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Hydraulic Research

in the United States

United States Department of Commerce


National Bureau of Standards
Miscellaneous Publication 205
RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Capacities of Plumbing Stacks in Buildings

A study of the maximum load that can be brought from a horizontal branch
into a stack down which wateris being discharged from fixtures on higher

floors. This phase of a projected complete investigation, intended to make


drainage design more economical, is concentrated on the drainage stack and
the building drain. The report describes tests to determine terminal velocities
and terminal lengths in stacks as well as tests on stacks and drains. It analyzes
stack conditions in a multistory building and suggests applications of the
study's results.

Order XBS Building Materials and Structures Report 132, Capacities of Plumbing Stacks
in Buildings, 28 pages. Price: 20 cents.

Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps

An explanation of the extent to which trap-seal losses are influenced by such


considerations as the diameter of the trap and the depth of trap seal, the
diameter and slope of the fixture drain, the type of vent fitting used, and the
rate of discharge of the fixture. The report shows the importance of standard-
izing fixture traps and the hydraulic characteristics of plumbing fixtures, such
as lavatories, sinks, and trays; and it makes recommendations for use by
code-writing authorities.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 126, Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps,
32 pages. Price: 20 cents.

Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

An account and laboratory tests to determine the feasi-


of extensive research
bility of using vented one- and two-story plumbing drainage systems. The
conclusions reached regarding satisfactory operation limits for wet-vented
fixtures are given in a form suitable for inclusion in plumbing codes. The
report describes test procedures and explains results. Diagrams, tables, and
graphs are included showing the trap-seal losses that occur under various
conditions of wet venting and indicating the maximum permissible unvented
lengths of fixture drain.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 119, Wet Venting of Plumbing Fix-
tures, 27 pages. Price 20 cents.
:

Stack Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

A report describing tests involving use of pipes, traps, connections, and vents
made of transparent plastics which make all flow phenomena visible. Similar
tests were made with regular metal fittings to obtain comparative data and to
permit correlation of results. The report discusses and interprets results,
(Continued on page 3 of cover)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Charles Sawyer, Secretary
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

Edited by Helen K. Middleton and Sonya W. Matchett

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 205


Issued September 4, 1952

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Price $1.00
Foreword

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by


the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada.
The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is re-

peated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers com-


mencing with 1296 refer to projects which are reported for the first time. All
projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

It is emphasized that the National Bureau of Standards does not have in its
files reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by
other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent
listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the
work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its
work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the


International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic
research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Prof.
J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University
of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic
Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary on subscription.

A Hydromechanics Research Projects in the


bulletin entitled "Directory of
United States Related to Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering" is prepared
by the Hydrodynamics Committee of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Engineers. Copies may be obtained by addressing the Secretary of the Society,
Captain W. N. Landers, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 29 West
Thirty-ninth Street, New York 18, N. Y.

A. V. Astin, Director

iii
Contents

Page
Foreword ill

List of contributing laboratories v


Project reports > 1

Foreign publications 170


Translations 180
Motion pictures 181
Committees 183
Laboratory notes 187
Subject index 188

Key to Projects

(a) Title of project. (e) Description.


(b) Project conducted for. (f) Present status.
(c) Correspondent. (g) Results.
(d) Nature of project. (h) Publications.

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES v

-LIMA -HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE


Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia k2, Pa #
j Mr. R. B. Willi, Manager, Hydraulic Turbine Department
I
Mr. C. H. Die hi, Supervisor of Laboratory

EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

SVILIE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government)

SLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF


99 Livingston Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y.
Prof. Chilton A. Wright, Professor of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering
\

FORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Hydrodynamics Laboratories, Pasadena h, Calif.
Dr. Robert T. Knapp, Director

FORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF
College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.
Prof. E. J. Veihmeyer, Directing Head, Division of Irrigation

FORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF
College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2k, Calif.
Prof. M. R. Huberty, Chairman, Division of Irrigation and Soils

FORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF
College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif.
Prof. J. W. Johnson, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

FORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN lU


Department of General Engineering, Los Angeles 7, Calif.
Prof. K. C. Reynolds, Head

FORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN Hi


Research Foundation for Cross -Connection Control, Los Angeles 7, Calif.
Dr. Robert E. Vivian, Director
I

fEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 15


Department of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.
Prof. F. T. Mavis, Head

)RADO A AND M COLLEGE 16


Department of Civil Engineering, Fort Collins, Colo.
Prof. Maurice L. Albertson, Head of Fluid Mechanics Research

3RAD0 UNIVERSITY 22
Department of Civil Engineering, Boulder, Colo.
Mr. Warren Raeder, Head.

I JMBIA UNIVERSITY 23
Department of Civil Engineering, New York 27, N. Y.
Director, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

IECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 2h
Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Box U-37, Storrs, Conn.
Prof. Victor Scottron, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering

4ELL UNIVERSITY 2, 187


School of Civil Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y.
Dr. N. A. Chris tensen, Director
Prof. Andre L. Jorissen, Head, Hydraulics Department

!,
vi List of Contributing Laboratories

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Ga.
Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Department of Mathematics, Cambridge 38, Mass.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF
Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho
Prof. Allen S. Janssen, Dean, College of Engineering

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Technology Center, Chicago 16, 111.
Dr. Victor L. Streeter, Director, Fundamental Fluids Research

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION


Engineering Research Subdivision, Box 117, Peoria, 111.
Dr. Max Suter, Head

Engineering Subdivision, Box 232, Urbana, 111.


Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF
Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 211; Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111.
Prof. F. B. Seely, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF
Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, 111.
Prof. J. J. Doland, Director of Hydraulic Engineering

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 35,


State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY OF (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE


Institute of Cooperative Research, Baltimore 18, Md.
Dr. John C. Geyer

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE

IEFFEL AND COMPANY, THE JAMES


U26 East St., Springfield, Ohio
Mr. J. Robert Groff, President and General Manager

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa.
Dr. W. J. Eney, Director

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE


School of Hydraulic Engineering, Baton Rouge 3, la.
Prof. T. M. Lowe, Director

MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF
Glenn L. Martin School of Engineering and Aeronautical Sciences, College Park, Md.
Prof. John B. Cournyn, in charge of Hydraulics Laboratory
List of Contributing laboratories

VCHUSETT5 INSTITUTE OF TECHNO LGGY


Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.
Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydraulics Division

A CHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass.
Prof. George A. Mars ton, Dean

IGAN, UNIVERSITY OF
lake Hydraulics laboratory, 320 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Prof. E. F. Brater

IGAN, UNIVERSITY OF
Experimental Naval Tank, 326 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Prof. Louis A. Baier, Director

ESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

ISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE


Engineering and Industrial Research Station, Box 3&5 9 State College, Miss.
Dr. Harold Flinsch, Director

OURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY


Department of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo.
Prof. Joe B. Butler, Chairman

!0NAL HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government)

>0RT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY


Hydraulic laboratory, Newport News, Va.
Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

j YORK UNIVERSITY
Department of Chemical Engineering, New York 53, N .
Prof. John Happel, Project Director

m CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF
North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, Raleigh, N. C.
Prof. N. W. Connor, Director

ffiWESTERN UNIVERSITY
The Technological Institute, Evans ton, 111.
Dr. Paul E. Klopsteg, Director of Research

iffi DAME , UUNI VE RS ITY OF


College of Engineering
Dr. Karl E. Schoenherr, Dean
I

3 STATE UNIVERSITY
Robinson Hydraulic laboratory, Columbus 10, Ohio
Prof. S. R. Beitler, Director, Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

30N STATE C0L1EGE


Department of Civil Engineering, Corvallis, Ore.
Dr. C. A. Mockmore, Head

i.TON WATER WHEEL COMPANY, THE


San Francisco 10, Calif.
Mr. I. M. White, Manager of Engineering
Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer
viii List of Contributing Laboratories

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, THE


Hydraulic Laboratory, State College, Pa.
Dr. B. A. Whisler, Head, Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Andre L. Jorissen, in charge of Hydraulics Laboratory

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, THE


Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.
Mr. J. M. Robertson, Assistant Director

PENNSYLVANLA, UNIVERSITY OF
Department of Civil Engineering, Philadelphia k, Pa.
Mr. E. F. Stover, Director

PENNSYLVANIA WATER AND POWER COMPANY


Fulton National Bank Building, Lancaster, Pa.
Dr. S. K. Waldorf, Engineer of Research

PURDUE UNIVERSITY
School of Civil Engineering Mechanics, Lafayette, Ind.
Dr. R. B. Wiley, Head

RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL (see University of Southern California)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY


Allenspark, Colo.
Prof. C. J. Posey, Director (address: State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY


University of Minnesota, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis lb, Minn.
Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director

S. MORGAN SMITH COMPANY 7h,


York, Pa.
Mr. Emmert M. Lowry, Jr., Hydraulic laboratory Engineer

SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS


29 West 39th St., New York 18, N. Y.
Capt. W. N. landers, Secretary

STANFORD UNIVERSITY
Hydraulic Laboratory, Stanford, Calif.
Prof. John K. Vennard, Director

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Experimental Towing Tank, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Dr. Kenneth S. M. Davidson, Director

TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF
Engineering Experiment Station
Knoxville 16, Tenn.
Dr. G. H. Hickox, Assoc. Director

TEXAS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION


College Station, Texas
Prof. Arthur W. Mellock, Vice-Director

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF
Department of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas
Dr. Walter R. Moore, Directing Head
List of Contributing laboratories

STATE AGRICULTURAL COLIEGE


Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah
Dr. J. E. Christiansen, Dean, School of Engineering and Technology

INGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF


Division of Industrial Research, Pullman, Wash.
Prof. C. L. Barker, Hydraulic Engineer

INGTON, UNIVERSITY OF
Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle , Wash.
Prof. R. B. Horn, Acting Director

y UNIVERSITY
Department of Civil Engineering, Detroit 1, Mich.
Prof. Dudley Newton, Head

aWYAS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Government)

ONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF
Hydraulic and Sanitary laboratory, Madison 6, Wise.
Prof. Arno T. Lenz

3STER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE


Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 2, Mass.
Prof. L. J. Hooper, Acting Director

. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

RTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
'

California Forest and Range Experiment Station


P. 0. Box 2l, Berkeley 1, Calif.
Mr. Stephen N. Wyckoff, Director

Division of Forest Influences


Washington 2, D. C.
Dr. H. G. Wilm, Division Chief

In te mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station


Ogden, Utah.
Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station


102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Pa.
Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station


Missoula, Mont.
Mr. George M. Jemison, Director

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stati on


U23 U. S. Court House, Portland f, Ore.
Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station


Fort Collins, Colo.
Dr. W. G. McGinnies, Director
X List of Contributing Laboratories

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station


P. 0. Box 2^2, Asheville, N. C.
Mr. E. L. Demmon, Director

Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station


Box 9^1, Tucson, Ariz.
Mr. Raymond Price, Director

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

Division of Irrigation and Water Conservation


College Hill, Box 70, Logan, Utah
Mr. George D. Clyde, Chief

North Appalachian Experimental Watershed


Blacklands Experimental Watershed
Central Great Plains Experimental Watershed
Division of Drainage and Water Control,
Soil Conservation Service, Wash. 2, D. C.
Mr. Lewis A. Jones, Chief

Research Branch
Division of Drainage and Water Control,
Soil Conservation Service, Wash. 2, D. C.
Mr. Lewis A. Jones, Chief

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory


Hennepin Island, Minneapolis lit, Minn.
Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Project Supervisor

Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory


Stillwater, Okla.
Division of Drainage and Water Control,
Soil Conservation Service, Wash. 25, D. C.
Mr. Lewis A. Jones, Chief

Sub-tropical Experiment Station


Route 2, Box 08, Homestead, Fla.
Mr. M. H. Gallatin, Project Supervisor

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

U. S. REGIONAL SALINITY LABORATORY


Riverside, Calif.
Mr. H. E. Hayward, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

Beach Erosion Board


5201 Little Falls Road, N. W.
Washington 16, D. C.
Colonel E. E. Gesler, President

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory


628 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore.
The District Engineer
List of Contributing laboratories

Little Rock District


300 Broadway, Little Rock, Ark.
The District Engineer

Los Angeles District


P. 0. Box 17277 Foy Station
Los Angeles 17, Calif.
The District Engineer

St. Paul District


1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House,
St. Paul 1, Minn.
The District Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station


P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.
Director

iARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS


Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C.
Mr. CarlF. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS


National Hydraulic Laboratory
Washington 25, D. C.
Mr. Herbert N. Eaton, Chief

WEATHER BUfEAU
Hydrologic Services Division,
Washington 25, D. C.
Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

'ARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Washington 25, D. C.
Mr. R. W. Davenport, Acting Chief

BUREAU OR RECLAMATION
Branch of Design and Construction
Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo.
Mr. L. N. McClellan, Chief Engineer

3
ARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN


Washington 7, D. C.
The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY


Capt. M. Schreiner, Director

NAVAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION


Bureau of Ships, Washington 25, D. C.
The Director

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION


Pasadena Annex, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd.,
Pasadena 8, Calif.
The Commander
xii List of Contributing Laboratories

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH


Washington 25, D. C.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

HYDRAULIC DATA BRANCH


Knoxville, Tenn.
Mr. Albert S. Fry, Chief

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF


Hydraulic Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada
Prof. H. J. MacLeod, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

MONTREAL, EC01E POLYTECHNIQUE DE


Hydraulics Laboratory, ll30 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal 18, Canada
Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head, Department of Hydraulic Engineering

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL


Division of Mechanical Engineering
Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada
Mr. J. H. Parkin, Director

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Applied Science, Kingston, Ontrrio
Prof. D. S. Ellis, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF
Toronto 5, Canada
Prof. E. A. Allcut, Professor of Mechanical Engineering
1

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

Laboratory.
BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic Turbine
and 1297 should be
Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, 10ft, 10#, H#6, 1296,
H. Diehl, Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton
addressed to Mr. C.
Corporation, Philadelphia U2, Pa.

71) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS,

(b) Laboratory project.


'd) Experimental; applied research for design.
To improve performance of present designs, and to extend the range of application
of
(e)
this type of turbine. Propeller runners of various designs in combination with modified
turbine settings are being methodically tested in the 11-inch cavitation flume. Effi-
ciency, output, cavitation, runaway speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic blade torque
are measured.
(g) Results provide data for improvement of existing design and information for designs
? r which extend the present range of application, particularly with respect to head.

$k) INTERMEDIATE HEAD ADJUSTABLE BLADE PROPELLER TYPE TURBINE MODEL FOR IMPERIAL VALLEY
IRRIGATION DISTRICT, DROP NO. 2.

(b) Imperial Valley Irrigation District.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) A completely homologous model was manufactured, installed and tested to determine its
performance.
(f) Completed.
i(g) Results indicate that all operating requirements can be readily achieved.

>&) HIGH HEAD ADJUSTABLE BLADE PROPELLER TYPE TURBINE MODEL FOR BIG CLIFF PROJECT.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland Oregon District.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) The homologous runner was tested in a setting similar, but not identical, to the proto-
type unit. A completely homologous unit is now manufactured and will be installed and
tested in the near future.
(g) Results of the tests in the non-homologous unit indicate that all operating requirements
can be readily achieved. Comparisons will be made when tests are completed to ascertain
the minor effects on performance of the dissimilarity of the two units.

6) HIGH SPECIFIC-SPEED FRANCIS TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS FOR SHERMAN ISLAND PROJECT.

(b) Eastern New York Power Corporation,


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
1

(e) Several runners were designed and tested in a model similar to the existing prototype
unit. The purpose was to design a replacement runner that would efficiently develop
more output than the present unit.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results indicate that a replacement runner can be installed in the existing units with-
out major changes and obtain approximately a 20$ increase in capacity.

>96) HIGH SPECIFIC-SPEED ADJUSTABLE BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE FOR ALBENI FALLS
PROJECT.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington District,


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
2
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
California Institute of Technology

to the pr
(e) The homologous runner was tested in a setting similar, but not identical,
completely homologous unit is being manufactured and will be installe
type unit. A
and tested in the near future.
(g) Results in the non-homologous unit indicate that all of the operating requirements
be readily achieved. Comparisons will be made when all tests are completed to asce
the minor effects upon performance of the dissimilarity of the two units.

(1297) ADJUSTABLE BLADE AXIAL FLOW PUMP FOR McNARY DAM.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington District.
(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) A completely homologous model has been installed in the hydraulic laboratory and is
process of testing.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 10^7 and 1298 should be addressed to Prof. Chilt<
Wright, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 99 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y.

(107) INSTALLATION AND INVESTIGATION OF A FOUR-INCH TRANSPARENT CASE WATER TURBINE.

(f) Project completed. Thesis available on loan.

(1298) MODEL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM.

(b) Student thesis.


(d) A generalized model of a water supply system is being constructed in the hydraulic
laboratory out of 1/8 inch brass pipe. It is planned to measure the head losses anc
compare them with those obtained by various computation procedures. The flow will t
measured by weight.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 6, 7 9 8, and 805 should be addressed to Dr. Vito
-
Vanoni, and concerning Projects Nos. l, 80ii, and 806 to Dr. Robert T. Khapp, Hydr
dynamics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena h> Calif.

(6) MECHANICS OF SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORTATION,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research; for thesis (professional degree and doctoral).
(e) To investigate the internal mechanics of transportation of suspended load in flowing
water; the effects of the material in suspension upon the velocity distribution of t
flow; the distribution of sediment in open channel flow.

(7) TRANSPORTATION OF BED MATERIAL LOAD,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research; for thesis (professional degree and doctoral).
(e) To determine a general relationship between the rate of sediment movement by a strea]
and the hydraulic factors. The work is being carried out in flumes designed especial
for sediment transportation studies.
California Institute of Technology 3

DENSITY CURRENTS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research; for thesis (professional degree and doctoral).
j| An investigation of density currents resulting from suspensions of fine sediments in
^.]| reservoirs to establish principles governing their behavior.

STUDIES OF CAVITATION PHENOMENA.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental; basic research.
Photographic studies are being made on bodies of revolution and other shapes while operat-
ing under cavitating conditions in the water tunnel in which both the pressure and the
!
velocity are independently controlled. Photographic records are made with high speed
motion picture cameras arranged to give precise time histories. The objectives are to
delineate the mechanics of cavitation, including the formation and collapse of cavitation
bubbles, types of cavitation as they are affected by the shape of the guiding surface
and other relevant parameters, and the effect of variation in size for the same geometric
shape.
Analysis of one simple type of cavitation in which voids are approximately spherical and
~ :: travel with the flow indicate that their behavior is closely approximated by the Rayleigh
predictions.
"Laboratory investigations of the mechanism of cavitation", by R. T. Khapp and A. Hollander.
Trans. ASME July 191*8, pp. U19-U35.

'
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES.

) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


) Mr. John T. McGraw, Hydrodynamics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena h, Calif.

) Experimental; basic research.


m ) Forces on bodies of different shapes and designs are measured in a water tunnel and the
important steady state and damping force coefficients are thus obtained. These data are
used to predict full-scale behavior.

) FLOW IN ROTATING CHANNELS.

) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


) Mr. A. J. Acosta, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena lu
Calif.
:--) Experimental and theoretical.
) To determine the nature of the flow in rotating channels and the mechanism of energy
transfer from fluid to rotor or vice versa with a view to the development of design
methods for hydraulic machinery. It is possible to study the characteristics of individual
elements of hydraulic machines to determine their influence on the whole machine. For
axial flow impellers some work has been completed on the comparison of experimental
pressure distributions with those expected from the design procedure. Pressure measure-
ments are made using a manometer rotating with the impeller and observed by stroboscopic
uj lighting. Studies are in progress to correlate the design of vanes for two-dimensional
impellers with the pressure distributions on the vanes at various flow rates. Another
study is in progress on the theoretical and experimental aspects of design of axial-flow
impeller vanes.
) "Pressure distributions on the vanes of a radial flow impeller", by D. A. Morelli. Heat
Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Stanford University, June 1951.
. .

California Institute of Technology

(803) DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION BUBBLES


Navy.
(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the
Plesset, Hydrodynamics Laboratories, California Institute of Techno
(c) Prof. Milton S.
Pasadena U, Calif.
(d) Theoretical; basic research. .
Dynamic behavior of ca
(e) Analytical study of cavitating flow and boiling of liquids.
of tensile strength of liqu
tion bubbles, scaling laws for cavitating flow. Theory
non-steady heat diffusion problem with spherical symmetry", by M. S. Plesset an
(h) "A
S. A. Zwick, ONR Report 26-3
Gilmore, ONR Report ^l-o.
"The dynamics of condensation and vaporization", by F. R.
"Perturbation effects in bubble dynamics", by M. Rattray, Jr., ONR Report 21-5.
26-2.
"The collapse and rebound of a gas bubble", by L. Trillin,, ONR Report

(80U) THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID ON THE INCEPTION OF CAVITATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Experimental study of liquid properties including presence of gas nuclei on the loc;
pressure at which cavitation voids will first appear. Cavitation and boiling exper:
are being conducted with water containing dissolved gas. Comparison is being made 1

tween properties of untreated liquid and with liquids subjected to high pressure fo:
known periods of time.
(g) Boiling point experiments have demonstrated that pressure-treated water has a consi<
ably higher initial boiling point than the equilibrium flow. Relatively large indi-
samples (30 cc) have had boiling points of well over U00 F at atmospheric pressure,
Flow experiments have not given conclusive results, presumably due to the difficulty
obtaining accurately shaped conduits.

(805) DYNAMICS OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN FLUID SUSPENSIONS,

(b) U. S. Air Forces.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
(e) Studies are being made of the transportation of solid particles by turbulent flows. I

experimental studies are being carried on in an existing water tunnel by means of ot


servation of tracers whose density can be varied so that it is greater, equal to, or
than the water.
(g) Analytical studies are progressing and the new water tunnel is completed.
(h) "Dynamics of particulate matter in fluid suspensions", by Vito A. Vanoni, En-Yun Hsu
R. . Da vies, Lab. Report N 71-1.

(806) HYDRODYNAMICS OF CENTRIFUGAL AND PROPELLER PUMPS, TURBINES, AND ALLIED FLOW PROBLEMS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Basic and precise research; thesis for M. E. degree.
(e) The Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory is designed for carrying out basic and precise re
studies in the hydrodynamics of centrifugal and propeller pumps, turbines and allied
problems. Horizontal dynamometers up to U50 horsepower and a vertical one up to 30
horsepower are available with precision speed controls. Accurate instruirients for me;
ing pressures, flow rates, speeds, and torques are provided. Special equipment for 1

study of cavitation has been developed. Full characteristics of axial and mixed flo;
deepwell pumps are being determined.
(g) Completed results which will permit visualization of the complete characteristics in
function of specific speed will be available soon.
(h) "Complete characteristic circle diagrams for turbomachinery", by W. M. Swanson, papei
presented at l5l Annual Meeting of the ASME, Atlantic City, N. J. Nov. 26-30, 195>1.
5
California Institute of Technology

DEVELOPMENT.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES FOR HARBOR

Ztt^r^&S??^*^ ^ itute of Technology '

Pasadena h, Calif.
Exoerimental and theoretical applied research.
and the distribution of such energy within
Pe netration of wave energy into harbors, of developing some general principles of
harbors is being investigated with the aim
d
prediction of wave disturbances at any
Methods havfbeen developed which permit the
harbors of simple geometric shape taking into account diffraction at the en-
point in
trance and reflection from the harbor periphery.
submitted to the Bureau of Yards
Interim reports dated June 19*0, and Aug. -Oct. 1550,
and Docks. , _ _
and M. E. Stelznede,
"Diffraction of water waves by breakwaters" by John H. Carr
June 1951. (To be published.)
National Bureau of Standards Symposium on Gravity Waves.

B) AIR-TO-WATER ENTRY OF MISSILES.

o) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


Mr. Joseph Levy, Hydrodynamics Laboratories, California
Institute of Technology,
I)
Pasadena U, Calif,
i) Experimental; basic research.
Systematic investigations to determine (1) the variables which affect the
behavior of
h)
missiles during water entry, and (2) the modeling laws by which such behavior may
be
in small scale. Two-inch diameter models are used and test results are compared
studied
with full scale data obtained elsewhere. The variables studied include body shape,
velocity, trajectory angle, pitch angle, and the pressure of the atmosphere above the
water.

0) BASIC WATER ENTRY STUDY.

b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


c) Mr. Joseph Levy, Hydrodynamics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology,
J Pasadena h, Calif.
:d) Experimental; basic research.
e) An investigation of the phenomena accompanying the entry into water of solids traveling
at moderate speeds. The initial study will cover the formation of the cavity, and the
measurement of pressure within the cavity formed behind spheres entering the water ver-
tically. A glass-walled tank is built, and photographic and pressure measuring equip-
ment is being assembled.

'l) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-BOUNDARY FLOWS.

b) Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


Je) Mr. J. Pat O'Neill, Hydrodynamics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena h, Calif.
'id) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied research.
) A free-surface water tunnel with force and pressure measuring apparatus devised to meet
the specific needs of the investigation is used in an experimental and analytical study
of the dynamics of cavity and jet flows in 2 and 3 dimensions. Effects of and on the
solid boundary configurations associated with the cavity and jet flows are determined.
The influence of channel boundaries and problems of similitude in cavity- and jet-flow
experimentation are being examined.
Uk) Characteristics of open cavities have been analyzed. The requirements for maintaining
air-filled cavities have been determined. Forces on simple boundary shapes have been
measured. A cavity around a liquid jet directed upstream in the water tunnel has been
studied as a model of an axially symmetrical cavity with re-entrant jet. Further studies
on problems of similitude in free-boundary flows are in progress.

0526 0 - 52 -2
6
California Institute of Technology
University of California

(h) "The dynamics of underwater bodies running in an open cavity", J. P. O'Neill, Hydro-
dynamics Laboratories ONR Report No. M-2U-1, April 1951.
"The stability of an air-maintained cavity behind a stationary object in flowing wate
W. M. Swanson and J, P. O'Neill, Hydrodynamics Laboratories ONR Report No. M-2U-3, S
1951.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Division of Irrigation.

(19) THE EFFECT OF THE DEPTH OF WATER TABLE UPON THE ABILITY OF PLANTS TO EXTRACT WATER.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Dr. Robert M. Hagan, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research.
(e) Studies conducted on behavior of plants grown on waterlogged soils and on soils with
controlled water tables during crop season to yield information of value in analyzing
cropping problems associated with high water tables.

(20) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SOILS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
(d) Field and laboratory investigation; applied research.
(e) The ability of the soil to supply water to plants through capillary movement and the
movement of water through soils is being studied under various conditions. Studies a
continuing on fundamentals on plant-soil-water relationships.
(h) "Irrigation experiments with apricots", A. H. Hendrickson and F. J. Veihmeyer, Amer.
Hort. Sci. Proc. 55:1-10, 1950.
"Responses of fruit trees and vines to soil moisture", F. J. Veihmeyer and A. H.
Hendrickson, Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 55:11-15, 1950.
"Growth of walnut trees as affected by irrigation and nitrogen deficiency", A. H.
Hendrickson and F. J. Veihmeyer, Plant Physiol. 25 (U ): 567-572, Oct. 1950.
"Soil aeration as a factor in water absorption by the roots of transpiring plants", R
Hagan, Plant Physiol. 25 (U) :7U8-762, 1950.
"Apricot irrigation", A. H. Hendrickson and F. J. Veihmeyer, California Agriculture 5
13, May, 1951.

(21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Prof. C. H. Johnston, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
(d) Experimental; operation.
(e) Determination of the characteristics of jets and the distribution of water from sprinl
Studies of evaporation from sprinkler jets to determine operation losses. Field studi
water losses in sprinkler application. High speed photographs of sprinkler jets recoi
characteristics of these streams.

(22) STUDY OF THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL MOISTURE.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Dr. Robert M. Hagan, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
(d) Field and laboratory; basic research.
(e) The ability of soil to supply water to plants, and methods of measuring free energy or
potential of soil moisture are being studied. The effect of soluble material added to
on the potentials of soil moisture is being studied.
(g) Results to date indicate that applications of materials within limits practical under
commercial practice do not affect the permanent wilting percentage. The effect of soi
additives such as sponge rock, porous glass, etc., respecting water storage in soil, s
open to question.
(h) "Effect of salinity on moisture content and freezing point depression of soil at perma]
wilting of plants", D. W. Henderson, Soil Sci. 72(3) : 207-217, Sept. 1951.
University of California 7

HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.


Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Prof. C. N. Johnston, Division
of Irrigation, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, Calif.
Experimental; applied research.
Studies are being continued on the effects of denudation of watersheds upon the water
regimen of typical grazing areas. Experimental watersheds and paired plots are located
in various counties of California. Soil-moisture histories are obtained from plots from
which the brush has been removed by denudation or burning and adjacent plots which are
left with original vegetative cover. Laboratory studies of vegetation denudation have
been initiated.
Work will be continued for a number of years in connection with the removal of vegetation
to permit growth of forage plants and its effect on runoff and erosion. To date, burning
of brush has not accelerated erosion or runoff on the areas tested.
"Some effects of fire and ash on the infiltration capacity of soils", R. H. Burgy and
V. H. Scott, (in press). Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union.

MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.


Prof. C. N. Johnston, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
Experimental; design.
Hydraulics of irrigation systems to better the design and efficiency of irrigation struc-
tures and equipment are being studied. Investigations conducted on concrete pipe to
establish fitting coefficients for flow in concrete pipes with valves attached so that
better design of these systems will result. Field studies in progress to investigate
drilling technique and casing production in deep wells when water is corrosive. Pre-
fabricated canal linings are being tested in small farm ditches. Calibration of gated
concrete turnouts is being made. Studies of gated water distribution pipe and on per-
forated sprinkler pipe for small application rates have been completed. Further studies
on larger capacity perforated pipe are under way.
"Irrigation wells and well drilling", C. N. Johnston, Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. hOh, 1951.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.


Dr. L. D. Doneen, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.
Field and laboratory; basic and applied research.
Soil infiltration rates are being studied by various types of infiltrometers, with partic-
ular reference to quality of water applied. Compaction of soils by harvesting and other
equipment has introduced new problems over considerable areas of the State and research is
started to find solutions if possible*
Gypsum is the most effective agent to improve infiltration where irrigation water contains
50$ or more sodium.
"Numerical solutions for tile drainage of layered soils", James N. Luthin and R. E. Gaskell,
Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, pages 595-602, 1950.
"Classification of waters", L. D. Doneen, California Agriculture h(10): k, 15, Oct. 1950.
"Analyses of irrigation water", L. D. Doneen, California Agriculture ii(ll)j6, lii, Nov.
1950.
"Proposed method of leaching tile-drained land", James N. Luthin, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc.
(19*0) 15:63-68, 1951.
6 University of California

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and Soils.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 26, 27, 105>8, 1302 and 1303 should be addressed
Prof. M. R. Huberty, Division of Irrigation and Soils, University of California, Lo
Angeles 2h, Calif.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley County Water District, Coachella, Calif.,
U. S. Regional Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, Calif., the U. S. Bureau of Reclamat
Boulder City, Nevada, and the California Agricultural Experiment Station, Los Angel
Calif.
(d) Field investigations; applied research and design.
(e) The purpose is to develop and improve techniques for observing shallow ground water
movement, for reclamation of saline soils, and for installation of drainage devices
systems.
(g) Since last report, work has primarily concerned reclamation and a rational approach
drainage design. This work not yet summarized.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, coordinated with similar work under Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Colleg
Agriculture, Davis, California. (Project 23, page 7 .)
(d) Field experiments; applied research.
(e) Purpose is to evaluate effects of watershed burning on runoff and erosion in southe
California.
(g) Data for the past year scant because of light rainfall.

(1058) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project coordinated with similar work under Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer.
College
Agriculture, Davis, Calif.
(d) Continuing field and laboratory studies; basic and applied research.
(e) Factors affecting both saturated and non-saturated flow of water into and
through s-
(f ) Most of work suspended during past year.

(1302) OXNARD PLAIN IRRIGATION AND RECLAMATION INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.


(d) Field investigations; applied research and design.
(e) The work concerns a portion of Ventura County, California,
wherein a perched waters
overlies a clay cap creating drainage and salinity problems
for the irrigated agrici
of the area and is divided into two phases:
(1) making an inventory of the irrigate
rainfall-surface drainage-subsurface drainage regime for correlation
with irrigatior
adequacy and salt balance, and (2) investigations leading to
development of a rati or
approach to drainage design.

(1303) SURGE IN OPEN-TYPE PIPE SYSTEMS.

(b) laboratory project, cooperative with College of Engineering,


Los Angeles.
(d) Basic and applied research.
(e) Model studies of open-type pipe systems to study
the mechanism of surge initiation a
propagation with air entrainment. (See Project
29, page 9, of National Bureau of 1
Standards Misc. Publ. No. 201, 19l.)
.

University of California 9

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.


SRSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 32, 35, 38, 39, UO, M, U3, U6, U7, 280,
282, 529, 810,
10^9 to 106U, incl., and 130U to 1307, incl., should be addressed to Prof. J. W.
811, 813,
Johnson, Department of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley U,
Calif.

ENERGY LOSSES IN INTERSECTING STREAMS IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for Master 1
s thesis.
Suspended

OSCILLATORY WAVES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental.
To obtain experimental information on the details of oscillatory waves in shallow water.
Wave velocity, period, length, height, mass transport and orbital velocities through depth
and length of channel will be measured and compared with theory. Change in wave charac-
teristics will be studied when the waves pass over various types of bottom discontinuities
and through various dampening devices.
Three master of science theses completed.
"Damping of water waves by vertical circular cylinders". R. D. Costello, August 1951.
"Model study of amphibious breakwaters." Lt. D. A. Patrick, CEC USN, October 1951.
"Discharge from submerged outfalls." Edward K. Rice, June 1951.

STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WAVE ACTION.

Laboratory project, Bureau of Yards and Docks and Signal Oil and Gas Co.
Experimental, laboratory and field research.
To obtain experimental data for the design and location of such shore protection works as
groins, jetties, piers and bulkheads. Present work involves the measurement of forces
exerted on both model and field structural elements subjected to wave action.
"Moment distribution exerted by waves on piling." J. R. Morison. (Unpublished report.)
"Wave forces on piling (Monterey Field Test)." F. E. Snodgrass, E. K. Rice and M. Hall.
(Unpublished report.)
"Final report: Forces on piling." H. W. Iversen and J. R. Morison. (Unpublished report.)

BEHAVIOR OF TWO-PHASE FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.
Experimental and theoretical research; Ph.D. and M.S. theses.
Investigation of the behavior of fluids during flow in porous media and an investigation of
the capillary properties of porous media. Theoretical and experimental investigation of
the micro-behavior of fluid phases moving through inter-connected capillary systems under
all possible force fields including interfacial phenomena under dynamic conditions, diffu-
sion, pressure forces, gravity forces, viscous forces and inertia forces. Experimental
investigation of the effect of micro-pore structure on flow behavior and theoretical and
experimental investigation of capillary, electric phenomena on flow of brine and other
fluids in porous media. An investigation of equilibrium phase behavior for multi-component
two-phase flow will involve flow of refined oil and natural gas through consolidated sand
column with liquid saturation changes being determined with Iodine 131 tracer technique.
Experiments in progress on capillary-electric studies, and on matrix properties of various
types of artificial porous media. Experimental work completed on rates of attainment of
pressure equilibrium during pressure transient on crystal oil-methane system in sand packed
vessel.
"Steady flow of two-phase, single-component fluids through porous media." F. G. Miller,
Ph.D. thesis, 1950.
"Steady flow of two-phase, single-component fluids through porous media." F. G. Miller,
A.I.M.E. Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 192, 1951.
University of California

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS-GASEOUS MIXTURES IN A HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CONDUIT.

Laboratory project. Supported in part by Research Corporation.


Experimental; basic and applied research, design.
The isothermal flow characteristics of a solids-gaseous mixture (AlgO-^, SiO^ catalyst
air) are investigated for various air flow and solids flow rates. Pressure drops acr<
test sections are measured for air flow rates with solids to air ratio varied from ze]
to 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air. The solids (catalyst) have a size distribi
varying from particles less than 10 microns to particles greater than 220 microns. A:
velocities in the solids-free approach section vary from 5>0 fps to l0 fps.
A paper on metering air-solid mixtures is in preparation.
Experimental data being correlated on the metering of mixtures. Design of equipment i

way for the study of the heat transfer characteristics of mixtures (gaseous-solids).
"Flow characteristics of solids-gas mixtures in a horizontal and vertical conduit*"
L. Farbar, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, V. hX$ P H8ii> June 19U9.

PRESSURE DROP ACCOMPANYING TWO-PHASE, TWO-COMPONENT FLOW IN PIPES.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental investigations; graduate theses.
To determine the transition conditions under which the gas and/or liquid phases are f]
ing in viscous and/or turbulent motion or in slug flow for isothermal flow in horizonl
and vertical pipes. Mixtures of air and various liquids are made to flow through verl
tubes. Pressure drop and fluid distribution with consideration of flow stability are
determined for a range of liquid and gas rates which may be controlled separately.
Some theoretical work is completed. Eight graduate theses completed. Three papers ir
preparation. Pressure-drop and velocity distribution data on l/k inch diameter columr
various wave lengths, frequencies, and amplitudes confirmed that the waves caused axis
shear forces up to 15>0 times the forces in rigid tubes.
"Stability considerations in vertical annular two-phase fluid flow." A. D. K. Laird,
Doctoral thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Sept. ll (available on loan).

A PITOT TUBE STANDARD FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT.

In cooperation with Turbine Pump Manufacturers Association.


Experimental; applied research and development.
The project is to design, construct and calibrate a suitable Pitot tube for use with a
standard code (to be developed) for application under a variety of field conditions.
Library study and correlation of existing information in progress.

THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENT VELOCITY COMPONENTS BY THE METHOD OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDU

Laboratory project.
Experimental and theoretical investigations; faculty research.
To measure the components of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the axisymmetric flow
liquid in a tube as a function of position and flow rate. Velocity fluctuations are
measured by determining the potentials induced in water cutting transversely across a
steady magnetic field. An electrical probe consisting of two closely spaced fine wire
arranged to traverse the pipe cross section in the fluctuating potential gradient. Th
electrical impulses of the probe are amplified and measured by means of a thermal mill
ammeter.
R.M.S. parallel and transverse components measured, correlation coefficients computed,
spectrum measured.
"The statistical theory of turbulence and measurements of turbulent velocity component,
axisymmetric liquid flow." L. M. Grossman. Ph.D. Thesis, 191*8, University of Califon
at Berkeley. (Available on loan.)
"Measurements of turbulent velocity components in liquid pipe How by magnetic inducti<
A. F. Charwat. M.S. thesis, 19ii9. University of California. (Available on loan.)
"Correlation theory in turbulent pipe flow." W. H. Reid. M.S. Thesis, 1951, Universil
California. (Available on loan.)
"Bibliography on the statistical theory of turbulence." W. H. Reid, IER Report Series
U6, Issue No. 1, March 19, 1951.

University of California ii

GRAVITY WAVES AND RELATED PHENOMENON.


Navy.
Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the
Theoretical and laboratory investigation; basic research.
To develop methods of forecasting wind waves and swell, surf conditions and
beach
changes; measurement of wave characteristics; and make laboratory investigations
to
provide experimental checks and other information.
"The damping action of under water breakwaters." J. W. Johnson, R. A. Fuchs and J. R.
Morison. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, October 195>1.
"A theory of short crested waves." R. A. Fuchs, Symposium on Gravity
Waves, National
Bureau of Standards, June 193>1.
"Breaker characteristics." H. W. Iversen, Symposium on Gravity Waves, National Bureau
of Standards, June 1951
"The effect of wave steepness on wave velocity." J. R. Morison, Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Union, April 1951.
"A note on the tangential transfer of energy between wind and waves." S. A. Schaaf and
F. M. Sauer, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, December 19E>0*

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

Laboratory project.
Experimental and theoretical; doctoral thesis.
Determination of the transport characteristics in the transition sizes between bed load
and wash load.
"The maximum equilibrium rate of bed-load movement." Ning Chi en, Ph.D. Thesis.

EFFECT OF RATE OF FLOW ON RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

I Sponsored by American Petroleum Institute.


Theoretical and experimental investigations; graduate thesis.
To investigate the fundamental mechanism of the movement of multiphase fluids in porous
media
Immediate objectives include (1) effect of the rate of flow on the relative conductivity
of porous media to each fluid phase, and (2) the behavior of multiphase fluid flow in-
volving phase changes during flow. Using porous matrix of known uniform capillary prop-
erties, two immiscible liquids are made to flow under a varying range of potential gradi-
ent, thus determining the range of linearity of the fundamental law of flow. Work at
immobile brine has been completed. Current work is being carried out at constant total
liquid rate for wide range of brine saturation followed by similar experiments covering
a wide range of total fluid rate. Work on phase behavior during flow of propane in sand
column completed.
I "Fluid saturation in porous media by X-Ray technique." A. D. K. Laird and J. A. Putnam,
Petroleum Trans., AIME, Vol. 192, 1951. (Technical Paper #3169).
"Pore size distribution studies of alundum core samples." R. W. Ravenscroft, Report
Series No. 38, Issue No. 6, Institute of Engineering Research, University of California
at Berkeley, April 15, 1951.
"Equipment and methods for relative permeability research." R. W. Ravenscroft, Report
Series No. 38, Issue No. 7, Institute of Engineering Research, University of California
at Berkeley, April 15, 1951.

I
LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW ON A BEACH.

I
Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D. C.
On a model beach, the motion of sand is studied under wave action. Determination of the
littoral drift as a function of direction, height and period of waves. Development of
devices measuring drift of water and sediment. Study of the influence of structures, such
as groins. Supplementing the model studies is a field study of littoral transport at
Santa Barbara. The procedure is to periodically measure the accumulation of sand in
Santa Barbara Harbor and then relate the average transport of sand to measured wave char-
! acteristics.
University of California
12

Erosion Board:
W
rv^ TTrmuhlished reports submitted to Beach
"^frtStionsnip between sand size and beach face slope." W. N. Bascom.
surveys and instrumentation sand transport study, Santa Barbara, California-
"initial

United States." J. W. Johnson.


"Wave records on the Pacific Coast of the
studies in two dimensional wave motion." E. Shay and J. W. Johnson.
"Sand
"Influence of groins on beach stabilization." E. Shay and J. W. Johnson.
"Model studies on the movement of sand transported by wave action along a straight b
E. Shay and J. W. Johnson. . _
California." TT
W. N. Bas>
"Investigation of coastal sand movements near Santa Barbara,

(810) VERTICAL SHAFT PUMP SUCTION REQUIREMENTS.

(b) Peerless Pump Division of Food Machinery Corporation.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Investigation of vortex formation and air entrainment in the suction sumps of typica
vertical shaft pump suction sump arrangements. Model and prototype comparisons to d
mine the feasibility of model tests. Studies of sump geometries for minimum submerg
with no air entrainment and with negligible influence on pump performance.
(g) Model and prototype submergence and air entrainment results agree qualitatively. Op
sump geometry for minimum submergence has been determined for rectangular plan form,
inflow sumps. Further work to be done to extend the range of investigated condition
(h) "Studies of submergence requirements of high specific speed pumps." H. W. Iversen,
Papers presented at Serai-annual Meeting of A.S.M.E., June ll

(811) STUDY OF DETACHED SHOCK WAVES.

(f) Completed.
(h) "The development of experimental techniques for the study of compressible flow by th<
hydraulic analogy." J. V. Flowers, Master of Science Thesis, University of Calif orn:
June 19S1.
"A study of transonic gas dynamics by the hydraulic analogy." E. V. Laitone, Univer:
of California, Department of Engineering, Report Series No. 3, Issue No. 323, June 1!
(Presented at Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences Annual Summer Meeting, June ll
To be published in the Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences.)

(813) FLUID RESISTANCE IN ACCELERATED MOTION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for graduate thesis.
(e) The fluid resistance of bodies subject to accelerated motion is being studied. Data
been obtained for flat circular disks moving through water with the plane of the disl
perpendicular to the direction of motion. A drag coefficient has been developed in i
of a correlative modulus that includes the acceleration of the system. A continuatic
with other bodies is planned.
(h) "Virtual mass of disks." R. Balent, M. S. Thesis, 19U9.
"A correlating modulus for fluid resistance in accelerated motion." H. W. Iversen ar
R. Balent, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 222 No. 3, March, 19l, pp. 32U-28.

(10^9) HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN COOLING TOWERS.

(b) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers; laboratory project,


(d) Experimental and analytical.
(3) To determine the heat transfer from water in contact with air in a mechanical draft,
cooling tower as a function of water rate, air rate, water temperature and packing ge
To determine the pressure drop as a function of the above-mentioned variables.
(h) "The cooling of a freely falling water drop." N. W. Snyder, Presented at the Heat Tr
Discussions in London, England, Sept. 1951. To be published in Proceedings.
"Enthalpy transfer in a cross flow cooling tower." N. W. Snyder and J. E. Mahlmeiste
Presented at Eighth International Congress on Refrigeration in London, England, Augus
To be published in the Proceedings.
.

13
University of California

AND ON BUBBLE PLATES.


MASS TRANSFER TO RISING BUBBLES

Laboratory project.
Experimental and analytical.
and mass of bubbles.
A study of diffusion to bubbles

BASINS IN CALIFORNIA.
STREAMFLOW DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED PACIFIC COAST

of California.
Laboratory project; Geophysics Institute, University
Basic research; analysis of available data.
drainage areas in
Development and analysis of flow-duration curves for representative
slopes of the curves to known physical factors.
order to relate shapes and
Compilation of flow duration curves largely completed; evaluation
of statistical param-
eters in progress.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATION ON SHOCK WAVE FORMATION.

Laboratory project,
i Experimental.
i
A wedge is towed through still water at various velocities and accelerations. The re-
sulting shock wave pattern is observed and analyzed.
Completed.
i
"An experimental investigation of transonic and accelerated supersonic flow by hydraulic
analogy." E. V. Laitone, University of California, Department of Engineering, Report
Series No. 3, Issue No. 315, July 3, 19^0 (paper presented at American Physical Society
Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 19l).
"An experimental investigation of the acceleration effect on bow shock waves by the
hydraulic analogy." Arthur C. Ackerman, Master of Science Thesis, University of Cali-
fornia, Sept. 1L

-
FRICTIONAL EFFECT OF SMALL CROSS SILLS IN SEDIMENT CARRYING CHANNELS.

1
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
I Experimental.
1
The frictional effect of the structures is measured by comparison with the same channel
without structures at equal flow and sediment transport conditions.
I Completed.
I "Linearity of friction in open channel flow." R. B. Banks, Ph.D. Thesis.
"An experimental investigation of stabilizers in a flood channel." H. A. Einstein and
R. B. Banks, Tech. Report Series No. hi, Issue No. 1 of the University of California
to the U. S. Dept. of Agri., Soil Conservation Service.

SINGLE VORTEX IN A REAL FLUID.

Yosemite Chemical Company, San Francisco.


Experimental and analytical.
1
The effect of friction on 8 single vortices is studied to devise methods of preventing
their development in front of pump intakes.
Completed.
"Single vortex in a real fluid." Huon Li, Master of Science Thesis, June 19l.

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNEL BENDS.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental.
To describe and predict the cross-distribution of velocities in open channel bends.
. University of California
University of Southern California

FLOW,
(1305) FLOW OF AIR-WATER MIXTURES IN OPEN CHANNEL

(b) International Engineering Company.


(d) Experimental and theoretical. m

To predict the bulking of water by air in


the discharge channels of impulse turbin
(e)
under load rejection.

(1306) PARTICLE SEGREGATION IN AN AGGRADING STREAM.

(b) U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers.


(d) Experimental.
(e) Flume studies.

(1307) DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TURBULENCE IN LIQUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project, Research Corporation Grant.


(d) Experimental.
(e) Development of instruments and methods to measure pressure fluctuations in the fre
stream and at the flow boundaries.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Engineering.

(^31) CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL RAIN TO STUDY RUNOFF FROM AIRPORT RUNWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers.
(c) Dr. K. C* Reynolds, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, Calif.
(d) Experimental; basic research, design, and M. S. theses.
(e) The prototype channels are located at the Santa Monica Airport, Santa Monica, Cali
The factors which affect the creation of artificial rain and which would influence
from airport runways are being investigated by analyzing the runoff hydrograph.
(f) Experiments completed.
(h) "The effect of distribution and size of raindrops of artificially created rain on
runoff of airport runways." J. S. Guzman and A. A. Cohan, Master's thesis, Januar;
U.S.C. Report on investigations at Santa Monica Airport in preparation by Glenn A.
Instructor at U.S.C, in cooperation with Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control.

