]
RSL = -41.5688 dBm
Minimum receiver threshold = -84 dBm
Rain Fade Margin = -41.5688 (-84)
Rain Fade Margin = 42.4312 dBm
For High Band Frequency (14.44 GHz)
Where:
RSL = 30 + 42.7 + 42.7 [138.5639+ (2*7.81) + (4*0.5) +

0.088399]
RSL = -38.8723 dBm
Minimum receiver threshold = -84 dBm
Rain Fade Margin = -39.8211 (-84)

Rain Fade Margin = 44.1789 dBm
Antenna Misalignment:
(to be added to the thermal fade margin)
Insert 0.5 dB loss overall in the link budget to compensate to misalignment of the
antenna during installation.
Diffraction Losses:
(to be added to the thermal fade margin)
In determining, if there is a need to compute the diffraction losses, find out if any
point along the path come closer than 150% first freznel zone.
Based on the table, there is no need for computing the diffraction losses because
there is no point along the path that closer than 150% first freznel zone.
Clutter Losses:
( to be added to the thermal fade margin)
They have same clearing factor as diffraction, 150% first freznel zone, and they
should be within the near field of the antenna.
Based on the table, there is no need for computing the clutter losses because
there is no point along the path that closer than 150% first freznel zone.
Atmospheric losses:
( to be added to the thermal fade margin)
A. Oxygen Absorption Loss

Attenuation due to the absorption of radio frequency energy by oxygen molecules
in the atmosphere.
For frequency below 57 GHz
FORMULA:
Ao = [7.19x10-3 + ((6.09) / ((f2 + 0.227) + ((4.81) / (f-57)2) + 1.5] x f2 x 10x10-3 dB/km
Where:
f = frequency (low band and high band frequency) in GHz
Computation for Low Band Frequency (14.27 GHz) at path length of 14km
Ao for 14km = [7.19x10-3 + ((6.09) / (14.272 + 0.227)) + ((4.81) / (14.27-57) 2) + 1.5] x

14.272 x 10x10-3
Ao for 14km = 8.0833x10-3 dB/km (14km)
Ao for 14km = 0.11317 dB
Computation for High Band Frequency (14.44 GHz) at path length of 14km
Ao for 14km = [7.19x10-3 + ((6.09) / (14.442 + 0.227)) + ((4.81) / (14.44-57) 2) + 1.5] x

14.442 x 10x10-3
Ao for 14km = 8.1358x10-3 dB/km (14km)
Ao for 14km = 0.1139 dB
B. Water Vapor Losses:

Attenuation due to the absorption of radio frequency energy by water vapor in the
atmosphere is given by the formula:
AH2O = [0.067 + ((3) / (f-22.3) 2 + 7.3) + ((9) / (f-183.3) 2 + 6) + ((4.3) / (f-323.8) 2

+10)] x f2 x x 1x10-4 dB/km
Where:
f = frequency (low band and high band frequency) in GHz
= water vapor density in g/m3 should be below 12g/m3
Computation for Low Band Frequency (14.27 GHz) at path length of 17.5km
Awater = [0.067 + ((3) / (14.27-22.3) 2 + 7.3) + ((9) / (14.27-183.3) 2 + 6) + ((4.3) /

(14.27-323.8)2 +10)] x 14.272 x 12 x 1x10-4
Awater = 0.02667 dB/km (17.5km)
Awater = 0.37338 dB
Computation for Low Band Frequency (14.44 GHz) at path length of 17.5km
Awater = [0.067 + ((3) / (14.44 - 22.3) 2 + 7.3) + ((9) / (14.44 -183.3) 2 + 6) + ((4.3) /
(14.44 - 323.8)2 + 10)] x 14.442 x 12 x 1x10-4
Awater = 0.02772 dB/km (17.5km)
Awater = 0.38808 dB
TABLE FOR LOW BAND FREQUENCY (14.27 GHz)

Microwave Radio Output Power 30 dBm
Atmospheric Loss (Oxygen) 0.11317 dB
Atmospheric Loss(Water Vapor) 0.37338 dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss 0.5 dB
Power Input toReceiver (RSL) - 40.681 dBm
ThermalFadeMargin 43.5756 dBm
Computation For Low Band Frequency: (14.27 GHz)
FSL = 92.45 +20 log f + 20 log d
FSL = 92.45 + 20 log (14.27) + 20 log (14)
FSL =138.4610 dB
RSL = Po+Gt-Lt
RSL = 30 + 42.7 + 42.7 [138.4610 + 7.81 + 7.81 + (4*0.5)] = - 40.681 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin = - 40.681 (-84) = 43.319 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin = 43.5756 dBm
TABLE FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY (14.27 GHz)

Power
Atmospheric Loss (Oxygen) 0.1139 dB
Atmospheric Loss(Water 0.38808 dB

Vapor)
Antenna Misalignment Loss 0.5 dB
Power Input toReceiver -38.8723 dBm

(RSL)

ThermalFadeMargin 43.2161 dBm
Computation for High Band Frequency: (14.44 GHz)
FSL = 92.45 + 20 log (14.44) + 20 log (14)
FSL = 138.5639 dB
RSL = Po+Gt-Lt
RSL = 30 + 42.7 + 42.7 [138.5639 + 7.81 + 7.81 + (4*0.5)] = - 40. 7839 dBm
Thermal Fade Margin = -40. 7839 (-84) = 43.2161 dBm
Flat Fade Margin
Calculation for the Flat Fade Margin is given by the formula:
FMFLAT = -10log [10(-FM THERMAL/10 + 10(-FM ADJ CHANNEL/10) + 10(-FM INT/10) + 10(-FM DIFF/10)]
In cases when External Interference Fade Margin (FM INT) and Adjacent Channel Fade
Margin (FM ADJ CHANNEL) is not given, then term which contains these values in the
exponent is omitted. In this case only the Thermal Fade Margin is computed.
FMFLAT = -10log [10(-FM THERMAL/10]

FMFLAT = -10log [10(-43.5756/10]
FMFLAT = 43.5756 dBm43.5756
FMFLAT = -10log [10(-43.2226/10]
FMFLAT = 43.2226dBm
Composite Fade Margin:
Calculation of the composite fade margin is given by the formula:
FMeff =-10log [10(-FM FLAT/10) + Rd * 10(-FM DSP/10)]
Where: Rd is the fade occurrence factor with an average value of 3.
Computation for Low Band Frequency (14.27 GHz)
FMeff =-10log [10(-43.5756/10) + Rd * 10(-40/10)]
FMeff = 34.6357 dBm
Computation for High Band Frequency (14.27 GHz)
FMeff =-10log [10(-43.2496/10) + Rd * 10(-40/10)]
FMeff = 34.5927 dBm

RELIABILITY CALCULATION
Based on the Effective Fade Margin of the link, the Link Reliability Can be
calculated.
o KQ Factor
o KQ Factor with Terrain Roughness
o Vigant Barnett
o CCIR Recommendation 59.33
The calculation for the Fade Probability in the K-Q Reliability Calculation is given
by the formula:
U = K-Q * fb* dc * 10(-FMeff/10)
Where:
K-Q = 1x10-9; b =1.2; c =3.5
Unavailability for Link
ULB = 1x10-9 * 14.271.2 * 17.53.5 * 10(-34.6357/10)
ULB = 187.2284915-9
UHB = 1x10-9 * 14.441.2 * 17.53.5 * 10(-34.5927/10)
UHB = 189.9082371-9
Unfaded Reliability
RLB = (1 187.2284915x10-9)*100
RLB = 99.99998128%
RHB = (1 189.9082x10-9)*100
RHB = 99.99998101%
Using the same value for K-Q = 1x10 -9; b =1.2; c =3.5, the unavailability and
reliability for the link due to rain can be calculated.
Rain Fade Margin
Rain Fade Margin = Effective Fade Margin Rain attenuation
Rain Fade Margin = 34.6357 - 0.088399
RFM = 34.547301dBm
Rain Fade Margin = 34.5927 - 0.088399