(h9) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Dr. Robert E. Vivian, Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control, University
Soutnern California, Los Angeles 7, Calif.
(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research.
(e) To supplement and evaluate existing information on mechanical backflow prevention c
operating under constant line pressure, to perform laboratory acceptance tests on a
pressure types of backflow prevention devices.
(f) Temporarily inactive.
Carnegie Institute of Technology

IE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1308, 1309, and 1310 should be addressed to
Prof. F. T. Mavis, and Projects Nos. 1311 and 1312 to Prof. L. M. Laushey, Carnegie
Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

TRANSPORTATION OF BED LOADCOMPETENT VELOCITY.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for bachelors' theses.
Competent velocity near the stream bed as a function of grain size, specific gravity of
grain materials, velocity profiles, and velocity for a range of sizes of unigranular
sand.

) MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY OF TURBULENT FLOW,

i Laboratory project.
) Experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis.
! A theoretical and experimental study of the magnitude of fluid turbulence fluctuations
and the role in the conversion of kinetic to potential energy in an expansion. Methods
of determining the momentum and kinetic energy of a turbulent stream. Symmetry and
isotropy of the three-dimensional fluctuations.
) Suspended.

) VIRTUAL MASS ACCELERATION IN FLUIDS.

I Laboratory project.
: Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis.
) Tests will be conducted on accelerated motion in fluids to determine the physical rela-
tionships involved.

) FLOW THROUGH VERTICAL SHAFTS.

)
Laboratory project, sponsored by the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority.
I Experimental for design.
I Discharge as a function of headwater depth, pipe diameter, and shape and size of inlet
tank. Energy dissipation in the shaft under free fall, with and without spiral flow.
Quantitative study of air entrainment and design of vents.

) TURBULENCE VELOCITY.

I Laboratory project.
1
Experimental; for bachelor's thesis.
)
An experimental study of the change in direction and magnitude of the turbulence velocity
vector by combining the instantaneous values recorded along three mutually perpendicular
axes.
.

Colorado A & M College


16

Civil Engineering.
COLORADO A & M COLLEGE, Department of
tool., 822, 823, 828, 1072
Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. $2, 535, 537 to 539,
and 1313 to 1315, incl., should be addressed to Prof. Maurice L. Albe
1075 incl.,
Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
Department of Civil Engineering,

(52) HYDRAULIC SAND SEPARATOR.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) The purpose is to obtain data for the design of hydraulic models, and to supply a
of separating sand and gravel where a narrow size range is desired.
(g) An apparatus has been designed and built which classifies sand according to fall \
by a continuous flotation process. The process is purely dynamic in that sand is
duced directly into the flow. A check for duplication of results indicates that c
tions within plus or minus one percent are obtained. At present, construction of
apparatus is being completed to perform sand separation on a continuous basis of c
tion. Preliminary tests indicate satisfactory results.

(53) SAND TRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) R. L. Parshall, Soil Conservation Service, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, C
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To develop design data for sand traps using vortex tubes, riffles, and deflectors
or in combination, and to perfect the design for sluiceways having a relatively fl
grade which will effectively transport the bed load material from sand traps to a
of disposal. A new type of sand trap of an automatic nature has been designed and
under construction for testing in the laboratory.
(g) Investigations, laboratory and field, various designs of sand traps, show that the
tube, operated under favorable conditions has been successful. Installations of t
riffle deflector-vortex tube sand traps, large size, have been efficient in removi
bed load. Based upon previous model studies and field experiences, a riffle defle
vortex tube sand trap has been designed for the Kern County Land Company canal car
700 cfs. Final designs have been prepared for the riffle deflector- vortex tube sa
for the Belmonte Hydroelectric Project, Bogota, Columbia, S. A.
(h) "Model and prototype studies of sand traps." Ralph L. Parshall, Separate No. 1*7,
ASCE, May 1951.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, State Engineer of New Mexico, an
Engineer of "Wyoming.
(c) H. Stockwell, Soil Conservation Service, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Col<
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Systematic measurements of depths and water content of snow at high elevations in
Colorado mountain areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal
of the state in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and other use
(g) Snow measurement data are correlated with runoff. Once the relationship is establi
the snow measurement data are used to predict the runoff for the coming season.
(h) For 1951, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Series Papers Nof
U76, U77, U8U, 1*85, U86, 1*87, U88, 1*89, U91, U92, and U93. These are the monthly 5
Survey reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(57) PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR MAKING SNOW SURVEYS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Maxwell Parshall, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
Colorado A & M College 17

Field investigation; applied research.


Photographs of snow cover on a particular area of Cache la Poudre watershed are made.
Area of snow cover is correlated with annual runoff.
Fairly good correlation has been obtained.

PERFORMANCE OF WELL SCRE5NS.

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Soil Conservation Service, and various well
screen manufacturers.
C. H. Rohwer, Soil Conservation Service, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
Experimental; applied research.
(1) Measurement of loss of head in different types of well screens for discharges suitable
for each screen. (2) Determination of the size of opening in well screens, diameter of
screen, thickness of gravel envelope, and size and graduation of sand or gravel for most
effective control of flow of sands of different finenesses into the well with least loss
of head, and to determine the size of openings in well screens and diameter of screen for
most efficient operation in natural sands and gravels of a given classification. An
additional study is underway on the loss of head at interface of gravels of different
sizes.
Using the momentum, energy, and continuity equations, a theoretical analysis has been
developed which checked very closely with tests made on simplified well screens. By
this means a system has been established for determining a single coefficient which com-
pletely describes the hydraulic characteristics of any commercially-manufactured well
screen.
"Hydraulic properties of well screens." Gilbert L. Corey, Master s Thesis, Colorado
1

A & M College, June 191*9.


"Effect of well screens on flow into wells." Jack S. Peterson, Master's Thesis, Colorado
A & M College, Aug. 1951.
"Hydraulics of flow through well screens." Peterson, Rohwer, and Albertson. Special
report, Colorado A & M College, Dec. 1951.

FLOW IN CHANNELS OF DEFINITE ROUGHNESS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design and for masters' theses.
To supply experimental data on the flow of water through a channel of definite roughness.
An attempt is being made to use a type of roughness which can be easily reproduced and
yet adequately serve as an index of roughness for flow in open channels. Tests are now
under way in which natural gravel of various sizes from canals and rivers is used as the
roughness. Further investigations include the determination of the sediment carrying
capacity of channels with definite roughness.
Tests have been completed using sheet metal baffle plates as a standard. From these data
a single function has been established relating the Chezy resistance coefficient with the
Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
"Natural roughness in open channels." Arthur W. Van't Hul, Master's Thesis, Colorado
A & M College, Nov. 1951.

VORTEX-TUBE SAND TRAPS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design and for masters' theses.
To obtain generalized data for design of the most efficient vortex tube as a sand trap
in a canal.
A tube placed at a l*5-degree angle has been studied, and the relationship has been deter-
mined between the efficiency of the tube and such factors as the depth of flow, the dis-
charge, the size of the bed material, the concentration of the bed material, and the
relative elevation of the downstream lip of the tube. The resulting design curves permit
the design of vortex tubes under prototype conditions for maximum efficiency.
"Efficiency of a vortex- tube sand trap." George L. Koonsman, Master's Thesis, Colorado
A & M College, June 1950.
"Design characteristics of the vortex-tube sand trap." George L. Koonsman and Maurice L.
Albertson, Int. Society of Hydraulic Research, 1951.

3_8 Colorado A & M College

(538) HYDRAULICS OF SPILLWAYS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and for masters theses.
1

(e) To obtain generalized design information for spillways having the shape of the unde
of the nappe from a sharp crested weir. Generalized tests are being made to determ
the shape of the nappe with various negative pressures under it. Ultimately, the d
charge coefficient and the pressure distribution will be obtained for all practical
grees of submergence and ambient pressures. These data will permit the designer to
determine in advance the necessary shape of a spillway crest if a certain negative ]

sure is desired for a given head on the crest.


(g) Using data reported by others, and data obtained in this laboratory, dimensionless i

curves have been developed which permit solving directly for the design head, the d:
charge, the height of the spillway, or the shape of the spillway crest. Further da
have been obtained which 3how the effect of downstream submergence on the discharge
the pressure distribution over the spillway.
(h) "Discharge characteristics of submerged spillways." Herman J. Koloseus, Master's Tl
Colorado A & M College, Dec. 1951.
"Characteristics of the negative pressure nappe." Fredric C. Repper, Master's Thes:
Colorado A & M College, (in preparation).

(539) STILLING WELLS FOR METER GATES.

(b) Armco Drainage and Metal Products, Inc.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) To determine whether it is possible to simplify the design of the stilling wells an(
retain the accuracy and usefulness of the gate as a device for measuring flow.
(f) Completed.
(g) A satisfactory method was devised by means of constrictions.
(h) "Fluctuation studies in stilling wells for Armco metergate model No. 101." Maurice
Albertson, Special Report for Armco Drainage and Metal Products, Inc., Jan. 1951.

(820) THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado Agricultural Experiment


(c) C. H. Rohwer, Soil Conservation Service,
(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.
(e) A study of the factors influencing seepage from channels. It is hoped to perfect me
for making pre-investigations of seepage for the purpose of determining the seepage
existing canals, and predicting the seepage from proposed canals. Methods of measui
seepage will be evaluated to determine the limitations and advantages of each.
(h) "Progress report on the study of seepage losses from irrigation channels." Carl Ro
April 1950.
"Progress report on the study of seepage losses from irrigation channels." A. R. Rc
and Carl Rohwer, April 1951

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO PUMPING.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) W. E. Code, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Measurements of water table elevation in 190 selected wells are made twice annually.
(g) It has been possible to determine from the data whether the ground-water supply in t
various pumping areas is adequate for the demand imposed upon them. A definite lowe
of the water table is occurring in the Kiowa, Bijou, and Beaver Creek areas where pu
is the heaviest.
(h) Summary is prepared for inclusion in Geological Survey Water Supply Paper.
Colorado A & M College 19

DIFFUSION OF HEAT, VAPOR, AND MOMENTUM.

Office of Naval Research, Colorado A & M College.


Experimental; basic research.
A controlled study in a wind tunnel of the fundamental
principles describing the process
of diffusion of vapor, heat and momentum from various surfaces.
Eventually it is
intended to use the fundamental information to aid in determining evaporation from free
surfaces, land areas with various soil and crop covers, and plant surfaces; and heat
and moisture losses from animals.
"A comparative study of momentum transfer, heat transfer, and vapor transfer."
"Part II, Forced convection, turbulent case." C. S. Yih, ONR Report, June 19$1
"Part III, Free convection." C. S. Yih, ONR Report, Feb. 1951.
"Design and operation characteristics of a low-cost, low-velocity, wind tunnel."
Jack E. Cermak and M. L. Albertson, ONR Report, in preparation.
"Atmospheric diffusion from a point source." C. S. Yih, Colorado A & M College,
Report No. U, Aug. 19l.
"Laminar heat convection in pipes and ducts." C. S. Yih, and Jack E. Cermak, Colorado
A & M College, Report No. , Sept. 19l.
"Temperature distribution in a steady laminar, preheated air jet." C. S. Yih, Jour, of
Applied Mechanics, Dec. 19!?0.
"On a differential equation of atmospheric diffusion." C. S. Yih, Colorado A & M College,
Spring, 19l.
"Diffusion from a line source in laminar flow over a wedge and in Blasius flow." C. S.
Yih, Colorado A & M College, Nov. 19^0.
"Evaporation from a plane boundary." Maurice L. Albertson, 19E>1 Heat Transfer and Fluid
Mechanics Institute, June 19L.

) SCOUR IN A STILLING BASIN.

) Laboratory project.
)
Experimental; for design and master s thesis.
1

) A laboratory study of the scour in a stilling basin as the energy in a jet of water is
being dissipated. It is planned to use jets of various shapes and angles of attack on
the stilling basin, and the position of the jet relative to the stilling basin.
) A study has been completed of the special problem of comparing the scour from a solid
jet with that from a hollow jet valve. The jet was directed vertically downward at
various velocities. Variables considered were the depth of the pool, the fall velocity
of the erodable material and the size of the jet. Results showed that the depth and
rate of scour depended upon the depth of water in the stilling basin and the size of
the bed material. As expected, the larger the bed material, the smaller was the degree
of scour. As the depth of the water in the stilling basin increased, the scour likewise
increased to a maximum beyond which scour decreased as the depth increased.

) INFLUENCE OF SHAPE ON THE FALL VELOCITY OF SAND GRAINS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; for design and masters theses.
1

) A study of the fall velocity of sand and gravel particles from various sources such as
river beds, sand dunes, glacial moraines, sea deposits, and rock crushers. An attempt
is being made to determine a single shape factor which will adequately serve as a third
variable in a plot of drag coefficient vs Reynolds number, and also to determine the
relationship between the sieve diameter and sedimentation diameter as well as the varia-
tion of shape with size of fraction.
) A practical shape factor was determined which correlated quite well considering the
irregular and random shape of the particles involved.
) "Effect of shape on the fall velocity of fine sand particoes." Edmund F. Schulz. Master's
Thesis, Colorado A & M College, in preparation.
"Effect of shape on the fall velocity of gravel particles." Robert Wilde, Master's
Thesis, Colorado A & M College, in preparation.
Colorado A & M College

(1072) CALIBRATION OF ARMCO METERGATES.

(f) Completed.
(h) "Calibration of Armco Metergated Model No. 101." Sol D. Resnick, Special report tc
Armco Drainage and Metal Products, Inc., Jan. 193>1

(1073) SEDIMENTATION STUDY USING A TURBULENCE TANK.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and Colorado A & M College.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To determine more completely the effect of relatively uniform turbulence (created b
system of lattice structures similar to that used by Rouse), viscosity, fall veloci
and gradation of sediment, and percolation upon the concentration gradient and amou
of sediment in suspension.
(f) Initial phase completed.
(g) Results explain to a considerable extent the variation of sediment concentration wi
temperature, depth, discharge, and bed material which has been noticed in natural s
(h) Report in preparation.

(10720 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and master's theses.
(e) To obtain generalized design information for stilling basins utilizing the hydrauli
jump together with chute blocks, floor blocks, and sills.
(g) Generalized tests have been completed using cubical floor blocks to force the hydra!
jump having a length equal to 3 and times the downstream depth when the tailwater
elevation is either normal or below normal.
(h) "Direct solution for apron elevation." Maurice L. Albertson, Mineographed Report,
Dec. 190.

(1075) HYDRAULICS OF DROP STRUCTURES,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and masters' theses.
(e) A series of fundamental experiments to obtain generalized design information for dr<
structures generally associated with irrigation and drainage canals.

(1076) INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMICS AND PRACTICABILITY OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION IN C0L0RAI

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) W. E. Code, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Collection of data on the performance of sprinklers with respect to use of equipment
success as an irrigation method, effect on crops and cost.
(g) It has been found that many systems are poorly designed for a given situation and t*
in many cases savings in water are not as large as anticipated. Although many users
raised satisfactory crops, others did not because of insufficient water application.

(1313) HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and design; for master s and doctor's t
1

(e) The long range objectives of the project are to determine the hydraulic characterist
(including the sedimentary aspects) of alluvial channels. Consideration will be giv
to steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, transportation of bed loa
suspended load, bed material load, and wash load.
(g) Research is now underway investigating the natural shape (cross-section and meander
pattern), the boundary resistance, and the sediment transporting characteristics of
streams of a given discharge developing in a bed of sand having a given slope, and
analysis of bed material.
(h) "The design of stable channels in erodible material." King Yu, Master's Report, Col
A & M College, June 19U9.
.

Colorado A & M College 21

4) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE HEFNER.

d) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy,


j) Experimental; basic and applied research.
a) An attempt is being made to reproduce in the models of various sizes the wind structure
over Lake Hefner as measured during intensive field investigations. If this first step
is successful, an attempt will be made to model the evaporation.

$) WIND CHILL ON A LIFE-SIZED COPPER MAN IN A WIND TUNNEL.

b) Office of the Quartermaster General, Department of the Army,


id) Experimental; basic and applied research,
|) 1. To determine relationship between the coefficient of heat transfer, the ambient wind
velocity, and the difference between skin and air temperature under various conditions
of clothing and posture under simulated natural climatic conditions. 2. To develop
formulas by which the rate of heat loss from a life-sized man may be predicted under
various conditions of climate.

6) MODEL STUDIES FOR RIO GRANDE CANAL COMPANY DIVERSION DAM.

b) Rio Grande Canal Company.


c) Ralph L. Parshall, Soil Conservation Service, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
d) Experimental; applied research.
e) Model study was conducted to determine the most desirable spillway and ogee crest design
and to provide assurance that prototype will operate as desired.
f) Completed.

.7) PARSHALL DEFLECTION METER FOR MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE IN CONDUITS

b) Laboratory project; also sponsored by Alfred J. Ryan, Consulting Engineer, Denver, Colo.
c) Ralph L. Parshall, Soil Conservation Service, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
d) Experimental; development.
e) A special shape of vane for a deflection meter has been developed which will have the
same deflection for a given discharge in a given channel regardless of the depth and
velocity of flow.

.8) REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR FLOW THROUGH SANDS AND GRAVELS.

b) Laboratory project.
c) Prof o D. F. Peterson, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado A & M College, Fort
Collins, Colo.
d) Experimental; basic research; master's and doctor's theses.
e) The length factor in Reynolds number for flow through sands and gravels is based on the
diameter of the particle. This does not take into consideration changes in porosity nor
the fact that particle sizes are not uniform. An attempt will be made to find some
characteristic length based on the hydraulic properties of the sand or gravel which will
result in standard values of Reynolds number.

L9) PREVENTION OF ICING ON AIRPLANE WINGS BY LINE-SOURCE OF HEAT.

b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


c) Prof. Jack E. Cermak, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo,
d) Theoretical; basic research.
e) Differential equations are being solved to yield the temperature distribution near the
boundary of a cylinder. The cylinder is placed in the air flow with its longitudinal
axis perpendicular to the air stream with a line source of heat at its leading edge.
g) Two functions in the series of functions describing the temperature field have been solved
for the symmetrical case.

526 0-52-3
22 Colorado A & M College
University of Colorado

(1320) EVALUATION OF RAINMAKING OPERATIONS IN COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project; also sponsored by the Northern Colorado Natural Resources Associ;
tion, Fort Collins, Colo.
(c) Prof. Sol D. Resnick, Colorado A &. M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) The study is concerned with analyzing the attempt to increase precipitation and irapr<
precipitation patterns by the artificial nucleation of clouds over North Central
Colorado. The methods of analysis being used are essentially the following (1) stat:
tically studying precipitation on the target area and a control area; (2) comparing ;

pack on the target area and a control area, and (3) studying individual storms passii
over the target and control areas.
(g) The results of the analysis indicate that there was no apparent increase in precipitc
tion resulting from cloud seeding during the period March 1, 1951 to June 1, 1951 ove
North Central Colorado.
(h) "Analysis of climatological data for the spring cloud-seeding period over North Cent]
Colorado." Colorado A & M College Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. July, 195-

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering,

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 830, 1077, 1321 and 1322 should be addressed to
Prof. Warren DeLapp, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

(830) FLOW IN SHORT TUBES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research, for master's thesis.
(e) Tests are being made on a 2-inch smooth pipe with a square-edged entrance to study
boundary layer development and energy losses. Pipes of other sizes will be used late
(f) Suspended.
(h) "Flow through a smooth short tube with a square-edged entrance." W. W. Carter, Maste
Thesis, University of Colorado, June 1951. (Available on loan).

(1077) SPILLWAY CREST SHAPES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Analytical; for design and master's thesis.
(e) Equations have been derived for spillway crest shapes and conduit intakes from experi
mertal data.
(f) Completed.
(h) "Equations for concrete outlines of spillway crests and conduit intakes." E. T. Sche
Master's Thesis, University of Colorado, June 1951. (Available on loan).

(1321) ENERGY LOSSES IN OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.
(e) Water surface profiles are being observed to determine the effects of the sidewall fl
on the energy loss in rectangular open enamels with subcritical velocities.
(f) Suspended.
(h) "Energy losses in rectangular open channel expansions." D. W. Newton, Master's Thesi
University of Colorado, August 1951. (Available on loan.)

(1322) FLOW IN A DIVERGING SECTION ON A STEEP SLOPE,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.
(e) Water surface profiles are being studied for various bottom slopes and various sidewai
flares downstream from an ogee spillway.
Columbia University 23

IBIA UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics


Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

should be
Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 60, 61, 62, 289, 290, SUl, 1323, and 132U
Engineering,
addressed to The Director, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil
Columbia University, New York 27, N. Y.

) FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH GRANULAR (POROUS) MEDIA.

) Office of Naval Research.


) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
) To establish rational generalized expressions for permeability of porous beds consisting
of grains of uniform or mixed sizes. The present phase is dealing with flow of air
through beds of lead shot, sand, and gravel.
) Measurements on flow of air through uniform lead shot (spheres) have been completed.
Current work is on uniform sand to be followed by mixtures of various sizes.

.) ELECTROMAGNETIC VELOMETER.

) Laboratory project.
:) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
i) To develop instrumentation and technique to record manifestations of turbulence in
liquids and to measure detailed velocity distributions in boundary layers, separation
zones, etc. The work concentrated on development of a device for measuring very low
spot velocities. The possibility of using electrostatically charged molecules to measure
velocities was explored.
I Discontinued.
) It was found possible to measure mean velocities of water flowing in a 1-inch glass tube
by both the electromagnetic method and by using electrostatically charged molecules as
tracers.

) HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

) Office of Naval Research.


) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
) Exploratory experimental work is planned for study of (1) boundary layer regimen in intake
reaches of open channels, (2) flow patterns over beds curved in the vertical plane.
) Theoretical work on the development of the boundary layer in intake reaches of open
channels has been completed.

) SEPARATION PATTERNS IN THEIR RELATION TO LOCAL "FORM RESISTANCES".

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; masters' theses.
) Experimental work has been completed for the case of abrupt expansion of a pipe. A nozzle
discharging into a pipe of larger diameter has been used. Pressure distribution downstream
from the nozzle is measured. Tests have also been made with a spiral component of veloc-
ity artificially introduced just before the nozzle.
) Test work for 3 masters* theses is complete. A further thesis is planned using a gradu-
ally expanding pipe for the test section.

) HYDRAULICS OF SHORT OUTLETS IN BODIES OF DAMS.

) Office of Naval Research.


) Experimental.
) The purpose of this study is to investigate the boundary layer regimen in outlet conduits.
Pressure distributions along a nozzle and pipe will be measured by open manometers. A
pitot tube will be used to determine mean velocity distribution.
2L Columbia University-
University of Connecticut

(SUl) PATTERNS OF FLOW OVER WEIRS OF STANDARD OGEE FORMS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research and design.
(e) To investigate the physical features of the flow phenomena and formulating a compreh
sive basis for design, especially in regard to spillways under submerged conditions.

(1323) STUDY OF ENERGY EQUATIONS IN TURBULENT FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research.


(d) Theoretical; basic research.
(e) This study reviews various forms of the equations of motion and of energy for the gei
case of turbulent flow of a real fluid. Reduction of the equations for special case,
discussed. Emphasis is on the physical interpretation of the various terms involved
their correlation to experimentally measureable quantities.

( 132U) LOSSES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL TEES.

(b) Office of Naval Research.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
(e) It is planned to study the flow patterns at junctions in rectangular conduits which c

be considered two dimensional flow and the relation of the flow forms to the head lets
Preliminary tests to be run with water in a duct 6 inches wide with a slit in the waP
to produce a two dimensional side jet.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1078) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN


EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Rain gages have been obtained and will be installed at various locations on the U.
square mile watershed of the Research Laboratory. Inf iltrometers and lysimeters for
isolation and measurement of the factors affecting runoff are being devised. Six add
tional sites varying in size from k to UOO acres drainage area are being investigated

(1079) STUDY OF WIND EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. A. L. Mirsky, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A study of wind action and flow on the roofs of various types of buildings and struck
is to be conducted in a small wind tunnel.

(1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project; requested by State Highway Department.


(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Involves the hydraulic and structural design of the curb inlet type of catch basin, w:
particular reference to the hydraulic efficiency of the grate now used by the State H:
way Department. Half-scale models of highway gratings are under test.
.

University of Connecticut 2$
Cornell University

) DESIGN OF A LOW-SPEED TWO-DIMENSIONAL WIND TUNNEL.

) Laboratory project,
) Mr. A. B. Barton, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
)
Experimental; for master's thesis.
) A low-speed, two-dimensional wind tunnel has been completed for flow and pressure dis-
tribution studies.
)
Completed.

XL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 108, 108?, 1088, and 132 should be addressed to
Prof. M. Bogema, and concerning Projects Nos. 1326, 1327, and 1328 to Prof. Andre L.
Jorissen, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

0 DIAPHRAGM PUMP OPERATION.

>) Ace Pump Company, Memphis, Tenn.


I) Experimental; operation.
s) Study of corrective measures for reducing impact load on bearings due to water hammer.

') WAVE TANK STUDIES OF BEACH STABILITY RELATED TO VARIOUS WAVE CHARACTERISTICS

>) Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C.


I) Experimental; basic and applied research.
0 To tie the changes in a beach condition, i. e. changes in its texture, its profile, and
its firmness, to the characteristics of the waves acting on the beach and eventually to
the prevailing weather conditions.
;) New criteria for the effect of waves on beaches have been established, The importance
of wave frequency and previous beach condition has been brought out.

I) MODEL STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEACH FORMS.

>) Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C.


I) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
0 To investigate the effect of waves on various types of beaches.
') Completed.
l) Influence of grain size and beach form studied.
1) Thesis for master's degree, completed.

>) SUBMERGED ORIFICES.

)) Laboratory project.
0 Experimental; master's thesis.
0 Investigation of discharge coefficients for small (J - 1 inch) square and circular sharp
edged orifices under head differentials of 00 to 2.00 feet.
1) "Investigation of coefficients of discharge versus Reynolds numbers for small submerged
orifices at low heads and the rate of diffusion of the jet." James Albert Rout, Master's
Thesis, June 1951

)) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS OF HERS CHEL-TYPE VENTURI TUBES.

)) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,


\) Analysis.
0 To correlate available information on Venturi tube coefficients in view of obtaining
average values suitable for use as standard.
1) Completed.
0 "Discharge coefficients of Herschel type Venturi tubes." A. L. Jorissen, Annual Meeting,
ASME, Nov. 1951.
2o Cornell University-
Georgia Institute of Technology

(1327) STUDY OF FLOW METERING DEVICES FOR LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS,

(b) Builders-Providence, Inc.


(d) Experimental; development; master's thesis.
(e) To develop devices for measuring rate of flow in pipe lines maintaining a constant < I

efficient of discharge at low Reynolds numbers.


(g) Cylindrical nozzles have been found to maintain a constant coefficient of discharge
lower Reynolds numbers than standard pressure difference devices. It is now sought
decrease the pressure loss by adding a conical diffuser to the nozzles.
(h) "Discharge measurements by means of cylindrical nozzles." A. L. Jorissen and H. T.
Newton, ASME annual meeting, Nov. 1951.

(1328) EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF FLOW-METERING DEVICES,

(b) Builders-Providence, Inc.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctor's thesis.
(e) To investigate the relationship between the conical shape of the velocity-distributj
curve in turbulent rough pipe flow and the coefficient of discharge of flow metering
devices.

(1329) A PHOTO-ELECTRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING AND RECORDING THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADS OF
STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. L. Reid, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
(d) Experimental; master f s thesis.
(e) To determine the effect of suspended sediment size and concentrations on the intensi
of a transmitted beam of light, and on the intensity of the scattered light in a dir
tion at right angles to the original light beam.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results showed that if average particle size is known the concentration can be deter
mined in this manner.
(h) "A photo-electric method for measuring and recording the suspended sediment loads of
streams." G. V. Pesce, Master's thesis, Sept. 19l.

(1330) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY OF SEDIMENT MOTION IN FLOWING FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Dr. N. A. Christensen, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y
(d) Experimental; doctor's thesis.
(e) Criterion permitting selection of sediments to be used in a model to predict the beh;
of the sediments in the prototype was postulated and tested experimentally.
(f) Completed.
(g) The salient points of the investigation were: the emphasis on the terminal settling
velocity of sediment as an index for sediment motion, the establishment of a criteri<
for dynamic similarity of sediment motion in flowing fluid, the development of the s:
larity of flow patterns in the two sand separators.
(h) "Dynamic similarity of sediment motion in flowing fluid." King Yu, Doctor's thesis,
Feb. 1952.

CEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 291, 1331, 1332, 1333, and 133U should be addresse
Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlar

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project,


(d) Experimental; basic research.
Georgia Institute of Technology- 21
Harvard University

section have been completed.


|
Tests on a l:6_scale model of a typical highway embankment
Preliminary tests on a l:12.scale model are underway. Variables include roughness and
of crown, slope and height of embankment. Data include discharge calibration,
shape
water-surface profiles, and tailwater levels corresponding to (1) free flow (2) incipient
submergence, (3) lower limit of surface flow, (h) upper limit of plunging flow, and
(5) submerged flow.
)
Temporarily suspended.

) THE DIFFUSION MECHANISM OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A FLUID.

)
Laboratory project sponsored by the University Center of Georgia.
) M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.
)
Experimental; basic research.
j The diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles is being studied by means of the particle
concentration in a vertical diffusion chamber. The spherical particle concentration is
to be measured by the dispersion of a parallel light beam on a photo-electric cell. The
spherical glass particles will be of sufficient size such that the difference in the
diffusion of fluid particles and foreign particles can be studied in detail.

) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH OPEN-CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS.

) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.


)
Experimental; basic research.
) Tests are being conducted on various simple forms of width-constrictions in level channels
of various cross-sectional shapes. Flows are limited to the tranquil; range of boundary
conditions governed by standard practice in bridge-waterway construction. Present in-
vestigation is confined to the discharge characteristics of the contracted channel. Fu-
ture investigation will include an investigation of the total backwater effect.
) A satisfactory analysis has been achieved for discharge through a wide variety of verti-
cal-face obstructions.

) MODIFICATION OF MARTIN DAM POWERHOUSE DRAFT TUBES.

) Alabama Power Company.


) Experimental; for design.
) Proposed modifications to improve the performance of existing draft tubes will be inves-
tigated. Performance will be judged by the hydraulic efficiency of the draft tube as a
diffuser, stability of flow pattern, and pressure and velocity distribution. Each model
set-up will be tested for various degrees of initial whirl.

) DIAMETRIC OBSTRUCTIONS TO FLOW IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

) Laboratory project.
) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
) A theoretical analysis of the energy loss due to small obstructions (e.g. rods, struts)
in circular conduits will be checked in the laboratory. The effect of shape and relative
size of the obstruction will be investigated as a function of fluid properties and up-
stream flow characteristics.

r
ARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Mathematics.

6) MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


c) Dr. Jack Kotik, 21 Vanserg Building, Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass.
d) Theoretical.
26 Harvard University
University of Idaho

( e )
Non-periodic wave trains are studied mathematically, using harmonic analysis and st
tistical methods. One purpose is to rigorize wave resistance theory. A comparison
various methods of computing wave resistance is being initiated.
(h) "Fourier analysis of wave trains." G. Birkhoff and J. Kotik, to appear in Symposiu
Gravity Waves, National Bureau of Standards, June 1951.
"Existence and uniqueness theorems for linear water waves." J. Kotik, Ph.D. Thesis
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 195>2.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. $kl, U8, and 1091 should be addressed to Prof.
Warnick, College of Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

{9x1) STUDY OF PRINCIPLES, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE OF HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with United States Army Engineers, Weather Bureau,
Forest Service, and Bureau of Reclamation.
(d) Experimental; design and development.
(e) Tests conducted on movement of air around precipitation gages using sawdust to simu
snowstorm conditions. Information is being sought regarding proper design of winds
Precipitation gages have been installed at Mullan Pass, Idaho, and at Priest River
perimental Forest to check the performance of various shield designs under actual o;
ing conditions against performance observed in the wind tunnel.
(g) Photographs obtained illustrating wind behavior with sawdust blowing around the gag
with and without shields. Comparative catch tests made, using sawdust as a simulat
snowstorm. Methods have been developed for studying theoretical true catch of sawd
in model precipitation gages.
(h) "A wind tunnel for testing precipitation gages." R. L. Gardner, Idaho Engineer, Fei
"Laboratory and field experiments with snow gages in Idaho." C. C. Warnick, Proc.

Western Snow Conference, April, 19f>l.

(5U8) METHODS OF EVALUATING SEEPAGE LOSSES IN IRRIGATION CANALS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation.
(d) Field investigation; applied research for development.
(e) Methods of measuring seepage losses are being studied using seepage meters, current
meters, and volumetric measurements of loss from pondage sections. Unlined and comj
earth canals are being studied near Post Falls, Idaho, to provide better means of e 1

ing seepage losses and to give data on the effectiveness of earth-lined canals.
(f) Completed.
(h) "Methods of measuring seepage loss in irrigation canals." C. C. Warnick, Bulletin }
Engineering Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Oct. 1951.

(81*2) THE PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS OF SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Soil Conservation Service and Bureau of Reclame
Carried on under Agricultural Engineering Experiment Station.
(c) Prof. M. C. Jensen, Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Idaho, Moscov
Idaho,
(d) Experimental and field investigation; design and operation.
(e) To develop a self-cleaning screen for sprinkler systems, and to determine hydraulic
formance of current sprinkler system design. A cost study is also being made.
(f) Completed.
(h) "Costs of sprinkler irrigation on Idaho farms." M. C. Jensen and R. C. Bevan, Bulle
287, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Nov. 1951.
University of Idaho 2?
Illinois Institute of Technology-
Illinois State Water Survey Division

) AN ABSOLUTE VISCOMETER FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS.

b> Laboratory project; sponsored in the Mechanical Engineering Department.


s> Prof. N. F. Hindle, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho,
d) Theoretical laboratory investigation; design and development for master's thesis,
s) To develop and construct an instrument to measure absolute viscosity.
f) Completed.
h) "An absolute viscometer for Newtonian fluids." R. D. LaRue, Master's Thesis, University
of Idaho, May 1951. (Available on loan.)

1) A STUDY OF CANAL LININGS FOR CONTROLLING SEEPAGE LOSSES.

b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.


d) Field investigation; applied operational research.
e) A study is being made of the effectiveness and permanency of different types of canal
linings by installing short test sections of lining in operating canals. Information is
being obtained on permeability of soil before construction, and seepage loss before and
after lining.
g) Two years of field study have been completed and much data collected on methods of
placing linings, seepage losses, and performance of the test sections.
h) "A study of canal linings for controlling seepage losses." C. C. Warnick, Progress
Report, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Feb. 1951. (Mimeographed
copies available on loan.)
"Studies in low-cost canal lining." Glenn Meares. Idaho Engineer, May 1951.
"Experiments with prefabricated-asphalt linings for irrigation laterals." C. C. Warnick
Western Construction, Nov. 1951.

NOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Technology Center.

1) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE IN ROUGH PIPES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


c) Dr. V. L. Streeter, Illinois Institute of Technology, Technology Center, Chicago 16, 111.
d) Experimental; basic research.
e) An investigation of the Darcy friction factor and of the velocity distribution in
artificially roughened pipes at Reynolds numbers less than 50,000. Measurements are
being made on U-l/2 inch aluminum pipe with machined square thread type roughnesses using
oil as a working fluid. Three different relative roughnesses, each at several longitu-
dinal spacings, are available for testing. Similar measurements for smooth pipe flow
are also planned.
g) Measurements on the largest relative roughness, E/D = 0.0203, have been completed, cover-
ing a range of Reynolds number from 1000 to 50,000.

NOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Peoria.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556 to 560, incl., 8U5, and 1335 should be addressed
to Dr. Max Suter, Engineering Research Subdivision, Illinois State Water Survey Division,
Box 717> Peoria, 111.

6) PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES.

b) Laboratory project.
d) Experimental; basic research.
!

30 Illinois State Water Survey Division

measured to determine functicj


(e) The permeabilities of known mixtures of graded sand are
changes.
(f ) Permeability tester was installed in Peoria Laboratory.

(557) TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Critical flow is determined to define conditions under which turbulent flow occurs ou
side of well screens.
(f) Permeability tester installed.
(g) In flow through granular media, the Reynolds number cannot be calculated from ordinar
formulas. By assuming a critical Reynolds number as existing at the determined criti
flow conditions, the corresponding pore size can be calculated. This has been done i
preliminary tests, but further work is needed to get a correlation with screen analys

(558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; basic research.
(e) Sand boils occurring during floods in levied districts are mapped, classified, and sa
pled. Also sampled are river and nearby well waters.
(g) From chemical analyses and temperature measurements it was found that the water flowi
in typical sand boils (those free from pipe connections towards the river) is differe
from the river water and similar to well water in neighboring wells. Such sand boils I

can be stopped from flowing by damming them up to a level that is below that of the
river stage. They are not caused by leaks through the levee.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigation; basic research.
(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river intake, control tower with chlorination an
measuring devices, gravel pit with bottom 10 feet below river pool stage, sides and
bottom covered with sand.
(f ) Pit in operation October U, l5l and will operate during winter until river water geti
warmer than what is desired for the ground water. Shut down during periods of high
turbidity.
(g) Present results follow anticipated action. Results will also be checked on a model o:
1/8 of pit.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA, ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; basic research.
(e) To determine the ground water resources of the district, inventory of wells was made,
including construction and logs of wells. Ground water levels are measured continuous
pumpage data collected, river stages and rainfall recorded, chemical analyses for char
in composition of ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and alii
data are correlated with consideration of local ground conditions.
(g) The existence of a recession was proven to be due to overpumpage and high local concen
tration of pumpage. Remedial measures have been recommended.

(6U5) EXTENSION OF THEIS ' NON-EQUILIBRIUM THEORY FOR VARIABLE FLOW.

(b) Office project.


(d) Theoretical; basic research.
(e) Development of formulas that could be used for conditions of variable flow.
(g) Formulas developed for most important types of variable flow, but the series obtained !

not been calculated for wide ranges.


Illinois State Water Survey Division 31

) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO AREA,

b) Laboratory project.
6) Field study on variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field
with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally heavily pumped. Study of ground water level
recession, interferences, transmissibilities, effect of additional demands.
g) Results determine recession and give good data for future prediction.
ih) "Chicago area water supply." Circular 29, State Water Survey, 19^0, Midwest Engineer,
February 195>0.

[MS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Champaign.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 55>1> 5>5>5> 561, and 1336 to 13i|2, incl., should be
addressed to Mr. R. E. Roberts, Illinois Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

1) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.


d) Field investigation; applied research, design.
e) Measurements are being made of watershed rainfall and stream flow, of stage, discharge
over the spillway, and municipal pumpage on five small water supply reservoirs in
Illinois.
'g) Twenty-two years of continuous measurements completed. Data through 19li6 published in
Survey's Bulletin 38, p. 30.

\2) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

'b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil Conservation Service and Illinois Agricultural
Experiment Station.
c) Mr. J. B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.
'd) Field investigation; applied research.
e) For design of water supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation have been
made on sixteen lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are being analyzed and complete
surveys of watershed soil type, slopes, land use, and conservation practices are being
made.
'g) Results at Lake Decatur, Decatur, 111., showed correlation between rate of sedimentation
and land use on the watershed.

3) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

'b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Pfister Hybrid Corn Co., El Paso, 111.
'c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.
[d) Field investigation; basic research.
e) A radar installation is being used to track rainclouds, showing extent of each rain area
and movement. Rainfall data are collected over a concentrated network of 31 rain gages
and correlated with the radar for quantitative rainfall measurement. Movies are being
made of the PPI scope.
'g) Results indicate that radar will give an accurate picture of rainfall extent. Radar was
used for short period rainfall forecasts.

'6) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

b) Laboratory project.
d) Field investigation; applied research.
e) Measurements are being made of evaporation at three stations in northern, central, and
southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients are obtained at Four-Mile Crib in Lake
Michigan and at Urbana.
^g) One year's record at Four-Mile Crib indicated Ul.7 inches evaporation for a period Sept.
19^0-Aug. 19^1 incl. Equipment at Urbana being rebuilt after laboratory study.
32 Illinois State Water Survey Division

(561) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; basic research.
(e) To determine the ground water resources of the district, inventory of wells was made
including construction and logs of wells. Ground water levels are measured continue
pumpage data collected, river stages and rainfall recorded, chemical analyses for ch
in composition of ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and a
data are correlated with consideration of local ground conditions.
(g) The existence of a recession was proven in locally overpumped areas.

(81*3) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS, STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine ground water resources of the area, water level contours of the sandstoi
aquifers, transmissibility and storage coefficients of the aquifers, quantity of wat<
available were obtained.
(g) Data indicate that piezometric surface conforms generally with topography, with a 50(
foot drop in about 30 miles with no apparent withdrawal. The sandstone aquifers are I

overlain with 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious limestone.

(8 W0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine ground water resources of the county, water level contours of two glacis
aquifers. Pumping tests to determine transmissibility, rates of flow into heavily
pumped areas.
(g) Data show little, if any, communication between two glacial aquifers. Withdrawal in I

heavily pumped area exceeds recharge by 30 percent.

(1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey.


(c) G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) raingages, 3 stream-gaging stations, groundwater level recorders are being maint
Data will be used in analyzing storm rainfall, runoff relationships on small watershe
and effect of rainfall on the water table.
(g) Complete analysis of 3 years of storm rainfall data is being analyzed.

(1336) DESIGN OF A 60-F00T TILTING FLUME.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental;
(e) Design of a versatile flume for laboratory projects.

(1337) INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT FOR WELL TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental.
(e) Development of a pressure recording gage to record well-level recession during a pumpi
test.
Illinois State Water Survey Division 33
University of Illinois

i.8) DEVELOPMENT OF A RECORDING RAINFALL INTENSITY GAGE.

b) Laboratory project.
d) Experimental.
e) Development of a recording rainfall intensity gage which will use a smaller collector
than the gages which have now been developed.

59) FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

Ob) Laboratory project,


fd) Theoretical.
[e) A study of the application of Hatch's equation in the transition region.

xO) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental;
(e) Investigations to determine if any measurable changes in physical properties occur in
fluids during flow.

|1) CORROSION STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental.
(e) A basic study of corrosion occurring at the steel electrodes under flow through a twenty
foot plastic tower.

!i2) STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES WITH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental.
(e) One-half inch pipes made of different materials are in service. Changes in flow due to
corrosion and at constant head are being measured.

7ERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Theoretical and
lied Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 562, 1093, and 13U3 should be addressed to
Prof. F. B. Seely, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 21h Talbot Labora-
tory, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

?62) AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LAMINAR FLOW AND THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IN OPEN
CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Basic research.
(e) A lucite channel 6 inches in cross-section and fifteen feet long and a glass walled
channel 18 inches wide, 26 inches deep, and 30 feet long have been used to study the
velocity distribution.
(f) Analysis completed and submitted for publication.

393) AN INVESTIGATION OF A NEW OPEN CHANNEL FORMULA BASED ON DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND CORRE-
LATION OF OPEN CHANNEL DATA WITH THAT OF CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and analytical.
University of Illinoi
3U

in a triangular, variable-slope flume.


(e) Data have been collected on the flow of water
used to make a dimensionless graph and also a comparison with
These data have been
channel have been
established pipe flow data. Two roughnesses as well as the smooth
investigated.
(g) Analysis completed and report is in preparation.

(13U3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD-PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Basic research.
(e) Data have been collected on quantities of flow varying from 1.59 to 11.5 cfs in a fl<

plain channel.
(g) Data being analyzed.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 56U and 10 9U to 1098, incl. should be addressed tc

Prof. J. J. Doland, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(56U) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Illinois Water Survey Division and U. S. Geologj
Survey.
(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and design.
(e) Fourteen recording rain gages, one evaporation station including recording dew-point
device, one radar station, and two recording stream gaging stations are installed for
determination of rainfall and runoff for an area of about eight square miles. Analyt
investigation includes frequency analysis of rainfall intensity, area-depth relations
for storms, ground-water depletion study, infiltration analysis, and unit-graph analy

(109U) STUDY OF HIGHWAY INLET BOXES AND DISCHARGE PIPE SHAPES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau o
Public Roads.
(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Full scale inlet boxes of various sizes are being tested with C. I. bell, square, and
rounded discharge pipes. Velocity of approach is varied to simulate different approa
gutter grades.

(1095) SCALE MODEL STUDIES OF INLET BOXES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau o
Public Roads.
(d) Experimental field; applied research, design.
(e) Model tests of inlet boxes with the aim of utilizing kinetic energy of the falling je1
to obtain higher velocity discharge in connecting pipes. Temperature studies are beir
conducted to determine the desirability of catch basins as heat reservoirs for winter
grate operation.
(f ) Inactive with the exception of temperature study.

(1096) FULL SCALE GUTTER TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau of
Public Roads.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Determination of roughness coefficients for different degrees of surfacing on concrete
gutters.
University of Illinois 3S
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

) CORRECTION OF SCOUR BELOW TWO PIER HIGHWAY BRIDGE.


' !

) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways.


)
Experimental, applied research.
) A 1:50 scale model of an overflow bridge on flood plain of the Wabash River has been
constructed to determine the cause of excessive scour downstream from the bridge.
Remedial dikes and topography changes have been tested to determine their suitability.

) RESERVOIR MODEL.
t

) Laboratory project.
|!)
Experimental, basic research.
i) Model of triangular longitudinal section reservoir has been constructed for density
current studies for various bottom slopes.

INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at State Univer-
sity of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa:
Nos. 66, 68, 299, 1108 to Prof. J. W. Howe.
Nos. 69, 568, 1101, 1107, 13^7 to Mr. Emmett M. Laursen.
Nos. 72, 73, 8^1 , to Mr. Philip G. Hubbard.
Nos. 75, 79, 302, 85ii, 1100 to Dr. Hunter Rouse.
Nos. 81, 82, 298, 567, 1101*, 13UU to Dr. John S. McNown.

.) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

i) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.


) Field investigation; applied research and masters 1 theses.
i) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge
from a 3-square mile area measured by Geological Survey; rainfall records at five auto-
matic recording stations collected by Soil Conservation Service. Continuous records
since 192U of precipitation, runoff, ground-water levels, and vegetal cover.
) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.
) Annual reports since 192U available in files at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

Cooperative with Geological Survey.


V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.
Field investigation; collection of basic stream- flow data.
Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa
cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of Geological
Survey.
Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.
Records contained in Water-Supply Papers available through offices of the Geological
Survey.

HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.


Field investigation; applied research and masters theses.
1

Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge
from a 2 5- square-mile area measured by Geological Survey; rainfall records at four auto-
matic recording stations collected by Weather Bureau. Continuous records since 19U1 of
precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.
Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff
and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water Supply Papers.
.

2 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(69) RELATION OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS TO BED EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; for doctor s thesis.
f

(e) To evaluate general relations between geometric and kinematic parameters of flow and n
size and grading of bed sediments for an arbitrary condition of scour. Selected geome
cal proportions kept constant during all runs, the variables being the rate of flow, tl
mean diameter and standard deviation of the sediment, and time and depth of scour.

(72) ELECTRICAL ANALOGY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) An entire system of elliptical transitions from a reservoir to two-dimensional, axisym
ric, and square pipes has been constructed and tested to give the significant boundary
pressures.
(g) Transitions based upon ellipses having major to minor axis ratios of 1, l.E>, and 3 hav
been constructed and tested for each of the pipes listed in (e) above, for a wide rang
effective pipe diameters relative to the ellipse dimensions.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers.


(d) Experimental development.
(e) To develop practical instruments for the field measurement of turbulence in flowing wa -

Instruments are planned to include a rigidly mounted unit for shallow water over a con-
siderable velocity range, a unit to be suspended on a cable for deep water, and a tape
recorder for evaluation of means and root-mean- squares of three velocity components.

(75) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses.
(e) To provide information as to distribution of velocity and turbulence in two- and three-
dimensional submerged jets. The velocity distribution in an air jet with unlimited boi
ary was originally studied as a function of longitudinal and lateral distribution, velc
of efflux and size of outlet, and results were reduced to dimensionless relationships.
The distribution of turbulence is being studied in a similar manner with especial refei
to the cavitation of submerged jets. The investigation is being extended to the diffus
of flow under various related boundary conditions, in particular the hydraulic jump.