RFM = 34.5043dBm
Computation for unavailability due to Rain Fade Margin
ULB = 1x10-9 * 14.271.2 * 17.53.5 * 10(-33.74789/10)
ULB = 229.6957X10-9
UHB = 1x10-9 * 14.441.2 * 17.53.5 * 10(-34.5043/10)
UHB = 232.9833x10-9
Unfaded Reliability due to Rain Attenuation
RLB = (1 - 105.1884x10-9)*100
RLB = 99.999998948%
RHB = (1 - 89.6394x10-9)*100
RHB = 99.99999104%
K Q factor with terrain roughness

Based on the effective fade margin of the link, the reliability with terrain roughness
factor can be calculated:
U = (K-Q) / S 1.3 x f b x 10(fmeff /10)
Where:
K Q factor: w = 1 x 109
S = Terrain roughness factor = 40.136
b = 1.2 , c = 3.5
Computation of unavailability for link
For low band frequency: (14.27GHz)
ULB = (1x10-9 / 40.1361.3) x 14.271.2 x 17.53.5 x 10(-34.6357/10)
ULB = 1540.9112 X 10-12
For high band frequency: (14.44)
UHB = (1x10-9 / 40.1361.3) x14.441.2 x 143.5 x 10(-34.5043/10)
UHB = 1610.9775 X 10-12
Unfaded Reliability:
For low band frequency (14.27GHz)
RLB = (1 1540.9112 X 10-12) X 100
RLB = 99.99999985%
For High band Frequency (14.44 GHz)

RHB = (1 1610.9775 X 10-12) X 100
RHB = 99.99999984%
Using the same value for K-Q = 1x10 -9; b = 1.2; c= 3.5, the unavailability and reliability
for link due to rain can be cancelled.
Rain fade margin = Effective fade margin- rain attenuation
Rain Fade Margin = 34.6357 - 0.8878142
RFM = 33.74789dBm
Rain Fade Margin = 34.5927 - 0.088399
RFM = 34.5043dBm
Computation for unavailability due to rain fade margin with terrain roughness
factor
For low band frequency: (14.27GHz)
ULB = (1x10-9 / 40.1361.3) x 14.271.2 x 17.53.5 x 10(-34.6357/10)
ULB = 1540.9112 X 10-12
For high band frequency: (14.44)
UHB = (1x10-9 / 40.1361.3) x14.441.2 x 143.5 x 10(-34.5043/10)
UHB = 1610.9775 x 10-12

Unfaded Reliability Due to Rain Attenuation with Terrain Roughness
For low band frequency (14.27GHz)
RLB = (1 1540.9112 X 10-12) X 100
RLB = 99.99999993%
RHB = (1 1610.9775 X 10-12) X 100
RHB = 99.99999992%
Vigants :Barnete calculation
Base on the effective fade margin of the link, the link reliability using vigantsbarnete
calculation can be calculated using formula
C= Cf x (S / 15.2)-1.3
Where :
C= C-factor value Cf= 0.25: mountains and dry land
Cf = climate factor 0.25 Cf = 1: average terrain and climate conditions
S = roughness = 40 .136 Cf = 2: over water oath, gulf,and coastal areas
Note : We use the climate factor of 1, because the average terrain is more dominated
than mountaneous
C= 1x (40.136/15.2)-1.3
C = 0.2830
Computation for unavailability link
Using formula:
U = 6.0 X 10-7 x C x f x d3 x 10(-Fmeff /10)
For low band frequency (14.27 GHz)
ULB = 6.0 X 10-7 x C x f x d3 x 10(-Fmeff /10)

ULB= 6.0 X 10-7x 0.2830 x 14.27x 17.53 x 10(-34.6357/10)
ULB = 4.4659x10-6
For High band frequency (14.44GHz )
UHB = 6.0 X 10-7 x C x f x d3 x 10(-Fmeff /10)

UHB = 6.0 X 10-7 x 0.2830 x 14.44 x 17.53 x 10(-34.5043/10)
UHB = 4.6579 x 10-6
Unfaded reliability
For low Band Frequency (12.27 GHz)
RLB = (1 4.4659x10-6) x 100
RLB = 99.99955%
For High band frequency (12.44 GHz)
RHB =(1 4.6579 x 10-6) x 100
RHB = 99.99953%
Vigants: Barnette calculation