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses.
(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation for systematically varied boundary conditions
Studies are being conducted on high-velocity submerged jets, using underwater noise as
criterion, to determine cavitation parameters. Tests are being made to evaluate the re
tions between the cavitation index and temperature, relative velocity, and nozzle geome
Determination is being made of the effect of relative spacing upon the pressure distrib
around a grid of equidistant cylinders mounted perpendicular to a steady, uniform, two-
dimensional flow. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution around various roi
ellipsodial, and conical head forms are being extended to various angles of yaw.

(81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,


(d) Theoretical; basic research.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research 37

Methods of applying irrotational-flow theory to problems of hydraulic design are being


used to obtain information on specific problems. Pressure distributions around faired
boundary forms are obtained mathematically, neglecting viscous effects and using both
exact and approximate methods. Where possible, results are compared with experimental
measurements determined in other studies. The relaxation technique has been applied to
such problems as boundary transitions, jet profiles, the form of cavitation pockets, and
the shape of spillway sections. Approximate methods of determining the body profile for
a given pressure or velocity distribution have been developed.
"Approximation of axisymmetric body forms for specified pressure distributions." John S.
McNown and En-Yun Hsu, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 86U-8, July 19l.

HYDRAULICS OF MANIFOLDS.

Laboratory project; originally sponsored by Committee on Hydraulic Research, Hydraulics


Division, A.S.C.E.
Experimental; for design and masters' theses.
Divided and confluent flow have been studied in a 2-inch smooth brass pipe with a single
right-angle lateral to determine effect of discharge and diameter ratios on the changes
in pressure at the junction. The effect of spacing in multiple-lateral manifolds and the
pattern of flow and pressure variation in the immediate vicinity of the junction were
studied. Comparisons have been made with the results of mathematical analyses.
Experimentation completed; preparation of final report in progress.
"Application of conformal mapping to divided flow." John S. McNown and En-Yun Hsu.
Proc. of the Midwestern Conference on Fluid Dynamics, J. S. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1951, PP. 1U3-155.

FALL VELOCITY OF SEDIMENT.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research and masters' theses.
The effect of a cylindrical boundary and particle shape on the fall velocity of individual
particles, and on concentration on the rate of settlement of sediment samples are being
investigated. Velocities of spheres of various sizes, falling along the axes of vertical
cylinders of selected diameters and through fluids of different viscosities, have been
determined. For larger values of the Reynolds number, the drag force on a sphere fixed
in a cylindrical conduit has been determined from measured pressure distributions and
computations of the surface drag. The fall velocities for a variety of regular shapes
have been determined. Measurements have also been made of the effect on the fall velocity
of particle concentration in uniformly dispersed suspensions of sediment, using clouds of
uniform sediment, as well as for the effect of a vertical wall or the mutual effect of
two identical particles displaced horizontally.
"Particle shape and settling velocity." J. S. McNown, J. Malaika, and H. R. Pramanik.
Proc. of Inter. A.ssoc. for Hydraulic Research, Bombay, Jan. 19l. (Publication pending.)
"Drag of spheres within cylindrical boundaries." John S. McNown and John T. Newlin,
presented at First American Congress of Applied Mechanics, June 19^1.
"Particles in slow motion." John S. McNown, La Houille Blanche. (Publication pending.)

DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION CAUSED BY FLOW OF AIR OVER A SERIES OF THREE-


DIMENSIONAL BUILDING FORMS.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental; applied research and masters theses.
1

To determine pressure distributions on simple three-dimensional building forms of various


proportions, for winds of different orientations. Extensive investigation of block-type
buildings with gabled roofs, hangar-type buildings, and vertical walls completed. Master's
thesis on effect of parapets on pressure around flat-roofed buildings completed. Study
of effect of eaves now proposed.
Essentially completed. Eaves study suspended.

6 o - 52 - 4
) .

38 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(h) "Wind-tunnel studies of pressure distribution on elementary building forms." Chien


Feng, Wang, and Siao, Nov. 1951. (Available from Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Resea
$1.75 per copy.)
"Modification of pressure distribution around buildings due to parapets." Philip S
Master's Thesis, State University of Iowa, June 1951. (Available on loan.)

(302) SEDIMENT SIZE ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS IN STRATIFIED SUSPENSION. I

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; doctoral dissertation.
(e) To develop a technique for rapid size-frequency determination by measurement of pre
differentials during relative motion between sediment and suspending liquid. SampL|.
introduced at top of a water-filled tube containing a pervious piston which can be if
placed along axis of tube. Piezometers at top of tube and just above piston permit I

differential pressure, and hence immersed weight of suspended sediment, to be recor< {


during traverse of tube by piston.

(567) A STUDY OF FLOW OVER LATERAL SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project; originally supported by A.S.C.E. through J. Waldo Smith award, jj

(d) Experimental; applied research and masters theses.


1

(e) Flow over a sharp-crested weir in one side of a rectangular channel is studied as a
function of the channel and weir dimensions, the channel depth, and the Froude numb<
the channel flow above the weir.
(f) Inactive.

(568) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS

(b) Iowa State Highway Commission and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To investigate the effects of pier and abutment geometry, sediment properties, and s
flow characteristics on the rate and pattern of scour, to the end of providing safe
design criteria.
(g) Initial phase, the study of pier and abutment geometry, has been extended to various
geometrical shapes. The second phase, the study of the effect of stream- flow charac
istics, is continuing. The third phase, the study of sediment characteristics, has
initiated.
(h) "An investigation of the effect of bridge-pier shape on the relative depth of scour.
D. E. Schneible, Master* s Thesis, State University of Iowa, June 1951. (Available o !

Report No. 2, "Scour around bridge piers and abutments, effect of velocity and depth
flow." Nov. 1951. (Request should be made of the Iowa State Highway Commission, Am
Iowa .
"Model studies of scour around bridge piers." Jan. 1952. (Request should be made oi
Highway Research Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D. C.)

(851) A CONSTANT-TEMPERATURE HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN AIR.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; instrument design.
(e) The anemometer was designed to measure fundamental properties of turbulence in a low^
velocity air tunnel, with special emphasis on simple operational techniques and high
sensitivity at low frequencies. The aims were accomplished by utilizing carefully d
electronic control circuits and maintenance of the wire temperature at a constant le
above that of the air stream.
(f) Reactivated.
(g) Improvements are contemplated which will lead to greater stability and a more nearly
linear response to the magnitude of the velocity.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research 39

BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SURFACES.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses.
Preliminary experimental investigation of the drag of smooth and rough surfaces in the
low-velocity air tunnel, including boundary-layer development, turbulence, and drag,
has been followed by tests on surfaces roughened by abrasive cloth, screen, and arrange-
ments of cubes and of transverse bars. Boundary-layer studies are being supplemented
by studies of established flow in a channel over similar surfaces.
Investigations of the drag of smooth and rough surfaces has been completed.
"An experimental investigation of the boundary-layer development along a rough surface."
Walter L. Moore, Doctoral dissertation, State University of Iowa, Aug. ll. (Available
on loan.)
"A literature survey of boundary-layer development on smooth and rough surfaces at zero
pressure gradient." W. D. Baines. (Available from Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.)

BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON STEEP SLOPES.

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers.


Experimental; basic research, for design and graduate theses.
Tests are being conducted in a sloping flume below a spillway crest to determine the
velocity distribution and boundary-layer thickness as a function of distance from the
crest, discharge rate, angle of slope, and bottom roughness, to develop a means of pre-
dicting the location of the zone at which the turbulent boundary layer intersects the
water surface and air entrainment begins.
Completed.
"The development of the turbulent boundary layer on steep slopes." William J. Bauer,
Doctoral dissertation, State University of Iowa, Aug. 195>1. (Available on loan.)

MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and Iowa State Highway Commission.


Experimental; for basic research and graduate theses.
A study of the movement of sediment in pipes, including the pattern of sand transport
and the accompanying hydraulic energy losses; and a study of the effects of the geometry
of sand traps on their efficiency in sediment removal.
A study of the transport in pipes flowing full has been completed and is now being ex-
tended to pipes flowing partially full. A study of two-dimensional sand traps has been
completed and is being extended to three-dimensional traps.
"A study of the transportation of sand in pipes." John P. Craven, Doctoral dissertation,
State University of Iowa, Aug. 19l. (Available on loan.)
"The effect of sand-trap proportions on the efficiency of operation." Aly Baligh,
Master's Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 1951. (Available on loan.)

HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS.

Laboratory project.
Simon Ince, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Library research; for doctor's degree.
To trace the historical development of the important theories of hydraulics, covering
the fundamental ideas of the science, the critical periods of development, and the con-
tributions of personalities of major importance to this development.

ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research and doctor's thesis.
!

kO Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(e) Force components on an accelerated sphere in a fluid were studied experimentally,


oscillatory motion, these force components are being separated into the inertial e
ive force and dissipative shear force. A study being made of the acceleration of
particle falling freely from rest is intended to provide information concerning th
diffusion characteristics of suspended sediment. Study is to be extended to inclu
other shapes than the sphere and to obtain more detailed information concerning th
steady pattern of flow around submerged bodies.

(110?) TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED AND TOTAL LOAD.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To determine the suspended and total load as a function of hydraulic and sediment ;

eters. Distribution of sediment, and total load will be measured. Effect of sedi:
transport on velocity distribution, energy loss, and other hydraulic characterise
will also be evaluated.

(1108) RELATION OF WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO THE FORM OF THE UNIT HYDRO GRAPH.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Analytical investigation; basic research, for master's thesis.
(e) A study was made of the relation of watershed characteristics of stream basins in
Illinois and unit hydrographs for those basins, recently developed by the Geologic;
Survey in cooperation with the State of Iowa.
(g) The compaction coefficient of the drainage area proved to have a good correlation %
the time base and the peak percentage of the distribution graph. The land slope is,
important factor in estimating distribution-graph properties for small watersheds.

(13hh) CALCULATION OF FREE-STREAMLINE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project; partially sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, Department
the Navy.
(d) Theoretical; applied research.
(e) Calculations are being made of various two-dimensional flows using the classical
Helmholz-KLrchhoff method. Manifold flow with free and constricted lateral efflux,
curved inlets and pier profiles, and the deflection and division of jets by symmetr
and un symmetric ally placed vanes are being computed. The intended applications are
the design of pipe and lock manifolds, the selection of appropriate profiles for in
and the upstream portion of streamlined piers, and the more precise definition of t
behavior of Pelton wheel buckets.
(g) Excellent concordance in bulk characteristics has been found between results calcul
for two-dimensional flow and those measured in pipe manifolds.
(h) "Application of conformal mapping to divided flow." John S. McNown and En-Yun Hsu.
Proc. of the Midwestern Conference on Fluid Dynamics, J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Mic
19L, pp. 1U3-1#.

(13U5) DESIGN OF HIGHWAY FILLS FOR SAFE OVERTOPPING BY FLOOD WATERS.

(b) Iowa Highway Research Council.


(c) C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa.
(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) Studies on methods of protecting fine material from erosion are being conducted in <

flume in which velocity, depth of flow, and vertical pressure gradients through the
can be controlled and measured and which permits close observation of modes of faili
When the most economical method that gives promise of being effective has been detei
full-scale embankments will be constructed and tested in a large flume.
(g) Tests have been made over a range of thicknesses of uniform-sized riprap, for varioi
sizes of angular crushed rock particles and of rounded gravel particles. Results se
to indicate that economical protection will require two or more layers of riprap of
differing size classification.
(h) "Protection of earth embankments by riprap of uniform size." J. 0. DeAbreu and W. I
Morgan, Master's Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 19$U (Available on loan.)
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research
til

The Johns Hopkins University

RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT OF PLASTIC PIPE.


Products Corporation.
Yardley Plastics Company and Carlon
Dr. Walter

tSSSSSL
1/2, 1, 2, and
^ iS
Rand,

h
State
d
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

coefficient as a function of the Refolds nu.oer for


inch plastic pipe of both rigid and flexible
types.

MODEL STUDIES OF SAN JACINTO DAM.


Texas.
Ambursen Engineering Corporation and City of Houston,
Experimental; for investigation of design.
and efficiency of the
Spillway discharge coefficients for free and submerged flow
stilling basin will be studied in a 1:15 model of one bay.
Flow conditions downstream
from the dam will be studied in a 1:150 model of the flood plain.

DHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Institute of Cooperative Research.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 855, 86, and 1111 should be addressed to Dr. John C.
Geyer, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md.

) HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF STORM SEWER INLETS.

) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.
) Experimental; basic research and design.
) Model tests of curb, gutter, and combination inlets of various designs for inflow changes
with street dimensions of grade, crown, and roughness. The design of the inlet itself,
of the inlet depression, and of deflectors at the inlet are all under study.
) To previous results from tests of curb and combination inlets has been added information
on the use of deflectors with depressed curb inlets and results on various combinations
of grate and curb inlets in which have been varied: (1) pattern of grate, (2) position
of grate with respect to curb inlet, (3) length of depression above inlet. Deflectors
on curb inlets produced high inlet efficiency which increased with street grade, but
their behavior toward debris is still unknown. A feature of the design is that the
combination of deflectors and depression produces a plane surface to traffic. Grates
with longitudinal bars only are appreciably more efficient than grates with all trans-
verse bars or a combination of the two. With combination grate and curb inlets, extend-
ing the depression length upstream from the inlet gives marked increase in inlet effi-
ciency.
) "Hydraulic behavior of storm drain inlets, Part I - flow into gutter inlets in a straight
gutter without depression." Wen Hsiung Li, John C. Geyer and George S. Benton. Sewage
and Industrial Wastes, Vol, 23, No. 1, pp. 3U-U6, Jan. 1951.
"Hydraulic behavior of storm drain inlets, Part II - flow into curb-opening inlets."
Wen Hsiung Li, Khut K. Sorteberg and John C. Geyer. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 23,
No. 6, pp. 722-738, June 1951. Reprints available.

>) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.
) Field investigation; basic research and design.
) Study of rainfall and runoff relationsiip as affected by types and patterns of ground
surface, length and degree of slope, shape of watershed, pattern of drainage ways. Rain-
fall and runoff records are being obtained from 8 urban areas differing in size and in
the other pertinent factors listed above. From 7 of the 8 areas runoff is being gaged by
stage measurements only, pending development of a suitable flow meter.
The Johns Hopkins University
U2
The James Leffel and Company
Lehigh University

(1111) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOW GAGE FOR STORM SEWER DISCHARGES.


Roads Commission.
(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State
(d) Experimental; applied research.
and velocity of the debris-laden,
e The development of gages for measuring both depth
is for a method generally
shooting flow commonly found in storm sewers. The search
storm sewers that does not require extensive alterations of i
adaptable to existing
sewer channel.
special mount to give shielding agair
(e) A "Pigmy" type cup (Price) current meter in a
debris has remained satisfactorily free from clogging during a four month trial pei
in a storm sewer. An electrical system for recording
the rate of revolution of the
cups is being developed; the depth of flow will be simultaneously recorded on the s
chart.

THE JAMES LEFFEL AND COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13U8 and 131*9 should be addressed to Mr. J. Robe
Groff, The James Leffel and Company, 1*26 East Street, Springfield, Ohio.

(131*8) HIGH HEAD FRANCIS TYPE TURBINES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research, design, development.
(e) Development and testing of low speed Francis type turbines with special features ir
design for use in high head ranges.

(131*9) TURBINE TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research, design, acceptance.
(e) Testing of turbine models for customers and activities relating to improvements in
design and operation of certain turbine types, draft tubes, and spiral cases.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 90, 112, 1113, llll*, 13^0, and 13& should be n

addressed to Prof. M. B. McPherson, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,


Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.

(90) STUDIES OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS CAUSED BY BOUNDARY MISALIGNMENT IN THEIR RELATION TO


CAVITATION IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) A.S.C.E. Subcommittee on Cavitation and the Lehigh Institute of Research.


(d) Experimental; basic research; master s thesis.
f

(e) Determination of pressure variation as a function of approach velocity and head, an<
magnitude of misalignment. Study of pressure distribution along one surface of botl
rectangular open channel and a closed conduit in which a transverse step of variable
height has been placed, with the object of defining misalignment tolerances for hyd:
structures.
(g) Studies of open and closed conduits have yielded distinct relationships between dif:
ence in piezometric head, velocity head and height of misalignment.
(h) Report in preparation.
..

U3
Lehigh University-
Louisiana State University and A & M College

DAM, PENNSYLVANIA, CHUTE SPILLWAY.


MODEL STUDY OF THE HILLS CREEK
sponsored by F. H. Dechant, Consulting Engineer.
Laboratory project; major portion

SKSriUSFSI KfSlSS'S^S^
investigated.
a US direction change; supercritical
flow. Alternate designs
Completed
Report and/or thesis available on loan.
WEIRS.
A STUDY OF SHARP-CRESTED CIRCULAR

^
Laboratory project.
en ;
e
f the eSe ctf ^
circular in plan, radial in approach.
Experiments concluded.
head, approach depths and

Report for publication under preparation.


dialer. Weirs are

MODEL STUDY OF FALL RIVER DAM, KANSAS, SPILLWAY.

> Laboratory project; graduate problem,


i Experimental; undergraduate instruction.
1:100 scale including approach area, apron, tailwater area and tamter
gates. Experi-
I

mental proving of Corps of Engineers design,


i
Completed
) Graduate student report available on loan.

) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER MODEL SPILLWAY OF FALL RIVER DAM, KANSAS.

)
Undergraduate problem.
)
Undergraduate instruction.
) 1:60 scale model of spillway, center to center of piers. Pressure distribution defined
for various heads, with and without piers.
)
Completed.
)
Undergraduate student report available on loan.

) MODEL STUDY OF A DROP INLET SPILLWAY FOR WAYNESBORO, PENNSYLVANIA.

) Sponsored by Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, Inc.


) Experimental; design.
) 1:20 scale. Study of tower, elbow and stilling pool characteristics. Pressure distri-
bution throughout conduit being investigated.

I ANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A & M COLLEGE, School of Hydraulic Engineering.

) THE EFFECT OF LENGTH ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFUSERS.

) Laboratory project.
) Prof. T. M. Lowe, School of Hydraulic Engineering, Louisiana State University and
A & M College, Baton Rouge 3, La.
) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
) Tests are being made on two-dimensional rectangular expansions and uniform square expan-
sion of various lengths. This study has resulted as the generalization of "Study of
flaring outlet end of culvert to increase rate of discharge."
) "The effect of length on performance characteristics of diffusers." Richard A. Smith,
Master's Thesis, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Aug. 1951. (Available
on interlibrary loan.)
Louisiana State University and A & M College
hh
University of Maryland

THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH A STAN]


(860) THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE UPON
OTTAWA SAND.

(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey.


Prof. T. M. Lowe, School of Hydraulic Engineering,
Louisiana State University and A
(c)
College, Baton Rouge 3, La.
(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
(e) Tests are being conducted in a permeameter having a standard Ottawa Sand media. Sa."
water of given concentrations is being used. This is a continuation of the study,
"The effect of chloride content on flow through sand."
(g) Preliminary studies completed.
(h) "The effect of the addition of sodium chloride upon the flow of water through a sta]
Ottawa Sand." Hubert J. Tracy, Masters Thesis, Louisiana State University and A &
College, June 195>2. (Available on interlibrary loan.)

(863) THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON WEIR DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Laboratory project in conjunction with engineers of the Waterways Experiment Statioi
(c) Prof. Dwight L. Glasscock, School of Hydraulic Engineering, Louisiana State Univers:
and A & M College, Baton Rouge 3, La.
(d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
(e) Study of the effect of viscosity of model spillway discharge coefficients. Extensi
of the study "The effects of surface tension on weir measurement with discussion of
other secondary influences."
(g) Laboratory tests substantially completed.

(1352) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW THROUGH VERTICAL RECTANGULAR OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. Dwight L. Glasscock, School of Hydraulic Engineering, Louisiana State Univers:
and A & M College, Baton Rouge 3, La.
(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Investigation of flow through deep notches.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, Glenn L. Martin College of Engineering and Aeronautical Sciences.

(1353) HYDRAULICS OF MANIFOLDS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. J. B. Cournyn, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
(d) Experimental; for design and masters theses.
1

(e) The equipment is being built for the systematic investigation of several phases of 1
phenomena of divided flow in pipes in view of developing hydraulic laws for divided
.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

3HUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department


of Civil and Sanitary Engineering,
dynamics Laboratory.
to 80 incl., 869, X35U, and
inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 306, 307, 309, 311, 77
be addressed to Dr. A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Department of
13 should
Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; graduate research.
of pile groups.
Qualitative study of scour patterns for various geometric arrangements
Quantitative comparison of scour for single piles under various conditions
of uniform
sediments in various colors and sizes are used to trace history
sediment sizes. Plastic
of scour.
Inactive
Systematic studies for various pile groups have been completed. A series of scour
measurements with different bed materials and flow conditions are available which, how-
ever, need further extension with respect to grain size and hydraulic conditions. General
conclusions not possible so far.

STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental; graduate research.
Theoretical analysis of instability at interface of density flow. Laboratory studies of
criteria for mixing.
Comprehensive analysis of density flows on basis of gravity and inertia forces was com-
piled. Experimental study of underflow in reservoirs at equilibrium of gravity and vis-
cous forces was carried out. Velocity distributions in reservoir and density current
were determined. Critical state of flow beyond which mixing occurs was determined for a
range of characteristic parameters. Shape of initial surge and its celerity were measured.
Work to be continued with a wider reservoir to reduce wall effects.
"Steady state characteristics of subsurface flow." Arthur T. Ippen and Donald R. Harleman.
Presented at Symposium on Gravity Waves, National Bureau of Standards, June 1951 (to be
published)

CHARACTERISTICS OF OSCILLATORY WAVES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic and graduate research.
Systematic investigation of forms and propagation of oscillatory waves. Development of
techniques to record instantaneously wave forms, internal velocities, and pressures during
passage of a wave.

HYDRAULIC ANALOGY TO SUPERSONIC FLOW OF GASES.

U. S. Air Forces.
Experimental; basic research.
Experiments on airfoils and related shapes in the high velocity water channel are con-
ducted to explore the applicability of the hydraulic analogy in the transonic and super-
sonic regions. Various electronic and photographic methods of obtaining data are to be
investigated.
In addition to the previous experiments with stationary models, present program involves
use of towed models in stationary water. Tests on wedges in the transonic region for
both steady and accelerated motion are under way. Instruments for recording lift and drag
forces in moving models have been devised. The problem of obtaining water depth by
stereoscopic means has been studied.
.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


U6

analogy to supersonic flow."


00 Part III. "Studies on the validity of the hydraulic
A. T. Ippen and D. R. F. Harleman, Air Force
Technical Report No. 5985, Oct. 1950.
Jan. 1952.
Part IV, (of above report), A. T. Ippen and H. G. Crossley, Jr.,
Aug. 1<
"Stereoscopic measurement of water surfaces." G. R. Higgins, M. S. Thesis,

(577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; graduate research.
in a horizontal chai
(e) 1. Experimental investigation of solitary wave characteristics
with various mathematical theories. Measurements of attenuation du<
for comparison
bottom roughness. 2. Investigation of deformation and resulting characteristics o<
solitary wave in shoaling water.
organized into
(g) Phase 1 of the program is essentially complete. Results are being i

final report. Phase 2; Preliminary observations of deformation and breaking have


\

made. Determinations of internal particle motions with changing wave form are als
under way.
(h) "Properties of solitary waves in channels of varying roughness." S. C. Stephan, J]

Sc.D. Thesis, Jan. 1952.

(^78) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS WITH A PITOT TUBE-PRESSURE CELL COMBINATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; development of instrumentation.
(e) Studies of turbulence characteristics in open channel flow.
(g) A thorough analysis of all possible methods to measure and record instantaneous ve'.
ities and pressures has been completed. A combination of Pitot tube and electric i

citance pressure cell is presently employed to obtain the distribution of root meai
square velocity fluctuations in a turbulent stream and to determine the growth of i

bulent boundary layers. Electronic circuits are being devised to obtain space and
correlation coefficients directly.
(h) "Turbulence studies from recordings of instantaneous pitot-tube pressures." E. M.
Jr. M. S. Thesis, June 195l.

(579) INVESTIGATION OF FLUID FRICTION IN UNSTEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) The influence of unsteady flow on the characteristics of flow in conduits and past
merged bodies is to be explored in a specially developed water tunnel.
(g) Experiments to determine the effects of acceleration on wall friction in a smooth j
of uniform diameter are under way.
(h) "The unsteady flow water tunnel at M.I.T." J. W. Daily, K. C. Deemer, A. L. Kellei
Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 2, May 195l

(580) FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON METHODS OF AIR DISPERSION IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) The experimental apparatus with specially designed diffusers producing a uniform su
of small diameter air bubbles has been constructed. An instrument to record contin
the oxygen content of the water based on the principle of the mercury electrode met
has been developed. Actual tests of oxygen transfer from uniformly distributed bub
of constant frequency and diameter are now under way.
(h) "The continuous measurement of oxygen concentration in water during aeration proces
A. T. Ippen, R. S. Yo3eph, B. N. Posthill. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 3, ',

(869) TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING STABILITY OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS.

(b) Laboratory project; previously sponsored by Research Corporation, New York,


(d) Theoretical and experimental.
Massachusetts Institute of Technolggy hl

transient problems which are applicable to a wide


To develop methods of analysis for
systems. An electronic analog computer is being used in the
variety of non-linear
analvsis of transient phenomena.
computation as well as laboratory work
Current work includes analysis and electronic
on the hydraulic and governing stability of hydro units.
and use of field data
occurring in hydroelectric plants.
"Transient analysis of certain non-linear systems
H. M. Paynter, Sc.D. Thesis, June 1951.

OF A TURBULENT STREAM.
THE MOTION OF DISCRETE PARTICLES ALONG THE BED

Laboratory project.
Experimental; graduate research. _

To establish a more rational basis for the analysis of some


of the complex bed-load
of varying roughness the variables
phenomena. By use of discrete particles on beds
char-
entering the experimental analysis are reduced to distinct sediment and stream
acteristics for which analytical concepts can be postulated.
of
An analytical expression for incipient particle motion has been obtained in terms
the physical characteristics of the sediment, bed and hydrodynamic forces on the particle,
proposed.
Additional experiments to widen the range of the tests are
of the motion of discrete particles along the bed of a turbulent stream.'
"A study
R. P. Verma, Sc.D. Thesis, June 1951.

CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental; basic research.
Cavitation inception for steady motion is to be studied for systematic variations in
boundary layer development and in the turbulence level for the zone of minimum pressure.

CHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 881, 882, and 1356 to 1360, incl., should be
addressed to Prof. A. H. Shapiro, and Projects Nos. 1363 to 1372, incl., to Mr. J. L.
Shearer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

) EFFECT OF SUDDENLY APPLIED LIQUID PRESSURE ON A METAL SURFACE.

) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.


) Prof. B. G. Rightmire, Massachusetts Institute of Technolgoy, Cambridge 39, Mass.
) Experimental; student theses.
) Repeated pressure suddenly applied by a liquid to a metal surface is believed to cause
damage similar to that produced by cavitation. The effects of amplitude and steepness
of the applied pressure wave are to be studied.
) Serious deformation and damage to copper specimens are observed after a few thousand
applications of stress of 5000 psi amplitude. Cold work extends as much as 0.03 in.
beneath the surface. Cavitation may occur in the present apparatus. Precautions are
being taken to eliminate it entirely.
) "The effect on metal surfaces of steep-fronted pressure waves in liquids." D. D. Streeter.
Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sept. 1951.

) RECOVERY FACTORS AND HEAT TRANSFER TO AIR FLOWING AT SUPERSONIC VELOCITIES IN A TUBE.

) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


) Prof. J. Kaye, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
) Experimental and analytical; basic research for M.S. and D.Sc. theses.
) To obtain reliable data for heat transfer from a wall to a fluid moving at supersonic
velocities and to determine recovery factors for the same mean stream conditions. The
coefficients of friction for supersonic flow in a tube are also measured.
.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

flow of a
(h) "Measurement of recovery factors and friction coefficients for supersonic
H. Keenan, and R. H. Shoulberg. Presented in General Dis-
in a tube." J. Kaye, J.
cussion on Heat Transmission, London, England, Sept. 19$1.
"Measurement of recovery factors and friction coefficients for supersonic flow of a
in a tube - Part I, apparatus, data, and results based on a simple one-dimensional
model." J. Kaye, J. H. Keenan, G. M. Ketchum, K. K. KLingensmith, and T. Y. Toong.
"Measurement of recovery factors and friction coefficients for supersonic flow of a
in a tube - Part II, results based on a two-dimensional flow model for entrance reg
J. Kaye, R. H. Shoulberg, and T. T. Toong, Presented at the A.S.M.E. Annual Meetir
Atlantic City, N. J., Nov., 19L.

(881) EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER ON CALIBRATION OF IMPACT TUBE,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research, for master's thesis.
(e) Measurements have been made to determine the effects of Reynolds number on the pres
rise coefficient of an impact tube. A small impact tube was towed at various speec
through liquids of different viscosity.
(f) Suspended.
(g) At high Reynolds numbers, the pressure-rise coefficient is unity, according to thee
for an inviscid fluid. At low Reynolds numbers, the coefficient rises as the Reync
number is decreased. At very low Reynolds numbers, the pressure-rise coefficient i

inversely with Reynolds number.


(h) "Experimental investigation of the effect of viscous forces upon pitot tube reading
C. W. Kurd and K. P. Chesky, Thesis for degree of Naval Engineer, M.I.T. (19^1).

(882) MIXING OF COAXIAL STREAMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; basic research for doctor's thesis.
(e) Experiments have been made to investigate the simultaneous transport of momentum, n
and temperature between two coaxial moving gas streams.
(f) Completed.
(h) "The turbulent mixing of coaxial gas jets." F. Landis and A. H. Shapiro, Institute
Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 195>1
"Momentum and mass transfer in coaxial gas jets." W. Forstall and A. H. Shapiro, c
Applied Mechanics, Vol. 17, No. k, p. 319, 1950.

(1117) SUPERSONIC VORTEX-SOURCE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Charles R. Faulders, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research for doctoral thesis.
(e) An experimental investigation of the supersonic vortex flow to determine the rate c
diffusion and the distribution of velocity and stream angle across the vortex. Fri
effects, found to be significant, are being given theoretical consideration in orde
corroborate the experimental results.

(1118) RESEARCH ON CASCADES OF AIRFOILS.

(b) General Electric Company and Westinghouse Electric Corporation.


(c) Prof. E. S. Taylor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
(d) Experimental and theoretical, for Sc.D. thesis.
(e) The three-dimensional flow downstream of a cascade of airfoils generated by the bou
layer at the end of the aerofoils has been investigated experimentally and theoreti
The understanding of this three-dimensional flow will help in the search for the re
tion of the secondary losses in turbomachineries
(g) Preliminary results on the behavior in the boundary layer region of the force coeff
of the aerofoils, the effect of the boundary layer on the two-dimensional region of
cascade is presented in the Gas Turbine Lab. Progress Report 2006-6. A simplified
based on the perturbation method is included.
U9
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ON
CHANNELS HAVING SPECIFIED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS
USE OF RELAXATION METHOD TO DESIGN
THE WALLS.

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.


doctor's thesis.
Theoretical and experimental research, for
the design of channel walls having speci-
theoretical method? have been worked out for
distributions. Experiments have confirmed the theory.
fied pressure

SSSi^method for two-dimensional channels." John D. Stanitz, Sc.D. Thesis, 19*1.

BOUNDARY LAYERS IN THE FLOW OF A GAS.


EFFECT OF COOLING ON THE STABILITY OF LAMINAR

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.


Experimental and basic research, for doctor's thesis.
to turbulent flow
Experiments are being conducted to determine whether the transition
the surface past which the gas flows.
can be substantially delayed by cooling

MOTION.
MOTION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN A FLUID UNDERGOING OSCILLATING

Ultrasonic Corporation.
Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
Small spherical particles are suspended in a liquid. The body of liquid is oscillated
ob-
in simple harmonic motion and the motion of the spheres relative to the liquid is
served.
Measurements have been made and are being correlated.

EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON THE STABILITY AND TRANSITION OF LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS IN
LIQUID FLOW.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctor's thesis.
A water boundary layer flows past a surface which is heated. The object is to determine
whether this heating can substantially delay the transition from a laminar layer to a
turbulent layer.

) AIR ATOMIZATION OF LIQUIDS AT SUPERSONIC SPEEDS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; for master's thesis.
) Experiments are being conducted to investigate the atomization which occurs when a liquid
stream is injected into a supersonic air stream.

) SUPERSONIC HEAT TRANSFER TO A FLAT PLATE.

) Office of Air Research.


) Prof. John Markham, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
) Experimental and analytical; basic research for M.S. and D.Sc. theses.
) The objective of this project is to determine experimentally the coefficients of heat
transfer to flat surfaces, including the case of wind tunnel walls, for a flow of air at
Mach numbers of 1.5 to 3 and higher. The experimental study will cover both the laminar
and turbulent boundary layer cases and probably the effect of surface roughness. Analyti-
cal work will be done for most of these variables.

) FRICTION REDUCTION IN A HYDRAULIC SERVO VALVE.

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. Gerhard Reethof, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
) The reduction of breakaway friction in hydraulic servo valves by the use of nonf errous
metals and sintered tungsten carbide for sleeve materials with a tool steel spool.
.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


50

(f) starting frictior.


Sgstefcarbide sleeve with steel spool resulted in reduction of
(g) piston. Beryllium copper sleeve
compared with steel sleeve and steel
UO percent as
resulted in 30 percent reduction.
Edelson, M.S. Thesis,
(h) "Friction reduction in a hydraulic servo valve." Norman M.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1951.

VALVES.
(1363) ELECTRONIC ANALOG INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC RELIEF

(b) Laboratory project.


Experimental; applied research for master s thesis.
f

(d)
response within conventional
(e) To investigate single stage and two stage relief valve
hydraulic systems by analytical methods for the simplest cases and by
electronic ar
methods for the simple and more complex systems.
(f) Completed
(g) Good correlation between analytical, analog, and experimental results. Work shows
electronic analogy offers promise in study of industrial hydraulic systems.
00 "The electronic analog investigation of hydraulic relief valves." H. C. C. G. Brie
M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1951.

(136U) INVESTIGATION OF STEADY STATE AXIAL FLOW FORCES ON CONTROL VALVE PISTONS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) A theory is given of the origin of the steady-state force exerted upon a piston by
flowing past its corner. Brief reference is made to a considerable body of experin
evidence in support of that theory, and there is described a practical constructior
which very nearly eliminates that force. See abstract in Report No. 65 (Meteor).
(f) Completed.
(g) Good agreement of theory and experiments. Practical means was found to greatly rec
flow forces.
(h) "Contribution to hydraulic control, Part I, steady state axial forces on control va
pistons." S. Y. Lee and J. F. Blackburn, ASME Paper No. 51-A-59.

(1365) INVESTIGATION OF TRANSIENT FLOW FORCES ON CONTROL VALVE PISTONS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) An outline is presented of a theory of a transient force which is one likely cause
oscillation of control valves, with supporting experimental evidence and methods of
eliminating it.
(f) Completed.
(g) Good agreement of theory and experiments.
00 "Contributions to hydraulic control, Part II, transient flow forces and valve stabi
S. Y. Lee and J. F. Blackburn, ASME Paper No. 51-A-60.

(1366) STUDY OF LATERAL FORCES ON HYDRAULIC PISTONS CAUSED BY AXIAL LEAKAGE FLOWS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) A theoretical study of axial leakage flow phenomena is presented and experimental wc
was conducted to substantiate the theory.
(f) Completed.
(g) Good correlation of experiment with theory.
(h) "Lateral forces on hydraulic pistons caused by axial leakage flows." Helmot E. Webe
S.M. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
<1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

) THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW REGULATION.

P
] e^S f e^ental; basic research for Sc.D. ^esis
General theoretical and experimental
investigation of various flow control devxces.
)

)
Completed.
Good correlation of theory and experiment. ^ ^
Fredric F. Ehrich, Sc.D. Thesis, Massachusetts
)

) ?he hydrodynamics of flow regulation."


Institute of Technology.
TO MEASURE RAPIDLY CHANGING
,) DEVELOPMENT OF A MINIATURE STRAIN-GAGE PRESSURE PICKUP
PRESSURES.

>) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


0 Theoretical and experimental; design and development.
To provide a means of measuring dynamic pressures in hydraulic
circuits, an extremely
>)

small pressure sensitive capsule was wound with Formvar covered Cupron resistance wire
(.0011 in. dia.) and bonded with Formex varnish. The complete pickup with shield
attached measures about l/2 in. dia. x 1 in. long. A No. 6-32 male threaded fitting
with an "0" ring seal is used to connect into the hydraulic circuit. The windings in
the pickup comprise two arms (one active and one dummy) of an electric four arm bridge,
and the output of this bridge may be measured directly by a galvanometer or amplified
and then displayed on the screen of a cathode ray oscillograph.
r) Models built for various pressure ranges have given satisfactory service in laboratory
work.
i) Report in preparation.

?) STUDY OF THE BALANCED FLAPPER VALVE BRIDGE.

d) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


3) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
s) A four arm hydraulic bridge operating from a constant pressure supply and consisting of
fixed orifices in the upstream arms and balanced flapper type variable orifices in the
downstream arms was investigated theoretically. The theoretical investigation included
a study of the flow characteristics of the bridge with a general load and the forces
required to actuate the flapper orifices. Experimental work was conducted to substantiate
theory.
f) Completed.
l) Good agreement of experiments with theory.
i) Report in preparation.

3) A STUDY OF THE FLAPPER VALVE.

d) Laboratory project.
3) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
0 A study was made of a single nozzle-flapper type variable orifice. An analysis of the
flow pattern was made by classical methods. Experimental apparatus was built to check
the theoretical work and various nozzle sizes were used to obtain experimental data.
f) Completed.
l) Good agreement of experiment with theory for small openings of the valve.
i) "A study of the flapper valve." Fredric F. Ehrich, M.E. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Sept. 1950.

L) DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLAPPER VALVE-PRESSURE FOLLOWER HYDRAULIC SERVOMOTOR.

:>) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


i) Theoretical and experimental; for design and development.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2

and built employing a small balanced flap


(e) a two stase servomotor has been designed
pressure follower pistons as the powei
va^ bridge aTthe pilot stage and a set of
ram. The low power level pressure output developed in t
ItlTe to drive a hydraulic
power level output by the pressure follower
pilot stage is transformed into a high transformer and a cf
position is measured by a linear differential
the valv^f Ram is used. A barium
employing electronic feedback
tional closed loop control system
bi-morph bender is used to actuate the flapper in this design.
titanate
objective. The const ructior
(g) Good correlation of experimental results with original
employed is quite simple to manufacture, service, and repair.
(h) Report in preparation.

(1372) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLAPPER-TYPE HYDRAULIC FLOWMETER.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; for design and development.
(e) Previous work with the flapper valve indicated that it could be used as a calibrate
orifice to measure the flow of "incompressible" hydraulic fluids. In the design eir
here, the flapper (a flat plate) is held against the face of a sharp edged nozzle t
constant force spring, thereby creating a variable orifice with a pressure drop whi
invariant with flow rate. Because of the constant orifice coefficient attainable w
this configuration, the flapper position is a very good measure of flow rate for a
fluid of constant density. Flapper position is indicated as the electric voltage d
veloped by a linear differential transformer.
(g) A working model was built of the design outlined above. The experimental data chec
closely with theory and the curve of flow vs flapper position is linear to a flow o
about h gpm.
00 Report in preparation.

(1373) THE DESIGN OF A HYDRAULIC ORIFICE FLOW CONTROLLER.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Robert W. Mann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
(d) Theoretical; for design and master's thesis.
(e) The design of a valve-controlled hydraulic position servomechanism with electrical
feedback and controls. The system is used in glass pressware production to divide
stream of molten glass into discrete gobs of precise weight and shape which are thei
molded in a pressing operation. The design features flexibility of control to perm:
application to a wide range of gob weight and glass conditions.

(137M SHEAR FLOW IN BENDS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(c) Mr. Hans Eichenberger, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Msss.
(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Sc.D. thesis.
(e) Theoretical study of flow through bends with an initial stagnation pressure variatic
similarly met in axial flow compressors. Experimentally the flow through a rectangu
bent duct has been studied when the approach flow has a stagnation pressure distribu
of fully developed turbulent flow. A similar experimental study with air having an
stagnation pressure distribution met with in axial flow compressors is in progress.
(g) A theory has been developed which allows calculation of the magnitude of the seconda
flow in a bend or in a cascade.

(1375) EFFECT OF INLET PIPE GEOMETRY ON VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF A FOUR-STROKE INTERNAL-


COMBUSTION ENGINE.

(b) The Texas Company.


(c) Prof. C. F. Taylor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass
(d) Experimental.
.

53
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Michigan

inlet pipe. Flow


^ ^o^-
pffprts due to fluid inertia and pressure waves in
S^eK pre
Si^eter of pipe, speed
su^Le^^rds
of engine,
in pipe
valve flow
and cylinder.
capacity, and
Variables are length and
valve timing.
the kinetic energy of the inlet
SScts are appreciable. Largest factor appears to be
air column,

ESITY OF MICHIGAN, Lake Hydraulics Laboratory,

i) TESTS ON HARBOR MODELS.

>) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers.


Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor,
Mich.
;)

i) Experimental; applied research.


at
i) To determine the best harbor arrangement to provide refuge for small draft vessels
Harrisville, Michigan. Tests are being conducted on an undistorted fixed bed model,
scale ratio 1:75.
r) Completed.
i) "Model study for harbor of refuge for light draft vessels at Harrisville, Michigan".
Univ. of Michigan Lake Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report No. U.

S) OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIFFRACTION AND REFRACTION OF WAVES.

d) Research; for doctoral thesis.


z) Prof. M. S. Priest, 1103 Triphammar, Ithaca, New York.
d) It is expected that information obtained may find practical application in the design of
harbors
s) Waves were projected through an opening in an enclosure. The wave characteristics were
measured at various locations within the enclosure.

7) INSTANTANEOUS CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL HARBOR ROADSTEADS ON SANDY COASTAL AREAS.

b) The Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies.


c) Dr. V. Merkys, 322 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.
d) To study methods of temporarily decreasing the height of waves over limited coastal areas.
Tests will be conducted on a model.

ERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Experimental Naval Tank.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 85, 112U, 1127 to 1129, incl., and 1378 should be
addressed to Prof. L. A. Baier, 326 West Engineering Building, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

?) RESISTANCE OF BARGE TOWS.

o) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,


d) Experimental; design.
2) Tests are made to determine resistance of several formations of certain barge types
relative to non-restricted straight channels and to selected channels restricted in
width and depth. Each run will consist of movement of one model formation, at one draft
and one depth of water for a given channel condition through a range of velocities
sufficient to define a curve of functions of resistance versus velocity.

26 O - 52 - 5

University of Michigan
Mississippi State College

(112U) BARGE DESIGN AND FLOTILLA ARRANGEMENTS,

(b) St. Louis Shipbuilding and Steel Company.

(e) Sts^^beLfconducted for the development of barge forms and arrangements of flc
tillas for improvement in river operation.

(1127) TRANSOM IMMERSION ON HIGH-SPEED MQTORBOATS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Research; design.
for van
(e) Tests are being conducted to determine the most efficient transom immersion
high speed hull forms.

(1128) COMMERCIAL VESSELS, 1^0 to 2^0 FEET IN LENGTH.

(b) Fairbanks, Morse and Company.


(d) Experimental; design.
(e) A large family of hull forms is being tested in order to provide design data for the
future design of commercial vessels, 1^0 to 200 feet in length.

(1129) BARGE DESIGN AND FLOTILLA ARRANGEMENTS.

(b) Army Transportation Corps.


(d) Experimental; design.
(e) Barge tests are being conducted to determine the most efficient flotilla arrangement
for various operating requirements.

(1378) VIBRATION ELIMINATION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental*
(e) Design and testing oi fins fitted to single screw hulls in way of propeller aperture
order to eliminate fantail vibration.

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE, Engineering and Industrial Research Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. h, 5 9 and 891 should be addressed to Dr. Harold
Flinsch, Box 36, State College, Miss.

(h) DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and experimental research.
(e) Research on the theories of surface wave origin and growth, on measurements in the la
atory and in nature, and on the comparative results of theory and measurement.
(g) Tests with beaches are in progress.

(5) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and experimental research.
(e) Exact and approximate formulas determining certain characteristics of ships, such as
rolling period, metacentric height, etc., are compared with the results of experiment
on ship models.
(g) Preliminary experiments have been performed on a basic model, and some of the results
assembled in a brief report.
Mississippi State College
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy

A STUDY OF HEATED FLOW.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental research.
The effect of heating on the flow characteristics
of various fluids is to be studied.

)URI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at the Missouri
School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.
Nos. 116, 117, and 86 Prof. J. B. Butler.
Nos. 319 and 1131 Prof. E. W. Carlton,
Nos. 317 and 318 Prof. V. A, C. Gevecker.
Nos. 87, 88, and 1130 James J. Trace.

) FLOW THROUGH SMALL LOW HEAD SIPHONS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for student demonstration.
Tests have been made on siphons of various materials, noting discharge, friction loss,
and peak suctions.
Temporarily discontinued.

STUDY OF SUCTION IN TUBES AND SMALL HYDRAULIC APPLIANCES ESPECIALLY AS LIMITED OR AFFECTED
BY ADHESION AND COHESION OF WATER.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for student demonstration.
Tests have been made on several small suction devices noting effect of adhesion and co-
hesion of water.
Temporarily discontinued.

VELOCITY STUDIES IN A VERTICAL PIPE FLOWING FULL.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
Tests were conducted on vertical flow in l/2 inch hard-drawn copper pipe to investigate
flow with pipe flowing full and under positive pressure.
Temporarily suspended.
Further studies using other pipe diameters and pipes of other materials are contemplated.

FLOW THROUGH PIPE TRANSITIONS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
Tests on various shaped transitions were made noting discharge and friction loss.
Temporarily discontinued.

WEIR STUDIES.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.
) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach on the
relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open channel having same
dimensions as the weir opening.
) Suspended.
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy

of M function. R
(e) Study produced a simple, accurate, and quick solution for plotting
between the M function and the critical depth is logarithmic. This great I
lationship
or vice
simplifies determination of critical flow where the critical depth is known
versa. A relationship exists between M function of channels of same shape but diffe f

dimensions. The velocity of approach does not affect the relationship between physi j

depth and crest depth.


(h^ "Calibration of weirs by means of critical flow and specific energy." R. A. Rapp,
Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1950. (Available on loan.)

(586) FLUID FLOW IN PIPES,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Library research; basic research for master s thesis.
!

(e) A study of the various formulas for solution of problems on fluid flow in pipes is
being made. A correlation of the categories of roughness recommended by Prof. E. W.
Schoder of Cornell University for use in the "exact type" exponential formula with tl
relative roughness curves of Nikuradse used in determining the Reynolds number
friction factor relationship is being undertaken.
(f) Completed.
(g) A selected bibliography has been assembled. Thesis written.

(58?) CROSS-SECTIONAL STREAM VELOCITY IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) For studying velocity distribution in pipes, data are obtained by a Pitot tube for a
wide range of velocity heads. The equation for the velocity profile is determined fc
each overall velocity head and then compared with equations for other velocity heads.
The parameters of the equations are also compared.
(f) Discontinued.

(588) SMALL AUGER TYPE TURBINES OPERATING OVER A LARGE RANGE OF HEADS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Using a 6-inch Auger type runner designed for a 12-foot head and having adjustable bl
the efficiency, specific speed, and horsepower output are being studied for each head
and setting of the blades. The application of small water turbines in the local stre.
around Rolla is being studied which necessitates a knowledge of the practicability of
using one model of a water turbine for all installations for small output.
(f) Discontinued.

(1130) EFFECT OF FLUID INTRODUCTION ON VENTURI TUBE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Study of liquid and gas flow in Venturi tubes with the introduction of fluid at the
negative pressure point. Operating characteristics are determined for this condition,
using a 2-inch Venturi tube for water with the introduction of water. The characterif
of a 6-inch Venturi tube with air as the medium are being obtained.
(f) Discontinued.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company 5?

,T NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 123, 12U, 896, 901, and 1132 to 1137, incl., should
be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding and
Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Va.

! HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

)
Laboratory project.
)
Experimental; for design data.
) Scale model turbines, using either Francis or propeller type runners, are tested for
power and efficiency at various speeds.

) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; to establish calibration curve for determining correction factors for
various rates of flow.
) Meters are tested at various heads and rates of flow by the weighing tank method. Time
is recorded electrically by chronograph.

) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE RUNNERS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; for design data.
) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams. The turbine load is applied by an electri-
cal dynamometer and the gate openings are controlled by a governor. The blades adjust
automatically and the blade moment is measured by a spring dynamometer.

.) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

) Laboratory project.
I) Experimental; for design data.
0 Scale ship models are towed to determine the effective horsepower, bare hull, required
by the ship. Because of their small size, several models may be towed in a short period
of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice of lines. The final
lines are checked by the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this
preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic models was arranged in which the beam-draft
ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and the prismatic coefficient are varied over a
wide range. Towing of this set of models is continuing and when completed will provide
design data for a standard offset series covering a wide range.

!) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

>) Laboratory project.


1) Experimental; for design data.
0 Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant speeds for head
developed, power consumption, and efficiency at various rates of discharge. Cavitation
tests are sometimes conducted by lowering the suction head to a point where the developed
head and efficiency break down.

I) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

)) Laboratory project.
i) Experimental; for design data.
0 Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which cavitation
starts.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company-
New York University

(113k) CAVITATION TESTS ON MODEL SHIP PROPELLERS.


I
I

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design data.
(e) A water tunnel with a U2-inch test section is under construction. An electric dyna
mometer has been built to measure the propeller torque and thrust. Propellers up t
8-inch diameter will be tested and a suction head approaching 33 feet will be avail

(1135) PERFORMANCE TESTS ON WATER CIRCULATING SYSTEMS FOR SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental.
(e) A 1/6 scale model of a ship condenser was tested to determine scoop performance and
condenser efficiency.
(f) Completed.

(1136) WAVE TESTS ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design data.
(e) Ship models are tested with scaled waves to determine the speed reduction in waves J

the pull required for various still water speeds. Pitching periods and angles are
determined from light trace photographs.

(1137) IMPACT TEST ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


( d) Expe riment al
(e) Ship models were tested in waves to determine the impact and slamming forces on ship
with light draft, encountered in heavy seas.
(f ) Test completed, results being analyzed and report being written.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 590, 1138, and 1379 should be addressed to Prof, j

Happel, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y.

(590) PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FLUID FLOW THROUGH ASSEMBLAGES OF SPHERES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; for two doctoral theses.
(e) Rigid assemblages of uniform spheres of various fractional void volumes in cubical
assemblages were constructed, and the effect on pressure drop of passing a viscous
liquid through these assemblages was measured. The effect of particle size graduate
and roughness on pressure drop is being determined. A theoretical approach to the
effect of fractional void volume on pressure drop has also been derived and the vali<
of the derived expressions are being determined.
(h) "Versatile chart aids A P Calculations." John Happel and Norman Epstein, Chemical
Engineering, Dec. 1950.

(1138) EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOLID TO FLUID DENSITY RATIO ON FLULDIZATION CHARACTERISTICS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for one doctoral and one master's thesis.
(e) Screened particles of very light solid substances will be fluidized in a 2-inch glass
tube and the fluidization characteristics observed. The primary objective will be th
determination of the optimum ratio of solid to gas density for smooth fluidization.
New York University 59
University of North Carolina
Northwestern University

EFFECT OF SOLID-SOLID FRICTION ON PRESSURE DROP IN FLUIDIZED SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for masters thesis.
Unsupported beds of uniform smooth spheres will be fluidized and the resulting pressure
drop measurements will be compared to the pressure drops through rigid assemblages of
Project No. 590 in order to discover the effect of solid-solid friction.

.tSITY OF NORTH (MOLINA, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

DYNAMIC SIMILARITY OF SMALL HYDRAULIC MODELS.


P

)
Laboratory project.
j)
Prof. N. W. Conner, Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina State College,
Raleigh, N. C.
) Theoretical; basic research.
) To make a theoretical study of dynamic similarity of small hydraulic models and at
large scale ratios.
) To be published by Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State College.

WESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 905, 906, and llUl should be addressed to Prof. D. A.
Dahlstrom, Project No. 326 to Prof. W. S. Hamilton, and Projects Nos* 127, 90l*, and 111*0
to Prof. L. H. Kessler, Northwestern Technological Institute, Evanston, 111.

) RELIEF FROM WATER HAMMER BY MECHANICAL-PNEUMATIC SURGE SUPPRESSORS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; for design.
) To determine extent to which surge pressures in pipe lines may be relieved by a preloaded,
gas-filled, compression chamber in which the gas is separated from the liquid in the
pipes by a stainless steel bellows.
) Present work has shown this type of unit to be free from fatigue failure and capable of
protecting pipe systems from severe shock. Field tests are now being conducted on pipe
lines in oil fields, distilleries, fuel supply lines for railroads, and test stations
for jet engines. An improved pressure-time recorder of mechanical rather than electronic
type is in use. Design of stainless steel unit preloaded at 125 psig, with useful volume
of 10,000 cu in. has been completed and unit is under construction.

) CAVITATION DAMAGES UNDER CONTROIXED CONDITIONS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; basic research, for theses and staff papers.
) The pressure in a vertical column of liquid is caused to fluctuate by a motor-operated
piston and bellows arrangement, thereby forming and releasing a cavity at the top of the
column. The amount of damage to various materials will be related to size of cavity,
static load, dissolved air content, and proximity of material to point of cavity collapse.
) Pits have been caused in brass, lucite, and mortar. An elastic-tube strain gage is being
constructed for pressure measurements.
) Unpublished progress report dated January 1950 available upon request.
.

Northwestern University

(90U) BULK MODULUS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, INCLUDING CRUDE OILS AND GASOLINE,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research for design.
(e) Tests have been conducted on three crude oils, one gasoline, and on distilled wate
temperatures from 60 F. to 130 F. and at pressures ranging from 0 to l00 psig.
Further tests will be made on other oils and gasolines, tap water, and a variety o.
chemicals. Specific gravities and viscosities will be determined over the ranges <

temperature and pressure indicated above.


(g) Tests indicate high modulus with low temperature and rapidly increasing modulus at
pressures after which a leveling off takes place with nearly constant modulus abov
1000 psig.

(90^) THE LIQUID-SOLID CYCLONE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research, for design and
operation.
(e) Application of centrifugal fields as obtained in the liquid-solid cyclone to the r<
classification, beneficiation, separation, and desliming of coal and minerals.
(g) Experimental and field investigations on theory and operation of the liquid-solid (

have been completed, making it possible to design equipment for any capacity and ej
ciency desired. Investigations have indicated that it is easily possible to deslir,
minerals and coal of minus 200 refuse, and design and operation methods have been i
lished. New additions are being made to the cyclone to permit addition of fresh wa
for maximum separation of fine solids from coarse. Field tests have already been
conducted indicating less water is required than in conventional equipment.
(h) "High-speed classifications and desliming with the liquid-solid cyclone." D. A.
Dahlstrom, Mining Engineering and Mining Trans. AIME.
"Cyclone operating factors and capacities on coal and refuse slurries." D. A. Dahl
Mining Engineering and Mining Trans. AIME, 19h.
"High speed classification and desliming with the liquid-solid cyclone." D. A. Dah
Mining Engineering and Trans. AIME, 19E>1
"Low cost industrial desliming of fine solids." D. A. Dahlstrom, Joint Fuels Confe
AIME, ASME, October 10, 11, 19l, Roanoke, Virginia.

(906) SEPARATION OF FINE-SIZED CLOSE GRAVITY SOLIDS BY" CENTRIFUGAL FORCE AS OBTAINED IN T
LIQUID-SOLID CYCLONE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for design and operation.
(e) Separation of close gravity solids by liquids and the application of centrifugal fi'
as obtained in the liquids-solid cyclone is being investigated.
(g) Economical separation and recovery of materials differing by as little as 0.01 in s]
gravity and as small as 100 mesh in size have been obtained. A small pilot plant h;
been constructed, which can be used on any material to obtain necessary design data
Methods for predicting industrial design and operation have been advanced. Two indi
installations have been made within the past year based on these results. Actual n
conform quite closely with predicted values.
(h) "Fine-size, close-specific-gravity solid separation with the liquid-solid cyclone."
J. J. Moder, D. A. Dahlstrom, to be published soon in Chemical Engineering Progress,
Journal of the A.S.Ch.E.

(llliO) HYDROLOGY OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLIES AND DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISE


SOME SHALLOW AND ARTESIAN WELLS IN NORTHERN COOK COUNTY AND SOUTHERN LAKE COUNTY, II

(b) Laboratory and field project,


(d) Experimental; for design.
Northwestern University- 61
University of Notre Dame

.
All available information is being obtained from
the State Geological Survey and local
well drillers. Test wells are being drilled in glacial drift at various locations above
to determine geologic
the Niagara Cuesta, and one artesian well will be under way soon
formations and changes therein, radius of curves of influence, and other hydraulic
characteristics of wells in this area. Special attention will be given to sanitary
significance of the quality of water obtained from the various aquifers such as hardness,
chlorides, iron and sulphur.
5 Test hole drilling in DesPlaines Complex has been completed without locating satisfactory
sands and gravels. One successful well at 90 gpm continuous pumping has been brought in
near Gages Lake, Illinois on the side of a pre-glacial valley some two miles from the
pre-glacial stream.

) HIGH SPEED SEPARATION OF CLOSE SPECIFIC GRAVITY LIQUIDS IN THE CYCLONE.

) Laboratory project.
) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for design and operation.
) Rapid separation of close specific gravity liquids by use of centrifugal fields as ob-
tained in the cyclone is being investigated. Preliminary tests indicate that recovery
of either liquid phase will be a function of feed and overflow diameters, cyclone
included angle, pressure drop across cyclone, volume split between overflow and under-
flow, specific gravity difference between liquid phases, feed composition and interfacial
tension between liquids. Liquid-liquid separation work will be especially important for
liquid-liquid extraction applications.
;) It has been proven that separation of the two liquid phases can be obtained at a probable
cost and simplicity far surpassing that experienced in most liquid-liquid extraction
applications to date. Correlations have been obtained for recovery of the various liquid
phases as a function of volume split, feed composition and pressure drop across the
cyclone.
i) "A study of separation of two immiscible liquid phases in a cyclone." Frank G. Klein,
Masters Thesis, Northwestern University, Sept. 19l.

IRSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Engineering Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 907, 909, and llli2 should be addressed to Dr. A. G.
Strandhagen, Department of Engineering Mechanics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,
Ind.

t) THREE-DIMENSIONAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF TOWED MARINE SHIPS.

)) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


I) Basic theoretical analysis*
0 Research to establish conditions necessary for the dynamic stability of a ship towed by
a hawser. The effect of the location of the point of attachment of the hawser and of
rough water are being considered.
l) The effects of waves of a simple mathematical type have been introduced into the analysis.

0 AUTOMATIC REGULATION OF DIVING AND RISING OF SUBMARINES.

>) Laboratory project.


1) Basic theoretical research.
0 An analysis of the motion caused by the use of various types of automatic controlling
devices which actuate the stern elevator and which depend upon the characteristics of the
state of the moving submarine. The directional stability of a submarine fitted with
various types of controlling devices is also being studied.
l) Since non-linear differential equations of motion are involved, seven cases have been
completed. Calculations have been started for the solutions of other motions resulting
from other types of controlling devices.
i) Report in preparation.
62 University of Notre Dame
Ohio State University

(lUi2) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Basic theoretical research.
(e) The theory of wave resistance is being studied and extended to provide a better coi
lation with experimental results at low and moderate speeds.
(g) A theory has been formulated and calculations have been made which predict the thic
boundary layer or viscous wake near the stern. It predicts the extensions to the
outline of the ship. Surface distribution of sources and sinks have been compared
the point source and sink distribution.
(h) Report in preparation.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Robinson Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 98, 910, 111*3, lUkh, 1380, 1381, and 1382, shou
be addressed to Prof. S. R. Beitler, Robinson Laboratory, Ohio State University,
Columbus 10, Ohio.

(97) ELIMINATION OF PULSATION ERROR IN FLUID METERS.

(b) American Gas Association and American Society of Mechanical Engineers.


(c) Mr. D. J. Masson, Robinson Laboratory, the Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) The flow of air from a two-stage reciprocating compressor, equipped with a pulsatio
eliminator, is being measured by two orifices in series. A sonic block is set up b
the orifices so that pulsating flow is measured by the first and non-pulsating flow
measured by the second orifice. The secondary elements consist of standard flow me
The difference in the rate of flow measured by each orifice is a measure of the err
due to pulsation. The "pulsameter" is also being used to check its reliability in j

dieting pulsation errors over one percent.


(f) Inactive.
(g) Results indicate that effective dampeners can be designed to operate over a limited

(98) COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR ECCENTRIC AND SEGMENTAL ORIFICES.

(b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Gas Association.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Coefficients of discharge are being obtained for eccentric and segmental orifices ir

ii-inch, 6-inch, 10-inch, and lU-inch pipe lines. It is desired to publish curves fi

which coefficients for commercial use may be chosen for a large range of Reynolds m
diameter ratios, and pipe sizes.
(g) Work has been completed on all but a portion of the lU-inch line orifices and are be
analyzed. Tentative results are being disseminated.

(910) CALIBRATION OF ORIFICES, VENTURIS, AND FLOW NOZZLES.

(b) Manufacturers and users of flow meters.


(d) Experimental; calibration for use.
(e) Many primary metering elements for flow measurement are being calibrated individual!
for accurate measurements.
(g) Results indicate that published data on orifices and nozzles are satisfactory, but t
material for venturi tubes is not complete.
Ohio State University- 63
Oregon State College

STUDY OF SUDDEN EXPANSION IN PIPE LINES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research for masters' theses.
A study of pressure and velocity changes with flow through sudden enlargements for both
compressible and incompressible fluids,
i Theoretical analysis has been completed.
) Three theses prepared, available for reproduction.
-

) A STUDY OF FLOW IN BENDS AND ELBOWS IN SMALL PIPE LINE.

) Laboratory project.
,)
Experimental; basic research.
) A study of the variation of pressure and velocity around bends of different radius smooth
tubes of 1-1/2 inch in diameter and less.
If) Considerable work completed and additional work in progress.
) Two masters' theses are available for reproduction.

) STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ROUNDING OF ENTRANCE EDGE ON THE COEFFICIENT OF ORIFICES.

) Laboratory project.
)
Experimental; research for masters theses.
1

) It is planned to study the effect of different radii of rounding on the coefficient of


discharge of orifice plates in a 2-inch pipe line.

.) STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGING THE ANGLE OF THE THROAT OF ORIFICE PLATES ON THEIR
COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE.

') Laboratory project.


) Experimental; research for masters' theses.
) Orifices for use in 2-inch lines are to be constructed with the bored portion conical
rather than cylindrical. The face of the truncated cone is to be upstream. Several
orifices are to be used in a 2-inch pipe line. It is hoped to develop a more stable
primary measuring device.

) STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF INLET VELOCITY PROFILE ON THE FLOW AND DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE OF
PRIMARY METERING ELEMENTS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; research for masters' theses.
) It is planned to set up various disturbances in the inlet section of a metering device,
measure the velocity traverse ahead of the primary metering element and the differential
across it and attempt to correlate the results to determine the optimum locations for
flow straighteners, etc.

N STATE COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

) RELATION BETWEEN RAINFALL AND RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHED IN WESTERN OREGON.

) Laboratory project.
) Dr. C. A. Mockmore, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore.
) Experimental; field investigation.
) Watershed 10 sq mi, partly wooded, partly farmed; automatic recording raingages and flow
recording gages on loan from Weather Bureau or U. S. Geological Survey.
) M. S. Thesis available on loan through college library.
61*
Oregon State College
Pelton Water Wheel Company-
Pennsylvania State College

(1383) STUDY OF EFFECT OF ENTRANCE CONDITIONS ON FLOW THROUGH HIGHWAY CULVERTS.

(b) Cooperative with Oregon State Highway Department and Bureau of Public Roads.
(c) Mr. Leslie A. Clayton, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Scale model of culvert design by Public Roads Administration practically ready for
testing. Emphasis is to be placed on entrance conditions of culvert.

PELTON WATER WHEEL COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 11U6, 1381*, and 1385 should be addressed to Mr.
Bacchi, Pelton Water Wheel Company, 2929 19th Street, San Francisco 10, Calif.

(11U6) HEAD EFFECT ON IMPULSE TURBINE MODEL TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by Mountain Laboratory Group.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To establish model law for testing impulse turbines under various operating pressurt
tests are being made under heads between 100 and 2000 ft. The effect of housing si:
and shape is under study.
(f) Temporarily suspended for conversion work prior to further testing.
(g) Initial tests have been completed.

(138^) FRANCIS TYPE TURBINE TEST MODEL- EFFICIENCY AND HORSEPOWER TEST.

(b) Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A complete 13-3/l6-inch model turbine with pressure regulator and energy absorber wa
tested under a wide speed and head range.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results were used to determine performance and design of prototype units.

(1385) ADJUSTABLE BLADE PROPELLER TYPE TURBINE MODEL. EFFICIENCY AND HORSEPOWER TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) An 11-inch model turbine is being built to study effect of using an existing casing
tube combination on a reconstruction project.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(1327) DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS BY MEANS OF CYLINDRICAL NOZZLES.

(b) Builders-Providence Inc.


(c) Dr. Andre L. Jorissen, Department of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y.
(d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
(e) Five cylindrical nozzles of various dimensions have been studied in a U-inch smooth 1

pipe to determine the behavior of the coefficient of discharge at low Reynolds numbe:
Nozzle proportions have been varied in order to determine an optimum length to diame-
ratio for each nozzle. The effect of the addition of a conical diffusor to nozzles
<

optimum proportions will be studied in an effort to design a Venturi tube of simple <

struction, expected to have a constant coefficient of discharge at low Reynolds numb*


and a small permanent head loss.
Pennsylvania State College 65

The Pennsylvania State College to Cornell


The project has recently been transferred from
University. See page 26.
Cylindrical nozzles maintain a constant coefficient of discharge at Reynolds numbers
lower than standard pressure-difference devices of flow measurement. Tests on nozzles
of various opening ratios have indicated the optimum proportions for each ratio which
result in a minimum loss of head.
"Discharge Measurements by means of cylindrical nozzles." A. L. Jorissen and H. T.
Newton, Annual Meeting, AS ME, Nov. 1951.
"Discharge measurements by means of cylindrical nozzles." H. T. Newton, Masters Thesis,
The Pennsylvania State College, Feb. 1952.

YLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, Ordnance Research Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 328, 1150, Il5l, 1152, 1386, and 1389 should be
addressed to Dr. J. M. Robertson; Projects Nos. 605, 920, 921 and 138? to Mr. B. W.
McCormick; and Project No. 1388 to Mr. Donald Ross; Ordnance Research Laboratory,
P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

I) FLOW PAST SLOTS IN SURFACES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; applied research.
Studies were made on the pressure and flow conditions near slots in surfaces, as affected
by relative boundary layer thickness and contour of slot corners.
Inactive.
The boundary layer thickness, slot width in the direction of flow, and rounding of down-
stream edge were found to govern the magnitude of the pressure dip following the slot.

FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE CAVITATION.

Cooperative with Department of Mineral Technology.


Experimental; basic research.
A laboratory-size eggbeater apparatus is used in which the noise inception point and
noise output is to be correlated with the chemical composition and nature of the liquid
and the surface of the propeller.
Suspended.
Effects of air content and electric charge on cavitation inception were investigated for
one simple propeller shape.
"Preliminary experiments on cavitation by propellers." E. C. Marboe, W. Capps, W. A.
Weyl. Report to Office of Naval Research, Technical Report No. 23, Oct. 1950.

ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALOGY FOR PROPELLERS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; applied research.
The analogy between the velocity fields of vortices and the magnetic fields of current
carrying wires is used to obtain the induced velocities for propellers and to study wide
blade effects.
Completed.
Testing program indicated agreement with theoretical calculations within the accuracy of
the electrical equipment.
Paper being submitted for publication.

PROPELLERS FOR OPERATION IN SYMMETRIC WAKES.

Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.


Theoretical and experimental; applied research.
66 Pennsylvania State College

(e) The problem is the design of optimum-efficiency and cavitati on-free propellers for
operation behind bodies of revolution. It is being attacked through consideration
the physics of propeller action. Design methods resulting from the theory being t
by experiment.
(g) Several tests have been made with the first research propeller. Other propellers
being fabricated.

(11^0) HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF 1* 8-INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Velocity distributions and pressures are being measured in all portions of the I48-:
water tunnel at velocities up to 80 fps.
(g) The initial testing program indicated the need of a honeycomb and possibly screens
straighten the flow. A honeycomb was installed this summer and the testing prograi
being repeated.

(1151) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 12-INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Design.
(e) Tunnel is planned for general supplementary research; interchangeable working secti
have been designed. One circular closed jet 12 inch diameter, one circular open je
12 inch diameter, one kk inch by 20 inch rectangular closed; maximum design velocii
70 fps.
(g) "The design of a small water tunnel." Roger L. Steele, Master's Thesis, The Pennsj
State College, June 195>1 (Available on loan.)

(1152) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF U8-INCH AIR TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Design.
(e) Closed circuit tunnel planned for supplementary research; working section ii8-inch 0
16 feet long; maximum design velocity is 200 fps. A fifth scale model of the nozzl
been constructed for testing suitability of proposed design.
(f) Construction should start early in 19!?2.

(1386) CAVITATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Cavitation inception as noted visually and acoustically on bodies is being correlat
with the magnitude and location of the minimum pressure coefficient as a function o
scale, i.e. Reynolds number. The nature and shapes of cavities behind blunt bodies
also being studied.

(1387) STUDY OF TIP VORTEX CAVITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Attempt to correlate such factors as vortex core size, vortex strength, and Reynold:
number through studies of an elliptic wing in the i|8-inch water tunnel.

(1388) SHEAR STRESS IN TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
develoj
(e) As a first step to a better understanding of the nature of shear stress in a
turbulent boundary layer, fluid flow from a rough walled to a smooth walled boundary
be studied in air and water. The spacial variation of the shear stress and turbulei
will be determined.
Pennsylvania State College 67
University of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Water & Power Company

REDUCTION OF STRUT WAKE.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental; applied research.
The model torpedo supporting strut in the U8-inch water tunnel (see Project 921) exerts
an asymmetric effect on the velocity distribution at the plane of the propeller. A
method of filling in the wake flux deficiency by an external pumping apparatus will be
tried to alleviate this condition.

-SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Department of Civil Engineering.

TESTS OF FIRE HYDRANTS FOR FRICTION LOSS.

A. P. Smith Valve Company,


i
Mr. H. Gaff in, A. P. Smith Valve Company, East Orange, N. J.
i
Experimental; applied research and design.
i Pressure loss measurements were made in detail on various portions of the hydrant such
as shoe casting, valve passages, discharge nozzles, and over-all at varying rates of
flow.
> Completed.

ifLVANIA WATER & POWER COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. ll$h to ll8, incl., should be addressed to Dr. S. K.
Waldorf, h0% Fulton Bank Building, Lancaster, Pa.

) MEASUREMENT OF WATER VELOCITIES WITH ULTRASONICS.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental; applied research.
) To develop an improved method of measuring large quantities of water, particularly the
discharge of large hydroelectric units having short intake conduits with large rectangu-
lar cross-sections. An ultrasonic transducer rod is placed at each of two parellel
opposite walls of the rectangular duct in which water velocity is to be measured. The
transducers are displaced from each other along the principal axis of flow. The phase
angle between the transmitted and received ultrasonic signals is a measure of the water
velocity,
) Water velocities up to ten feet per second have been measured with an error of one-half
percent in a rectangular duct five inches by nine inches.

) CORRELATION OF ANNUAL TREE GROWTH WITH PRECIPITATION AND RIVER FLOW.

)
Laboratory project.
) Field investigation; applied research.
) Cross-sections of trees from Juniata River drainage area above Huntingdon, Pa. are being
measured for correlation with flow records at Huntingdon, and precipitation and tempera-
ture records at several other stations.

5) INDUCING FRACTURE LINES IN RESERVOIR SHEET ICE WITH AIR BUBBLES.

) Laboratory project.
) Field investigation; applied research.
68 Pennsylvania Water & Power Company
Purdue University
Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory

(e) An experimental 2000- foot length of rigid pipe, with holes at intervals for dischar
compressed air, is laid on the reservoir bottom, subject to silting. A second 1000
length of flexible tubing, similarly perforated, is installed also. This tubing is
anchored to floats several feet above the reservoir bottom to avoid silting difficu
It is expected that the warmer water caused to rise with the bubbles will produce a
of weakness in the reservoir sheet ice. If successful, a system of such pipes will
facilitate breakup of sheet ice and reduce the possibility of ice jams.
(g) Results are encouraging, but not conclusive.

(1157) SEDIMENTATION IN SAFE HARBOR RESERVOIR.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) With a U. S. D-H3 sampler, suspended sediment in the Susquehanna River is measured i

head of the Safe Harbor Reservoir. The suspended sediment in the discharge of the i

voir is measured by special means applicable to turbulent water at the station disci
and dam overflow. The rate of silting in the reservoir is measured periodically by
fathometer soundings.

(1158) FOREWARNING OF FRAZIL ICE FORMATION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) By means of a resistance thermometer and strip chart recorder, the temperature of tfc
Susquehanna River is measured within 0.001 C at Safe Harbor and Holtwood.
(g) A cooling rate in excess of 0.01 C per hour to the freezing point of the river wate
followed by the formation of frazil ice rather than sheet ice.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics.

(1391) INVESTIGATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF SEDIMENTATION IN A TANK.

(b) Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, and National Institutes of Health.
(c) Prof. Don E. Bloodgood, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
(d) Experimental; for design purposes and for masters theses.
1

(e) Observing the sedimentation rate of finely divided solids suspended in water moving
various velocities. The effect of variation in depth and width and length of channel
eventually will be observed. The sediment used in the first series of tests was firu
ground coal. The sediment currently being investigated for a new series of tests is
diatomaceous silica.
(h) Findings to date are published in a thesis, "An investigation of the fundamental
theories of sedimentation in a tank." H. E. Chapman, Aug. 19^1, and in "Sedimentatic
studies - progress reports." Mar. 3, 19^0 and Feb. 28, 19l to the sponsoring agency

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(332) TESTS OF SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Public Roads.


(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
(d) Experimental; development.
(e) Study of methods of protecting piers from scour.
(f) Active during summers.
(g) Methods so far developed gave model pier complete protection until entire bed had undi
gone severe degradation.
(h) "Investigation of flexible mats to reduce scour around bridge piers." C. J. Posey,
D. W. Appel, and E. Chamness, Jr., Highway Research Board, Research Report No. 13-B,
pp. 12-22. April 19L.
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 69

^HONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, University of Minnesota.

j Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 10U, 105, 335, 616, 92U, 925, 1159 to 1163, incl.,
1165, and 1392 to 1397, incl., should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, St. Anthony
Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis lU, Minn.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 112, llU, 1168 and 1398, which are being con-
Ei ducted in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service, should be addressed to
Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, U. S. Soil Conservation Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis lh, Minn.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 19h 9 Ul2, 618, 982, 985, and 1206 which are being
conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, should be addressed to the District
Engineer, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, St. Paul District, St. Paul, Minn.
(These projects are listed on pages 115 and 116.

AIR ENTRAINMENT RESEARCH.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
Velocity distributions and air concentration distributions in open-channel, air-entrained
flows are being obtained with specially developed electrical instruments. High speed
still and motion-picture photographic techniques are being utilized to record and study
the irregular flow surfaces and the aeration processes. Installation of additional
supply lines from laboratory pumps is now being computed to augment the natural gravity
supply for testing at the highest channel angles. A general analysis of the air-entrained
flows is being developed, guided by the experimental results.

FLOW DIVERSION RESEARCH.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research and design.
Detailed study of flow processes in bends with main emphasis on guide vane bends. Two
dimensional and secondary effects are to be separated so that the performance of a given
bend geometry can be predicted. Work is now being concentrated on methods of computing
losses due to secondary currents in guide vane bends.
The causes of secondary currents and the role they play in flow around bends have already
been determined. Some experimental checks of methods of computing losses due to secondary
currents developed by others have been obtained.

WATER TUNNEL DESIGN STUDIES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.


Experimental.
Model studies of a design for a 36 inch open or closed jet variable pressure water tunnel
with an air-bubble resorber are being made. Experimental and analytical studies of the
test section flow quality, tunnel cavitation characteristics, tunnel energy losses and
probable resorption characteristics of the resorber are included.
Tests indicate that the test section velocity profiles were improved by the addition of
the resorber and that no detectable pressure or velocity fluctuation from the resorber
should be reflected into the test sections. The resorber should permit continuous cavi-
tation testing.
"Design studies for a closed-jet water tunnel." John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls
Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 9, Series B. Aug. 1951.

FLOW IN A TRIANGULAR OPEN CHANNEL WITH VARIES CENTRAL VERTEX ANGLE.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; master^ thesis.
To determine the characteristics of bulk flow in a triangular open channel with varied
central vertex angle. Water is being used as the testing fluid, and both laminar and
turbulent flow are being studied.

6 o - 52 - 6
70 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(616) FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; for master's thesis.
(e) Tests have been made to determine head loss resulting from flow through uniform-si',
media of varying shapes. Dimensionless numbers have been developed through consid(
of the forces and dimensions involved. An attempt is being made to determine the J

of particle shape and surface area on flow conditions.

(92h) FREE- JET WATER TUNNEL STUDIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Experimental; applied research and design.
(e) Pilot model studies of a two-inch diameter free- jet water tunnel have been conducte
develop design criteria for larger systems. Design, construction, and operation of
ten-inch diameter free-jet water tunnel for basic research in flows about solid boc
under extreme cavitation conditions is in process.
(g) A summary report on model studies indicates that this type of water tunnel can be p
tical and workable tool for hydraulic research.
(h) "Experimental design studies on free- jet water tunnel." Charles D. Christopher son
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report 25. Sept. 195>1.

(925) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A GRAVITY FLOW CYLINDRICAL SEDIMENTATION TANK.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; master's thesis.
(e) To investigate the effects of Reynolds number on sediment retention in the tank,
sized spherical glass beads being used as sediment have diameters ranging from 25 m
to 100 microns.

(1159) MISSISSIPPI RIVER REVETMENT STUDIES,

(b) Waterways Experiment Station and Mississippi River Commission.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Studies on some factors affecting the stability of articulated concrete revetment w<
made with full-scale revetment blocks. These factors included the pressure pulsati:
due to turbulence, steady-state pressures due to slight irregularities in the mattrt
surface, and sand scour from the interstices between blocks.
(f) Initial phase completed.
(g) Differential pressures across revetment blocks resulting from pressure pulsations at
the mattress were directly a function of the amount of sand surrounding the blocks.
Revetment settlement occurred as a result of the removal of sand from the openings \
tween blocks by scour.
00 "Mississippi river revetment studies." Lorenz G. Straub and Reuben Olson. St. Ant?
Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report 21, June 1951.

(1160) EFFECT OF TUBE VIBRATIONS ON PRESSURE DROP OF FLOW IN TUBES,

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) Study of pressure drop in a tube of uniform cross section for steady flow with vario
superimposed fluctuations. The first phase of the project involves external vibrati
of the tube. The second phase induces pulsation of the flow in the tubes. Lag in
transmission of pressure pulses after opening a valve caused by fluctuations are als
included in this study. Fluids of large bulk modulus of elasticity are used (hydrau
oils and water).
(f) First phase completed. Second phase just begun.
(g) There is no effect due to external vibration of the tube. An incidental result of t
first phase investigation is the experimental finding that fully developed laminar f
in tubes is stable to all small disturbances up to Reynolds numbers of 15,000 based
tube diameter.
(h) "The effect of tube vibrations on flow through tubes." Edward Silberman, St. Anthon;
Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 27. Nov. 1951.
.

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 71

ENTRANCE EFFECTS ON DISCHARGE IN MODEL CULVERT FLOWING PART FULL.

Laboratory project.
Experimental research; master's thesis,
i Determination of the stage discharge relationship for the condition when the pipe flows
part full and when the outfall is free. Three types of inlets, namely, (1) sharp edged,
(2) well rounded, and (3) re-entrant type of inlets are being used. The study is being
limited to supercritical flows. Analytical verification of the experimental results is
also being made.

STANDING SURFACE WAVES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL WITH A WAVY BOTTOM.

Laboratory project.
Analytical and experimental; for master's thesis.
Tests were made in a six-inch wide glass sided channel. Bottom corrugations were of
one-foot length and one-inch height.
Completed
For waves shorter than five times the depth of water hydrodynamical equations should be
used rather than open channel flow analysis. The height of waves in supercritical flow
is limited by the breaking condition to a maximum mean value of one tenth wave length.
In supercritical flow the boundary layer along the side walls of the channel originates
great disturbances. The fronts of these disturbances and the channel walls form an angle.
This angle decreases when Froude number increases.
"Surface waves in an open channel with straight parallel side walls and a corrugated
bottom." T. Timar, Master's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Dec. 19%1*

THE STUDY OF FLOW AT AN INTERFACE.

i Laboratory project.
Experimental and theoretical; basic research,
i Experiments are to be conducted to study the interfacial instability and to clarify flow
conditions before and after mixing and to determine the characteristics of a flow of
liquid with the density varying with depth and some facts in connection with bed-load
movement, boundary-layer effect, shallow water-wave, etc. Photographic method will be
employed to record flow patterns. Analytical and relaxational approaches will be
carried in parallel with an attempt to solve some simple cases of incompressible flow
with variable density.

) RIPPLE FORMATION AND ITS RELATION TO BED-LOAD MOVEMENT.

) Laboratory project.
) Theoretical and experimental; for doctor's thesis.
) A basic research to investigate the phenomenon of bed-load movement of an alluvial
stream. Analytical study on the items of mechanics characteristics of ripple-formation,
its effect on surface wave, fractional resistance of the channel and its relation to
bed-load movement. Later on experimental work will be carried out to verify certain
analytical results. Experiments on velocity of bed-load material for various size of
grain particles and various flow conditions will also be carried out to give additional
information on rate of bed-load movement.

) GENERAL WAVE STUDIES.

) Laboratory project.
) Experimental.
) Preliminary study and evaluation of wave generators, filters, and related equipment for
the creation of waves in both still and moving water. Studies are being conducted in
an existing flume with a width of six inches and a depth of fifteen inches; the small
cross-sectional area of the flume permits rapid and inexpensive alterations to equipment,
Results of the studies will be used in the design of equipment for a large flume, nine
feet wide, six feet deep and two hundred fifty feet long, and to develop test procedures,
methods, and other background information for future studies.
i

72 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(g) Two generators have been developed which can create waves in both still and moving

(1393) METHOD OF CORRELATING FRICTION FACTORS AND RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FOR FULLY DEVELOPED
TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical basic research; for doctor's thesis.
(e) Work was undertaken to explain anomalies in friction factor versus Reynolds number
from experimental data on large corrugated and concrete pipes.
(f) Completed.
(g) Fully developed flow in rough conduits is placed in three classes: (1) isolated rotj
flow occurring when roughness spacing is great enough for each element to develop ,

separate wake, (2) quasi-smooth flow occurring when roughness spacing is so small
there is practically no wake behind each element, and (3) wake-interference flow fi
intermediate roughness spacing. Expressions for velocity profile and friction fac-
the last class and for friction factor in the other two are developed in terms of :

ness dimensions and spacing, pipe size, Karman's universal turbulence function, anc I
numerical parameters. Good correlation is obtained with the experimental results (I
tained in this laboratory as well as with published results from many other source: 1
this country and abroad. It is shown that roughness spacing rather than height is j
most important roughness parameter.
(g) "A new concept of flow in rough conduits." H. M. Morris, Doctor's Thesis, Universal
Minnesota, Oct. 19^0. (Available on loan.)

(139U) MODEL STUDIES OF SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.
(e) Tests are being conducted on two similar models of different sizes to determine the
degree of similarity attained by the use of the Reynolds law and the Froude law. C:

parisons are made between the flow-through efficiency, as determined by the color it

and the sediment retention efficiency.


(f) Experimental work is in progress.
(h) "Model study of a sedimentation basin." C. E. Bowers, Master's Thesis, University
Minnesota, June 19li9 (Available on loan.)

(1395) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARY SHEAR IN A ROUGHENED RECTANGULAR CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.
(e) Tests being made in the case where the channel surface acts neither "smooth" nor "r
The surface of the channel will be roughened by attaching sand particles varied as
size, uniformity of size, and distribution.

(1396) STUDY OF CRITICAL DEPTH IN VERTICALLY CURVED FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and analytical; for master's thesis.
(e) Determination of true critical depth in vertical curvilinear flow, with emphasis on
abrupt change in grade of open channels. Existing information has been assembled o:
the free over- fall and related weir studies. Experimental tests are underway on th
abrupt change in grade of an open channel; the channel bed downstream of the break i

be set at h5, 30, and 13> with the horizontal. The bed-pressure, surface profile
and velocity distribution will be measured for variations in discharge.

(1397) PERFORATED PLATE ENTRANCE TO A FLOW-THROUGH SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental for master's thesis.
(e) To determine the effect of perforated plate entrances upon sedimentation in a flow-
type basin. Three such entrances, each with a different size of perforation, will V
studied over a range of discharges.
.

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 73

DROP INLET CULVERT WITH PIPE CONDUIT.

Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with
the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory.
Experimental; applied research.
Tests have been made on three different sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging from
2.5 to 30 percent to verify the similarity relationship. Information on discharges,
pressures, and flow conditions has been obtained. Future studies will be on the effect
of different types of inlets on the flow conditions.
Pipe drop inlet culverts laid on steep slopes will flow completely full even though the
outlet discharges freely. Entrained air did not invalidate the Froude model law.

DROP SPILLWAY WITH BOX INLET.

Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with
the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory.
Experimental; for design.
Experiments are made on 6-inch wide models to determine the effect of different lengths
of box, heights of drop, approach channel widths, dike locations, submergences, etc.,
on the head-discharge curve.
Completed.
"Capacity of box inlet drop spillways under free and submerged flow conditions."
Fred W. Blaisdell and Charles A. Donnelly, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory
Technical Paper No. 7, Series B, 36 pp., Jan. 1951. (Copies may be obtained at $.50
each from Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis
111, Minn.)
"Hydraulic design of the box inlet drop spillway." Fred W. Blaisdell and Charles A.
Donnelly, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 8, Series B, 63 pp.,
Jan. 195>1. (Copies may be obtained at $.80 each from Director, St. Anthony Falls
Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis h f Minn.)

DIVERGING TRANSITION FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES

Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with
the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory.
Experimental; for design and master's thesis.
Surface contours are determined for different Fronde numbers, shapes of entering stream,
sidewall flares, bed slope, bed friction, etc.
Suspended.

A STUDY OF CANTILEVER ED OUTLETS.

Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with
the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory.
Experimental; applied research.
Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of
the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour
hole to be expected under various field conditions.
Suspended.

STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY.

Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with
the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory.
Experimental; applied research.
Spillway is used as a grade control structure in ditches and streams. Study will result
in general design rules for the spillway and outlet. Outlet will have floor blocks, end
sill, and possibly longitudinal sills. Moveable sand beds are used to evaluate the
outlet performance.
S. Morgan Smith Company

S. MORGAN SMITH COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1399 to Hj03, incl., should be addressed to


Mr. Emmert M. Lowry, Jr., S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa.

(1399) MODEL TEST - INTERMEDIATE SPEED FRANCIS TYPE TURBINE.

(b) Alabama Power Company.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) To develop a new runner with a high HP output for a certain specific speed. A mod
turbine complete with wheel case and elbow draft tube was tested for efficiency, c
tion, runaway speed, etc. under various design conditions to obtain the proper run;
design.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results incorporated in the final design of the prototype units.

(lbOO) ADJUSTABLE BLADE AXIAL FLOW PUMP,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) To design a physically small, high capacity, low head, axial flow pump. Space lim: i

for actual installation limited the actual size. The main hydraulic problem was t<
minimize the exit losses, which in the case of such a low head pump, would be a coi
able percentage of the total head. Various designs were proposed and tested.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results provide data for improvement of existing designs with respect to the above
ditions, and extend the present range of application.

(liiOl) LOW SPECIFIC SPEED FRANCIS TYPE TURBINE - MODEL TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research for design.
(e) To develop a high head, low specific speed runner, a model turbine complete with wJ
case and elbow draft tube was tested for efficiency, HP, and thrust under various cl
conditions to obtain maximum efficiency and minimum thrust.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results used to provide data for improvements to existing designs and incorporated
final design of prototype units.

(Ib02) FIXED BLADE PROPELLER MODEL TURBINE TESTS,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To develop a fixed blade propeller turbine to replace high specific speed Francis t
bines, models of various designs were tested for efficiency, HP, cavitation, and ru
speed over a wide range of conditions. A complete setting was provided, involving
complete wheel case and elbow draft tube.
(g) Results will be used for pending prototype designs.

(H03) EFFECT OF MODEL ROUGHNESS ON EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To determine effect of actual surface finish of the model on the efficiency, a mode
turbine was severely roughened by metal blasting and tested for efficiency. In sev
steps the model roughness was reduced to provide various degrees of roughness; for
degree of roughness it was tested for efficiency. Roughness was measured with an
electronic profilometer.
(f) Completed.
(g) Results indicated that the efficiency of the model depends to some degree on the su
finish.
. .

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 75


Stanford University

I OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS

THE COMPILATION OF DATA ON SHIP RESISTANCE.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Capt. W. N. Landers, Secretary, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,
29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y.
The compilation of the data on ship resistance presently available at the various model
basins and in designing offices, and the presentation of these data in a readily usable
form.
A critical study and correlation of existing data on the resistance of ship hull models
which have been tested. An analysis of these data to determine systematically the in-
fluence of differences of hull form on resistance and to establish the fundamentals of
the subject.
A standard form entitled "Model Resistance Data" has been developed to record model data
and test results. Another form entitled "Expanded Resistance Data" has been prepared
for the expansion of the model test results to ship size* Explanatory notes defining
the various dimensions, ratios, and coefficients used on the data sheets have been
compiled. Model resistance and expanded resistance data sheets covering 100 models
have been completed.
"Model resistance and expanded resistance data sheets with explanatory notes for models
1-UO." $U.OO per set to members of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,
$5.00 per set to non-members.
Same for models Ul-60. $2.00 per set to members, $3.00 per set to non-members.
Same for models 61-80. $2.00 per set to members, $3.00 per set to non-members.

iRD UNIVERSITY, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 626, 627, 628, 1171, and 1172 should be addressed to
Prof. John K. Vennard, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

EFFECT OF POROSITY ON PERMEABILITY.

"Porosity factor for case of laminar flow through granular media." Joseph B. Franzini,
Trans. American Geophysical Union, Vol. 32, No. 3, June 1951.

STUDY OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; engineer theses.
Pressure drops and velocity profiles downstream from sharp and bellmouth entrances in
smooth pipes of various diameters.
Experimental work completed, theses being written.

EFFECT OF SHAPE OF PARTICLE ON SETTLING VELOCITY.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
Measurement of fall velocity of particles of regular geometric shape in the turbulent
range. Correlation of results with fall velocities of spheres.
Inactive

STUDY OF MANIFOLD PORTS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; engineer thesis.
Measurement and interpretation of pressure variation near outlet ports in manifold pipes
and obtaining hydraulic coefficients for various flow geometries.
Experimental work completed; thesis being written.
76 Stanford University-
Stevens Institute of Technology

(1172) PERMEAMETER WALL EFFECT.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Permeability tests are to be conducted on Ottawa 20-30 sand using variable head pei
eters of different sizes.
(f) Inactive.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental Towing Tank.

MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS.

The Experimental Towing Tank carries out an extensive research program of a classii
nature for the Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, and the Bureau of Aeronautics,
Department of the Navy. A large number of projects involving commercial vessels oi
many different designs for private clients are also undertaken for the determinate
effective horsepower, the resistance, directional stability of barges, the determin k
of shaft horsepower for river tovrt>oats and comparable vessels, resistances under sal
conditions of sailing yachts, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of flying boats J
seaplane floats.

(3h0) PLANING SURFACES (Project CC839).

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Techn $
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Experimental and basic research.
(e) To investigate the fundamental factors affecting the performance of planing surface
for application to seaplanes and planing type surface craft, and to investigate the
wave shape formed in the wake of such surfaces.
(g) Investigations will extend from elementary planing surfaces of several deadrises th
warped surfaces, surfaces with the steps of Vee plan form, and the combinations of
forebody and the afterbody planing in its wake.
(h) "On the virtual mass of water associated with an immersing wedge." John D. Pierson
Readers Forum Section, Jour, of Aeronautical Sciences, June 195>1 (Also available |
ETT Note No. 137.)
Reports in preparation:
"Trim, drag, and wetted area of seaplane in two-step planing." B. V. Korvin-Krouko
and Daniel Savitsky.
"Lift, wetted area, and center of pressure of planing surfaces at very low speeds."
Daniel Savitsky and Joseph W. Neidinger.

(1173) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE
HEAD SEAS (Project Til 98).

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Randolph Ashton, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Experimental and developmental.
(e) Resistance tests in waves of ship models (commercial vessels and fast power boats)
that the models are about as free as possible to respond to the oncoming waves - in
particular, to heave, pitch and surge fore and aft.
(g) Apparatus has been built to tow a ship model in head seas by means of a constant to
force, at the same time permitting freedom in heave, pitch and longitudinal surge.
Measurements of average speed of advance are made for the time of several wave imp a
(h) Technical memorandum in preparation.

H
. .

Stevens Institute of Technology 77

WAKE FRACTION STUDY (Project T1306).

Laboratory project.
Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Experimental and developmental.
Self-propelled tests of a twin-screw hopper dredge model to compare the wake fraction and
thrust-deduction coefficients with two pairs of propellers - each pair having the same
diameter but differing in other respects.
Results being analyzed.
Technical memorandum in preparation.

RUDDER FORCE AND TORQUE MEASUREMENTS DURING TURNING (Project 13U5).

Maritime Administration.
Mr. John B. Drisko, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
i 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
:

To measure turning diameters, rudder stock torque, and lateral rudder force of a proposed
ship design for three alternate rudder designs.
1

Completed
Experimental Towing Tank Report No. U09, March 195>1.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE AND TEST TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING MODEL PITCH IN WAVES THROUGH
THE USE OF A GENERAL ELECTRIC RECORDER (Project Tli|08)

Laboratory project.
Mr. Randolph Ashton, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Experimental and developmental.
Pitching tests in waves of ship models (fast power boats and commercial vessels) to
determine the amplitude of pitch directly, through impulses transmitted to a graphical
recorder.

IMPACT LOADS ON THE JR2F-1 FOR BOW LANDING CONDITIONS (Project DE 13U|).

Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.


Mr. Wilfred C. Hugli, Jr., Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Experimental; applied research for design.
A l/l6 scale dynamic model of the JR2F-1 was catapulted at various bow down attitudes.
Two self-contained recording accelerometers measured the impact accelerations. Results
of the investigation are to be used in evaluating the validity of present design specifi-
cations for loads experienced during bow landings in smooth water.
Report in preparation.

TURBULENCE STIMULATION (Project 1376).

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.


Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Experimental and basic research.
To investigate the methods of stimulating the boundary layer turbulence, and the methods
to indicate the state of turbulence on planing surfaces.

SEAWORTHINESS OF SHIPS (Project lhh5).

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.


Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
Experimental and basic research.
To determine the vertical forces and pitching moments acting on a restrained ship model
moving against head seas. This project supplements the project on seaworthiness model
tests conducted at David Taylor Model Basin and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
78 Stevens Institute of Technology

(11*08) HYDRODTNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF AN AIRSHIP (Project EC-Hi28).

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy,


(c) Mr. John B. Drisko, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Experimental.
(e) Experimental determination, utilizing the rotating arm, of the static and rotary h
dynamic coefficients of a conventional airship form. Static (straight-line) value
been determined by wind-tunnel tests, and the principal reason for curvilinear tes
to determine the rotary (damping) coefficients.

(Hi09) BENDING MOMENT OF SHIPS IN WAVES (Project llM).

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.


(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Experimental method to check calculations.
(e) Stress measurements of jointed model to determine external bending moment underway
waves, for comparison with calculated bending moment in "stationary" wave.

(11*10) SELF-PROPELLED MODEL TESTING (Project DF-1321).

(b) Office of Naval Research.