Rain Fade margin = Effective fade margin rain attenuation
For Low Band Frequency (14.27GHz)
Rain Fade Margin = 34.6357 - 0.8878142
RFM = 33.74789dBm
Rain Fade Margin = 34.5927 - 0.088399
RFM = 34.5043dBm
Unfaded reliability
RLB = (1 2.2965x10-6) x 100
RLB = 99.99978%
RHB =(1 2.3848 x 10-6) x 100
RHB = 99.99977%
CCIR Recommendation 530
A: Path inclination
= 1000 x Tan -1 ( |h 1h 2| ) /1000 x d) milliradian
Where:
h1and h2 = Antenna Height above sea level in (m)

d= Distance from site A to site B (km)
h1 = 90 m, h2 = 170 m, d = 14km
Computation for path inclination ()
= 1000 x Tan -1 (I505-470I / 1000 x 13)

= 2.916658milliradian
B: Average grazing angle ()
m = d2 /[3400 x (h1 + h2)
c = (( |h 1h 2| ) / (h1 + h2))
b= 2 x
1
+
3 3( ) {( )
cos
3c
2
x
[ 3m
( m+1 )3]}
}
{ [(m+ 1)/3 m]}x cos {

e = [(h1 + h2) / d] x [(1-m)(1+b2)]
Computation:
m = 142 / [34000 x (505 + 470)]
m = 0.147692
c= ((I505-470I) / (505+470))
c= 0.035897
1
+
3 3
cos ( ) {(
3 x 0.05387575
2
x
[
3 x 0.053875758
)
( 0.05387575+ 1 )3
}
]}
b=2x

0.05387575+1
{ [ ]} x cos {
3 x 0.053875758
b = 0.0335126
e = [(505+470) / 17.5] x [(1-0.147692)(1+0.035897^2)]
e = 69.17234 milliradians
Computation for CCIR recommendation 530 unavailability
C : Geo-Climatic factor
k = 10-5.4 x PL1.5 : for over land paths
k = 10-6 x PL 1.5 : for mountainous paths
k = 10-4.9x PL1.5 : for over water paths
Computation for CCIR recommendation 530 unavailability
u = k x (1+ ) -11x e -1.2 x f0.93 x d3.3 x 10(-Femff/10)
Note : we use geo climatic facto k = 10-5.4 x PL1.5 (over land path)
k = 1x 10 -5.4 x 151.5
k= 231.2794 x10-6
For Low band frequency( 14.27 GHz)

ULB = 4.4659x10-6 X(1+2.916658)-1.1 x 69.17234-1.2 x 14.270.93 x 17.53.3 x10(-
38.5043/10)
ULB = 13.0314 x 10-6
UHB = 231.2794 x10-6x (1+5.71422)-1.1 x 19.2344-1.2 x 14.440.93 x 17.53.3 x10(-

38.5043/10)
UHB = 13.1757 x 10-6
Unfaded Reliability
For low band frequency(14.27GHz)
RLB = (1 - 13.0314 x 10-6) x 100%
RLB = 99.99917023%
For Low band Frequency (14.44 GHz)
RHB = (1 - 13.1757 x 10-6) x 100%
RHB = 99.99916105%
Rain Fade Margin
Rain Fade margin = Effective fade margin Rain Attenuation
For Low Band Frequency (14.27GHz)
Rain Fade Margin = 38.0134 - 0.8878142
RFM = 37.9250 dBm

Rain Fade Margin = 38.2334 - 0.088399
RFM = 38.1450dBm
Computation for unavailability due to rain fade margin
For low band frequency (14.27 GHz)
ULB = 231.2794 x10-6x (1+5.71422)-1.1 x 19.2344-1.2 x 14.270.93 x 17.53.3 x10(-