(c) Mr. E. V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hu
Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Experimental and developmental.
(e) Self-propelled tests with models of 7 to 12 foot length and associated theoretical
experimental studies of propulsion scale effect.
(g) A testing procedure has been developed which appreciably reduces scale effects and
useful comparative results to be obtained.
(h) "Self-propulsion tests with small models." Allan B. Murray, B. V. Korvin-Kroukovs
and E. V. Lewis, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Summer Meeting,
1951.

(Hill) PROPELLER MEASURING APPARATUS (Project IhkO).

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.


(c) Mr. Allan B. Murray, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Design and construction.
(e) Equipment will be used for the precise measurement of model propellers.

(11*12) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PROPELLER BOAT (Project lUUO).

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.


(c) Mr. Allan B. Murray, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,
711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.
(d) Design and construction.
(e) Apparatus to enable the carrying out of open water tests of ship propeller models.

(11*13) AN INVESTIGATION OF SHIP RESISTANCE USING STATISTICAL METHODS (Project CK H*36).

(b) Office of Naval Research.


(c) Mr. Marvin Zelen, and Mr. Samuel Lum, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute <

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.


(d) Applied research.
(e) Approximately 60 single-screw displacement hulls (reduced to a common U00 ft LBP) 1

been selected to investigate the effects of shape and hull parameters on resistance
statistical techniques will involve the applications of regression analysis and pr:
components.
(g) Compilation of data nearly complete. Calculation and analysis work in beginning si
University of Tennessee 79
Texas Engineering Experiment Station
University of Texas

TY OF TENNESSEE, Engineering Experiment Station.

HYDRAULIC FRICTION.

Laboratory project.
*'Dr.G. H. Hickox, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Tennessee, Khoxville 16,
Term.
Experimental; basic research.
A long term investigation to determine the relationship between character of roughness
of pipe surface and shape of transition curve for resistance coefficients in the range
between smooth and rough turbulent flow. Tests are being made in a four inch lucite
pipe which is roughened by the insertion of sleeves.
Experimental work suspended.
Progress report in preparation.

4GINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION, A & M College of Texas.

CULVERT MODEL TESTS.

Mr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Department of Civil Engineering, A & M College of Texas,


College Station, Texas.
Experimental; thesis for professional degree.
Tests are being conducted on a inch lucite pipe, 2 inches long, having flared wing
walls, to determine the effect of entrance design on discharge.
Earlier tests on smaller models indicate discharges (under free outfall conditions) may
be increased as much as 30$ above conventional design, depending on heads on the culvert.

ITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9U7, and 9U8 should be addressed to Dr. Walter L.
Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE BLOW-OUT HEAD FOR A CUT-OFF WALL IN A PERMEABLE MATERIAL.

Laboratory project.
Experimental.
To make preliminary observations of the blow-out process under a vertical cut-off wall
in sand and thus check the contention that factors other than the critical exit gradient
are significant.
Inactive.

DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED JET.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; M.S. Thesis.
An experimental study of the diffusion of a water jet to determine the influence of a
free surface and solid boundaries.
Detailed measurements have been made of the mean-flow characteristics for a hydraulic
jump occurring at an abrupt and a beveled step-down in the channel floor.
"A study of the expansion of a two-dimensional jet in combination with a hydraulic jump."
Carl W. Morgan, Masters Thesis, June 19^1.
1

80 Utah State Agricultural College

UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(l5D LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND DITCHES.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irrig;


and Water Conservation, page 9h.

(359) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS (Project 285).

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Dr. 0. W. Israelsen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logai
(d) Field studies; applied research and masters' theses.
(e) The major purposes are to find low cost, effective methods of drainage of arid-re^
waterlogged and alkali lands. Work has been concentrated on four Utah areas and or
in Canada in need of drainage; (1) the 10,000-acre area in Cache County, (2) the 3
acre area in Salt Lake County, designated respectively the Lewiston and the Drapei
and (3) the Delta area in Millard County, and (U) the Logan-Cache County Airport t
overlying an artesianaquifer. Basic studies of permeabilities of soils and hydrai
of wells are reported.
(g) Use of piezometers for low cost development of ground water flow patterns has beer
ful in all areas. Pumping from sand formations having permeabilities as low as 3
feet per second shows a measurable influence in lowering the ground water table.
(h) "Design of shallow wells for drainage by pumping." Gregory L. Pearson, Master* s 1
Utah State Agricultural College, May 19U9-
"Drainage by pumping in the Lewiston Area, Utah." Paul J. Pehrson, Master s Thesi
1

Utah State Agricultural College, May 1950.


"Draining Lewiston flats will improve land conditions in Cache County." Orson W.
Israelsen and Charles D. Stewart, The Sugar Beet, Amalgamated Sugar Company, Ogden
"The seepage problem on the south Okanagan lands project, British Columbia, Canada
G. P. Williams, Masters Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, May 1951.
"Effectiveness of gravity drains and experimental pumping for drainage, Delta Area
0. W. Israelsen, D. F. Peterson, Jr., and R. C. Reeve, Utah Agricultural Experimen
Station, Bulletin 3U5, Feb. 1951.
"Measurement of permeability of saturated soils below the water table." Naji A. F
Ph.D. Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, May 1951.
"The hydraulics of wells." D. F. Peterson, Jr., 0. W. Israelsen, and V. E. Hansen
Utah State Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 35l, in press (technical). 19
"Drainage of land overlying an artesian aquifer at Logan-Cache Airport." J. P. Ri
Irrigation Engineer's Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, May 1952.
"Landslides as influenced by irrigation and drainage on the Uncompahgre project la
in Western Colorado and along the West Cache Irrigation Company canal in Idaho."
George P. South, Master's Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, May 1950.

(1189) METHODS OF CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irriga


and Water Conservation, page 97.
1
(1190) DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FROM PERFORATED PIPE.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irriga


and Water Conservation, page 97. '

(1191) DETERMINATION OF THE DISCHARGE FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Engineering Experiment Station, page 82.

(1192) FLOW THROUGH FLEXIBLE NON- ELASTIC PIPE.

(b) Cooperative with Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irrigation and Water Conse:
and Irrigation Department of the Utah State Agricultural College.
(c) Dr. Vaughn S. Hansen, Soil Conservation Service, College Hill, Box 70, Logan, Utah.
Utah State Agricultural College 61

Experimental and theoretical; applied research, master's thesis.


A light-weight, flexible, non-elastic pipe has recently been developed to convey water.
As very little is known regarding the hydraulic properties of this material they are
being studied.

PERMEABILITY AND STABILITY OF SOIL AND SOIL MATERIAL.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irrigation


and Water Conservation, page 97.

'ATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9k9, 95>0, 1178, and 1179 should be addressed to
Dean J. E. Christiansen, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Agricultural College,
Logan, Utah.

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 80.

MODIFIED VENTURI SECTION FOR MEASURING FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS (Project lit)-

Cooperative with Geological Survey, Armco Drainage and Metal Products Company, and
Douglas Fir Plywood Association. Field studies conducted at outdoor cooperative (Soil
Conservation Service, Utah State Agricultural College) Irrigation Research Laboratory.
Experimental and field investigation; applied research and development, masters 1 theses.
To develop a satisfactory water-measuring device for open channels on very flat gradients.
Completed for present.
A practical device for field use has been developed. Test data were not entirely satis-
factory for final publication. Additional work needed.
"A modified venturi section for measuring irrigation water in open channels." J. E.
Ferguson and J. E. Garton, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 12, pp 581-585, Dec.
19U9.
"A field study of a modified venturi section for measuring irrigation water in open
channels." J. E. Garton, Master's Thesis, 1950.
"The hydraulic characteristics of a modified venturi section for use as a water measuring
device in open channels." Torlief Skjersett, Master's Thesis, 1951.

AN INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION LOSSES IN ALUMINUM TUBING AND COUPLINGS (Projects 18 and 27).

Cooperative with Aluminum Company of America.


Experimental; applied research and master's thesis.
To determine friction loss in aluminum tubing and losses at commercial couplings. Addi-
tional studies being made on aluminum irrigation pipe with deflection angles at couplings.
"The determination of the friction factor for new and used aluminum tubing and head loss
in sprinkler pipe couplers." Howard M. Olson, Master's Thesis, 1950.
"A study of hydraulic losses in sprinkler irrigation couplers." Donald Alan Buhr,
Master's Thesis, 1950.

A STUDY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY OF SOILS TO WATER (Project 23).

Cooperative with Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research, for doctor's thesis.
A careful study of the validity of the equation k - cwd 2 e^/^6(l + e) for the permeability
of granular materials. Ottawa sands were prepared by sieving to obtain grains of as
nearly uniform size as possible. Tests were conducted with different densities of packing.
Completed.
"An anlytical and experimental study of the permeability of sand." BakLr Kashif Alghita,
Ph.D. Thesis, 1951.
j
;

82 Utah State Agricultural College


State College of Washington
University of Washington

(1179) MEASUREMENT OF PERMEABILITY OF SATURATED SOILS BELOW THE WATER TABLE (Project 21*).

(b) Cooperative with Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research for doctor^ thesis.
(e) To determine factors affecting the Kirkham method of measuring permeability of sat
soils below the water table for various boundary conditions.
(f) Completed.
(h) "Measurement of permeability of saturated soils below the water table." Naji Abdu
Ph.D. Thesis, 1951.

(1191) DETERMINATION OF THE DISCHARGE FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

(b) Cooperative with Soil Conservation Service, Division of Irrigation and Water Conse
and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.
(c) Mr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Division of Irrigation and Water Conservation, Soil Conserva
Service, Logan, Utah.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, Master *s thesis.
(e) To determine the coefficient of discharge for the flow from a horizontal pipe as d<
mined by the coordinate method. This coefficient has been assumed to be one, whicl
definitely not the case in the majority of problems encountered in the field. The
are being conducted so that the method may be applied with confidence to the measu:
of water.

STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, Division of Industrial Research.

(1180) PRESSURE GENERATION IN PIPES FROM THE RELEASE OF AIR.

(b) Cooperative with Concrete Products Association of Washington.


(c) Mr. J. A. Roberson, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State College, Pul
Wash.
(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.
(e) Known volumes of air were released through a constricted vent from an open water p:1
system to produce water hammer. Various vent-main pipe diameter ratios were used.
Analytical results compared favorably with experimental results. Current research !

being done on proper design of irrigation pipe lines to eliminate the water hammer
dition.
(g) Results show that water hammer pressures are generated when an entrapped air mass :

released from a constricted vent or partially opened valve. Water hammer pressure;
may have appreciable effect on the failure of unreinforced concrete irrigation pip'
(h) Progress reports to the Concrete Products Association of Washington, Mar. 195>1, Se]
19l. Available upon request.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 61*2, 61*1*, 11*16 and 11*17 should be addressed to ]

H. K. Moritz, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 5

(61*2) A STUDY OF THE VALIDITY OF THE USE OF THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS AS A MEANS OF CORRELATE
RELATIONSHIPS OF FLOW IN CONDUITS OF DIFFERENT SHAPES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
.

University of Washington 53

A series of tests to determine the relationships of the flow functions to the hydraulic
radius in channels of different shapes. The project is intended to correlate the work
done on closed conduits of various shapes and that done on pipes. It is tributary to
Project No. 6Uu
Data on closed conduits complete and being analyzed. No data on open conduits.

'

FLOW IN PIPES AND CHANNELS

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
To establish a means conforming to modern concepts of flow identifying pipe and channel
surfaces in relation to their resistance to passage of water, and to introduce a prac-
tical formula for applying a specific roughness coefficient, once found, to any size
pipe or channel.
Suspended pending completion of several tributary investigations.
Definite concepts of the relations between the types of flow in pipes, and of the rela-
tion of the resistance to flow of water in pipes to specific roughness, have been devel-
oped.

HYDRAULIC JUMP CHARACTERISTICS IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

laboratory project.
Experimental.
Jump will be provoked in circular conduits by restricting the entrance and gating the
exit. Control elements will include slope and quantity variation, and the size of the
entrance restriction. Depth and average pressure head readings will be observed by
means of piezometers. The experiment is directed toward verification of the mathematical
theory of the hydraulic jump based upon the law of conservation of momentum. It will
also include a study of the jump characteristics, considering height, length, and factors
which affect its stability. Research intended to extend results of Lane and Kindsvater.
(Eng. News-Record, Dec. 29, 1928).

STATIC HEAD REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A FULL FLOWING CONDUIT.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental.
Investigation of the ratio of headwater elevation to pipe diameter needed to develop an
absolutely full flowing pipe. Rational analysis of the critical depth caused by an in-
creasing static head loses continuity when the critical depth approaches the limit of
the pipe diameter. Complete understanding of the transition from gravity flow to pressure
flow is the intended goal.

PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS FOLLOWING ABRUPT EXPANSION,

laboratory project.
Mr. J. E. Colcord, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle $ f
Wash.
Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
A study of the magnitude of the pressure rise following an abrupt expansion, comparing
theory to the results from two and three-dimensional test expansions. A study will also
be made of the eddy patterns in an abrupt expansion with the aid of plastic equipment,
polarizing materials, and a bentonite suspension.
. .

University of Wisconsin

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 956, 957, 958, and 1181 should be addressed to
Dr. J. R. Villemonte, and Projects Nos. 11*19, 1^20, and lii21 to Dr. Arno T. Lenz,
Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(6U6) BEHAVIOR OF OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

(b) American Petroleum Institute.


(c) Dr. G. A. Rohlich, Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
(e) Determination of hydraulic characteristics of separating tanks. This is accomplish
by dosing the influent with sodium phosphate and making chemical tests at regular
vals to indicate the phosphorous concentration in the effluent. Retention studies
wax spheres of 200 microns diameter are being used to evaluate performance of infl
and effluent baffles.
(g) Vertical slot influent baffle with 3 to 7 percent net area gives best flow charact
is tics.
(h) "Hydraulic characteristics of gravity- type oil-water separators." Dr. G. A. Rohli
Proc. API, 31 M (III), 1951. Univ. of Wisconsin Engineering Experiment Station Re
No. 181.
"The fundamentals and performance of gravity separation." Dr. A. C. Ingersoll, Pr
API, 31 M (III), 1951.

(956) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN PIPES UNDER HIGH LINE PRESSURES.

(b) Cooperative with Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wis.


(d) Experimental; for master s and doctoral theses.
1

(e) A circulating system of 2-inch seamless steel pipe with oil flowing will contain a
foot section in which energy losses will be measured by latest type strain gages,
pressures will be varied from 100 to 2000 psi and show the effect of high line pre
on the friction factor for both laminar and turbulent flow.

(957) THE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for doctoral, master's and bachelor theses.
(e) The effects of temperature (35-130F) and pressure (0-2200 psig) on the viscosity
wide variety of liquids are being observed by use of a new type falling-ball visco
(g) Tests have been completed on one grade of Klondike Medium Oil (Pure Oil Company)

(958) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN WELDING PIPE FITTINGS.

(b) Cooperative with Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wis.


(d) Experimental; for master's and doctoral theses.
(e) Head losses over and above those in straight pipe of same centerline length will b
observed for a wide variety of welded pipe fittings, including one and two gore mi
turns.
2
(g) Coefficients K, in equation H = Kv /2g, are as follows for U-inch fittings (veloc
1-20 fps):

One-cut 90 miter bend 1.39


Two-cut 90 miter bend 0.61
90 Elbow, R/D = 1.0 . 0.37
90 Elbow, R/D = 1.5 . 0.25

The settling length for all fittings was I4.O diameters at a velocity of 20 fps.
(h) "Energy loss in liquid flow in welding pipe fittings." G. J. Caspary, M. S. Thesi
June 1951. (Available on loan.)
University of Wisconsin 85

VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE ORIFICES.

Cooperative with Mr. J. C. Stevens, Portland, Ore.


Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral and master ! s theses.
Existing fundamental considerations are being studied and a new practical approach has
been developed. Initial vorticity can be completely controlled, and measurements of
head, discharge, and surface profile can be made. Orifice diameters will vary from 3
to 12 inches.
Some tests have been completed on a U-inch diameter sharp-edged orifice. The functional
relation between head and vorticity and standard orifice discharge coefficient has been
determined experimentally and represented as a three-dimensional plot. Vortex flow with
free radial approach produced standard discharge coefficients for the orifices tested.
"Vortex flow from horizontal thin-plate orifices." R. C. Kolf, M. S. Thesis, June 1951.
(Available on loan.)

HEADWALL ANGLE EFFECT ON BOX INLET DISCHARGE,

laboratory project.
Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
An 8-inch wide (W) box inlet culvert with lengths L = 1/2 W, W, and 2 W, and depths D =
W, 1/2 W, and 1/h W was tested for heads up to 0.7 L with wingwall angles from h$ to
90.
I For heads less than those required for submergence (K/L = 0.10+) , the US wingwall re-
duced the coefficient and discharge as much as 20 percent. For greater heads the dis-
charge was dependent upon depth of box but independent of wingwall angle.
I "Headwall angle effect on box inlet discharge." G. A. Ekerdt, M. S. Thesis, June 1951.
(Available on loan.)

) FORECASTING SN0WMELT RUNOFF, BIG EAU PLEINE RIVER, WISCONSIN.

I Wisconsin Valley Hydrologic Research Project.


I Experimental for Ph.D. thesis.
I Using readily available U. S. Geological Survey and Weather Bureau records a method was
developed for forecasting the spring runoff volume caused by snowmelt.
I By making use of accumulated winter precipitation, length of snowmelt season, antecedent
precipitation from Sept. 1 to beginning of snow accumulation, and depth to groundwater
at a key observation well, it was possible to predict runoff in inches which when added
to precipitation during the snowmelt period correlated with measured runoff with a
maximum error of 0.68 inches in 12 years studied.
) "Forecasting snowmelt runoff, Big Eau Pleine River, Wisconsin." D. K. Fuhriman, Ph.D.
Thesis (includes 100-item bibliography), Feb. 1952. (Available on loan.)

> CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN WISCONSIN.

I Laboratory project.
\ Experimental; for B.S. thesis.
\ Using precipitation and temperature data, consumptive use of agricultural crops was
determined by the Blaney-Criddle method for 5 areas in Wisconsin.
I Consumptive use of water by potatoes for average rainfall and temperature conditions
varies from 17.2 to 18.6 inches in areas where supplemental irrigation is practiced.
Irrigation demand averages from 3.8 to 5.8 inches. A probability study indicated that
at Antigo 8 inches or more are required for 10 percent of the time.
I "Consumptive use of water in Wisconsin." W. G. Ballantine and F. H. Larson, B.S. Thesis,
June 1951. (Available on loan.)

26 O - 52 - 7
.

86 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 961, 1181*, and 11*22 to lij.26, incl., should be
addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, Worcester 2, Mass.

(961) VALVE TESTS.

(b) Chapman Valve Company.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Head loss measurements for various discharges were made on a 2li-inch disc type chec
valve. Closure time and pressure changes were determined photographically for vari
flows up to 1*5 cfs.
(f) Inactive. Work will be continued.

(II8I4.) C J. STRIKE POWER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:1*0 model of the proposed spillway and apron were constructed to study the hydra
jump formation and to study spillway performance for various gate operations.
(f) Completed; report being written.

(11*22) CABINET GORGE POWER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:60 model including section of river, arch dam, powerhouse and diversion tunnels
constructed to study flow conditions from foot of dam to beyond powerhouse. Flow c
ditions for various gate operations were also studied.

(11*23) WANETA POWER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:70 model including section of river, gravity dam and powerhouse was constructed
study flow conditions on apron of spillway and in vicinity of powerhouse.

(ll*2l*) YALE POWER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:70 model of the proposed chute spillway and the section of the river into which
discharges are being constructed to study flow conditions in the chute and jump con
tions at the apron.

(11*25) CALIBRATION OF IRRIGATION METERS

(b) Hersey Meter Company.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Several 8, 10, and 12 inch meters were tested to determine flow characteristics.
(f) Completed.

(11*26) CALIBRATION OF FLOW NOZZLES.

(b) General Electric Company.


(d) Experimental.
(e) Several flow nozzles for installation in 6, 8, and 10 inch pipe are being calibrate
Agriculture - Forest Service 87

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 261 and 1186 should be addressed to Mr. Stephen N.
Wyckoff, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 2U5, Berkeley 1,
Calif.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project.
Experimental, field investigation; basic and applied research.
Purposes are: (l) to study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed con-
ditions, including vegetation, soils, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods
of watershed management, including the treatment of areas denuded by fire, to assure
maximum yield of usable water, and satisfactory regulation of flood runoff and erosion.
Major work center is the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Rainfall, runoff, and erosion
are measured on two main drainage areas, on ten large and seven small watersheds within
these areas, and on eighteen experimental plots. Twenty-six large lysimeters furnish
comparisons of the use of water by various species of plants. Climatic data are obtained
from several meteorological stations. Studies of runoff and erosion as influenced by
fire and the revegetation of large burns are in progress elsewhere in California.
Studies in the improvement of vegetation cover density for increase of soil stability
are in progress in the Los Angeles River watershed and at Pasadena in cooperation with
the California Institute of Technology.
A network of rain gages tilted and oriented according to watershed slopes is a better
rainfall sampling system than a network of vertical gages for mountainous areas. A
field survey of the soil stability on the Los Angeles River watershed was completed and
a rough draft report prepared. Fifty-five native plants were excavated by hydraulic
means. Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) had the longest roots with a maximum length of
12 to 17 feet and depth of penetration from U.5 to 11 feet.
"Some aspects of watershed management in southern California." San Dimas Experimental
Forest staff, California Forest and Range Experiment Station Misc. Paper No. 1, 15>1.
"Fire and water in southern California's mountains." E. A. Colman, California Forest
and Range Experiment Station Misc. Paper No. 3, 1951.
"Calibration of fiberglas soil-moisture units." T. M. Hendrix and E. A. Colman, Soil
Science 71(6): 1*19-1*27, 1951.
"Interception of rain and snow by second growth ponderosa pine." P. B. Rowe and T. M.
Hendrix, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Dec. 1951.
"San Dimas rainfall and wind velocity recorder." E. L. Hamilton, Bull. Amer. Meteoro.
Soc. 32(1): 32-33, 1951.

FLOOD CONTROL SURVEY RESEARCH, CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN OREGON.

Laboratory project.
Experimental, field investigation; statistical studies in applied research.
To furnish a physical base for evaluation of flood control measures as they affect flood
and sediment damages. Emphasis is on the determination of the influence of "land use"
on frequency of flood peaks, annual and seasonal yields of water, and sediment production
from whole watersheds.
Suspended sediment concentration in the streamflow of Hi south coastal watersheds in
California was found to be related to the physical characteristics of the soils formed
on the various geologic types and to the average brush cover density on the watersheds.
For 2k watersheds of the Willamette Basin in Oregon, flood peaks were found to be more
closely related to the forest condition on the watershed as expressed by the age and
degree of stocking of the forest cover than to the amount of area that had been logged.
"Physical characteristics of soils related to erosion." H. W. Anderson, Jour. Soil and
Water Conserv. 6(3): 129-133, 1951.
. .

88 Agriculture - Forest Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Division of Forest Influences.

(11*27) FUNDAMENTAL PUNT-SOIL-WATER REUTIONS.

(b) Division project.


(c) Dr. H. G. Wilm, Division of Forest Influences, Forest Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Theoretical (analytical); basic research.
(e) Analysis of basic data concerning plant-soil-water relations and interpretation of
effects of these relations upon streamflow under various forest and range conditions
and uses.
(f) Completed.
(h) "Some fundamental plant-soil-water relations in watershed management." Leon Lassen,
Howard W. Lull, and Bernard Frank. Division of Forest Influences, Forest Service, j

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C. Multilithed - limited edition


(available on request and on loan in field research stations and libraries of Forest
Service)

(1U28) SOIL MOISTURE AND INFILTRATION PROJECT.

(b) Cooperative with Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
(c) Mr. H. W. Lull, U. S. Forest Service, c/o Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, m|
(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Development of certain fundamental principles involved in plant, soil and water relai
including methods for forecasting rates of soil moisture accretion and depletion for
specified vegetation, soil, and climatic conditions.
(h) "A progress report on the development of methods for predicting soil moisture conten
E. J. Dortignac and H. W. Lull, Vol. I and II, Nov. 1951.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment


Station

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 652 to 655, inclusive, should be addressed to the
Director, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(652) SOIL REUTIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.
(e) Tests on plots and small watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous
plant cover in natural, depleted, and restored condition on the infiltration, storagi
fertility, biology and stability of forest and range land soils; to determine land-u
practices for stabilizing eroding watershed soils and for maintaining soil stability
under the impact of grazing, logging, and other wild land uses. Studies are under wj
on coarse, granitic soils of southwest Idaho; various soils on steep slopes of Wasatu
Mountains in northern Utah; and on heavy limestone soils in the Wasatch Plateau in
central Utah.
(g) On steep granitic soils of southwestern Idaho, overland flow and erosion increased a;
ground cover density decreased and as size of bare soil openings in the ground cover
increased. In Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah, removal of ground cover converted
nonflood source area to an overland flow and sediment producing area. On subalpine
range land of Wasatch Plateau in central Utah, reduction in total plant cover by ovei
grazing resulted in greatly increased erosion during summer storms.
(h) "An approach to watershed protection criteria." Paul E. Packer, Jour. Forestry, h9( .\ {

639-6UU. 1951.
"Status of research on watershed protection requirements for granitic mountain soils
southwestern Idaho." Paul E. Packer, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Stat:
Research Paper No. 27, 20 p. 1951.
.. .

Agriculture - Forest Service 39

"Summer storm runoff control requirements on aspen sites in northern Utah." Richard B.
Marston, accepted by Jour, of Forestry for publication.
"Some methods for relating sediment production to watershed condition." J. M. Rosa and
M. H. Tigerman, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper No. 26,
18 p. 1951.

WATER RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

Laboratory project.
Experimental -and field investigation; basic and applied research.
Tests on watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous plant cover, and of
mechanical soil stabilization structures, on runoff characteristics of mountain water-
sheds; to determine land use treatments required for flood control and for maximum yields
of usable streamflow.
Long-range streamflow studies are under way on experimental watersheds at Great Basin
Research Center near Ephraim, Utah, and Wasatch Research Center, Farmington, Utah.
"Watershed management with particular reference to forest and range lands." Prepared
for the President's Water Resources Policy Commission, Forest Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mimeographed, 23 p. with Appendix 20 p. Aug. 1950.
"Watershed management: the forester's challenge." George W. Craddock, Ames Forester,
38:37-Uli. 1951.
"Relation of our forests to water supply." A. R. Croft and Marvin D. Hoover, Jour, of
Forestry, h9 (h) :2ii5-2ii9 . l5l.
"Watershed management: key to resource conservation. Reed W. Bailey, Proc. 15 th
11

North American Wildlife Conference, pp. 68-75, 1950. (Reprinted in Jour. Forestry,
U9(9):393-396, Sept. 1950.)

PLANT RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

Laboratory project.
Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.
Tests on plots and watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous cover on
interception and evapo-transpiration losses; to determine the kind of plant cover re-
quired for producing maximum yields of useful runoff from watersheds. Principal effort
now limited to study of evapo-transpiration loss from herbaceous cover on Wasatch Moun-
tains, Northern Utah.
Completed three years of study in aspen-herbaceous cover. Results indicate that removal
of the deep-rooted aspen trees from an aspen-herbaceous type increases water available
for streamflow. Removal of aspen or any deep-rooted species may be a feasible means of
increasing streamflow. Treatment should not be undertaken unless it is absolutely cer-
tain that it will not result in overland flow from summer rains.

CLIMATIC RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

Laboratory project.
Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.
Measurements and studies of climatic factors including precipitation, temperature, wind,
etc., that have a bearing on the hydrologic behavior of forest and range watershed lands.
Studies are confined to experimental watershed areas at the Boise Research Center near
Idaho City, Idaho, Wasatch Research Center, Farmington, Utah, and Great Basin Research
Center, near Ephraim, Utah.
Precipitation records at four stations indicate that precipitation increases linearly
with elevation as given by the equation P = 0.00U9U E - 16.95. (P is precipitation in
inches, E is elevation in feet.) Yearly pattern of precipitation is that of a sine
curve, with a broad crest in late winter and a broad trough in late summer. On steeply
sloping lands of south central Idaho, the best opportunity for maximum snow storage and
retention in old growth ponderosa pine forest exists on north slopes, where greatest
storage and retention effects can be obtained by creating large openings in the forest
stand. Numerous small openings and a high percentage of sapling stand area would be
almost as effective. Large openings on sunny aspects are least effective.
"Precipitation in relation to altitude in central Utah." Howard W. Lull and Lincoln
Ellison, Ecology 31(3) :U79-U8U. 1950.
"Snow accumulation and retention on ponderosa pine lands in Idaho." H. F. Haupt,
accepted for publication by Jour. Forestry, 1951.
. .

90 Agriculture - Forest Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 656, 966, 96?, 1187, and 1188 should be addressee
Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors Avenue, Up]
Darby, Pa.

(656) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT) .

(b) Cooperative with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters and U. S. Geolog :

Survey.
(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.
(e) Studies have been started on the Delaware-Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,
to determine the water economy for a watershed covered with scrub oak. Afterwards,
cover will be converted by planting and fire protection to a commercially valuable .1

and the effect on water relations will be measured. Installations have been establ:
to evaluate all components of a water balance equation for the watershed.
(h) Progress report covering hydrologic years 19U8-U9 and 19k9-$0 being printed.

(966) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT)

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.
(e) Studies on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to determine effects c

forest management practices and logging operations upon the quantity and quality of
water yielded by a small watershed.

(967) STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND COVER CONDITIONS ON SOIL MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Soil cores were obtained under different conditions of soil, cover, and use on the
Allegheny watershed. Tests were made on about 1,000 cores to determine percolation
detention storage capacity, retention storage capacity, volume weight, and organic c
tent, for use in flood control surveys to permit more accurate estimates of the incr
in infiltration and water storage resulting from a program of land management.
(f) Completed.
(g) Analysis of percolation rates and storage capacities showed that land cover and use
primarily affect the upper soil horizons. In the lower horizons the principal facte
affecting soil moisture values are texture and drainage. Within the forest, grazing
resulted in a greatly reduced rate of water movement and amount of detention storage
throughout the A horizon. The effect of cover and use was greatest in the A horizor
gradually diminished throughout the B horizon. In the C horizon no significant diff
ence between soil moisture values were detected far differing conditions of cover ar
use.
(h) "Effect of soil and cover conditions on soil-water relationships." G. R. Trimble, J
C. E. Hale, and H. S. Potter, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station Paper No. 39,
Feb. 1951.

(1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine the effect of land use and condition upon type and depth of frost forma
Periodic observations of frost type and depth, snow depth, and water content are mac
upon a large number of plots in New England, New York, and northern Pennsylvania, S
to sample a variety of land uses and conditions within certain land use classes. Ot
vations were made on 186 plots during the winter 1950-51, and will be continued thrc
the winter 1951-52.
. .

Agriculture - Forest Service 91

Observations during the winter 1950-5>1 show that concrete-type frost forms earlier and
reaches to over 10 inches in depth sooner on open land than on forest land. Hardwood
forests have less concrete frost than coniferous forests of the same stand-size class.
Concrete frost was gone from hardwood sawtimber stands from four to six weeks before its
disappearance in coniferous sawtimber stands. Seedling and sapling stands contained
more concrete frost than pole stands, which in turn had more concrete frost than saw-
timber stands. Stands in which the forest floor had been destroyed or greatly altered
by fire or livestock grazing contained much more concrete frost than less disturbed
areas.

FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT)

Laboratory project.
Field investigation; basic and applied research.
1 Studies on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., to determine the
effect of different levels of cutting practices and different logging methods upon water
quantity and quality. Five watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging stations and
raingages. No logging will be done during a calibration period.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Lment Station.

) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATIONS

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. George M. Jemison, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Missoula, Mont.
) Field investigation; applied research.
) To develop a detailed hydrological analysis for a small timbered watershed. Also to
determine effect of forest cover and other site factors on accumulation of snowfall,
rate of snowmelt, and movement of snowmelt water. Work under way at Priest River Exper-
imental Forest, Idaho.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment
an.

) EFFECT OF LOGGING AND OTHER FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAM FLOW.

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U23 U. S.
Courthouse, Portland 5, Ore.
) Field investigation; basic research.
) (1) Blue River Experimental Forest, in the McKenzie River drainage of west central
Oregon; installations still being made; (2) Entiat River study watersheds near Wenatchee,
Washington; no work yet begun; (3) Starkey Experimental Range study watersheds near
LaGrande, Oregon; no work yet begun; (h) hydrologic analysis of streams in western
Oregon and western Washington; still underway by Division of Flood Control Surveys, with
streams in eastern Oregon and eastern Washington now added; (5) soil studies temporarily
discontinued; (6) sediment sampling was carried on from October 19^0 to May 1951 in
several streams of western Oregon and western Washington, and begun again this year in
some of the same streams and in several more in eastern Oregon and eastern Washington.
) A progress report on project 6 is being prepared. One noteworthy observation on project
6 was the 33,^00 ppm of sediment in a sample from the Coquille River at the peak of the
flood October 28, 19^0.
.

92 Agriculture - Forest Service

(h) "Floods of October 1950 in Southern Oregon.' Division of Flood Control Surveys rep
1

Jan. 1951.
"The October floods of Southwestern Oregon - some observations and speculations." R
Sartz, Jour, of Forestry, Vol. 1x9, No. 3, Mar. 1951.
"Watershed management and flood control surveys." H. G. Wilm, Jour, of Forestry, V
No. 7, July 1951.
"Use of snow surveys in planning regulation of Columbia River floods." H. G. Wilm, ]

Work and M. W. Nelson, Proc. 19th Annual Meeting Western Snow Conference, July 1951
Tech. Bui. No. 683, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
"Further observations on soil freezing in the Pacific Northwest." C. E. Hale, Paci
Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Note No. 7i|, Oct. 1951.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station

(376) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, MANITOU EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) laboratory project.


(c) Dr. L. D. Love, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Ci

(d) Field investigations, applied research.


(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber cutting, and revegetation of depleted w
shed lands upon water supplies, and upon erosion and sedimentation, to solve problei
in watershed management for the forest and range covered watershed lands of the Rocl
Mountain Front Range.
(g) An increase in surface runoff from bunchgrass ranges as grazing pressure was intens:
was found from natural precipitation on permanently established plots and from artiJ
cially applied rainfall on infiltration plots. Erosion on permanent plots continue*
normal rates under moderate grazing, but doubled when grazing was heavy. The removs
litter from stands of young ponderosa pine more than doubled runoff and increased s<
erosion 72 times in the first year of treatment. After 9 seasons of needle fall ac(
lation the treated plots are again reacting similarly to those untreated. Two smal!
watersheds burned to encourage aspen growth and two burned to encourage grass growtl
have shown an immediate increase in erosion, while watersheds uncleared remained un-
changed in erosion rates.
(h) 1950 Annual Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collinj
Colo. Mar. 1951.

(377) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, FRASER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Dr. L. D. Love, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Cc
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine and spruce fir forests and of cutting on fa
associated with yield of water, largely from stored snow. The aim is to solve prob]
in watershed management for forested watersheds of the Continental Divide zone of tY.
Central Rockies.
(f) First phase of experiment in mature lodgepole pine completed in 19U*. Studies of tfc
in immature lodgepole pine completed in 19^9 . Second phase involving the logging of
710 acre experimental watershed has been started with the measurement of the effect
logging roads. No logging will be carried out for a period of two or three years tc
determine the effect of road construction. The alternate strips to be logged have t
located so that pre-treatment studies of snow accumulation and quantity and movement
soil moisture to a depth of 5 feet may be made. Stream flow records (not including
winters) have been obtained since the fall of 19U7 from three high altitude watershe
The largest watershed is being commercially logged to evaluate the effect on water f
Agriculture - Forest Service >3

Reduction in density of forest canopy through partial clearing has resulted in 15-30
percent increase in precipitation reaching the soil. Increase is largely an addition to
ground water, since the combined evaporation and transpiration losses from the soil were
not greatly changed. Preliminary results from small forested watersheds show that log-
ging over half of the timbered area has not altered the water quality. Erosion has been
negligible and no sediment or bedload has reached the gaging station.

1950 Annual Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Mar. 1951.
"Progress in snowmelt investigations at the Fraser Experimental Forest." Report No. 2,
June 1951.

DEPARTMENT OF A Oil CULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATIONS - WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH.

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. E. L. Demmon, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, P. 0.
Box 252, Asheville, N. C.
) Field investigation; basic and applied research.
) To determine the effect of vegetation on the phases of the hydrologic cycle, and the
effect of land use and land management practices on water yield and water quality. To
develop standards and methods of watershed management to derive the greatest benefit
from the land and water resources in the southeastern United States. Most of the actual
research experiments and hydrologic data collection is carried out on the 5500-acre
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United
States (Nantahala Range, Southern Appalachian Mountains) . Within this area are about
35 watersheds whose stream flow is being continuously gaged and which are either being
treated experimentally or being used as control checks. There are 11 recording and 70
non-recording (standard) rain gages, 21 recording and 19 non-recording ground water wells,
3 recording hygrothermographs, 2 recording anemometers, and one evaporation pan. Water
samples for quality analysis are collected on a weekly and storm period basis from
selected experimental watersheds. The Calhoun Experimental Forest near Union, South
Carolina, is doing basic research on how piedmont soils influence water resources and
plant growth. Studies include measurement of infiltration, daily changes in field
moisture, and runoff from several small watersheds. Research projects include determina-
tion of effects of (1) permanent complete removal of all major vegetation; (2) temporary
complete removal of all major vegetation; (3) removal of riparian vegetation; (U) removal
of laurel and rhododendron shrub vegetation; (5) local logging practices; (6) mountain
agriculture; (7) woodland grazing; (8) forest fires on water yield and quality; (9)
improved techniques for removing wood products and retaining high quality water values on
mountain watersheds.
) Investigations indicate that in the high rainfall belt of the Southern Appalachian Moun-
tains, the annual water cycle equation tends to balance for an approximate 12 months
period between maximum spring storms that being soil moisture up to field capacity. This
procedure eliminates the dfff icult-to-measure factor of field moisture saturation deficit
that exists throughout other times of the year. Land use studies of mountain farms and
woodland grazing have shown the gradual changes in soil structure and porosity that take
place and approximate number of years required to affect stream flow. Piedmont studies
have shown the relative depth to which field moisture is utilized under bare, grassed,
and reforested areas.
) "The relations of forest to our water supply." M. D. Hoover and A. R. Croft, Jour, of
Forestry, U9(U) :2U5-2ii9, April 1951.
"Stream-flow frequency changes on Coweeta Experimental Watersheds." J. A. Lieberman
and M. D. Hoover, Trans. American Geophysical Union, 32(l):73-76, Feb. 1951.
"Research in forest-streamf low relations. " C. R. Hursh, Unasylva, Vol. V(l):2-9.
Jan. -Mar. 1951.
9h Agriculture - Forest Service
Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment S1

(6^7) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATIONS AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Raymond Price, Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station, Box 951, Tucsor
Ariz.
(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) To determine the influence of various types and densities of natural vegetation, anc
vegetation modified by different methods of land management such as grazing and timt
harvesting, on stream flow, water uses, water losses, and erosion and sediment yielc
Work center is at Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest, a 13,255-acre area located in Sa
River watershed. Additional plots and watersheds are also located in Salt River wat
shed.
(g) In general, watersheds in the Southwest at high elevations are the high water-yieldi
areas while the watersheds at low elevations are low water-yielding but high sedimen
yielding. Experimental watersheds sample Salt River watershed. Results point out t
varying conditions that are integrated into the larger watersheds of the Southwest.
Water yields increase progressively from less than 2 percent of annual precipitation
lower elevations to as high as 25 percent at higher elevations. In contrast, sedime
yields decrease progressively from as high as 12,000 tons per square mile per year f
small watersheds at lower elevations to less than 100 tons per square mile per year
watersheds at high elevations.
(h) Annual Reports for 19UU-50.
"Consumptive use of water by forest and range vegetation." L. R. Rich, Proc. Americ
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 77, Sept. 1950.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, Division of Irrigation and Water


Conservation.

(53) SAND IRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS.

See Colorado A & M College, page 16.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS.

See Colorado A & M College, page 16.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND DITCHES.

(b) Cooperative with Utah State Agricultural College, and Bureau of Reclamation.
(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Conservation Service, Box 179, College Hill, Logan, Utah.
(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.
(e) Linings for irrigation canals and ditches are being tested to develop more effective
lower cost methods of reducing conveyance losses in irrigation systems. The invest^
tion includes: (1) evaluation of the physical properties of canal lining materials; I

model testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing at selected
sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions
(g) The tendency for earth linings to become more permeable, judged by the materials stuc
will be the rule with few exceptions whether or not the lining is exposed or covered.
Asphaltic membrane linings cannot be made water-tight when the asphalt is sprayed on
subgrade of texture as coarse as pea gravel with applications as great as 2 gsy. Whe
coarse textured subgrades are encountered, the subgrade should be dressed up with a I
textured material in preparation for applying the asphalt.
(h) "Conveyance loss and canal lining investigations." Progress Report, 1950. (Availabl
on loan.)
.

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 95

PERFORMANCE TESTS OF WELL SCREENS.

See Colorado A & M College, page 1?.

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUSPENDED SILT LOAD OF TEXAS STREAMS.

Texas Board of Water Engineers.


Dean W. Bloodgood, Soil Conservation Service, 302 West 15 th Street, Austin, Texas.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
(1) To determine the relationship between the suspended silt load and the discharge of
Texas streams; (2) to establish criteria for planning surface reservoir storage based on
suspended silt to be handled; (3) to determine the characteristics of silt deposited in
reservoirs for use in evaluation of the life of a given reservoir; (h) to secure data
necessary to determine the effect of silt load on the cost of preparing water for domes-
tic and industrial use; and (5) to determine the relationship between silt load and the
management of the tributary watersheds.
"Pictorial report of cooperative silt, evaporation and irrigation studies at Texas for
1950 " Dean W. Bloodgood, Irrigation Division, Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
vation Service, Austin, Texas, Feb. 1951

HYDROLOGY OF SNOW AND STREAM FLOW IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION IN THE NORTHWEST.

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr, Robert A. Work, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 11U9, Medford, Ore.
Experimental; applied research.
(1) To develop from snow surveys and related data advance knowledge of the amount and
distribution of the water supply available for each stream basin each season for agri-
cultural use; and (2) to determine the factors which influence amount and distribution
of water supplied to irrigated areas Characteristics of stream flow and ground waters
.

in principal stream basins are being studied in relation to occurrence, distribution,


utilization, and efficiency of use.
Research projects are being conducted in several states in cooperation with State
Agricultural Experiment Stations to determine methods of developing and applying general
forecasting principles to local conditions.

EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING WATER YIELDS PROM HIGH WATERSHEDS IN U1AH.

Utah State Engineer, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Gregory L. Pearson, Soil Conservation Service, College Hill, Box D, Logan, Utah.
Experimental; basic research.
(1) To determine the effect of deviation from normal of late fall and early spring pre-
cipitation on the established snow cover-runoff relationship for Utah Streams; (2) to
determine the effect of temperature and other climatic factors upon the quantity and
distribution of runoff from Utah s snow-fed streams; (3) to determine the effect of
f

various meteorological phenomena on the distribution and extent of the "snow blanket" for
particular storms with special reference to established snow courses. At present data
are being gathered at two mountain installations.

STORAGE OF WATER. UNDERGROUND FOR 11RIGATI0N IN CALIFORNIA

Kern County.
Dean C. Muckel, Soil Conservation Service, 222 P. 0. Building, Berkeley, Calif.
Experimental; applied research.
To determine the factors affecting the percolation rate on water-spreading areas, and to
devise ways and means to increase the percolation rate. In some soils the percolation
rate decreases during spreading, and the objectives are to determine the cause of the
decrease and to find practical methods of maintaining the high initial rates. Field tests
are being made on test ponds and strips.
.

96 Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

(390) IMPERIAL VALLEY ERAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS

(b) Imperial Irrigation District.


(c) Mr. George B. Bradshaw, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 158, Imperial, Calif.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) (1) To continue broadening the drainage criteria on the farm area basis by investiga
pumping from deep, pervious strata to determine the effect on lowering the water tab
under various stratified conditions, particularly where the aquifer is overlain with
heavy soils; (2) to make a study of present drainage problem in relation to irrigati
systems and irrigation practices within and adjacent to the area so that when the Ea
Mesa lands are opened up to irrigation some basis for differentiating between local
Mesa contributions to the ground water problem may be available; and (3) to study ir
gation methods in relation to leaching to develop irrigation practices that will pro
for necessary leaching with minimum contributions to the ground water problem.
(f) Field work completed.
(h) Final report in preparation.

(391) SAN FERNANDO VALLEY ERA INAGS INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) City of Los^Angeles.


(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Soil Conservation Service, 1059 Post Office and Courthouse, L
Angeles, Calif.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To obtain basic physical data necessary to design an adequate drainage system to con*
the ground water in San Fernando Valley Soil Conservation District, and to develop m<
and techniques that might be applied to the solution of similar problems in other ar<
(f) Completed.
(g) Study has materially benefited the Operation Program in San Fernando Valley Soil Con*
vation District and helped the City of Los Angeles solve its drainage problem. Defii
recommendations of report are now being carried out. The hydrologic water balance m
in the San Fernando Basin, where the basic data such as precipitation, irrigation, r\
underground water storage capacity, and other factors are measured more accurately ti
probably any other basin in the West, afforded a good chance to check on estimates oi
consumptive use and deep penetration from irrigation and rainfall.
(h) "Ground water and drainage investigations in San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, Calif.
William W. Donnan, G. Marvin Idtz and V. S. Aronovici, Los Angeles, Calif. Dec. 1950.

(393) IRRIGATION AND SOIL LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF C0NT01R AND DOWNS LOPE IRRIGATION.

(b) Washington Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. Stephen J. Mech, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 590, Prosser, Wash.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A study of the irrigation and erosion characteristics of different size irrigation
streams as they are influenced by furrow grade, crop and crop sequence, tillage, and
soil moisture. Application and runoff measured by automatic water level recorders on
type HS flumes. Detailed soil moisture determinations made with soil tube.
(h) "Corn irrigation experiments." 1950 Progress Report, Stephen J. Mech, (mimeographed)
available from Prosser, Wash.

(658) INFILTRATION OF WATER INTO AND PERMEABILITY OF SOIIS IN AN IRRIGATED AREA OF THE SOUT
WEST.

(b) Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. Karl Harris, Soil Conservation Service, Room 2h, Post Office Bldg., Phoenix, Ariz
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To segregate, define, and evaluate the factors which affect water infiltration and
permeability of soils; to determine cultural practices for optimum infiltration and
percolation; and to develop methods of application of water most effective for given
infiltration and permeability characteristics.
(h) "Alfalfa irrigation tests, Mesa Farm, Field B., 19hS to 1951." Progress Report, Harr
and Peterson.
"Reclamation and tillage test, covering experiments from 1950 to 1951." Karl Harris.
.

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 97

THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

See Colorado A & M College, page 18.

METHODS OF CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, BPISAE.


Dr. George D. Clyde, Soil Conservation Service, College Hill, Box D, Logan, Utah.
Experimental, field and laboratory; basic and applied research.
Not only existing but proposed and new methods are being tested to determine their
feasibility and applicability for the control and distribution of irrigated water.
"Irrigation, fertilization, and soil management of crops in rotation." J. L. Haddock,
Sterling A. Taylor, and Vaughn E. Hansen, Annual Progress Report, 1950.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FROM PERFORATED PIPE.

Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Bureau of Plant Industry, and W. R. Ames Company.
Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Soil Conservation Service, College Hill, Box 70, Logan, Utah.
Experimental; applied research.
The effect of wind on the distribution pattern from perforated pipe is being studied to
provide design data and to determine the limitations of this type of distribution for
irrigation purposes.
"Water distribution pattern analysis for Perf-O-Rain pipe." Vaughn E. Hansen, Progress
Report, 1950.

DETERMINATION OF THE DISCH&RGE FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Engineering Experiment Station, page 82.

FLOW THROUGH FLEXIBLE NON-ELASTIC PIPE.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 80.

PERMEABILITY AND STABILITY OF SOIL AND SOIL MATERIAL.

Soil Conservation Service, Utah State Agricultural College, and Bureau of Reclamation
cooperating.
Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Conservation Service, Box 179, College Hill, Logan, Utah.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
Seepage losses from irrigation canals are being studied to determine losses 'aking place;
distribution of seepage losses in canal cross sections; relationship between seepage
losses and character of canal bed material; relationship of seepage losses from canals
to ground water; reliability of methods employed in estimating seepage losses.
Seepage losses in canals vary widely but on the average accounts for about 1/3 of all the
water diverted. Particularly in sandy materials, losses are greater through the sides
than the bottom of canals. A satisfactory method of measuring seepage losses in short
sections of canals has not been developed. A direct relationship between the permeability
of bed material as measured on samples in the laboratory, and seepage losses does not
seem likely.
"Conveyance loss and canal lining investigations." Progress Report, 19!?0.

UTILIZATION OF LIMITED WATER SUPPLIES FOR GREATER ECONOMIC RETURNS.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Karl Harris, Soil Conservation Service, Room 2U, Post Office Building, Phoenix, Ariz.
Experimental; applied research.
To determine the best irrigation practices to follow and amounts of water to use in each
irrigation; the frequency of application during the hot and cool seasons; and how best
to allocate the available water supply to the different crops during years of critical
water shortage in order to secure the greatest economic return.
98 Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

(1U30) IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS, EFFICIENCIES, AND METHODS OF WATER APPLICATION IN THE UPPER
COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, USBR, BPISAE.


(c) Mr. Earl Cowley, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 786, Grand Junction, Colo.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To evaluate the irrigation efficiencies under present practices and the factors whic I

fix them; to develop and establish methods of water application which will reduce su I

and deep percolation losses and erosion and increased irrigation efficiencies, and a j

the same time apply adequate moisture for plant growth; to determine the effect of t
lage practices and crop rotation on infiltration rates and permeability of the soil;
and to determine the consumptive water requirements, the total water requirements, su
the net irrigation requirements for each crop grown in the area.

(Hi31) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED IAND IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, USBR, BPISAE.


(c) Mr. Earl W. Cowley, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 786, Grand Junction, Colo.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Cooperative research project on irrigation and soil management studies including dra:
age, salinity, and fertilization in the Upper Colorado River Basin. To develop and
adapt procedures for making drainage investigations involving the source, amount, an<
distribution of excess water based upon the amount and distribution of water to be r<
moved and the rate of movement of the water through the soil, and to develop effects
methods of drainage by open surface drains, tile drains, or pumping for drainage.

(1U32) METHOD OF WATER APPLICATION AND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES IN KANSAS.

(b) Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. Walter R. Meyer, Branch Experiment Station, Garden City, Kansas.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To study methods of water application and irrigation efficiencies as influenced by sc
characteristics, topography, crops, source and quality of water, and climate; to dete
mine the effects of the different methods of applying irrigation water on the physics
and chemical properties of the soil, and the resulting effect on plant growth; to st\
infiltration rate, permeability, and quality of irrigation water; to compare the eff'
ciency of sprinkler irrigation to that of surface methods; and to determine under whs
conditions sprinklers can be most effectively used.
(h) "Progress report for Garden City Experiment Station, Irrigation Project, 1950." Wall
R. Meyer, Ben L. Grover, Carl W. Carlson, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Garden City, Kansas.

(1U33) METHODS OF WATER APPLICATION ON IRRIGATED LANDS OF NEBRASKA.

(b) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Bureau of Reclamation.


(c) Mr. Fred B. Hamilton, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Neb.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To provide factual information for technical recommendations on irrigation practices;
to compare methods of application as to irrigation efficiency and operational efficie
to study the effects of topography, length of run, amount of water applied, and other
factors on the uniformity with which water is added to the root zone of the crops; ar
develop techniques which will be usable by field workers in verifying and localizing
irrigation practice recommendations.
(h) "Effect of stream size and length of run in furrow irrigation." Progress Report No.
F. B. Hamilton and J. A. Bondurant, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Univers
of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 1950.
Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 99

- STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN IRA INS ON (ROUND WATER LEVELS IN THE PLATTE VALLEY.

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Fred B. Hamilton, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Neb.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine the effect of an open drain on adjacent ground water levels and the effect
of irrigation of adjacent land on ground water and on the flow of the drain.

USE OF WATER BY AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND NATIVE VEGETATION IN NEVADA.

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Nevada State Engineer.


Mr. Clyde E. Houston, Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno, Nev.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine basic consumptive use of the more important agricultural crops in Nevada.
To determine the irrigation efficiencies which are practical and feasible under Nevada
conditions and the resulting water application and farm delivery requirements, and to
determine the use of water by phreatophytes in irrigated and irrigable areas of Nevada.

SURFACE AND INTERNAL DRAINAGE AS AFFECTED BY ARTIFICIAL APPLICATION OF WATER TO SOUTH


DAKOTA SOILS.

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Leonard J. Erie, Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
South Dakota State College, Brookings, S. D.
Field investigation; applied research.
To study surface and sub-surface drainage under conditions of natural rainfall and to
determine and evaluate such changes as occur under conditions where irrigation water is
added; to determine source and quantity of water to be removed from surface and sub-
surface together with desirable time and rates of removal; to determine infiltration
rates and rates of movement of water through the various soil horizons; to investigate
the effects of quality of water and methods of application on the accumulation of alkali
salts; and to develop methods of prevention of waterlogging and alkali accumulations and
relief when such conditions exist.

I DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL AND EFFICIENT METHODS OF WATER APPLICATION OF SOUTH DAKOTA LANDS.

I South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.


1
Mr. Leonard J. Erie, Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
South Dakota State College, Brookings, S. D.
I Field investigation; applied research.
1
To study infiltration and permeability, erosivity, compaction, and volume weights of
soil under different cultural practices. To determine irrigation requirements of differ-
ent crops, and the time, frequency, and amount of each application of water. To develop
methods of applying water which will provide uniform distribution of moisture with a
minimum of water and soil loss taking into consideration the topography, soils, crops,
cultural practices, cost, source, and quality of water; and to adapt the results of
research under controlled conditions to typical farms of the area.

1
INFILTRATION OF WATER INTO AND PERMEABILITY OF SOILS IN AN IRRIGATED AREA.

I
New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.
i
Mr. Eldon G. Hansen, Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Engineering Bldg., P. 0.
Box 268, State College, N. M.
I Field investigation; applied research.
I To segregate, define and evaluate the factors which affect water infiltration, rates and
permeability of soil; to determine cultural practices for optimum infiltration rates; to
develop methods of application of water most effective for given infiltration and per-
meability characteristics.
100 Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

(lh39) DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS OF APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION VIA TEE
TEXAS.

(b) Texas Board of Water Engineers.


(c) Dean W. Bloodgood, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 2169, Third Floor Post Offic
Builddug, 207 East 5th, Amarillo, Texas.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine optimum irrigation requirements for typical crops grown in Texas under
varying climatic and soil conditions; to determine the methods of water application
suited to the different crops grown in Texas under given site conditions; to determi
effect of the source of supply on the methods of application; and to develop irrigat
practices which will increase irrigation efficiencies.

(HJ4O) IRRIGATION WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCIES IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

(b) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 2169, Third Floor Post Office
Building, 207 East 5th, Amarillo, Texas.
(d) Fielo investigation; applied research.
(e) To measure infiltration rates, surface runoff, and deep percolation losses on near 1
and graded runs; to determine the total seasonal use of water by crops; to measure t ;

cost of water application; to determine the water Application efficiency; and to est
lish criteria for fixing limits of slope for irrigation.
(h) "Irrigation and variety trials with lettuce in the Lower Rio Grande Valley." Progre
Report No. 1258, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, July 8, 1950.

(U)]|1) METHODS OF WATER APPLICATION ON THE HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS.

(b) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 2169, Third Floor Post 0
Building, 207 East 5th, Amarillo, Texas.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To measure irrigation efficiencies under present methods of water application on the
High Plains of Texas; to develop methods of application best suited to the limited w
supply, soil characteristics, cropping systems, and climate of this area; to compare
sprinkling vs surface applications; to study time of application, amount and uniform
of moisture distribution in the soil with different methods of application; and to s
effect of irrigation upon yield and quality.

(Hih2) IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CHOPS ON THE HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS.

(b) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 2169, Third Floor Post 0
Building, 207 East 5th, Amarillo, Texas.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To determine the consumptive use, water requirements, and irrigation requirements of
agricultural crops on the High Plains of Texas; to measure precipitation and determi
the portion of it that is effective in plant production; to measure evaporation and
movement and evaluate their effect on water requirements of crops; to determine irri
tion efficiencies for different crops under different methods of water application.

(XUU3) IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS, METHODS OF WATER APPLICATIONS, AND DRAINAGE OF CRASS
MEADOWS IN THE MOUNTAIN VALLEYS OF WYOMING.

(b) Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, BPISAE.


(c) Mr. Byron R. Tomlinson, Agricultural Building, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wy.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To investigate the current use and application of water on mountain natural grass me;
and to establish optimum water management practices relating to reseeded and natural
grass meadows in the Green River and Little Laramie Valleys of Wyoming.
.

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 101

"Water, life for the land." Byron R. Tomlinson and Guy 0. Woodward, Circular 39,
Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Nov. 1950.
"A progress report on the cooperative Mountain Meadow project at Pinedale, Wyoming."
Byron R. Tomlinson, May 1951.

CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE AND REQUIREMENTS IN THE COLORADO RIVER AREA IN UTAH.

Utah State Engineering; Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Willis C. Barrett, Soil Conservation Service, College Hill, Box D, Logan, Utah.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine the consumptive use of water by agricultural crops and all other water con-
suming items in two selected hydrological areas in the Colorado River Basin in Utah; to
correlate their uses with hydrological and such other data as may be available in this
area, and which are generally available in other areas of the Colorado River Basin of
Utah; and by this method of correlation to be developed, determine the consumptive use
in other irrigated areas of the Colorado River in Utah.

IRRIGATION KtACTICES, EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION, AND RAINFALL PENETRATION AS THEY AFFECT WATER


SUPPLY.

San Bernardino County.


Dean C. Muckel, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 629, Room 202 Post Office Building,
Pomona, Calif.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine the contribution to the ground water supply by return flow from the irri-
gated areas and by penetration of rains on the valley floor, and from the foothill areas
on the Upper Santa Ana River Basin. The study also includes a determination of farm
irrigation use, efficiency of irrigation and water losses by evapo-transpiration
"Rainfall and irrigation water penetration and consumptive use in the Beaumont-Yucaipa
area, Santa Ana River Valley, California." Dean C. Muckel, V. S. Aronovici, Irrigation
Division, Soil Conservation Service, Pomona, California, March 1950.

WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF THE SOUTHWEST.

State Agricultural Experiment Station and State Engineers of the Southwest.


Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Soil Conservation Service, 1509 Post Office and Courthouse, Los
Angeles 12, Calif.
Field investigation; applied research.
The objectives are to investigate the quantity of water required by standard cropping
systems under conditions prevailing within the principal irrigated locations of the
Southwest; to collect, compile, and tabulate the reliable available data whether pub-
lished or unpublished; relating to irrigation requirements and consumptive use of water
as determined by tank, plot, and field experiments; to make estimates of water require-
ments from climatological and other data in irrigated areas where reliable information
on irrigation use is not available; and to prepare reports by states for in-service use
of technicians of the Operations Division of the Soil Conservation Service.
"Consumptive water requirements in irrigation areas of the southwest." Harry F. Blaney,
Soil Conservation Service, Logan, Utah, June 19U8.
"Consumptive use and irrigation water requirements of crops in Colorado." Harry F. Blaney,
Wayne D. Criddle, Soil Conservation Service, Logan, Utah, Aug. 19U9.
"Consumptive use and irrigation water requirements of crops in New Mexico." Harry F.
Blaney, Eldon G. Hanson, G. Marvin Litz, Soil Conservation Service, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, Dec. 1950.

IRRIGATION AND WATER CONSERVATION STUDIES IN SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS.

Soil Conservation Districts in Southern California.


Mr. William W. Donnan, Soil Conservation Service, 1509 Post Office and Courthouse, Los
Angeles 12, Calif.
Field investigation; applied research.

210526 O - 52 - 8
.

102 Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

(e) To develop improved irrigation practices for increasing water application efficienc
and conserving the available water supply in soil conservation districts.
(h) "Sprinkler irrigation trials, Antelope Valley Soil Conservation District." G. Mar-*
Litz, Charles F. Bons, William W. Donnan, Soil Conservation Service, Los Angeles, C
Mar. 1951.

(1UU8) IRRIGATION PRACTICES AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA VALLEYS.

(b) Cooperative with Director of Water Resources, Department of Public Works of Califor
and Soil Conservation Districts.
(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Soil Conservation Service, l09 Post Office and Courthouse, Lo
Angeles 12, Calif.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To obtain information on irrigation practices and farm irrigation use, and to deter
the consumptive use of water by agricultural crops and native vegetation in specifi
areas of Central Valley of California. Of particular interest at this time are are
Lake County, Tehachapi area, Livermore area, Aubum-Placerville area, Pajaro Valley
areas in Santa Cruz County, Salinas Valley, and the Central Valley of California.
(h) "Progress report on irrigation practices and consumptive use of water in I^ke Count
California." Harry F. Blaney, Paul A. Ewing, Soil Conservation Service, Los Angele
Calif. June 1951.

(Ikk9) SOIL WATER RELATIONSHIPS INFLUENCING THE APPLICATION OF WATER TO AND THE ERAINAGE 0
WAT5R FROM IRRIGATED LANDS.

(b) Soil Conservation Districts.


(c) Mr. Vladimir S. Aronovici, Soil Conservation Service, P. 0. Box 629, Room 202 Post 1

Building, Pomona, Calif.


(d) Field investigation] applied research.
(e) To develop techniques for measuring and to evaluate infiltration rates and permeabi
characteristics of soils under irrigation agriculture in Southern California; to de-
mine the effect of soil characteristics upon the amount and uniformity of distribut:
of waters applied to irrigated lands; and to determine effects of soil character ist
upon irrigation practices and of soil permeability upon depth, spacing, and capacit;
drainage facilities.

(1U50) FORMATION OF WAT5R BAIANCE SHEETS. (LOS ANGELES WEST COAST BASIN.)

(b) Director of Water Resources, Department of Public Works, State of California.


(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Soil Conservation Service, 1509 Post Office and Courthouse, Lo;
Angeles 12, Calif.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To make a complete inventory of the water supply and utilization within the West Coe
Basin, Los Angeles County, California. The specific objective of the Division of
Irrigation and Water Conservation in this cooperative study is to establish the man"
and average annual quantity of water utilized by native vegetation, irrigated and n<
irrigated crops, to estimate the rainfall and percolation, and to establish the lim:
of a safe water supply in the basin.

(Iii5l) IRRIGATION USE AND WATS. SUPPLY OF TEHACHAPI VALLEY, KERN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

(b) Water Resources Branch, Department of Public Works, State of California, Tehachapi

Conservation District.
(c) Mr. G. Marvin Litz, Soil Conservation Service, 1509 Post Office and Courthouse, Los
Angeles 12, Calif.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) The objective is to make an inventory of the irrigation water supply for the Tehachs
Soil Conservation District and to determine the potential net safe yield of undevel(
surface and underground water for agricultural use within the District boundaries.
(h) "Third Annual Report for 1950 - Tehachapi Soil Conservation District." Tehachapi Sc
Conservation District, Kern County, 1950.
. .

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 103

EFFECT OF METHODS OF IRRIGATION UPON SOIL AND WATER LOSSES AND INFILTRATION.

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, U. S. Regional Salinity Laboratory, USBR, BPISAE.


Mr. Fred M. Tileston, Soil Conservation Service, The Guss Building, Ontario, Ore.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine means for increasing infiltration rates and reducing soil and water losses
during irrigation of certain Eastern Oregon soils, and to apply the results to the field
conditions encountered in the area.
"Irrigation, infiltration, and salinity studies on the Owyhee Project, Oregon." 1951
Progress Report, December 1951

STREAMFLOW FORECASTING.

Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, Bonneville Power Administration.


Mr. Morlan W. Nelson, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
Various factors influencing the rate and volume of runoff from various mountain water-
sheds are being measured and their effect analyzed.
Summer runoff of the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon, can be predicted on April 1
each year within reasonable accuracy based on historical records. On the same basis,
the peak flow which usually occurs in late May or June can be rather accurately pre-
dicted.
"Use of snow surveys in planning regulation of Columbia River floods." R. A. Work,
H. G. Wiljn, and Morlan W. Nelson.

USE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN NORTHWEST AND INTSRMOUNTA IN STATES.

Various state experiment stations and state engineers.


Mr. Wayne D. Criddle, Project Supervisor, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
To determine and publish the water requirements of crops under various cropping systems,
climatic conditions, and methods of water application.
A method for estimating use has been developed which has proven to be sufficiently
accurate for many purposes.
"Determining water requirements from climatological and irrigation data." Harry F.
Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle, S.C.S. - T.P.-96.

APPLICATION AND CONTROL OF IRRIGATION WATER APPLIED BY SURFACE METHODS.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.


Mr. Sterling Davis, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
Information is being gathered on the design, layout, construction, and operation of
farm irrigation systems on new and old land.
Annual progress reports have been prepared. Further study is needed on some phases.

PAYETTE VALLEY, IDAHO EEtAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Production Marketing Administration, Gem County


Commissioners
Mr. George B. Bradshaw, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
To improve and develop new investigational technique and develop better drainage methods
for the valley.
. .

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AQIICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, North Appalachian Experimental


Watershed; Blacklands Experimental Watershed; and Central Great Plains Experimental Viatersh i

(150) HYmOLOGIC EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, and State Agricultural Experi
Stations of Ohio, Texas, and Nebraska.
(c) Mr. Lewis A. Jones, Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Servi
Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Experimental; for design and general information in planning farms for soil and wat
conservation
(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on watersheds ranging from 1 to 5,000 acres. In a
tion to rainfall and runoff measurements, studies are made on small Government-oper
areas of evapo- transpiration, moisture storage, moisture transmission through the s
and percolation of water to the ground-water table. The purpose is to determine th
hydrologic effect of physiography, tillage, and ground surface conditions, vegetal
and soils and geology, and the effect of conservation farming on runoff and erosion
well as the characteristics of flood runoff from agricultural watersheds.
(h) North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio.
"Water requirements of crops and available moisture supplies." L. L. Harrold, sub. :

Dec. 19, 19^0, for Ontario Crop Improvement Assoc., Ontario, Canada.
"Infiltration as affected by surface sealing." L. L. Harrold, sub. Feb. 8, 1951, f
Intl. Geodesy and Geophysics meeting at Brussels, August 1951
"Agricultural hydrology as evaluated by monolith lysimeters." L. L. Harrold and F. 1

Dreibelbis, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1050, 1951.


Central Great Plains Experimental Watershed.
"Results of rainfall and runoff studies." John A. Allis, Agricultural Engineering
518, 520, 522, 52U, illus., 1950.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, Research Branch.

(39U) A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF IAND-USE AND FARMING PRACTICES ON RUNOFF FROM SM/VLL WATERJ

(b) Cooperative with Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station.


(c) Dr. R. B. Hickok, Agricultural Engineering Building, Purdue University, Lafayette, !

(d) Experimental; for design information.


(e) To study the effects of types of land-use and cultural practices as a means of redu
rates and amounts of surface runoff, for soil and moisture conservation and upstreai
flood qontrol. Continuous time-rate records of rainfall and runoff are collected f<
20 small watersheds. Twelve watersheds are used in the rotation crop experiments.
Determinations are made of the seasonal amounts and periodic high rates of runoff ui
a present typical farming system and under a conservation system. The results are :i

tended to be applicable for soil conditions, the climate, and a type of agriculture
generally representative of a large part of the eastern section of the corn belt.
(g) Analysis of runoff rate data for critical storms and seasonal runoff totals for sev<
years indicate important correlations with the type of soil management (conservatioi
prevailing practices), crop, and specific soil conditions. More extensive data are
needed for quantitative estimating of the expectancies of runoff rates and amounts 1

entirely practical fiducial limits.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic


Laboratory.

Reports on projects conducted by the Soil Conservation Service at the St. Anthony Fs
Hydraulic Laboratory are listed under St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univei
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., Projects Nos. Ill, 112, 111;, 1168, and 1398. Inc
ies should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, U. S. Soil Conservation Service, i
Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis 12;, Minn.
.

Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 105

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic


^ory.

;i53) THE HYDRAULICS AND STABILITY OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, and Oklahoma Agricultural Experi-


ment Station.
Mr. Lewis A. Jones, Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service,
Washington 25, D. C.
Experimental; for design.
Measured flows up to lj?0 cfs are passed through outdoor test channels of various cross-
sections up to hO feet in width and slopes up to 10 percent. Measurements of hydraulic
elements and scour rates are made for flows of different velocities and for various
channel linings. The purpose is to obtain data on (l) effects of linings, vegetal and
non-vegetal, on the water carrying capacity and other hydraulic characteristics of
channels used in soil and water conservation operations; and (2) protective characteris-
tics of various types of linings, vegetal and non-vegetal.
For the vegetal linings and range of velocities utilized in the tests, Manning's n was
found to vary as some function of the product of velocity and hydraulic radius.
"Results of tests on a chute with a SAF stilling basin." W. 0. Ree, U. S. Department of
Agriculture Soil Conservation Service TP-107, 151.
"Preliminary report of tests on a grass-lined channel with a center concrete gutter
section." W. 0. Ree, U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, June 1951.
(Processed.)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOLL CONSERVATION SERVICE, Sub-Tropical Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 395, 396, and 397 should be addressed to Mr. M. H.
Gallatin, Sub-Tropical Experiment Station, Route 2, Box 508, Homestead, Fla.

CONSERVATION OF THE MARL LANDS OF THE HOMESTEAD AREA.

Soil Conservation Service, cooperative with Sub-Tropical Experiment Station, University


of Florida, and Dade County Division of Water Control.
Experimental, field investigations; basic research.
Periodic sampling of lands adjoining canals in the Miami and Homestead areas with and
without chloride barriers to study the effectiveness of these structures in control of
the intrusion of chlorides; effect of pumping from deep rock ditches on the intrusion of
chlorides on agricultural lands; effectiveness of diking to protect low- lying lands
from tidal inundation. Determination of tolerance of crops to chlorides as they are
affected by high concentration and by cultural and tillage methods.
Present study to continue at least one more year for intrusion studies, and several years
for pumping, diking, and tolerance studies. Present data indicates that removal of water
from areas where ditches penetrate the underlying permeable rock removes the fresh water
head and allows the chloride front to move into these areas. Some data available on the
tolerance of crops to chlorides.
Monthly reports on existing conditions to sponsors. Annual progress reports to Chief of
Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Conservation Service, Washington 25, D. C.
Preliminary paper being prepared on tolerance of crops grown in the area to chloride.

WATER CONTROL ON THE DEEP MARL LANDS IN SOUTH FLORIDA

Soil Conservation Service, cooperative with Sub-Tropical Experiment Station, University


of Florida.
Experimental, field investigation; design and operation.
A notch weir was installed on the plot for pumping efficiency tests. Down pipes will be
installed for this year's pumping tests. Efficiency tests will be made of the 2000 and
U0000 gallon pumps with and without the down pipes to determine the effectiveness at
various pump speeds. A study covering the control of weeds in drainage ditches with
various chemicals will be covered in and during the coming year.
. .

106 Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service


Agriculture - Regional Salinity laboratory-
Army - Beach Erosion Board

(h) Yearly summary report to Chief of Division of Drainage and Water Control, Soil Con;
tion Service, Washington 25, D. C.

(397) WATER CONSERVATION AND IRRIGATION STUDIES ON THE ROCKDALE SOUS OF THE HOMESTEAD A]

(b) Soil Conservation Service cooperative with Sub-Tropical Experiment Station, Univer;
of Florida.
(d) Experimental; field investigation.
(e) To determine cycle, rates of application, and types of irrigation systems best sur
to this area. Observations are made of (l) distribution and pattern of various ty]
of irrigation systems in use; (2) effect of elevation of water table on irrigation
(3) rates of application and their effect on the leaching of plant nutrients; (k) ]

of application, moisture studies on limes and avocados to determine the irrigation


(5) the responsiveness of the water table to rainfall; and (6) the water table as c

ed by ground water conditions as they exist in the Everglades.


(g) Data to date shows definite correlation between water table and irrigation cycle,
of application are governed by maturity of grove, amount of organic matter, types <

material and depth of scarification.


(h) Summary report to Chief of Division of Drainage and Wa.tec Control, Soil Conservati<
Service, Washington 25, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, U. S. Regional Salinity Laboratory.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELIA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

See University of California, College of Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and S<


page 8.

(119U) PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE FLOW INTO AND THROUGH SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Ronald C. Reeve, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.
(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To investigate the factors that influence the flow of water into and through soils.

(1195) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW THROUGH WELL CASINGS

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Ronald C. Reeve, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.
(d) Experimental; applied research, for design.
(e) To determine the loss of head through various well casings and screens in combinati
with various gravel packs.
(f) Suspended.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 181, 18U, 399, 660, 661, 970, 972 to 977, incl.,
to H46I, incl., should be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board, 52C
ll5>7
Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington 16, D. C.

For further information on projects see Quarterly Summary, Waterways Experiment Sta
.

Army - Beach Erosion Board 10?

EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES.

Experimental; basic research.


The purpose is to evaluate the effect of wave form, initial beach slope, and sand grain
size in determining the equilibrium profile of beaches. Experiments are conducted in a
concrete wave tank, 88 by lU by k feet in size. Tests have been made with an original
beach slope of 1:15, 1:30, and a combination of 1:10 and 1:20; wave period of 1.3, 1.75,
2.2, 2.75, and 3.3 seconds; wave height of about O.k feet; and sand sizes 0.21, 0.56,
0.?0, and 3 hh mm median diameter. The tests are continued until the rate of change of
the shape of the beach is very slight, usually 100 hours.
Completed.

STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
The purpose is to determine the laws of model similarity governing the action of waves on
moveable sand beaches. The tests are made in a wave tank U2 feet by 1.5 feet by 2 feet.
Conditions of wave height, wave period, beach slope and grain size of sand are adjusted
to various scales in an attempt to simulate the results of the tests obtained in the large
wave tank for Project 181.
Completed.

DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SIX-FOOT WAVE TANK.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; design.
To design and construct a wave tank for the study of the effect of waves 6 feet high and
300 feet long. Various types of wave generating mechanisms, the power required by the
generator to form the waves, and the action of the waves on a beach which is placed at an
angle to the axis of the tank have been studied in a 1:12 scale model. The large wave
tank is completed and is 635 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 20 feet deep. Generation of
the waves is to be accomplished by a pusher-type wave generator.
Resumption of activities on this project is awaiting choice of a suitable wave generator
design.

OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS

Laboratory project; additional research by New York University.


Field investigation; basic research.
To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves in comparison
to the uniform wave train generally studied in the laboratory. Several electrical record-
ing wave gages have been installed in coastal waters and an extensive series of wave
records are being analyzed by methods of significant heights and periods. The validity of
wave refraction diagrams by present methods as applied to areas with gently shelving bottom
topography such as encountered on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are being studied. Further
research for the Board has been undertaken by New York University to develop wave fore-
casting methods applicable to the Atlantic coast, and to develop electronic means of
analyzing the wave records.
A revised report on the application of wave forecasting methods to the North Atlantic was
completed by New York University under contract to the Beach Erosion Board.
Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 21*.

LITTORAL DRIFT STUDY AT HYPERION, SANTA MONICA BAY, AND SUNSET BEACH, ANAHEIM BAY,
CALIFORNIA. (NEW TITLE: REPORTS ON BEACH PROCESSES BASED ON EXISTING MISSION, ANAHEIM,
AND SANTA MONICA BAY FIELD DATA.)

Laboratory project.
Field investigation; basic research.
108 Army - Beach Erosion Board

(e) A study of the relationship between movement of beach material and natural forces su
waves, tides and littoral currents. Fourteen million cubic yards of sand have been
on Hyperion Beach, Santa Monica Bay, California and one million cubic yards have bee.
placed on Sunset Beach, Anaheim Bay, California. The rate of movement of this mater
from the placement areas is being studied by frequent hydrographic surveys. The int
and direction of the waves are being recorded.
(f) Field work completed. Report in progress.

(970) STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF JETTY CONSTRUCTION AT MISSION BAY, CALIFORNIA, ON THE MOVZME
LITTORAL ERIFT.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; basic research.
(e) To observe the effects of construction of the two jetties at Mission Bay, California
upon the littoral drift of sand past the inlet with a view of determining the change
beach regime associated with jetty construction. Movement of the beach material is
correlated with natural forces.
(f) Field work completed. Analysis of data under way.

(972) STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SHCRE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To prepare a handbook on the design of shore structures. Field and model tests on t
wave pressures caused by breaking waves which act on structures will be made to fill
gaps in our present knowledge of these forces not covered by other current investiga
(f) Suspended temporarily.
(g) Laboratory pressure-measuring tests completed, report pending.

(973) CONSTRUCTION OF COAST MODEL BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) The coast model test basin (300 by 150 by 3 feet) is under construction. Provisions
be made for simulating tides, waves, littoral currents,aand moveable sand beaches,
basin will be used to study beach problems involving waves, tides, and littoral drif J

(g) The wave tank has been completed and the tide system has been designed and is under i

struction. The service building was occupied in June, 1951.

(97k) SURVEY METHODS-SHALLOW mTER SOUNDINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To coordinate the development of improvements in shallow water hydrographic survey (
within the Corps of Engineers. New instruments to aid in survey boat positioning an
being reviewed for possible application to the needs of the Corps of Engineers.
(g) Operational acceptance tests of a new positioning unit for survey boats were observec
Final results not yet available.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND FAST INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping sand past inlets and to determine the
applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. Estimal
of the cost of pumping sand past selected inlets have been prepared for evaluation 6i
the problem. Field observations of beach changes have been conducted in a step towai
defining the sand by-passing problem.
.

Army - Beach Erosion Board 109

SIABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA. FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

-aboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
:
o evaluate the several factors controlling the ultimate configuration and distribution
f material artificially placed for the purpose of restoring or improving beaches,
ield investigation of artificially-placed fills are being made. In the laboratory,
mall scale tank studies of material artificially on beaches will be made.
L
esults indicate that an unprotected artificial beach is subject to the same degree of
rosion as the prior beach unless a change is made in size of the material or protective
tructures are provided.

EVSLOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION GAGES.

'aboratory project,
xperimental; development.
1 o develop wave height and wave direction gages for use in securing accurate records of
aves. A satisfactory step-resistance wave gage of the surface mounted type and a pres-
ure wave gage of the bottom-mounted type for measuring the height and period character-
stics of water surface variations attributable to wave motion was developed and tested
n the laboratory and field. Auxiliary equipment which allows the gages to be operated
n a 7-day unattended basis was developed; eight of these gages are now in operation,
aboratory tests of a wave direction gage which utilizes two wave-height gages operating
;
Concurrently have been made. Results of these trials warrant further tests of such an
-nstrunent and plans are underway.

ITND SET-UP AND WAVE GENERATION IN INLAND WATERS.

j
ice of the Chief of Engineers
if f

nalysis field data; basic research.


nalysis of field data from two hurricanes over Lake Okeechobee, Florida to obtain
'ormulae for the determination of wind tides, and the revisions necessary to the Sverdrup-
lunk method of forecasting for deep-water waves to be extended to cover wave generation
*.n shallow water.
ieulegan's formula for wind set-up appears to check the data extremely well; the wave
periods and heights are generally lower than would be expected from the use of the deep
jater equation, the degree seeming to depend primarily on the depth-fetch and depth-
teight ratios,
ieport in progress.

iTUDY OF QUANTITY OF SAND IN SUSPENSION IN COASTAL WATERS.

aboratory project,
'"ield experiment; basic research.
amount of sand in suspension is measured at selected locations, and these measure-
'.'he

lents are correlated with the wave action observed at the time of sampling in order to
Establish a relationship between wave action and the average amount of beach material
laintained in suspension by the wave action. For selected littoral current velocities,
.t will then be possible to compute the rate of drift due to sand in suspension,
.nalysis indicates the greatest concentration of suspended sand to be in the bottom one-
:hird of the water depth. The average concentration inside the breaker zone appears to
'ary directly with wave height.

AVE TANK STUDY OF EFFECT ON BEACH PROFILES OF VARYING WAVE PERIODS.

laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
. .

110 Army - Beach Erosion Board


Army - Bonneville Hydraulic laboratory

(e) It is believed that constant period wave trains as presently used in most small s
tanks unduly accentuate profile irregularities peculiar to the -wave period used,
these tests the wave period will be varied both rapidly and slowly from 10% to 3C
a mean period. Profiles obtained with varying periods will be compared with thos
tained with a constant period equal to the mean of the varying period in order tc
mine how much and how frequently the wave period should be varied in wave tank te
order to eliminate irregularities due to the use of a fixed period and thereby ap
mate more nearly a profile resulting from a "significant" wave period with its mu
of components.

(Ili60) MEASUREMENT OF DEEP WATER OCEAN WAVES WITH AN AIRBORNE WAVE HE CORD El

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) Wave records obtained during selected storms from a shallow water and a floating
water recording wave gage, and an airborne wave recorder mounted in a plane flyin
and from the storm area will be studied and compared to assess the reliability of
ont wave forecasting procedures and formulae for wave transformation in shallow w

(Hi6l) LOSS OF WAVE ENERGY BY BOTTOM FRICTION AND PERC0IATI0N IN A PERMEABLE BOTTOM.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) To test theories developed by J. A. Putman and J. W. Johnson concerning the amoun
energy lost due to percolation in a permeable sea bottom and bottom friction by a
as it moves from deep water to the beach. On one side of a splitter wall in the
flume is a smooth, impermeable beach and sands of various sizes are placed on the
side. By running waves of varying periods and heights over the beaches concurren
measuring the wave heights on both sides at points along the length of the flume,
energy loss can be determined.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 189, U08, U09, U10, 667, 979, 1198, 1199, 1202
U4.62to llj.66, incl., should be addressed to Mr. R. B. Cochrane, Office of the Dis
Engineer, Portland District, 628 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore.

(189) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF McNARY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, UMATILLA, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, V&lla Walla, Wa;-
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A fixed-bed type, l:100-scale, undistorted model, reproduces a 3.7 mile reach of
Columbia River, at the site of McNary Dam. After verification of the natural rivi
features, tests were made to determine the best arrangements of spillway dam, pow*
fishways, and lock structure in the interest of navigation and power generation, ;

study certain problems with regard to fishway approaches and cofferdam constructit
(f) Tests completed.
(g) Tests indicated that realignment of the structure, especially that of the powerhoi
would be necessary. Tests of a revised design showed satisfactory improvements,
dam studies indicated satisfactory flow conditions for the various steps or arranj
during construction of the project structures. Facilities were developed to perm
migration through the structures during all stages of construction. The most ecoi
alignment of the tailrace was determined.
(h) Preliminary reports have been issued on the various tests.

(U08) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, Washington
(d) Experimental; far design.
.

Army - Bonneville Hydraulic laboratory 111

Che l:80-scale fixed bed model was enlarged to include a 2.5-mile reach of the river up-
stream from river mile Reproduced are the revised 19-bay spillway, 20-unit power-
aouse, and a powerhouse intake channel. Normal operating head will be 162 feet. Study
Deing made to determine the most economical and effective arrangements of spillway dam
ind powerhouse, to determine the f orebay and tailbay flow conditions with various operat-
ing conditions, and to obtain a satisfactory program of cofferdam construction.
Testing of the powerhouse approach channel, verification of the model river bed, and
studies of the first three phases of cofferdam construction and river diversion have been
-nade.
Preliminary reports have been issued on tests completed to date.

10DEL STUDY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM SPILLWAY, COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON.

department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, Washington.


Experimental; for design.
The 1:33 sectional model consists of three ^0-foot bays of the tainter gate -controlled
spillway dam. To determine the most effective and economical stilling basin design, to
;
?heck the performance of the spillway abutments, and to obtain crest rating curves and
pressures
Tests completed.
Several shapes of spillway piers with trunnion arm supports and training walls downstream,
irrangements of stilling basins, and types of baffle piers have been tested. Based on
these tests a spillway pier with an elliptical-shaped nose, revised 167-foot long still-
ing basin, and streamlined baffle piers have been recommended for adoption.
"Preliminary reports have been issued on the various tests.

10DEL STUDY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM PENSTOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON.

-Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, Washington.


Experimental; for design.
The 1:25 model reproduces a section of the powerhouse f orebay, one 20-foot penstock,
ind the entrances of the adjacent penstocks. Normal head is 162 feet. To study the
|
affects of non-uniform flow conditions at the penstock entrance (as determined from
Dhief Joseph General Model) on velocity distribution at the entrance to the scroll case.
Preliminary results indicate that the direction of flow approaching the penstock intakes
!ras little effect on velocity distribution at the scroll case.
-Dne progress report issued.

MODEL STUDY OF McNARY WASHINGTON SHORE FISKLADDER DIFFUSER, COLUMBIA RIVER, UMA.TILIA,
! 3REG0N.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla Disjtrict, Walla Walla, Wash.
"Experimental; for design.
The 1:16 model reproduces the complete diffusion chambers and the auxiliary water supply
i

system in the lower end of the fishladder. Pressures were observed in critical sections
of the water supply systems to the diffusion chambers to determine the hydraulic grade
llines and to locate low pressure areas which might be detrimental to the prototype
l
structure,
Tests completed.
j

Tests indicate that the valves controlling the flow to the diffusion chambers should be
pfully open or fully closed for flows throughout the lower range of tailwaters. High
negative pressures occurred in the lines downstream from the valves with partial valve
"openings. The valves were submerged during high tailwater stages and danger from nega-
tive pressures was eliminated.
One preliminary report issued. Final report being prepared.

jMODEL STUDY OF LUCKY PEAK OUTLET TUNNEL, BOISE RIVER, IDAHO.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, Wash.
Experimental; for design.
.

112 Army - Bonneville Hydraulic laboratory

(e) The 1:28.75 model includes 575 feet of 23-foot tunnel, a six-branch manifold out
vertical slide valves and flip buckets, the stilling basin, and a 1,600-foot rea
river downstream. To determine the hydraulic characteristics of the manifold, v
and valve slots, and to develop flip bucket and stilling basin designs which wit
ciently dissipate the energy of flow at a head of 230 feet, so as to prevent dam
the opposite river bank and areas downstream.
(g) Improved flow characteristics resulted from use of rectangular laterals branchin
a tapered rectangular manifold. The flip buckets as originally designed failed
duce adequate energy dissipation with any of the basin designs tested to date.
(h) Twelve progress reports issued.

(11^8) MODEL STUDY OF RUCTION LOSSES IN CORRUGATED METAL PIPE (CW-828)

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Tests are being conducted to determine values of Manning's n for corrugated me
of 3-, 5-, and 7-foot diameters with velocities of 1 to 10 fps. Additional data
sisting of velocity distribution at various sections of the pipe and pressure di
tion at various sections of the pipe and pressure distribution along the corruga
are being obtained.
(g) Results to date indicate that in a 3-foot corrugated pipe the n value varies f
0.0232 to 0.02U2, for velocities of 1 to 11 fps, and that n values increase wi
Reynolds number to 1 x 106 and decrease with higher Reynolds numbers.

(1199) MODEL STUDY OF RUBBER SEAL TESTER.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon, i

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) The full-scale apparatus consists of a horizontal fixed plate upon which is moun
frame of the seal to be tested and a companion plate which is made to run back a
under pressure across the rubber seal frame while under water to simulate protot
tion of a rubber seal in service. The speed of the rubbing action can be varied
the pressure exerted against the rubber seal can be raised to 250 psi.
(f) Tests discontinued.
(g) Results have been expressed as a family of curves showing friction coefficients
J-rubber seals against a steel plate for various periods of operation at pressur
from 100 to 250 psi.
(h) Two progress reports issued.

(1202) MODEL STUDY OF COFFERDAM CLOSURE, McNARY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, UMTILLA, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, "Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, W.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A i:2U model reproduced natural topography for a HiOO-foot reach of the river, t
cofferdam, and eleven cells of the main cofferdam adjacent to a river channel wh
to be filled before construction of the final cofferdam cells. The fill was to
by dropping from an overhead cableway a large number of 8-ton concrete blocks pr
tetrahedron form, and 3- to 5-ton boulders. As each of the concrete blocks and
was dropped in the river, a similar block or boulder, reduced to model scale, wa
dropped at the same relative point in the model. With discharge and water-surf a
tions adjusted in the model to coincide with those in the river, it was intended
model would show the effectiveness of the various construction steps.
(f) Tests completed.
(g) The model served as a guide for the placement of the prototype fill. Good agree
existed between model and prototype results during the initial and final stages
fill construction.
(h) One progress and one preliminary report issued.
Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory 113

GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.


,.
" Experimental; for design.
A 1:80 undistorted, fixed bed model reproduces 2.7 miles of the Columbia River, a 30-
11

bay spillway, a 22-unit powerhouse, a lock chamber with maximum lift of 90 feet, a rock-
fill non overflow section, and facilities for passing salmon over the dam. The purposes
J
1
' are to study the structures alignment and flow conditions affecting navigation, power
generation, cofferdam placement, and fish passage.
Four structures alignments utilizing high rock topography at the site to minimize the
necessity of cofferdams and wet excavation have been studied.
Four progress reports issued.

SECTIONAL MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.


Experimental; for design.
* A 1:2U sectional model constructed reproduced a 120-foot section of the 200-foot high by
1
600-foot wide rock fill nonoverflow section of The Dalles Dam. The purpose was to obtain
I
s
preliminary information relative to the rock sizes required to construct the fill with
river discharges to 200 000 cfs and to withstand overtopping with river flows of 600 000
|
cfs.
1 Tests completed.
Model results indicated that the fill could be constructed from Elevation 0.0 to Eleva-
tion 70 with 3-ton rock, to Elevation 90 with 5-ton rock, and be capped with 12-ton rock.
One preliminary report issued.


MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA. RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

1
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.
:
Experimental; for design.
:
A 1:36 model of the 600-foot wide by 200-foot high rock-fill nonoverflow section of The
J
Dalles Dam including portions of the river channel upstream and downstream therefrom is
being constructed to provide information relative to rock sizes and placement necessary
to construct the fill during river discharges up to 200 000 cfs and withstand overtopping
j
flows of 600 000 cfs.

MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM SPILLWAY, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.


Experimental; for design.
. Three bays of the spillway are reproduced to a scale of 1:36 to study the hydraulic char-
acteristics of the spillway crest, piers, gates, stilling basin and baffle piers.

MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

I Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.


I Experimental; for design.
A l:2-scale model of the lock chamber including its culvert systems and portions of the
5
upstream and downstream approach channels is being constructed. Studies will be made
of various types of filling and emptying systems to determine the most advantageous from
?
the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of turbulence, and economy. The several
proposed plans include lateral culverts within the lock chamber combined with several
locations of intake ports, longitudinal culverts, and outlet works.
Ill* Army - Little Rock District
Army - Los Angeles District

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Little Rock District.

(669) TEST OF TA INTER. GATE FCR CONTROL OF CONDUIT FLOW.

(b) Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers.


(c) District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Ark.
(d) Experimental; design and operation.
(e) A It-foot wide by 6-foot high tainter gate was constructed and installed at NorfolP
the downstream end of an existing conduit. It was operated under a head of about
Tests were made to determine down pull, vibration, air-intake volume, and measurer
pressures on the face of the gate and in the conduit. Different types of rubber s
are being used during the tests.
(f) Tests completed on the gate leaf and on hydraulic and pneumatic rubber seals. An
tional eccentric trunnion- type tainter gate with fixed seals is being tested. Adc
tests will be made with other types of fixed seals .

(g) The results indicate that both the tainter gate and the eccentric-type tainter gat
ated in a satisfactory manner. The hydraulic seals tested are not considered adec
However, the pneumatic seals are considered satisfactory.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMI, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Los Angeles District.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 98O, 1203, and 120U, should be addressed to the
District Engineer, Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 17277, Foy
Los Angeles 17, Calif.

(980) MODEL STUDY OF WHITTIER NARROWS FLOOD-CONTROL BASIN.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Earth dam with gated outlets and spillway. Three models are being used: a l:2ii mo
the outlet works for tests on the operation of the four radial sluice gates; a 1:1}
of a half plan of the spillway for tests on the operation of the nine tainter gate
1:60 general model of the flood-control basin for tests on the over-all operation
project.
(f) Tests on the 1:U2 model are completed. Tests on the 1:60 model are in progress.
(g) A satisfactory plan of operation of a gated spillway at streambed elevation was de~

(1203) MODEL STUDY OF LOS ANGELES RIVE! CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT, RIO HONDO TO PACIFIC OCEAN.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) From Rio Hondo to Spring Street the improvement proposed is a paved trapezoidal ch;
Normal velocity would be supercritical (25 fps) but numerous bridges would produce
"B" flow and attendant hydraulic jumps upstream of the bridges. From Spring Stree'
Pacific Ocean the channel will be trapezoidal, the side slopes will be paved, the 1
unpaved, and the velocity subcritical (12 fps). The design discharge is 11^0,000 c:
the first reach and 1^6,000 cfs in the second reach. A l:f?0 model will be used to
flow conditions at confluences, at bridges, and at the junction of the paved and ur
channels. The model tests will be accomplished in stages.

(120U) AIRFIELD SURFACE ERAINAGE INVESTIGATION.

(b) Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Paved, turfed, mulched, and bare test sections simulating portions of a landing sti
parking apron have been constructed to obtain basic data for analysis of rainfall-i
relationships for various types of surfaces, cover conditions, and slopes. Natural
simulated rainfall will be studied. Special control devices and recorders are beii
to obtain the data.
(f) Tests completed. Preparation of report in progress.
Army - St. Paul District 115

2PARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, St. Paul District.

In cooperation with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects 19k, 6l8, 982, 985, and 1206 should be addressed to the
District Engineer, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1217 U. S. Post Office and
Custom House, St. Paul 1, Minn.

A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Sedimentation.


Experimental; applied research and development.
Designs for point-integrating and depth-integrating sediment samplers and laboratory
apparatus have been developed, and the mechanical features and streamlining of both types
of samplers have been improved to provide better operating characteristics and greater
stability over a wider range of stream sampling conditions. Sampler designs include a
light weight depth sampler (operated by hand), medium weight point and depth samplers,
and a heavy point sampler (300 lbs) for use in deep and fast streams. A design for a
bed-material sampler is also available.
Samplers already developed are available in quantity to meet the needs of the Federal
cooperating agencies. One experimental 300-lb point-integrating sampler was fabricated
and subjected to field tests. Six bed-material samplers were produced for two Federal
agencies. A visual accumulation tube is being used in the study to develop an improved
method of determining particle size gradations of fluvial sediment.
"Field tests on suspended sediment samplers, Colorado River at Bright Angel Creek near
Grand Canyon, Arizona." Progress Report, Aug. 1951.
"Operating instructions, suspended sediment hand samplers. US DH-U8." Oct. 1951.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS LOCKS.

St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers.


Experimental; for design.
The complete hydraulic systems of the upper lock and the lower lock are being studied in
1:22 .h models. The lower lock is to have a single culvert and chamber laterals, and the
upper lock a culvert in each wall and a system of chamber laterals alternating from the
two culverts. The two locks will have a total lift of 75 feet.

ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

Field investigations, library research, translations; for design and operation of airfield
drainage facilities.
To determine design, construction, and maintenance procedures suitable for the drainage
of airfields located in arctic and subarctic areas and subject to potential military
operations. Translation of selected articles from Russian literature is underway.
Field work, library research, and four reports completed. One report in press.
"Investigation of airfield drainage in arctic and subarctic regions - Part I field
reconnaissance and analysis." Loyal A. Johnson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory
Project Report No. 16, Aug. 1950.
"Investigation of airfield drainage in arctic and subarctic regions - Part II translations
of selected topics." Meir Pilch, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report
No. 17, Oct. 1950.
"Investigation of airfield drainage in arctic and subarctic regions - supplement to Part I
field reconnaissance and analysis." Loyal A. Johnson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Labora-
tory Project Report No. 18, Jan. 195.
"Hydrological analysis and design of surface drainage facilities for airfields in arctic
and subarctic regions." Loyal A. Johnson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project
Report No. 20, Feb. 1951.
"The compressive strength of permafrost and ice in their natural state." Translation by
Meir Pilch, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 26, Nov. 1951.
. .

116 Array St. Paul District


Array - Waterways Experiment Station

(982) SPILLWAY FOR ORWELL DAM, OTTER TAIL RIVER, MINNESOTA.

(b) St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:25 model was tested to check the adequacy of the proposed spillway and stilling
basin.
(f ) Tests completed; final report being prepared.
(g) The spillway and stilling basin designs were found to be adequate, but the upstrear
approach to the spillway was redesigned, thereby minimizing turbulence in the apprc
area and increasing spillway efficiency.