37.9250/10)
ULB = 9.481657 x 10-6
For High band frequency (14.44GHz )
UHB = 231.2794 x10-6x (1+5.71422)-1.1 x 19.2344-1.2 x 14.440.93 x 17.53.3 x10(-

38.1450/10)
UHB = 9.11312785 x 10-6
Unfaded reliability
RLB = (1 9.481657 x 10-6) x 100%
RLB = 99.999052%
RHB =(1 9.11312785 x 10-6) x 100%
RHB = 99.999089%
PATH RELIABILITY
A: K-Q
Unfaded Reliability
For Low band frequency: 99.99999143%

For High band Frequency: 99.99999122%
Rain Reliability
B: K-Q with terrain roughness factor
Unfaded Reliability
Rain Reliability
C: Vigants: Barnete calculation
Unfaded Reliability
Rain Reliability
D: CCIR recommendation 530
Unfaded Reliability

Rain Reliability

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Design Parameters

Path Length: 20.5 km

Configuration: not protected (1+ 0)

Traffic Capacity: (8xE1)

Frequency Band Required:15 GHz

Frequency Range: 14.20 GHz 14.93 GHz

Low Band Range: 14.20 GHz 14.93 GHz

High Band Range: 14.37 GHz 15.37 GHz

Duplex Spacing: 260 MHz

Channel bandwidth for 8xE1: 14 MHz

Frequency Pair for the Actual Computation of the Hop:

No. of Duplex Channels: = 14.93 GHz 14.20 GHz

(14 MHz)(5) = 70 MHz

Low Band Frequency:

14.20 GHz + 70 MHz = 14.27 GHz

High Band Frequency:

14.37 GHz + 70 MHz = 14.44 GHz

Microwave Path Link Budget: TABLE

From the Formula:

Free Space Loss = 92.45 + 20log(Dkm) + 20log(FGHz)

Receive Signal Strength (RSL) =Transmitter output + Gain Losses

Thermal Fade Margin = RSL Minimum Receiver Threshold

Radio Configuration: Indoor Mounted RF Module

Transmitter Output Power: 30 dBm

Minimum Receiver Threshold: -84 dBm

Waveguide loss: 7.81 dB

Connector loss: Typically at 0.5 dB

Antenna Gain: 42.7 dB

I. Basic Thermal Fade Margin:

Free Space Loss:

a. For low band frequency: 14.27 GHz

II. Thermal Fade Margin with Rain Consideration

(Rain Fade Margin): TABLE

1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880

2 0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923

4 0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075

6 0.0017500 0.0015500 1.388 1.265

8 0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310

10 0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264

12 0.0188000 0.0168000 1.217 1.200

15 0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128

20 0.0751000 0.0691000 1.099 1.065

25 0.1240000 0.1133300 1.061 1.033

33 0.1870000 0.1670000 1.021 1.000

35 0.2633300 0.2333300 0.979 0.963

40 0.3500000 0.3100000 0.939 0.929

Kx = log-1 [log k1 M(log k1 log k2)]

Crane Rain Attenuation

(For Path Length up to about 22.50)

Rp = crane rainfall rate (taken from the table)

c = 0.026 - 0.3ln (Rp)

A = KxRpx [((exd 1) / (x)) ((bcxeMxd) / (cx)) ((bcxeMxD) / (cx))]

Computing for Rainfall Attenuation

For Low Band Frequency: (14.27 GHz)

M = (log 12 - log 14.27) / (log 12 log 15)

Kx = log -1[log 0.0335 0.7764(log 0.0335 log 0.0168)]

x = 1.154 0.7764(1.154 1.217)

d = 3.8 0.6 [ln (0.00001)]

b = 2.3 (0.00001) -0.17

c = 0.026 0.03 [ ln (0.00001)]

A = (0.0196)(0.00001) 1.2029 [((e(0.6320)(1.2029)(10.7078) 1) / (0.6320*1.2029)) ((16.2828(0.3714)

A = (0.0169*0.00001 1.2029) (4510.9353 171543.7687 3712749.28)

A = |-63.4153 X 10-3| dB/Km

Computing for Rainfall Attenuation

4E1 to 8E1-70db to 80db