(985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT LOCKS (CW-820)

(b) Chief of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To develop adequate criteria for the design of filling and emptying systems for hig
locks. Tests will be conducted in prototype locks, in model locks for definite pre
and in a general lock model simulating a maximum lift of l0 feet.
(g) The general lock model was used to study accentuated momentum and overtravel charac
tics and in tests on an adjustable lateral culvert in which the culvert dimensions
types of ports were varied.

(1206) CONDUIT GATE STRUCTURES AND TRANSITIONS (CW-805)

(b) Chief of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A general model study will be made to establish gate operating procedures for multi
gate conduits and design criteria for transition sections between conduit outlets a
single and multiple control gates. The model includes a complete outlet conduit wi
upper pool reservoir, multiple control gates in conduit intake, and a stilling basi
(f) Suspended.
(g) Tests were made to determine the effect of changes in conduit length on undulations
the conduit flow near the discharge portal and on turbulence in the stilling basin.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CCRPS OF ENGINEERS, Waterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 211, 213, 218, 219, 226, 230, 236, 237, 2^7, U17
U20, U25> U26, 672 to 676 incl., 678, 679, 682, 683, 986 to 989 incl., 991 to 100^
1207 to 1212 incl., and U*67 to 11*76, incl., should be addressed to The Director, W,
ways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 63I, Vicksburg, Miss.

(211) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, GARRISON DAM, MISSOURI
NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Garrison District, Corps of Engineers, Bismarck, N. D.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:100 model of the converging-chute spillway and a 1:1*1.6 model of one spillway b;
were used to determine the hydraulic performance of the approach channel, crest, ch
stilling basin, and pilot channel and to correct unsafe conditions. A 1:0 model 0:
29-foot power conduits, and a 1 : 2 model of the 22-foot flood-control conduits were
to examine the performance of the conduits and stilling basins under diversion and ]

voir operation conditions. Of special interest is the use of a tainter gate to con
conduit flow. Incidental models were tested in a vacuum tank to determine the cavi
characteristics of the emergency caterpillar gate slots in the flood-control condui'
and the articulated tunnel joints. Tests were conducted on a 2-foot section of the
stock gate seals to determine their operating characteristics under varying heads.
(f) Testing complete; preparation of final report in progress.
.

Array - Waterways Experiment Station 117

Improvement in the right bank alignment and upstream abutments in the approach channel,
thereby assuring an even distribution of flow over the spillway, were developed in spill-
way and stilling basin model. Tests indicated that the length of basin could be reduced
50 feet and that one row of 8-foot baffle piers would be adequate. Flow conditions in
the exit area were found unsatisfactory at the higher discharges with a UOO-f oot-wide
- pilot channel. A stilling basin and outlet channel were developed for the flood-control
and power conduits that provided satisfactory flow conditions during both diversion and
reservoir operation. Refinements in the tainter gate and emergency caterpillar gate
j
designs were developed to reduce downpull forces acting thereon. Air demand requirements
]
for the prototype were determined.

j
MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURE, MORGANZA FLOODWAY, LOUISIANA.

The District Engineer, New Orleans District, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La.
1 Experimental; for design.
The control structure will consist of a broadcrested weir and a stilling basin. Discharge
coefficients, head-discharge relationships, stilling -basin design, and effect of crest
:
shape on hydraulic efficiency were determined in a 1:20 model. A 1:30 model was used to
test various weir shapes. Flow conditions at the abutments were studied in a 1:16 model
: of the right abutment and adjacent five bays of the needle-type control structure.
!
Completed.
I Results indicated the desirability of using a 5-foot-wide broadcrested weir; flared
;
training walls extending above the maximum expected water surface at the abutments; and
a horizontal apron supporting two rows of baffle piers and terminated by a U-foot high
1 sloping end sill.
N
"Morganza Floodway Control Structure, Mississippi River; hydraulic model investigation."
Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-326, Aug. 1951. (Available for
I sale and loan.)

i CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


Experimental; applied research.
: Small-scale models are being used for a general study of the hydraulic characteristics of
entrance curves for (l) rectangular conduits in which the entrance is flared in four di-
rections, and (2) a gated tunnel having a rectangular entrance with floor at same eleva-
tion as approach channel (entrance flared in three directions)
Tests to date indicate that, for a gradual reduction in the pressure gradient through the
conduit entrance and a-minimuijusize entrance, the entrance curve should be shaped to the
; elliptical curve of X /D + Y /(D/U) = 1, where D is^hg dimension gf the conduit in
, the direction concerned. Use of the elliptical curve X /D + Y /(D/3) = 1 provided
slightly better pressure conditions but also resulted in a slightly larger entrance.

SLIDE GATE MODEL TESTS.

The Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


Experimental; applied research.
1 A general study by model and prototype tests to determine (l) the best shape of gate lip
to reduce downward hydraulic pull on the gates and any vibration tendencies during open-
ing or closing, and (2) the optimum shape for gate slots to eliminate or reduce cavita-
tion tendencies. A 1:6 model reproducing the gate slots, the slide gate, a portion of
the conduit upstream and downstream from the gate section, and the air vent has been
tested. Also a l:10-scale gate with a U5 lip, designed to fit the l:6-scale gate slots,
is being used to study effect of conduit height on pressure conditions on the gate lip.
Some of the tests are being conducted in a vacuum tank to determine the point of incipient
cavitation. Tests are in progress on a 1:10 model of the Norfolk Dam slide gate in an
attempt to alleviate the cavitation below the gate slots.
Tests conducted with a gate slot 2.5 feet or 1 foot deep and k, 3, or 2 feet wide and the
downstream edge tapered 1 inch in 12 inches revealed very little difference in pressure
conditions along the downstream edge.

210526 O - 52 - 9
|
. :

118 Array - Waterways Experiment Station

(226) POTAMOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
(d) Experimental and field investigations; applied research.
(e) Model studies to provide a means of predicting future changes in meandering of the
Mississippi River and the need for bank protection have been completed. Additional n *.
studies involve (1) study of revetment stability, (2) study and development of methoc |f
channel stabilization by means other than revetment, and (3) development and testing
comprehensive plans for improving specific troublesome reaches of the Mississippi Ri^i
Full-scale revetment tests under simulated river turbulence conditions were made at t ,;

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota. Pressure fluctuatic


above and below the revetment and in the underlying sand strata were studied. The ac
of the revetment resulting from leaching of the sand from between the revetment inter
was also studied. Other field investigations include (l) soil surveys to determine t
nature, characteristics, and physical properties of the banks of the Mississippi Rive
permit recognition of soil factors affecting bank stability, and (2) hydrographic and
hydraulic surveys to provide information in specific revetted reaches to permit recog
tion of hydraulic and hydrographic factors affecting revetment stability.
(g) A satisfactory technique was developed in the laboratory to correlate model and proto'
bed and bank materials in a relatively short and unstable reach of the Mississippi Ri
The full-scale revetment tests indicated the leaching of the sand from between the in':
stices of the revetment is the most important factor influencing revetment behavior.

(230) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD CONTROL, CUMBERLAND, MARYLAND.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Vkshington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) The fixed-bed, 1:60 model of the critical portions of Wills Creek and the North Brand
the Potomac River were used to study and develop proposed plans for the protection of
Cumberland from floods. The flow in Wills Creek will be below critical depths. Ther<
the principal design problems centered around the determination of satisfactory side i
alignments, satisfactory bridge pier and abutment designs, and a satisfactory junctioi if

sign.
(f) Testing complete; preparation of final report in progress.
(g) A satisfactory channel design was developed to adequately pass the design flow of 50,0
cfs in Wills Creek and 63,000 cfs in North Branch.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Plans provide for a model of the Mississippi River watershed including the Ohio, Missel;
White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers and their principal tributaries. Initial construction
been limited to the Missouri River from Sioux City to the mouth, the Arkansas River fr
Blackburn Dam Site to Pine Bluff, the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal to Tiptonv;
and the Ohio River and tributaries from above Pittsburgh to Wheeling. Coordination of],
releases from reservoirs, effect of reservoir operation on flood stages, routing of pr
and other floods, levee grades, stage predictions, and effect of floodways on stage re
tion will be studied. Model scales are 1:2000 horizontal and 1:100 vertical. Verific
tion of the Missouri, Upper Mississippi, and Arkansas Rivers has been completed, and t
are in progress.
(h) "Description of Mississippi Basin Model." Mississippi Basin Model Report No. 1-h, Jul
1951. (Available on loan.)
"Verification of Tulsa-to-Van Buren Reach, Arkansas River and Tributaries, Spring 19^1 1

19h3 Floods." Mississippi Basin Model Report No. lii-1, July 1951. (Available on loan
"Verification of Hannibal-to-St . Louis Reach, Mississippi River and Tributaries, 19ii7,
19hh, and 19h3 Floods." Mississippi Basin Model Report No. 15-1, August 1951. (Avail;
on loan.)
. .

Army - "Waterways Experiment Station 119

MISSISSIPPI RIVHR FLOOD- CONTROL MODEL.

The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.


Experimental; for design.
The fixed-bed model, with scales of 1:2000 horizontal and 1:100 vertical, reproduces the
main channel of the Mississippi River from Helena, Arkansas, to Donaldsonville, Louisiana,
the entire Atchafalaya Basin, including Morganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways, to the
Gulf of Mexico; and the backwater areas of the Arkansas, White, Yazoo, Ouachita, and Red
Rivers
Suspended.

MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATERS.

The Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Experimental; for design.
Various types of rubble-mound breakwaters in progressive stages of construction were test-
ed to determine the stability and displacement of material under wave action. The linear
scale ratio was The breakwater material was sized in accordance with specifications
established by hypothetical prototype breakwaters.
Testing complete; final report in preparation.
Design wave heights (largest wave which does not damage breakwater) have been determined
for rubble breakwaters with slopes from 1:1 to 1:3 constructed of 2.8-specific gravity
cap rock simulating 13-1/2-ton to 27-ton cap rock in prototype. Data obtained were used
to determine the coefficient K in Iribarren's formula
1

W CK'yJy^H 3
]/ tC yr -y w ) 3 C M co 5 ot-sincx) 3 ]
Although the coefficient (K ) varies considerably with breakwater slope and wave steep-
1

ness, the equation and coefficients proposed by Iribarren are useful in rubble-mound
breakwater design. More data will be necessary, however, before rubble breakwaters can be
designed with known safety factors.

MODEL STUDY OF ALGIERS LOCK, INTRA COASTAL WATERWAY, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA.

The District Engineer, New Orleans District, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La.
Experimental; for design.
The 760-foot by 7^-foot lock is designed to operate under a maximum head of l8. feet.
The head on the sector lock gates will be reversible. The feasibility of filling the
lock through sector gates and gate recesses, thus eliminating a culvert system, was studied
in a 1:20 model. Forces developed on the sector gates during operation were also investi-
gated.
Completed.
Tests revealed that it is feasible to fill a lock chamber through sector gates in a reason-
able time. A revised design of gate lip was developed to reduce hydraulic forces on the
gates
"Filling characteristics, Algiers Lock, Lhtracoastal Waterway Gulf Section, Louisiana."
Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-309, April 1951. (Available for
sale or loan.)

SLIDE GATE TESTS, NORFOLK DAM, ARKANSAS.

The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Ark.
Experimental; for design.
The most desirable shape of the bottom of the gate to minimize vibration, negative pres-
sures, and disturbance of flow and the downpull on the gate leaf and the amount of air
dram through air vents, for four types of gates, were determined in a 1:6 model. Gates
with 60-degree and U5>-degree lips were used for further study of the effect of conduit
height on pressure conditions on the gate lip.
Testing completed; final report in preparation.
On the four types of gate lip shapes tested, that with the seal connected to the upstream
face at angles of U5 degrees and 60 degrees provided best results. The Norfolk type and
square-edged lip resulted in low pressures at small gate openings while at large openings
flow parted from the lip. The height of the conduit had no apparent effect on pressures
on the gate lip. These results were substantiated in field tests made at Norfolk Dam.
.

120 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(U20) MODEL STUDY OF CONDUITS AND HOWELL-BUNGER VALVES, NARROWS DAM, LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER
ARKANSAS

(b) The District Engineer, Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests in a 1:16 model were used to determine discharge coefficients of the Howell-
valves, and to study stilling -basin action below the valves with special emphasis on
pressures at the end sill.
(f) Completed.
(g) Tests demonstrated the need for some type of hood over the valves to prevent flow fr
being projected onto the access road along the right side of the stilling basin. Ho
having semicircular tops of 8.75-foot radius supported by vertical walls from the ba
floor gave satisfactory results. It was necessary to replace the sloping end sill o
original design by a vertical-faced end sill to maintain a cushion of water in the s
basin. Pressures on the end sill were not of serious proportions. The coefficient
charge for the combination of the fully open valves without hoods and the contractio
immediately above the valves was found to be about O.87.
(h) "Conduits and Howell-Bunger Valves, Narrows Dam, Little Missouri River, Arkansas; Mo
Investigation.11
Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-29U, July 1
(Available for sale or loan.)

(U25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigat
channel. The entire Delaware River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is re
duced in the model which is of the fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale ratios
- 1:1000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced h
automatic tide-control machines. Observed prototype salinities are reproduced in th
Delaware Bay portion of the model, and provisions made for the injection of silt, an
measuring silt deposits,
(g) Tests were made to determine the effect of increasing the size of certain portions c
navigation channel on tidal heights, currents, and salinity. A test to determine t\
repository of material evenly distributed in the channel at the beginning of the tes
dicated it would move to existing channel shoals and overbank areas of low velocity,
water flows necessary to maintain known salinity at Pennsylvania -Delaware state line
determined.

(U26) MODEL STUDIES OF EAST BRANCH DAM, CIARI0N RIVER BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Pittsburgh District, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests were conducted to insure satisfactory hydraulic functioning of the spillway ar
outlet works with particular attention to development of a dispersal bucket for the
way and to performance of wheel gates, tunnel, and stilling basin of the outlet worl-
Three models were involved: (l) a 1:50 model of the spillway; (2) a 1:25 model of tl
let works; and (3) a 1:12 model of one of the control gates for the outlet tunnel.
(f) Completed.
(g) A dispersal bucket which effectively dissipated the energy of flow was developed. 1

spillway coefficient could be increased, without producing dangerous negative pressi


by shaping the weir to conform to the nappe of a 12-foot head, although the design i
produced a 17-foot head. The increase in discharge coefficient permitted a 10-foot
duction in spillway crest length. The intake structure and tunnel operated satisfac
except with 1 gate open completely and the other open 10 feet. The large air pockel
formed in the upper end of the tunnel and traveled into the stilling basin under th::

condition were eliminated by addition of a 1-foot wide by 2-foot high vane along th*f

line of the transition from the end of the separation pier to the beginning of the \
The outlet works stilling basin operated satisfactorily and economies in its constri
were determined from the model tests. Negative pressures near the bottom of the Col-
gate were eliminated by adding a small lip along the lower edge of the gate.
. .

Army - Waterways Experiment Station 121

"Spillway and outlet works, East Branch Reservoir, Clarion River, Pennsylvania; model
investigation." Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-325, July 1951.
(Available for sale or loan.)

i
110DEL STUDIES OF LYNNHAVEN BAY AND INLET, VIRGINIA

The District Engineer, Norfolk District, Corps of Engineers, Norfolk, Va.


Experimental; for design.
I
Tests were conducted to develop the most efficient design of inlet and interior channels
[ to provide the desired volume of tidal flow into and out of Lynnhaven Bay and to determine
f
the effectiveness of jetties in preventing shoaling of the inlet channel and the effects
:

*iof jetties on the beaches adjacent to the inlet. Two models were used: (l) a fixed-bed
' model, reproducing all Lynnhaven Bay and Inlet and a portion of Cheaspeake Bay to scales
of 1:800 horizontally, and 1:80 vertically; and (2) a moveable-bed type, reproducing
Lynnhaven Inlet and adjacent beaches, and off-shore areas to about the 25-foot contour of
depth on Chesapeake Bay, with scales of 1:U00 horizontally, and 1:80 vertically.
I

Testing completed; final report in preparation



Tests indicated that a single jetty on the east side of Lynnhaven Inlet would be almost as
effective as twin jetties in preventing reshoaling of the entrance channel.

GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

The Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


i Experimental; applied research.
Tests on a 1:U0 scale model are used to study hydraulic characteristics of the standard
spillway shape with heads up to 1 1/3 times the design head of the crest, including the
-
effect of crest piers and gates. Tests are also being made to establish general rules for
;
design of roller-type energy dissipators. The drop from spillway crest to bucket will be
1

varied to study the effect of nappe thickness.


|
Tests to obtain discharge and pressure data for various approach elevation conditions
P indicated that with height of weir equal to or greater than the head, coefficient and
pressure data were in the same range for the same crest shape. The spillway discharge per
1

net foot of width is not materially affected by the use of crest piers or by variation in
\ the shape of these piers.

j
MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebr.


Experimental; for design.
A 1:100 comprehensive model was used to determine effects on velocities of depth and curva-
ture of the approach channel; to investigate flow over the chute-type, tainter-gate-con-
trolled spillway, and develop a good stilling basin design; and to study flow conditions
in the exit area. A 1:50 outlet stilling basin model was used to develop a satisfactory
stilling basin below the eight 22-foot diameter power conduits which will be used for
I diversion during construction and which will eventually be incorporated in the powerhouse
'

substructure; to verify the design of the stilling basin for the four 22-foot-diameter
'
flood-control conduits to insure satisfactory operation under present and future tailwater
1

conditions; and to determine the limit of required tailrace paving and the necessity for
bank protective works by study of currents and wave action. A 1:25 intake and flood-con-
trol conduit model was used to determine the character of flow for various reservoir levels
measure loss coefficients of the intake structure; investigate pressures in the transition
section; and determine the effects of partial gate operation upon downpull and oscillation
of the gates and upon air requirements.
Testing completed; final report in preparation.
An outlet stilling basin was developed that gave the desired flow characteristics for all
operating conditions. A further analysis of the design requirements based on model tests
and investigations indicated that one spillway gate could be eliminated. Tests on the
spillway model developed an approach area, spillway, and exit area that provided the de-
sired flow characteristics for all operating conditions and permitted several economies
in construction. Tests on the 1:25 model assisted in the development of a satisfactory
intake and transition section for the conduits.
122 Array - Waterways Experiment Station

(675) MODEL STUDI OF FLOOD-CONTROL TUNNEL, BIAKELY MOUNTAIN DAM, OUACHITA RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests on a 1:25 model were used to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of all element
of the 19-foot diameter tunnel and to correct unsatisfactory conditions. Special con-
sideration was given to flow conditions through the 80-foot drop immediately below the I

tunnel intake and control structure.


(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) The hydraulic performance of the structure was studied and a gate operating schedule
developed to eliminate an unstable hydraulic jump in the tunnel.

(676) MODEL STUDIES OF JIM WOODRUFF DAM, APALACHICOIA RIVER, FLORIDA.

(b) The District Engineer, Mobile District, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests were used to investigate the hydraulic performance of the spillway and lock stru
ture as originally designed, and to effect necessary revisions. Particular attention \

given to currents at the upstream and downstream lock approaches and flow through the I
span some 0.7 mile below the structure, and the determination of submergence coefficie
for the spillways. Four models were involved: (l) a 1:100 comprehensive model; (2) a
1:38. h section model of one full gate bay plus adjacent half gate bays of the control! i

portion of the spillway; (3) a 1:30 section model of a 30-foot portion of the uncontro
spillway; and (U) a 1:30 section model of a 30-foot portion of the overflow dike.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) The spillway crest was modified in shape and the stilling basin shortened. The lock *
were decreased in length and the depth of approach channel increased. A flip bucket v
added to the overflow dike section.

(678) CHARLESTON HARBCR MODEL STUDY.

(b) The District Engineer, Charleston District, Corps of Engineers, Charleston, S. C.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests were made to determine whether channel realignment, the provision of channel cor
works, or other remedial measures will be effective in reducing the present heavy rate
shaoling in certain reaches of the harbor navigation channels. The fixed-bed model ha
scales of 1:800 horizontally, and 1:80 vertically.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) Improvement plans tested indicate reductions in six of the eight major shoals. Simult
ous shoaling tests of plans at all shoals indicated a reduction of $h percent in total
shoaling, while similar tests of improvements at only the three major shoals appeared
reduce shoaling 50 percent. Interpretative tests indicate that improvement plans whic
do not reduce current velocities in inter-shoal reaches need not be expected to cause
shoals to develop. Sedimentation basins in the upper river were tested and found to W
unsuccessful in trapping material. Tests showed that spoiling in the water off Danie]
Island results in redistribution of the material throughout the lower harbor and that
spoiling in the water off Hog Island results in redistribution of the material chiefly
shoal 7.

(679) RARI1AN RIVER MODEL STUDY.

(b) The District Engineer, New York District, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests were made to determine some means for minimizing the excessive rate of shoaling
the 25-foot-deep portion of South Channel. The fixed-bed model had scales of 1:600 he
zon tally, and 1:100 vertically.
(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.
(g) Model tests indicate that realignment of a part of the 25-foot-deep portion of South
Channel, together with closure of the main channel by a dike would afford the maximum
duction of shoaling in the problem area but would probably increase shoaling in the Ra
tan Arsenal turning basin. The top of the dike should not be higher than mean high wa
in order not to interfere with flood flows in the river.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 123

2) KYIRAULIC CAPACITY OF MEANDERING CHANNELS IN STRAIGHT FLOODWAYS.

b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


dj Experimental; applied research.
j r A general investigation of the hydraulic capacity of meandering channels in straight flood-
Ivways. Model tests are used to study effects of radius of curvature of bends; sinuosity of
channel; depth of over bank flow; overbank roughness; water-surface slope; valley slope;
and ratio of overbank area to channel area. Scales are proportionate to average conditions
in nature so that the data obtained can be applied to natural problems.
3 Tests in which changes in one or more of the factors listed in (e) were involved indicated
that overbank roughness is an important factor affecting the hydraulic capacity. Prelim-
inary analysis indicated also that discharge is reduced about 35 percent by increasing the
sinuousity of a 2-foot (bottom width) channel from straight to semicircular.

3 MODEL STUDIES OF FLOW CONDITIONS IN PUMPING PLANT SUMP AND SURGES IN SEWERS.

|- The District Engineer, Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, Ky.


0 Experimental; for design.
e A general study was made of surges in a sewer system due to sudden arrest of flow at the
1 pumping plant and effect of surcharging the sewer upon the concentration time for flow to
I the pumping plant. Flow conditions in the transition and sump of the pumping plant were
K also investigated. For study of flow conditions in the pumping plant, a 1:16 model was
I- used. For study of surges and concentration time, a 1:32 general model was used,
f Testing completed; final report in preparation.
I The surge model verified the initial computations of the surges occurring in the sewer and
[,> provided sufficient basic data for the computations of all surges. The pumping plant model
l: demonstrated the original design to be inadequate; a design that had the required discharge
capacity was developed.

I MODEL TESTS OF CHEATHAM DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

The District Engineer, Nashville District, Cork's of Engineers, Nashville, Tenn.


Experimental; for design.
Tests of 1:12 model were conducted to determine the relative force required to raise a
wicket under various operating conditions and to determine the optimum angle for the face
of the wicket, the guard sill, and the strut. A 1:36 model was used to determine the most
advantageous shape for the submergible tainter gate and the aeration required; the forces
acting on the gates; and flow conditions for various tailwater elevations. In addition,
: the submergible tainter gate developed in the 1:36 model was tested in a 1:10 model to
; determine its operating characteristics at the larger scale. Tests to determine the loca-
tion and height of end sill for use with a partially submergible tainter gate are currently
: underway.
!| Uplift forces acting on the upstream emergency dam were eliminated by use of a wicket gate
with a curved upstream face. A design has been developed for the submergible tainter gate
, that eliminates the tendency of the gate to oscillate under certain operating conditions.
I
Results obtained on the l:10-scale model verified those previously obtained on the 1:36-
scale model.

MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS, FARM CREEK, ILLINOIS.

The District Engineer, Chicago District, Corps of Engineers, Chicago, 111.


Experimental; for design.
The proposed plans for control of floods on Farm Creek above, below and within East Peoria
have been studied on a 1:60, fixed-bed model.
) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
! The model investigation indicated that: (l) the proposed channel improvements would permit
safe passage of the. design flood; (2) minor changes in the improvement plans would greatly
improve flow conditions; and (3) the capacity of a diversion channel could be increased
sufficiently by enlargement of its channel and redesign of its interceptive works to pre-
clude the necessity of improvements in the main channel downstream.
12U Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(988) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, GENEGANTSLET DAM, NEW YORK.

(b) The District Engineer, Baltimore District, Corps of Engineers, Baltimore, Md.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Model tests were conducted in a 1:36 model to study and, if necessary, provide means
improving flow conditions in the curved approach to the spillway, over the spillway c
and in the converging chute.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) Two designs were developed that gave the desired flow conditions, one design employin
two weirs and the other requiring only one weir.

(989) MODEL STUDY OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER, VICINITY OF GREENVILLE BRIDGE, GREENVILLE, MISSISSIF

(b) The District Engineer, Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) The original fixed-bed model was converted to a moveable-bed model using crushed coal
bed material. Tests were made to study flow conditions existing in the Mississippi fti
in the vicinity of the Greenville Bridge, Greenville, Miss., and to develop plans for
improvement of the reach.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) Fixed-bed tests indicated that a realignment of the channel probably would improve flo
conditions in the vicinity of Greenville Bridge. However, results of moveable-bed tes
involving a major realignment of the channel and the installation of dikes along the 1
bank in one locality, did not indicate improvement in flow conditions in the vicinity
the bridge.

(991) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, TEXARKANA DAM, TEXAS.

(b) The District Engineer, New Orleans District, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests were conducted on a 1:2 model of the conduits, stilling basin, and portion of t
outlet channel to develop an economical and safe stilling basin.
(f) Testing completed; final report dn preparation.
(g) A stilling basin incorporating warped inverts at the conduit outlets and a vertical wa
midway between the two conduits extending into the stilling basin provided satisfactor
energy dissipation.

(992) MODEL STUDIES OF PINE FIAT DAM, KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, Calif.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Special attention was given in the tests to the hydraulic characteristics of the crest
flow from the conduits, and to the effectiveness of the flip-bucket in deflecting the
water away from the toe of the dam. Pressures on the crest and discharge coefficients
were thoroughly investigated because the crest was designed to fit the lower nappe for
head only 75 percent as great as the maximum head expected. A deflector block was use
in the downstream end of each conduit in the lower tier to spread the discharge onto t
surface of the tailwater. Four models were involved in the study: (1) a 1:60 comprehe
model; (2) a 1:1*0 section model of the spillway crest; (3) a 1:18 model of the conduit
outlet portal; and (h) a 1:18 model of one of the conduits in the upper tier.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) Negative pressures on the crest were not excessive for any discharge condition. The
adequacy of the 0-f oot-radius flip bucket to deflect flow was confirmed. Alterations
the alignment of the upper tier of sluices and to the outlet portal of the lower tier
sluices improved flow conditions.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 125

Cavitation characteristics of such structures as baffle piers, steps in stilling basin,


spillway gate slots, offset joints, etc., and pressures in horizontal bends are being
studied on models installed in a vacuum tank. Models tested to date have been generally
of three types; (l) offsets into flow; (2) offsets away from flow; and (3) gate slots.
1 All shapes have been tested in the floor of a conduit 0.500 foot high by O.283 foot wide.
All test data are compared on the basis of a cavitation index K. from the formula
Ki (h Q - h v )/(V 0 /2g) where h 0 and V 0 are pressure and velocity in the vicinity of the
area concerned; hy is the vapor pressure of the water.
!

EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


Experimental; applied research.
A general study is being made to determine the effects of model distortion on velocity
distribution, bed movement, and other hydraulic conditions. A series of tests have been
j
completed in a triangular flume having an adjustable central angle and adjustable slope.

SIMUIATION OF AIR EN1RAINMENT IN MODELS INVOLVING HIGH VELOCITY FLOW.

Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


Experimental; applied research.
This investigation comprises a series of studies to determine: (l) the spread of the
boundary layer in accelerating flow; (2) the effect of air entrainment on stilling basin
performance; and, (3) the relationship between air demand in a model and prototype sluice.
The experimental phase of the analysis of boundary layer development in accelerating flow
conducted at the University of Iowa has been completed and the report is now being review-
ed by the Waterways Experiment Station.

f
USE OF AH INSTEAD OF WATER IN MODEL TESTING.
I

Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


1 Experimental; applied research.
A general study is to be made analytically and by model tests to determine the accuracy
of model tests of closed conduits using air instead of water as the model fluid.
) Suspended.

I SLUICE OUTLET MODEL TESTS.

) Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


) Experimental; applied research.
) The study involves model tests of various type sluice outlet portals to determine the
relative effectiveness of each type. Tests of sluice outlets with flared side walls and
with tetrahedral floor deflector blocks were conducted. A sluice exit portal similar to
the Bluestone Dam design was tested to determine its effectiveness for varying conditions
of discharge with several slopes on the sluices.
) Suspended.
) Tests to date indicate that the effectiveness of an exit portal of the Bluestone Dam design
is not materially affected by the slope of the sluice.

) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.


T
) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, /feshington, D. C.
) Experimental; applied research.
) A general investigation of wave phenomena and resulting forces is being conducted in a
wave tank to develop formulas, supported by experimental data, from which wave pressures
on impervious surfaces, vertical and inclined, can be determined.
) Accuracy of wave-height measuring equipment has been determined. Preliminary tests are
being conducted to determine the reduction in wave height due to viscous friction as a
function of distance from the wave machine.
. .

126 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATERS

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a wave tank to determine size of cap rock and
slope of mound necessary to withstand action of waves and to develop formulas, suppor
by experimental data, from which the action of waves on rubble structures can be dete
mined. Test data will be presented in dimensionless form, therefore no model scale,
such, is being utilized. Tests are being conducted to determine the accuracy of wave
height measuring equipment, and the over-all accuracy of the test results.

(1000) ROUGHNESS STANDARDS FOR HYDRAULIC MODEIS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A general study of roughness standards for models is being conducted to evaluate the
resistance of definite types of roughness in terms of Manning* s n and other paramel
so that much of the trial-and-error process of adjusting the surface roughness of riv
models can be eliminated. Tests were conducted in three rectangular flumes.
(g) Curves prepared from test data were used to determine the channel roughness for the j
tions of the Mississippi Basin Model now in operation.

(1001) SCALE EFFECTS ON SPILLWAY DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Tests are conducted on ogee and sharp-crested weirs to permit comparison of spillway
discharge coefficients obtained from models of different scales. Tests to determine
effect of variation of viscosity from a high of 220 centipoises to about 3 centipoise
are in progress.
(g) Tests to determine effect of surface tension on discharge coefficients of spillways i
vealed no appreciable effect in small-scale spillway models. Analysis of viscosity c

has not progressed sufficiently to permit conclusions.

(1002) SCALE EFFECTS IN HARBOR MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Tests x^ill be conducted to determine effect of various model scales and distortion oi

wave characteristics in a harbor.

(1003) STUDY OF HARBCR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Vkshington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) Tests will be conducted on typical harbors to establish general criteria for designii
harbors and harbor works to obtain optimum protection from wave action.
(f) Suspended.

(100U) INSTRUMENTATION

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; development.
(e) Various types of instruments for use in hydraulic models are being developed to make
measurements as those of wave heights, dynamic fluid pressures, gate vibration and d(
pull, and low velocity flow. Apparatus is under development to analyze the frequenc;
spectrum of recorded wave forms. Development of an improved tidal reproducing appar
is in progress.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 12?

MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE GATES (FORMERLY MODEL STUDY OF SLUICE COASTER GATE) .

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


Experimental; applied research.
A general study of relative merits of various penstock intake and sluice coaster gate
lip shapes, seals and recesses is being conducted. The investigation includes deter-
mination of downpull effects of changes in gate-lip shape, length and shape of seals,
size and shape of the recess in the face of the dam, and need for an air vent in the
entrance. The 1:20 model of the sluice coaster gate is presently being tested in com-
bination with a typical sluice -which includes a slide gate, standard entrance curves
conforming to the elliptical equation (x2/D2) + ( y 2/(D/3)2) = i f an(j a removable con-
striction at downstream end of sluice.
Tests of the sluice coaster gate with various slide gate openings and sluice exit condi-
tions revealed greatest downpull forces at coaster gate openings of 2 to k feet. The
slide gate and air vent were then moved upstream 15 feet and tested to determine the
effect, if any, of location on the over -all performance of the coaster gate. Moving the
slide gate 15 feet closer to the intake was found to have little or no effect on the over
all performance of the sluice gate.

MODEL STUDY OF PORT WASHINGTON HARBOR, WISCONSIN.

The District Engineer, Milwaukee District, Corps of Engineers, Milwaukee, Wis.


Experimental; for design.
A 1:100 fixed-bed model was used to determine the best plan for providing adequate pro-
tection from wave action. Tests included extension of the north breakwater, a companion
south detached breakwater, rubble added to lakeside of present caisson breakwaters, and
rubble wave absorbers installed at ends of inner harbor basins.
Completed.
A plan involving partial realignment of the north breakwater extension, elimination of
the proposed detached breakwater section, and addition of a wave absorber to the harbor
side of the north caisson breakwater will provide adequate protection against storms from
all critical directions. However, a rubble lakeside slope will be required along the
north caisson breakwater to eliminate effects of overtopping during storms from the north
east.
"Wave action and breakwater location, Port Washington Harbor, Wisconsin; model investiga-
tion." Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-33U, 1951. (Available
for sale and loan.)

MODEL STUDY OF B ELTON DAM, LEON RIVER, TEAS.

The District Engineer, Fort Worth District, Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas.
Experimental; for design.
Tests were conducted on a 1:100 comprehensive model to determine spillway discharge capa-
city; the best shape of the spillway excavation; proper alignment of approach walls;
height of walls downstream from the control section; and to study over-all flow in the
exit area.
Testing completed; final report in preparation.
Tests indicated that the design flood could be passed over the original spillway by
raising the reservoir pool 1 foot and excavating a part of the approach area on a one-
percent slope. The right approach wall was realigned to a compound curve and the 9-
degree bend downstream from the axis of the dam eliminated. Flow conditions in the exit
area were satisfactory.

MODEL STUDY OF GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

The District Engineer, Seattle District, Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.


Experimental; for design.
128 Array - Waterways Experiment Station

(e) The fixed-bed model, with scales of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically, reproduce
the Pacific Ocean area adjacent to the harbor entrance and the tidal portion of the \

bor and Chehalis River. This model was used to develop a comprehensive plan to prote
the existing south jetty from the undermining effects of tidal currents, and to prot*
Point Chehalis from erosion by current and wave action. Upon completion of this pari
the investigation a portion of the model was converted to a moveable-bed type to dete
mine scour and shoal tendencies of the selected plan. Plans for reduction of shoalir
in the 30-foot-deep navigation channel are also being studied.
(g) A plan involving the lowering of the outer 6,000 feet of the south jetty to an eleval
of 0.0 foot (MLLW) would reduce the maximum ebb velocity along the jetty by about 20
cent. The construction of groins at Point Chehalis will probably reduce erosion thei
Model tests indicate that one spoil area retains almost all spoil deposited but that
proportion of the spoil placed in all other areas tested returns to the channel.

(1211) MODEL STUDIES OF H00SIC RIVER, ADAMS AND NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) The District Engineer, New York District, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Two models are being used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of the chanr
of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams, Mass., and of the maj
channel in Adams, Mass., and to determine whether changes should be made for safety,
incr eased efficiency, or economy. The flow in a major portion of these channels will
below critical depth. A 1:30 model reproduces the lower sections of the North and Sc
Branches and about 1300 feet of the main stream below the confluence of the North anc'
South Branches. A 1:20 model reproduces a section of the main channel beginning appi
mately 8 miles above that reproduced in the 1:30 model. About 1200 feet of Tophet Br
which joins the Hoosic River, is also reproduced.
(f) Suspended.
(g) The stilling basin as designed for the North Adams section was found unsatisfactory a
a basin was developed that produced the desired flow conditions. The design and Iocs
tion of the stilling basin in the main channel at Adams were verified. Flow conditic
at the junction of Tophet Brook and the culvert flume feeding into the brook were gr<E
improved and the turbulence existing in the Hoosic River below the mouth of Tophet Br
was eliminated.

(1212) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, OA HE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Neb.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:60 model, reproducing the downstream portion of six l8-l/2-f oot-diameter outlet-
tunnels, the training piers, stilling basin, and 2300 feet of the discharge and pilot
channels is being used to investigate the performance of the outlet works, effect rev
sions demonstrated to be desirable, and to observe flow conditions in the discharge a
pilot channels. The design of the stilling basin is presently being revised because
construction problems.
(f) Suspended.
(g) Tests of the initial design indicated that several economies could be effected in con
struction without impairing the hydraulic performance of the stilling basin. These
economies consisted primarily of shortening the over-all length of the outlet works t
90 feet; reducing the length of separation piers by 100 feet; raising the floor of tfc
stilling basin h feet; and eliminating the slope downstream from the end sill.
. . .

Army - Waterways Experiment Station 129

") ANALYSIS OF HYIRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) FORMERLY (221) ANALYSIS OF
HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND
(1213) PROTOTYPE ANALYSIS (HYIRAULIC)

j) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.


J!)
Experimental and field investigation; for design.
) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments
design criteria for hydraulic structures to insure adequate hydraulic capacity, economy
of construction and safe and satisfactory operation. Criteria are developed from model
f
tests and prototype observations relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, and
gates and valves. Program also includes hydraulic design criteria for navigation struc-
tures, flood-control channels and natural waterways.

0 VALDIVTA RIVER MODEL STUDY, CCRRAL BAY, CHILE.

0) Government of Chile, South America.


1) Experimental; for design.
,e) Model study is to determine whether training works or other remedial measures will make
possible the maintenance of a channel at least 6 meters deep over the entrance bar from
the Port of Corral to the Valdivia River mouth, and to determine the effect such struc-
tures might have on present depths and widths of Corral Harbor. The moveable-bed model,
with scale ratios of 1:1*00 horizontally and 1:80 vertically, reproduces Corral Bay up-
stream from Point San Carlos and the lower 3 miles of both the Valdivia and Tornagalenes
Rivers

9) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD-CONTROL PROJECT, ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA.

b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.


d) Experimental; for design.
e) The proposed local improvement plan at Allentown is being studied to discover and correct
any undesirable features of the plan. The fixed-bed model, scales of 1:150 horizontally
and 1:0 vertically, reproduces 3 miles of Lehigh River and 1 mile each of Little Lehigh
Creek and Jordan Creek.

'0) NIAGARA RIVER AND FA LIS MODEL STUDY.

b) The District Engineer, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.


.d) Experimental; for design.
[e) Use of the Niagara River for power development and other purposes is controlled by
treaty between the United States and Canada which includes a specific allotment of the
waters for preservation of the scenic beauty of the Falls. Proposed redevelopment of
the Niagara River for power includes large increases in diversion and redistribution of
flow in the cascades to preserve the beauty of the Falls. A fixed-bed model is being
used to determine the effects of the proposed redevelopment and remedial works required
for efficient power diversion and maintenance of adequate river flows. All features of
Niagara River from Lake Erie to below the Falls are reproduced to scales of 1:360 hori-
zonally and 1:60 vertically.
[g) Tests indicate that the river flow at Buffalo will increase as much as 5,000 cfs as the
result of increased river slopes effected by additional power diversions. Time scale
tests indicate that a control structure will be required at the head of the cascades to
effect a quick change in the required minimum daytime Falls flow of 100,000 cfs to the
required minimum nighttime Falls flow of 50,000 cfs.

71) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SAVAGE RIVER DAM SPILLWAY.

lb) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C


[d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Model tests of this side- channel spillway are being conducted on a 1:36 model to deter-
mine the discharge rating curve and other hydraulic characteristics of the spillway at
heads greater than that for which the spillway was originally designed because the spill-
way design flood for this dam has been increased.
130 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(11*72) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, INDIANA. HARBOR, INDIANA.

(b) Youngs town Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland Steel Company, Indiana Harbor i-ijorks, E
Chicago, Ind.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A l:l0-scale Xixed-bed model of Indiana Harbor and sufficient area of Lake Michigan
permit reproduction of waves from north-northwest to southeast is being used. Effec
of proposed harbor structures on wave action conditions in the entrance channel and
the harbor are being studied.

(Hi73) MODEL STUDIES OF F0LS0M DAM, AMERICAN RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, Calif.
(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) To determine the type of stilling basin required for the spillway. In order to expe
the tests, two almost identical 1:80 models of the dam and spillway were constructed
one to study the action of the spillway with a horizontal stilling basin below five
the gates and a high-level flip-bucket below the three gates adjacent to the left ab
ment which are to be used less frequently and the other to study the action of the s
way with a flip-bucket below all eight gates.
(f) Testing completed; final report in preparation.
(g) The combination of a horizontal stilling basin below five gate3 and a flip-bucket be
three gates was found to be the most desirable plan in order to furnish proper prote
tion to the powerhouse. Detailed tests were concerned with a determination of the 1
and elevation of horizontal apron, height of end sill, slope of ramp leading into th
basin, and the treatment of the left abutment where the water from the flip-bucket w
impinge upon the natural rock.

(lhlk) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER -TYPE LOCK GATES,

(b) The Chief of Engineers, Department of the -*rmy, Washington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates a]
to determine the effect of various elements upon these forces is being conducted in ;

1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide with provisions for varying the length up I

600 feet on each side of the gate is reproduced. Forces required for operation of m:
gates will be measured for variations of the following elements; gate leaves, speeds
accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, chaml
lengths, and nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves.
(g) Tests indicate that the peak torque occurs as the gates enter or leave the mitered p<
tion. Nonsynchronous operation of the gates resulted in a slight decrease in torque
the leading leaf and a lesser effect on the lagging leaf, as compared with synchronoi
operation. An increase in the speed of operation or depth of submergence increases '

peak torque. Bottom clearances had little effect on torque values.

(11*75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PUNTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, %shington, D. C.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A general study is being made by model tests of the operating characteristics of sipl
operated in connection with pumping plants. The effect of various head-tailwater rej
tionships on priming characteristics, the air demand required to break the siphonic
action, and the effect of construction or reduction in area of the discharge leg of 1

siphon are to be determined.

( 11*76) MODEL STUDY OF EAST BEAVER BAY HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR, MINNESOTA. (SUPPLEMENTARY INVI
GATI0N.)

(b) Oglebay Norton and Company, Hanna Building, Cleveland, Ohio,


(d) Experimental; for design.

Army - Waterways Experiment Station 131


Commerce - Bureau of Public Roads
Commerce - National Bureau of Standards

A l:lf>0-scalefixed-bed model of the East Beaver Bay harbor site and sufficient area of
Lake Superior for reproduction of waves from northeast to southwest was used. The de-
gree of protection provided in the harbor by constructing only two legs of a proposed
breakwater system was determined. Also, the adequacy of the complete breakwater system
contemplated for construction at a later date was investigated.
Completed.
Wave action and breakwater location, East Beaver Bay Harbor, Lake Superior, Minnesota;
,r

supplementary model investigation." Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum


No. 2-29^-1, Oct. 1951. (Available on loan.)

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

I) TESTS OF SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

Cooperative with Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 68.

) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page 38.

|) STUDY OF HIGHWAY INLET BOXES AND DISCHARGE PIPE SHAPES.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 3<U

;) SCALE MODEL STUDIES OF INLET BOXES.

Cooperative with University of Illino: See page 3h.

S) FULL SCALE GUTTER TESTS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 3h

1) MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 39.

. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, National Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 159, 160, 166, 1*32, U33, 1005, 1211;, 1216, 1217, and
1U77 to 1U82, incl., should be addressed to the Chief, National Hydraulic Laboratory,
National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

9) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.


d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
e) To determine model laws for models involving the motion of stratified liquids. The two
major problems are (l) the motion of a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock" when
released into a long channel containing a stationary lighter liquid, and (2) the motion
of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or flowing lighter
liquid.
132 Commerce - National Bureau of Standards

(160) EFFECT OF STORM WINDS ON IAKE LEVELS,

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.
(e) To determine frictional forces of wind on lake surfaces and the resulting set-up.
(h) "Hydro lynamical evaluation of storms on Lake Erie." Conference on Coastal Engineerii
Houston, Texas, Nov. 1951.

(166) WET VENTING, STACK VENTING, AND SELF-SIPHONAGE OF PLUMBING FIXTURES.

(b) Housing and Home Finance Agency.


(h) National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS126, "Self-
siphonage of fixture traps." John L. French and Herbert N. Eaton, 1951.

(U32) FROST CLOSURE OF THE ROOF VENTS OF PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
(e) Data have been obtained from the field and from laboratory tests, and theoretical sti
have been made to provide information for code-writing authorities.
(h) Paper in preparation.

(U33) CAPACITIES OF PLUMBING STACKS.

(b) Housing and Home Finance Agency.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
(e) To determine capacities of plumbing stacks in buildings.
(h) National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report, "Capacities of
plumbing stacks in buildings." Robert S. Wyly and Herbert N. Eaton. In press.

(685) ORIFICE METERS.

(b) Cooperative with American Gas Association, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.
(c) Mr. Howard Bean, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To obtain information on installation requirements of orifices, flow nozzles, and ven
tubes with special reference to (l) using shorter meter runs than now recommended, (2
the effects of globe and plug valves preceding an orifice, and (3) possible developme
of a field method of evaluating pipe roughness.
(h) Reports available from Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia Naval Base,
Philadelphia 12, Pa.

(1005) STANDARDS FOR HOUSE SEWER PIPE.

(b) Housing and Home Finance Agency.


(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
(f) Completed.
(h) Final report, "Performance requirements for domestic house sewer connections and sept
tank-to-field connections." Jan. 1952.

(12110 PHYSICS OF FLOW IN PLUMBING SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.
(e) Preparation of papers giving the results of plumbing research. Papers on the capacit
of plumbing stacks and drains are in progress.
. . . .

Commerce - National Bureau of Standards 133

RESEARCH ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS

The McPherson Foundation for Sanitary Research.


Mr. Ronald G. Mayer, Research Associate, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25,
D. C.
Experimental; applied research.
Study of the proper design of plumbing drainage systems in trailer coaches.

OPEN CHANNELS WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED INFLOW.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic and applied research.
To determine surface curves, velocity distributions, and friction laws for channels in
which the inflow is uniformly distributed along the length of the channel.
"Determination of critical depth in spatially variable flow." Garbis H. Keulegan, Ohio
State University, Proc. Hydraulic Conference, March 1952.

TURBULENT EXPANSION OF JETS IN WATER

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
To determine experimentally the nature of turbulent expansion of jets in water with rela-
tion to Reynolds number, using jets of hot water, salt water, etc.

WIND WAVES.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
Includes mathematical and experimental studies of (l) wind tides (set-up), (2) growth of
wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STANDING WAVES.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
To determine significance of viscous boundary layer effects in wave phenomena.

POSITIVE WAVES IN DRY CHANNELS

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
To determine mathematically velocity and form of waves taking friction into account.
To analyze the tip of the wave mathematically, and to determine form of wave experimen-
tally as function of time and roughness. Attempt to determine particle trajectories at
the tip of the wave experimentally.

CALCUIATION OF NON- LINEAR BREAKING OF WAVES

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.


Mathematical; basic research.
To obtain significant criteria for breaking of waves by numerical solution with comput-
ing machine using the exact non-linear boundary condition satisfied at the displaced
surface.

INITIAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN SALT WATER WEDGE.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research.
To determine velocities and particle trajectories during initial motion when a gate
separating two bodies of liquids of different densities is suddenly opened.

210526 O - 52 - 10
13U Commerce - Weather Bureau

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1010 to 1015, incl., should be addressed to


Mr. William S. Hiatt, Hydrologic Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washingt
D. C.

(1010) ELECTRONIC FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) A basic circuit for an electronic analogue computer to solve flood wave problems h
been developed, and usefulness of the analogue is being studied. Analogues have b
installed at the following River Forecast Centers; Cincinnati, Ohio; Knoxville, Te:
St. Louis, Mo.; Kansas City, Mo.; Tulsa, Okla.; and Portland, Ore.; for use in the
solution of local streamflow problems.
(g) Basic analogue circuit generally satisfactory. Experiments continuing to determin
possibilities of other circuits.
(h) "Application of electronic streamflow routing analogue." Max A. Kohler, Presented
1950 meeting, Jackson, Miss., American Society of Civil Engineers.

(1011) SHORT RANGE SNOW-MELT FORECASTING.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To develop relations between streamflow resulting from melting snow and appropriat;
meteorological parameters. A statistical approach is being attempted.
(g) A reasonably adequate procedure has been established and is being refined and test<

(1012) AUTOMATIC RADIO REPORTING RAIN GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation.
(e) A simple telemetering device has been constructed for use with a standard recording
gage. Limited field tests indicate satisfactory performance. Other telemetering 1
for this gage are being considered.

(1013) HIESSURE ACTUATED RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation.
(e) A remote indicating and recording gage has been satisfactorily tested for accuracy
laboratory and has been installed under field conditions for service tests.

(10U4 ) UTILIZATION OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA IN FORECASTING STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Field investigation.
(e) Standard electrical resistance soil moisture and temperature equipment is being inj
in selected areas. After sufficient data is obtained, statistical tests will be ut
to determine whether such data can be used to improve forecasts of runoff from rair

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research.
(e) Studies are directed toward the derivations of reliable procedures for estimating e
poration from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing readi
available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.
(g) Reliable relations have been developed (graphical correlation) for estimating pan e
poration from air temperature, dewpoint, wind, and radiation. A similar relation h
been derived for evaporation from Lake Hefner, based on data collected by the Burea
Reclamation, Navy, Geological Survey, and Weather Bureau in a cooperative project a
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Further studies are underway.
. .

Interior - Geological Survey 135

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

UNSATURATED FLOW OF WATER IN RELATION TO GROUND-WATER RECHARGE,

laboratory project.
Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
Mechanics of nonsaturated flow of water in porous bodies.
Certain definite relations between discharge and time have been found for uniform sand.
The results appear to be independent of the grain radius.

) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

Cooperative. See Project 19h, page 115.

i STAGE FALL-DISCHARGE RELATIONS FOR STEADY FLOW IN PRISMATIC CHANNELS

Laboratory project.
Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological Survey, Champaign, 111.
Experimental; applied research.
An analytic study of methods of determining discharge under variable slope and steady
flow, based on laboratory observations reported in Univ. Illinois, Eng. Exp. Station,
Bulletin 38I.

j
EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW.

Laboratory project.
Mr. A. W. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Albany, N. Y.
Field investigation; basic research.
To study effect on stream flow of growing trees on abandoned farm land. Observations of
stream flow, precipitation, ground-water levels, and evaporation at three small reforest-
ed drainage basins and adjacent controls were begun in 1935.

SMALL RESERVOIRS IN ARID REGIONS.

Laboratory project.
Mr. H. V. Peterson, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Field investigation; applied research.
To determine runoff, evaporation, seepage, and sedimentation in arid regions. Readings
are being obtained on staff gages installed on a number of representative stock- watering
reservoirs in western states.
1 Progress reports on file.

> THERMO-TRANSFER AND ELECTRO-TRANSFER PHENOMENA IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS AND THEIR RELATION
TO (ROUND-WATER RECHARGE.

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
) Relation of the phenomena to flow of liquids in porous bodies.

) ELECTROLYTIC POTENTIAL MODELS FOR SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN GROUND-WATER HYDRAULICS

) laboratory project.
) Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
) Development of electrolytic potential techniques for model studies.
.

136 Interior - Geological Survey

(690) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Crest-stage gages are installed on upstream and downstream sides of all openings of
selected bridge and valley crossings, so that study can be made of the drop through
opening and of the transverse water-surface profiles. Current-meter measurements
during the floods will be used to study relationships of discharge through each ope
to the total discharge, the drop, and the conveyance.

(691) COMPUTING PEAK DISCHARGES BY INDIRECT METHODS

(b) laboratory project.


(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Vfetshington 25, D. C.
(d) Field investigation; applied research.
(e) Establishment of maximum stage gages on slope-reaches or suitable contracted openin
computing flood discharges and comparing with measured discharge; to test adequacy
slope-area method of computing flood discharge.

(1016) INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRIC LOGS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Louisiana.


(c) Mr. Paul H. Jones, U. S. Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, La.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.
(e) Tests are being made of various combinations of rocks and water, and physical and c
ical properties are being correlated similar to the results of electric logs. Theo
cal studies are being made to correlate the various factors. It is hoped that defi
relationships can be established between results of electric logs, the permeability
the rocks, and the quality of the water.
(h) Report in preparation.

(1219) ELECTilCAL LOGGING INSTRUMENTS FOR (ROUND-WATER WELLS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Tennessee and State of Maryland.


(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Memphis, Tenn.
(d) Development.
(e) Development, test, and design of instruments for measuring and recording self poten
resistivity, and temperature in ground-water wells.

(1220) REIATION OF GROUND WATER TO STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. S. L. Schoff, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Field investigation.
(e) Network of 23 observation wells in basin of Pond Creek, Okla., begun in March 19i*8.
Water level data are to be correlated with low-water stream flow.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.


(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
(d) Experimental.
(e) Preparation of electrical flow net models using coloidal carbon. Boundary conditio
simulate those commonly found in nature. Object is to catalogue various types of n
for future reference.

(1222) INFILTRATION AND EYAPO-TRANSPTRATION STUDY.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.


(c) Mr. W. C. Rasmussen, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
Interior - Geological Survey 137

Field investigation.
Weekly measurement of wells, rain gages, soil moisture, runoff and pond storage in two
drainage basins near Salisbury, Md., to measure all factors in hydrologic cycle to
determine infiltration, evapo-transpiration and specific yield.

EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

Cooperative with State of Virginia.


Mr. D. S. Wallace, U. 3. Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Va.
Field investigation.
Establishment of gaging station and network of observation wells on headwaters of
Hudson Creek, Louisa Co., Va., for correlation of water levels and stream flow.

INDUCED INFILTRATION OF RIVER WATER.

Laboratory project.
Mr. M. I. Rorabaugh, U. S. Geological Survey, Louisville, Ky.
Applied research.
Analysis of records of Renney collector to determine effects of stage and temperature
of river on quantity and temperature of yield.

STORM WATER INFILTRATION IN GROUND -WATER RECHARGE BASINS.

Cooperative with Nassau County, N. Y.


Mr. A. W. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Mineola, L. I.
Field investigation.
Observations are made of precipitation, evaporation, ground-water levels and storm
water inflow into artificial recharge basins, to determine rate of infiltration and
amount of storm water available for ground-water recharge when collected in recharge
basins, and to evaluate effectiveness of these basins.

EVAPORATION FROM LAKES.

Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation, Navy Electronic Laboratory, Weather Bureau.


Mr. R. W. Davenport, U. S. Geological Survey, /Washington 2, D. C.
Field investigation.
Evaporation by mass transfer and energy budget principles to be tested at Lake Hefner,
Okla., in relation to evaporation computed from water budget, to develop techniques for
determining evaporation from reservoir using meteor ologic and limnologic data.

STOCK-WATER RESERVOIR STUDIES.

Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.


Mr. R. C. Culler, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Field investigation.
Development of techniques for determination of effects of stock-water reservoirs on
water supply. Detailed surveys made of number, capacity and performance of reservoirs
in the Cheyenne River Basin in Wyoming, will be analyzed to determine evaporation,
transpiration, and seepage losses and their effect on flow of Cheyenne River.

GLACIER RUNOFF.

Laboratory project.
Mr. C. S. Heidel, U. S. Geological Survey, Helena, Mont.
Field investigation.
Study of recession and accretion of Grinnel Glacier, Mont. Glacier mapped annually for
some years, storage rain gage and stream gaging station installed in lh9.
138 Interior - Geological Survey

(1230) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Cities of Tacoma and Seattle.


(c) Mr. F. M. Veatch, U. S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash.
(d) Field investigation.
(e) Operation of seven gaging stations on small streams in areas where logging opera tioi
are scheduled in several years. There are control basins where no timber will be c

(1231) CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPE AGAINST CORROSION.

(b) Cooperative with State of Pennsylvania and State of Louisiana.


(c) Mr. Max Noecker, U. S. Geological Survey, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Mr. R. P. Smith, U. !

Geological Survey, Jonesboro, La,


(d) Field investigation.
(e) Magnesium anodes are to be installed at several gaging stations where corrosion of j

wells or intake pipes has required frequent replacement. Anodes and pipes are to b
inspected annually to determine rate of loss of magnesium and to observe extent of
corrosion.

(1232) VELOCITY VANE.

(b) University of Florida Engineering Experiment Station.


(c) Mr. N. D. Bourke, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
(d) laboratory and field investigation.
(e) Development of a vane to measure direction and rate of water movement in drainage c;

in southern Florida. Field model now under test.

(1233) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS.

(b) Cooperative with several state agencies.


(c) Mr. late Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 2, D. c.
(d) Applied research.
(e) Analyses of flood records to determine magnitude and frequency of flood discharge a'
gaging stations, and at supplementary network of crest-stage gages on small streams
determine techniques for establishing flood discharges on ungaged streams.

(1235) SEDIMENT CARRIED AS BED LOAD.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.
(d) Field investigations ; theoretical studies.
(e) Determination of the amount of sediment moving as bed load at three stations, evalu?
of the several-bed-load formulas, and basic studies of bed- load movement.

(1U83) FLOW THROUGH MULTIPLE BRIDGE OPENINGS.

(b) laboratory project.


(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
(e) To obtain data on flow through multiple bridge openings in a model study; velocity <

tribution and division of flow.

(l^aii) MEASUREMENT OF DEGRADATION AND AGCRADATION IN SAND-BED STREAMS DIRING FIASH FLOODS.

(b) laboratory project.


(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.
(e) Development of practical method of measuring degradation in intermittent sand-bed s-

during flash floods.


.

Interior - Geological Survey 139

i EROSION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT.

i Laboratory project.
Mr. P. C. Benedict, Lincoln, Neb.
I Field surveys; applied research.
} Studies of the effects of climate, soil types, geology, topography, and land use in
rates of erosion.

) BACKWATER FROM CHANNEL OBSTRUCTIONS.

i Laboratory project.
||
Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.
) Experimental; applied research.
) Model study on back-water from large constrictions of stream channel, to include a wide
range of prototype conditions.
J

I FLOW THROUGH CONTRACTED OPENINGS.

) Laboratory project.
I Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U.S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.
) Experimental; applied research.
) To obtain data on model and prototype on filjn through contracted openings.

) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF SAND BED STREAMS

) Laboratory project.
) Mr. C. E. Ellsworth, U. S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas, and Mr. D. D. Lewis, U. S.
Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.
D Field survey; applied research.
) To determine channel coefficients for use in computing peak discharges by indirect
methods in sand bed streams, extent of scour and fill.

) MECHANICS OF SALT-WATER INTRUSION/


l

) laboratory project.
) Mr. A. A. Garrett, U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.
) Field survey; applied research.
) To explore mechanics of salt-water intrusion. The shape of the contact between fresh
and salt-water in the aquifer, the change in shape with change in head of fresh water.

) CHEMICAL SEALING AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GROUND WATER IN GIACIATED MATERIALS.


I P'
j)
Cooperative with State of Michigan.
) Mr. W. T. Stuart, U. S. Geological Survey, Ishpeming, Mich.
) Field survey; applied research.
) To test suitability of compound "Kro-plex" for controlling flows of ground water in the
vicinity of operating mines. Small scale experiments indicate impregnations of sand and
gravels practicable when more economical methods of injecting into the ground have been
found.
. . .

lUO Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2;60, 698, 70h, 70S, 1023, 1028, 1239, 122*3, to 12
incl., 1251 to 12^9 incl., 1261 to 1266 incl., and litfl to 1$02 incl., should be
addressed to the Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denve
Colo.

(U60) HEART BUTTE DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS

(b) Laboratory" project; field tests on prototype.


(d) Experimental; for design and model-prototype conformance tests.
(e) A 1:21.5 model was used to study the critical features of the uncontrolled morning-^
spillway combined with outlet gates and tunnel, particularly the prevention of seric
vortices and cavitation erosion in the spillway throat and transition.
(f) Model study completed. Field tests continuing.
(g) Field tests show good agreement with model.
(h) Reports being prepared.

(698) SPRING CREEK DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.
(h) Report No. Hyd-320, "Hydraulic model studies of the outlet tunnel Spring Creek Dam-
Paonia Project." D. Colgate. (Report available on loan.)

(70U) CEDAR BLUFF DAM SPILLWAY.

(h) Report being prepared.

(705) HUNGRY HORSE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:36 model of a morning-glory type spillway is being tested to develop satisfactoi
hydraulic characteristics of critical features such as the crest, elbows, tunnels, s
stilling basins.
(g) The principal problems have been in connection with the determination of a satisfaci
crest shape and aeration to prevent cavitation erosion. In connection with design <!
the crest, a basic hydraulic investigation project is set up utilizing a circular,
sharp-crested weir to determine the coordinates of the nappe of a morning-glory typ<
spillway discharge from basic data.
(h) Reports being prepared.

(1023) FALCON DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) International Boundary and Water Commission.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:130 model of the Falcon Dam on the Rio Grande was tested to determine the hydrai
performance of the spillway and the spillway channel leading to the river, together
the effect of small and large floods on the river channel below the dam, and the ef
of floods on the powerhouses, both on the United States side and the Mexican side.
(f) Completed and report issued. Additional tests were then made because of necessary
changes
(g) Spur-type walls were added below the stilling basin to prevent erosion; the shape o
pier separating the spillway and intake was changed to reduce draw-down, and the tr;
walls were raised to prevent overtopping.

(1028) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE TESTS ON IRRIGATION WATER METERING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.
.

Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

Studies of metering devices proposed for use in canal turnouts and in irrigation pipe
line distribution systems to determine their hydraulic characteristics for design pur-
poses. Includes four sizes of Armco metergates, two sizes of Denver screw lift gates,
four sizes of Fresno venturi meters, and three sizes of a modified venturi-type meter
used by the Consolidated Irrigation District of California. Principal points of study
are calibration, the coefficients of discharge, pressure losses, adaptability of the
devices for a wide range of application in open channel as well as closed conduit dis-
tribution systems.
Report No. Hyd-3l!i, "Flow characteristics and limitations of Armco metergates." J. B.
Summers. (Report available on loan.)

- CIRCUIAR WEIR STUDIES.

laboratory project.
Experimental; basic research, for design.
A circular, sharp-crested weir is used to determine the under and upper nappe of the jet
with varying heads, different velocities of approach, and varying degrees of vacuum
under the nappe.
Shapes of upper and under nappe of jet with vacuums from 0 to hO percent of head and
negligible velocity of approach have been determined.
Report being prepared.

RECTANGULAR SEMIBELLMOUTH ENTRANCE STUDIES.

laboratory project.
Experimental; for development.
Piezometric pressures on the roof of a rectangular semibellmouth entrance were studied
to determine the shape which will best prevent negative pressures.
Completed.
Satisfactory shape was developed.
Report being prepared.

WILLOW CREEK DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
A 1:16 model of the combined spillway and outlet works was used to determine flow patterns
in the conduit, erosion in the riprapped stilling basin and to develop a canal turnout,
located in the ski-jump bucket, that will provide a required minimum discharge for all
flows through the main conduit.
Completed.
A high-velocity turnout was developed within the ski-jump bucket and satisfactory flow
conditions were obtained throughout the structure. Need for modification of control
gates was demonstrated.
Report being prepared.

I
DISCHARGE MEASURING SYSTEM FOR ALVA B. ADAMS TUNNEL.

1
laboratory project.
1

Experimental; for operation and field tests on completed structure.


I A 1:10 scale hydraulic model of the tunnel near the entrance portal was built for the
purpose of developing a satisfactory discharge measuring system.
I
Field test will continue. Model studies completed.
I
A curved weir was developed and calibrated. It provided an accurate means of measuring
the discharge and had a low energy loss at the maximum discharge. Flow conditions
immediately downstream of the gates were greatly improved. Field tests showed measuring
device to be accurate and satisfactory.
) Report being prepared.
1U2 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(12U6) CACHUMA DAM SPILLWAY,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:60 scale hydraulic model of the spillway was built to study the performance of
proposed design.
(f) Completed.
(g) The right approach area was modified to improve the flow distribution. The chute
were moved and a crown incorporated in a section of the chute floor, resulting in a
better flow distribution in the stilling basin and a decrease in the amount of cone
required for the chute.
(h) Report being prepared.

(I2li7) RUBBER GATE SEAL DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGH HEAD STRUCTURAL STEEL GATES,

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.
(e) To develop an improved rubber gate seal for high head gates to replace the unsatisf
"music note" shape seal. This was accomplished using a rig capable of testing a 12
length of full-size seals at heads to 200 feet.
(f) Completed.
(g) A double-stem type of rubber seal is superior to the music note seal.
(h) Report No. Hyd-311, "Hydraulic laboratory tests of seals for high-head coaster and
wheel structural steel gates." W. C. Case. (Report available on loan.)

(121*8) HIGH VELOCITY TURNOUTS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) To verify, by laboratory tests, the formulae used in a general design procedure for
vertical stilling-wells, both square and circular in section.

(1251) PRESSURE REGULATOR --GRAND COULEE DAM POWER PUNT TRANSFORMER COOLING WATER.

(f) Completed.
(h) Report No. Hyd-308, "Hydraulic studies of a pressure reducing system for the transf

cooling water Grand Coulee Power Plant Columbia Basin Project, Vkshington. " L. V
Wilson. (Report available on loan.)

(1252) CAVITATION-JREE OPERATION OF REGULATING GATES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A general study to develop design criteria for cavitation-free operation of regulai
gates in closed conduit irrigation distribution systems.
(g) A method of computing the .required back pressure to prevent cavitation x*as obtainec
use of parameters which were affected by a flow pattern change due to cavitation ar
which indicated system efficiency.
(h) Report being prepared.

(1253) TRENTON DAM SPILLWAY,

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(c li$h scale model was used in investigating the over-all hydraulic characteristics
the spillway. These characteristics included entrance to overflow section, spillws
chute, stilling basin, and erosion downstream of the basin.
Principal development to present is an end pier extension upstream to minimize the
blesome flow contraction which causes an unequal flow distribution per foot width i
the overflow section. This extension reaches farther upstream at the top than at 1
bottom, the leading edge being undercut toward the spillway crest.
(h) Report being prepared.
.

Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

VIBRATION KEECHELUS DAM OUTLET WORKS TOWER.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; field operation.
A 1:1$ scale model was used to investigate a serious vibration of the field structure
reported by operating personnel. The results are to be used in rehabilitating the
existing tower.
Three possible causes of this vibration have been determined; vibration of the cylinder
gates controlling flow from the tower, negative pressures occurring at entrance to the
discharge conduit, and extreme turbulence within the outlet works tower . The latter is
believed to be the principal cause of the reported vibration and the investigation is
proceeding toward reducing this turbulence.
Report being prepared.

PALISADES DAM RECTANGULAR REGULATING GATES

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
A 1:19 model was used to develop a rectangular, downstream seal, regulating slide gate
suitable for use at heads up to 2hQ feet and capable of discharging a smooth, even stream
into closed or open conduit or on a spillway. Particular attention was directed to the
gate slots using a 1:2 scale sectional model. The tests were extended to study the
effect of an emergency gate of identical design placed immediately upstream from the
regulating gate.
A practical gate was developed which discharged the desired smooth stream at a discharge
coefficient of 0.9$ when full open. A slot design was obtained which, when the gate
discharges into the atmosphere at a 2h0 head, produces pressures no lower than minus 1
foot of water. The emergency gate operated satisfactorily when used for the control
except at gate settings of 97 to 100 percent open where air must be admitted to relieve
low pressures.
Report being prepared.

1RENT0N DAM CANAL OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
A 1:12 model was used to determine the feasibility of using the modified high-pressure
slide gate for regulating under submerged conditions and to determine the effectiveness
of the side entry, vertical stilling-well in dissipating the destructive energy of the
released water.
Completed.
The modified slide gate can be safely used submerged at the conditions encountered in
the Trenton Canal outlet works and the stilling-well, with a properly designed baffle,
dissipates the destructive energy of the water.
Report No. Hyd-300, "Hydraulic model studies of the regulating gate and stilling-well

Trenton Dam canal outlet works Missouri River Basin Project." W. P. Simmons, Jr.
(Report available on loan.)

SIR GIN G- IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

Laboratory project.
Field investigation; for operation.
To determine the cause and emedy of water surface surging in open stands to be specifi-
cally applied to the Coachella Distribution System, California.
Air carried into the system where the water falls from a stand baffle into the 4 . tream
side of a pipe stand is a primary cause of the surging. Airtight lids for the s 3,
vented to limit subatmospheric pressures within the stand, stop or greatly reduc
surging. Pipe line vents, regulating gates, and stand inlet riser pipes were mu ass
effective than the lids. The height of water fall greatly affects the quantity c
entrained. A fall of only 1.$ feet carried air to 7 feet deep into the pool. Th< ^xjo!
depths required to permit air separation were impractical. Numerous baffles, deflectors,
and gratings were unsuccessful in attempts to break up the plunging flow so that air
would not be carried too deep into the pool.
.

Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(h) Report being prepared.

(12^8) PALISADES DAM DIVERSION SCHEME OUTLET WORKS AND SPILLWAY.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) To develop a stilling basin suitable for the diversion scheme, a spillway design, ar
study the over-all flow characteristics of the combined units of powerhouse, outlet
works, and spillway.
(g) Testing of diversion scheme and stilling basin completed. Development of spillway j
progress. Diversion scheme will use outlet works and power tunnel in free discharge
onto a concrete apron which is utilized later for the outlet works. A stilling bas:
was developed for controlling outlet works discharge.
(h) Report being prepared.

(1259) FIATBON STILLING BASIN POWER AND PUMPING PIA NT- -COLORADO -BIG THOMPSON PROJECT.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) To develop a stilling basin for the pump turbine bypass valve in the Flatiron Power!
(g) Tests have been made on a submerged tube valve and a nonsubmerged hollow-jet valve;
former is much preferred.
(h) Report being prepared.

(1261) REPU3LIC DIVERSION DAM, HSADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests on a 1:15 model of headworks and sluiceway structures were used to improve se<
ment-excluding characteristics. This is a continuation of the work begun under Sup
Courtland Diversion Dam studies.
(g) Guide walls were found less effective than on previous studies due to lower discharj
and velocities. A headworks incorporating vortex tube desanding apparatus is now b
tested.
(h) Report being prepared.

(1262) SHEEP CREEK DIVERSION SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Tests on a 1:9 model of a sedimentation basin are being conducted to determine the
fications required to improve the efficiency of the basin. Tests will also be made
prototype structure to determine additional data on model-prototype relationships f
movable bed models

(1263) FORT LARAMIE CANAL SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

(f) Completed.
(h) Report No. Hyd-313, "Hydraulic model studies of Fort Laramie Canal Desilting Basin-

North Platte Project Wyoming-Nebraska." E. J. Carlson. (Report available on loan

(1261a) VORTEX TUBE.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A program of general testing is being made to obtain additional information for des
criteria for a vortex tube desanding apparatus. A horizontal vane with a gradually
expanding cross section is used to increase the velocity over the vortex tube in or
to obtain better action in canals having low water velocities.
. .

Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

STABLE CHANNEL SHAPES.

Laboratory project.
Theoretical; for design.
An analytical and theoretical study to obtain data for the design of nonscouring and
nonsilting canals in erodible material.
A theoretical study is being made to find a channel shape giving equal force on particles
on channel bottom and sides. An analytical study is being made of existing data on
critical tractive forces for various materials and velocity distribution in various
shaped channels.
Report No. Hyd-307, "Distribution of tractive forces around channel perimeters." A. C.
Carter, September 20, 19^0.
Memorandum to Head, Research and Geology Division f rom R E. Glover, Q. L. Florey, and
.

R. G. Conard dated April 6, 1951, subject "Mathematical computations on the problem of


the stable channel."
Memorandum to Head, Canals Division from E. W. Lane dated May 21, 19^1 , subject "Devel-
opment of improved earth canal design procedure."

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALT VELOCITY METHOD OF WATER MEASUREMENT.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; development.
Proposed developments include an electrically controlled volumetric injection apparatus
for field test use, electrodes that are practical for field tests which will produce
results of the desired accuracy, and a correlation between the original electrical con-
ductivity of the water and the quantity and density of brine needed to produce the re-
quired increase in conductivity for detection by a low potential circuit containing a
balanced bridge. A study of brine cloud behavior for varying brine density and varying
Reynold's number will be made to aid in electrode design.

POLE HILL SIPHON STUDIES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
A siphon was tested in the laboratory to develop an air inlet device which would permit
the siphon to operate fully primed at less than full capacity.
An air intake device was developed which allowed the siphon to discharge as little as
1 cfs and as much as 7 cfs (the maximum discharge) and still remain primed. This was
accomplished with relatively small variations in head.
Report being prepared.

SPILLWAY CREST AND BUCKET STUDIES

Laboratory project.
Experimental and analytical.
Tests are being made on model spillways of various size to determine the scale effects
of negative pressure crests, the effect of more than the design head on a spillway crest,
and to establish general design procedures for obtaining a satisfactory roller-type buck-
et without the need for model tests
Certain limiting bucket dimensions have been definitely established.

HYDRAULIC JUMP TESTS.

Laboratory project.
Experimental and analytical.
Tests are being made on relatively large jumps, measuring velocities, and pressures in
the jump along with profiles and other pertinent data, to determine basic characteristics
of a jump, particularly as an energy dissipator.
. .

1^6 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(1U9U) GLENN ANNE SPILLWAY.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:16 scale model is being used to determine feasibility of an enclosed hydraulic
|
stilling basin operating under pressure, to provide smooth flow in a steep channel e
ing a stilling basin, and to prevent erosion below the basin.
(f) Completed.
(g) Enclosed pressurized basin found hydraulically and economically feasible. Oscillogr
records of pressures in basin showed unexpectedly high instantaneous impact, making
walls necessary. Energy dissipation found satisfactory.
(h) Report being prepared.

(1U95) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:5U scale model of all discharge facilities and surrounding area is being used tc;
determine feasibility of entire lay-out, develop a low-cost tunnel spillway and ener
dissipating device, develop an outlet works lay-out, check the proposed powerhouse lj
tion, and determine all inter-related discharge effects in river.
(g) Feasibility has been determined. Tunnel size has been reduced, combination stilling
basin and ski-jump bucket has been developed, approach to spillway improved, and out
works and powerhouse lay-out improved.

(1U96) HYDRAULIC LABORATORY PROCEDURES

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Record of experience, applied research.
(e) A manual for instruction purposes in theory and procedure for hydraulic laboratory
personnel.
(h) Bureau monograph being prepared.

( 1U9 7) CANA L SIRUCTUR SS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) Four small table-top models of canal stilling basins were tested to solve problems w\
ed to canal design.
(f) Completed.
(g) Small models of these relatively small basins proved to be very helpful in solving p:
lems where the usual model tests were believed to be too expensive. The models mbun
on a piece of plywood were fabricated in the shop and set up at a convenient water s
-

Simple qualitative tests provided most of the answers desired.

(1U98) WEIR STANDSIRRIGATION WATSR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) 1:2 models and a prototype size weir stand were built to determine the operating cha]
is tics, weir calibration, and head losses
to be specifically applied to the Exeter 1

Saucelito Distribution System, California.

(Hi99) CANAL TURNOUT METER LOCATION.

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experinental; for design.
(e) A 1:2-1/2 model will be used to determine how close an impeller-type irrigation metei
can be installed in the turnout downstream from a pipe elbow near the canal for acce]
able meter accuracy.
k
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation l^y
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

RUBBER -LINED STEEL PIPE.

j i Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
To determine the number of pipe diameters of rubber-lined steel pipe required to protect
a concrete pipe irrigation line from cavitation pitting downstream from a partially
opened leaf -type valve.

STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES SCOUR ON CURVES.

Laboratory project.
Experimental; for design.
A program of general testing to obtain information which will correlate extent of scour
with degree of curvature in canals.

: STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE MATERIALS.

i
Laboratory project.
i
Experimental; for design.
:i A program of general testing to determine critical tractive forces required to move
; given sizes of materials when they are found in normal mixtures. These tests are to be
performed in conjunction with tests to determine extent of scour on curves in canals.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. U67, U68, U?G, 709, 710, 711, and 1503 to 1522 incl.,
should be addressed to The Commanding Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin,
Washington 7, D. C.

) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS WITH HOT WIRES (HYDRO W. A. 552-8 and 555-3) .

0 Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


1) Basic research.
I) To develop the hot wire technique for measuring velocities in water in order to correlate
turbulence and noise due to turbulence. Includes a review of the theory and application
of hot wire anemometry, investigations of the applicability of electrical circuits to
the measurement of velocity fluctuations in water and perfect as required to measure the
degree of turbulence in water, measuring turbulence parameters under different flow con-
ditions, and the correlation of turbulence parameters with turbulence noise.
1) A hot wire anemometer has been developed and is being employed successfully for measuring
boundary layer thickness and transition to turbulent flow on flat plates and on ship
models. An amplifier used to amplify the velocity fluctuations picked up by the hot wire
has been redesigned so that its instability and noise level are now within reasonable
limits. Studies of the effect of background turbulence are underway. A dynamic method
of calibrating the hot wire is being developed, and further studies of background turbu-
lence will be made.

3) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES (HYDRO W. A. 555-H) .

d) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships,


d) Basic research.
2) Theoretical and experimental research on methods for characterizing the hydraulic rough-
ness of surfaces and the frictional resistance of such surfaces leading to a better under-
standing of the mechanism of frictional resistance arising from surface roughness. In-
cludes the development of instrumentation for measuring and recording surface profiles,
the development of methods for their analysis and characterization, and the correlation
of surface parameters with drag. Measuring instrumentation completed.
.

li|8 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(1*70) ELECTROLYTIC TANK (HYDRO W. A. 555-6).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ordnance.


(d) Experimental facility development.
(e) An electrolytical tank for studying potential flow and pressure distributions about t
and three dimensional hydrodynamic forms is to be developed.
(g) The basic task and a considerable amount of associated equipment is complete. Veloci
distributions about cylinders and bodies of revolution have been measured within two
percent. The method is being extended to probe about dimensional bodies with only a
single plane of symmetry.

(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE (HYDRO W. A. $$k-h) .

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Basic research.
(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave resistance for the purpose of establishing
methods whereby the theory may be extended to the analysis of ship resistance. Studi
will include the general theory of waves in liquids and will encompass reviewing exis
ing theory and comparisons with experimental data.
(f) Inactive.
(g) X synopsis has been written on the application of theory to the calculations of wave
resistance. It has been found that notwithstanding the serious limitations of the th
its application to the problem is promising. Calculations are being made to give gen;
information about the wave resistance of submerged bodies of revolution moving near a
free surface. The work is based on the theory developed by T. H. Havelock. The form
considered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovals, and a simple family of streamline bodies,
calculations are being made at length-diameters ratios of 3, 5, 7, and 9, depth-diame
ratio of 1.5 to 3.5 and Froude numbers from 0.20 to 3.5.

(710) RESEARCH ON CONDENSER SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGES (HYDRO V. A. 552-5, and 555-1).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Applied research.
(e) Determination of the characteristics of a broad series of scoops and discharges to pr
vide design data which will afford a wide scope of information for use in future high
speed ship designs.
(g) Tests were conducted on the scoops of a current ship design. Further investigation i
planned.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH (HYDRO W. A. 552-13).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships,


(d) Basic research.
(e;) Conduct research in the mechanism and effects of cavitation phenomena including the
physics and analytical description of steady-state cavities in real and ideal fluids,
investigations of the inception of cavitation, the growth and collapse processes of
transient cavities, and the effects of cavitation pheonomena of the forces of underwa
bodies
(g) Preliminary work has indicated the direction of investigations to be followed. The w
on the (quasi) steady-state cavity was originally started for producing bodies of spe
fied critical cavitation numbers and for checking the limited theoretical work availa I
This led to questions concerning the processes that are taking place which must be M :

answered to clarify the whole question of the cavitation mechanism. A program of re-
search developed to answer these questions is being progressed slowly.
(h) 1MB 6U7 - "Cavitation methods for the development of forms for specified critical cav
tation numbers." P. Eisenberg, Sept. 19^7.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin i^q

3) BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION STUDY (HYDRO W. A. 555-5).

b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


d) Basic research.
e) The position and nature of the transition from laminar turbulent boundary layer on flat
plates, with and without artificially induced pressure gradients is to be determined.
This study will include investigating the effectiveness of various turbulence stimula-
tors, in inducing transition and turbulent boundary layers, boundary layer surveys on
flat plates and ship models to determine transition and velocity profiles, and experi-
ments for various pressure gradients induced on a flat plate.
'g) The preliminary theoretical analysis has been completed. Plans are underway for an
experimental verification of the theory by tests of a cylindrical element on a flat
plate in the miniature circulating water channel.

bi|) BOUNDARY LAYERS ON FULL SCALE SHIPS (HYDRO W. A. 555-12).

[b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships,


fd) Basic research.
[e) Evaluations of existing data and new full scale boundary layer surveys are to be made
in order to obtain additional basic knowledge of the boundary layer of ships. Data are
available from trials conducted on the USS Hamilton in 1933-35 and an EPC in 1950.

05) EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE CURVATURE ON FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE (HYTRO W. A. 555-1;) .

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Basic research.
(e) The effect of transverse curvature of a body on its frictional resistance to motion
through a fluid is to be determined. This will enable the application of a correction
to results of resistance tests on small models having small radii of curvature. The
results are also to be extended to include the determination of flat plate frictional
resistance whereby surface and edge effects normally present in friction plane results
will be eliminated.
(g) A theoretical analysis has been made and significant parameters have been determined.
The design and construction of essential models and equipment is underway.

36) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS (HYDRO W. A. 523-20).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Basic research.
(e) A suitable technique for stimulating a turbulent boundary layer over the entire length
of any ship model. Empirical studies will be conducted to evaluate the relative effec-
tiveness of turbulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness and isolated studs. The relative
effectiveness will be judged by studying the model resistance curve and the character of
the boundary layer flow as determined by hot-wire surveys of the bow area.

37) SERIES 57 - RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS (HYDRO W. A. 523-10 and 25).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships and Maritime Commission.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) The dependence of resistance upon the coefficients of hull forms for a practical range
of single screw ship forms is to be determined.
(g) A method for generating a systematic series of forms has been accomplished. Resistance
measurements are being obtained for the first of the initial program of 20 models.

38) MODIFICATION OF TAYLOR MODEL (HYDRO W. A. 523-26).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) The resistance of models constructed to Admiral Taylor's lines is to be correlated with
the test results published by Admiral Taylor, and studies are to be made of the effect
of connecting the sterns of these models to single screw sterns of the DTMB Series 57
(See Hydro W. A. 523-10 and 25 above).

210526 O - 52 - 11
. . j

150 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(1509) GEOMETRIC SERIES OF PT MODELS (HIIRO W. A. $25-3) .

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) Tests of geometrically similar PT models are to be conducted to determine scale effecl
and to determine the maximum size planing model which can be tested in the DTMB High
Speed Basin.
(f) Inactive.
(g) All testing has been completed and some of the data have been analyzed. The final
reports to be prepared.

(1510) GENERAL SEAWORTHINESS (HYDRO W. A. 5U2-17)

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) To provide information leading to the design of more seakindly ships. The aspects of
the seakindliness which this program will investigate are speed in rough water, and
ship motions. Tests will be conducted to determine the optimum shape of hull and erec
tions that will permit maximum speed in a seaway. The relationship between ship mo tic
and the ability of the ship to remain operational at the highest attainable sea speed
is to be studied also. Studies will also be made of the applicability of model sea-
worthiness tests to a full-scale ship. The wave damping of basic ship forms, intensiv
theoretical studies of the effect of pitching and heaving on ahead motion, the interfe
ence effects between ocean waves and the ship's own wave system, and other influences
tending to reduce speed will be studied.

(lll) SERIES SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) The effect of various hull form parameters on the reduction in speed, ship motions and
dryness of decks in waves is to be determined. A standard series 57 model with block
coefficient 0.60 will be the parent for the series. Several hulls and modifications
will be used to study the effect of (1) bow sections - U, V,^and Bulb, (2) bow flare,
(3) freeboard, (U) plumb stern, (5) raked stern, and (6) stern sections - U, V, raised
counter.

(1512) MULTIPLICATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS (HIIRO W. A. 5U2-li) .

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Experimental testing.
(e) Test data are needed to substantiate design studies in the use of fin stabilizers in
connection with research and development on ship stabilization. The amplitudes of rol!
versus rolling moment and frequency at or near resonance with and without bilge keels
the increase over calm water resistance of a model subjected to rolling and roll-induc<
yawing; and the lift, drag and torque developed by the fins will be determined.

(1513) INTERNATIONAL TOWING TANK PROPELLER COMPARISONS (HYDRO W. A. 526-7).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships and International Towing Tank Conference.
(d) Experimental testing.
(e) Water tunnel cavitation tests are to be conducted on h DTMB designed propellers and h
AEW designed propellers at a range of cavitation numbers and air contents at water-spe<
of 18 to 2k feet per second. The tests are to be conducted at various water tunnels
throughout the world and then correlated.
(f) Inactive
(g) Three of the DTMB designs and one of the AEW designs have been tested at the David Tayl
Model Basin. Further action is being held in abeyance pending the next ITTC Confer enc<
.

Navy - David Taylor Model Basin ll

SINGLE SCREW VESSEL MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS (HYDRO W. A. 1*2-210.

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


Experimental testing.
It is desired to amplify the explanation of the cause of maneuvering behavior of single
screw vessels. A program to conduct various tests of single screw vessels in order to
determine maneuvering characteristics including (l) side force exerted on the propeller
when operating at various depths, (2) side force exerted by the slip stream on the
rudder at various angles, (3) side force on the stern of the model, (10 pressure exerted
on the hull on each side at several positions in way of the slip stream with the pro-
peller backing, and () wake measurements ahead and astern of the propeller during ahead
and backing operations. Principal flow into the propeller to be determined at that time.

THEORETICAL SEAWORTHINESS (HYDRO W. A. 13-2).

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


Basic research.
To provide information leading to more seakindly ships, following theoretical lines, to
supplement and extend information secured by experiments with systematically varied
models. (Problem Hydro W. A. 51*2-19). Studies will include investigation of such
problems as how far a regular seaway can be substituted for the actual, irregular seaway
in determining behavior of ships, and theories of motion, forces, waves, reflection, etc.

STUDIES OF RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCE PREDICTION METHODS (HYDRO . A. -16)

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


Basic research.
The theoretical possibility of separating the viscous and wave drags for surface flows
by means of a wake survey method may be demonstrated. The utility of the method depends
upon the solution of those problems of practical nature which will arise in the applica-
tion. The separation of the viscous and wave drags in model tests would permit the
possibility of improvement in resistance prediction techniques through the replacement
of the Froude method of drag separation and extrapolation by a more rational method.
The objective is to develop the wake survey method as a practical technique, and to
study improved resistance prediction methods. Theoretical studies of the wake survey
method will be followed and supplemented by application to the measurement of drag of
surface ships and submerged bodies. The necessary instrumentation including wake survey
rakes traversing mechanisms, and manometer systems will be developed and measurement
techniques studied. The resistance prediction studies will be theoretical, making use
of modern viscous flow theory.
TMB Report 772, "The separation of viscous drag and wave drag by means of the wake survey.

MINIATURE MODEL BASIN.

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


Facility - theoretical investigations.
To obtain correlations of drag, side force, and vortex configurations of vibrating cy-
linders, including the effect of forced vibrations on the resulting vortex formation.
The experiments will be conducted in a special miniature model basin in which continuous
force measurements will be recorded of the free and forced oscillations of the cylinders.
A miniature model basin with a carriage, and an oscillator for vibrating the cylinder
dynamometers for measuring wake has been constructed.

HYDROPHONE DEVELOPMENT (HYLRO W. A. 62-6).

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


Instrumentation research.
Investigations and studies are to be conducted to improve existing hydrophones and hydro-
phone and associated equipment calibration techniques.
152 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin
Navy - Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory

(1519) NOISE SURVEY OF HYIttODYNAMIC FACILITIES (HYDRO W. \. 562-8)

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Facility improvement.
(e) Background noise and reveberation measurements are to be made of the DTMB test facil:
at various conditions: ambient, machinery items on and off, towing carriages operate
and inoperative. The data are to be analyzed and combined into a single report.

(1520) HIGH SPEED TOWING CARRIAGE.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) New facility.
(e) A new high speed towing carriage capable of speeds up to 60 knots has been construct*

(1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL (HYDRO W. \. 518-2).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Facility development.
(e) A 36-inch variable pressure water tunnel is to be designed.

(1522) WAVEMA.KER STUDIES (HYDRO W. A. 517-2).

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.


(d) Facility development.
(e) Experimental and theoretical studies aimed at the determining of the most desirable
configurations for wavemakers are to be made.
(g) An experimental 2-foot wavemaker has been constructed and a program of testing is unc
way.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1523 and l52lj. should be addressed to Mr. James W.
Murdock, Instrument Division, U. S. Naval Boiler and Turbine laboratory, Philadelphia
Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa.

(1523) HIGH PRECISION POWER INSTRUMENTS (I-ll).

(b) Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) For improvement of fluid flow measurement, (l) Tests under way to determine influenc
of approach conditions on orifice meters. Various fittings placed 6 to 60 pipe diame
before orifices. (2) Determination of expansion effects of steam, particularly in lo
superheat regions; involves introduction of low superheat steam through proper approa
to orifices having beta ratios of 0.30 to 0.8?.
(g) Results indicate (l) length of straight pipe required before orifice meter is reducib
to less than 50$ of that presently stipulated without appreciably affecting accuracy
measurement; (2) expansion factors for steam are in general agreement with those now
specified except at low superheats where empirical equations must be modified.
(h) "Progress on globe valve series."
Test I-ll Interim Report No. 1, 22 Jan. 1950.
Test I-ll Interim Report No. 2, 9 Mar. 1950.
Test I-ll Interim Report No. 3, h May 1950.
Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.
.

Navy - Naval Boiler and Turbine laboratory- 153


Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station

DETERMINATION OF HYIRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIP PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS (1-25) .

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.


Field investigation; design.
Study of design arrangement for accurate prediction of pressures in copper-nickel piping
systems, (l) Runs conducted to determine friction factors of 2-1/2", U", 6" IPS CuNi
tubing. (2) K factors for 125 psi Navy and commercial valves, tees, and ells.
(1) Friction factors agree with ASME (Moody s factors).
!
(2) K values with special Navy
fittings are lower than with standard equipment.
"Pressure drop determinations of component parts of piping systems - 6" IPS fittings."
Test 1-25 Interim Report No. 10, 31 July 1950. (Summary Interim Reports 1-9.) Bureau
of Ships, Department of the Navy.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. U72 and 1525 to 1529 incl., should be addressed to
Chief, Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C.

ALLOYS FOR CONDENSER TUBES AND SALT WATER PIPING SYSTEMS - SEA WATER CORROSION AND
EROSION.

Bureau of Ships.
Experimental; applied research.
Tests are being made of a dozen or more experimental condensers, Tubes of some 20 alloys
are being tested in natural sea water at a water velocity of 20 ft/sec. At the present
time much importance is attached to results of tests for 90-10 copper -nickel alloys con-
taining iron as a step toward conserving nickel.
Piping systems containing branches of several copper-nickel alloys together with a num-
ber of other materials are under test in sea water at 15 ft/sec. A number of special
materials including nylon and titanium are being investigated for valve trim.
Excellent results have been obtained for 90-10 copper-nickel alloys containing about 1.5
percent iron. Successful performance is predicted for the alloy for both condenser tubes
and salt water piping systems.
EES Report kA966Qh5 ) h May 1951. "Comparative tests of condenser tube materials includ-
ing several varieties of 90-10 copper -nickel alloys--work performed with the cooperation
of the International Nickel Company, Inc." EES Report UB(U)17XL603, 5 Jan. 1951.
"Investigation of materials and design features for salt water piping systems in connec-
tion with development program being conducted by Gibbs and Cox, Inc., New York, N. Y."

NOISE ATTENUATION TESTS OF FLEXIBLE PIPE COUPLINGS.

Bureau of Ships.
Investigative.
Investigation of the noise, hydraulic shock, and burst strength characteristics of
flexible pipe couplings suitable for isolating naval machinery, particularly submarine
auxiliary machinery. Various sizes of pipe couplings are being investigated to deter-
mine their suitability for submarine applications. Not only are the couplings subjected
to noise tests to determine their noise attenuation but also the noise generated by coup-
lings and coupling configuration under various flow conditions
Results show noise attenuation characteristics of various couplings at pressures up to
50 psi. Burst tests have been conducted showing resistance to couplings to pressures as
high as 10,000 psi. A type of coupling employing nonproprietary hose and reusable end
fittings has been found which has very high sound attenuation characteristics and is
excellent for use in damage control.
i

1^1; Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station

(h) EES test reports submitted to the Bureau of Ships: C-3^90-1 "Primary measurements of
j

sound and vibration reducing characteristics of five flexible pipe couplings." C-35$
"Noise reducing characteristics of flexible couplings in piping systems." 5D066797
"Standardization of flexible pipe coupling testing facilities." 5A(U)066735 "Noise
reducing characteristics of flexible couplings in piping systems." 5A(5)066735 "Nois
reducing characteristics of flexible couplings and special damped pipe in piping syst
5A-(6)066735 "Noise reducing characteristics of flexible pipe couplings." P(5)Xl609
"A proposed method of reducing the propagation of noise in piping systems at submarin
bulkheads."

(1526) TANK FILLING VALVE.

(b) Bureau of Ships.


(d) Suitability test.
(e) Valve is globe type, diaphragm operated, for use in a pipe line to or from a storage
tank. When filling the tank an auxiliary float operated pilot valve permits diversio
of a small amount of flow through a small eductor which reduces the pressure on back
diaphragm to hold main valve open. When the tank has filled, the float closes the pi
shutting off flow through the eductor. The diaphragm valve then closes automatically
When drawing liquid from the tank, the diaphragm lifts due to reduction of pressure a
and tank head pressure below same. This causes the valve to open. The valve may be
controlled manually by small valves in auxiliary piping or may be directly secured by
large hand wheel.
(f) Completed.
(g) Valve functioned as intended and will handle liquids of viscosities to 1200 SSU. Aut
ma tic closure is effected without the development of water hammer.
(h) Report identified by EES Text ferial No. 3Mo66735.

(1527) AUTOMATIC RECIRCULATING VALVE FOR, BOILER FEED PUMPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships.


(d) Suitability test.
(e) A new device undergoing test is designed to establish recirculation, through boiler fi
pumps, only when necessary, at or below predetermined minimum pump capacities, and to
shut off recirculation at all higher pump capacities. It comprises a main valve, a p:
valve, and a diaphragm controlled recirculating valve. The main valve is installed ii
the feed pump discharge.
(g) Results are promising but further development work is required to modify operating chs
acteristics so that within the desired recirculation range the rate of recirculation j

be inversely proportional to the flow to the boilers. It is expected that test will t
completed before the end of the calendar year and that a report will be available abo\
February 1952. Report identified by EES Test Serial No. 3C-38I6.

(1528) HYDRAULIC PUMPS AND POWER TRANSMISSION.

(b) Bureau of Ships.


(d) Suitability test.
(e) Three hydraulic power transmissions were tested; test of a fourth unit, comprising pun
only, is underway. One was a hand operated, fractional horsepower, radial piston. type
constant stroke pump with hydraulic motor for the remote operation of valves. One for
electric motor drive was of the axial piston, wobble plate type, variable stroke and
reversible. A hydraulic motor provided with this unit was similar to the pump in desi
but had a fixed stroke. Two other pumps were power driven, radial piston type, one pr
vided with hydraulic motor and one consisting of pump only.
(g) The hand operated unit as finally modified, was found satisfactory for use with oil.
It was lighter in weight and operated at a higher speed than comparable units previous
tested. One power driven radial piston pump was considered unsatisfactory because of
leakage, slippage, and relatively low efficiency. This unit embodied good design fea-
tures and it is believed the deficiencies were due to lack of refinement in machine wc
finish, and tolerances. It is expected that a new unit will be submitted at a later
date. Test of a similar pump, of different manufacture, is currently underway.
.

Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station 155


Navy - Naval Ordnance Test Station

Report of test of hand operated hydraulic transmission is identified by EES Test Serial
No. 3L( 2) 066735; the axial piston, high speed, 80 hp unit by ESS Test Serial No. 3A966889.

EXPANSION JOINTS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER FOR SALT WATER PIPING AND BLOWER DUCTS

J Bureau of Ships.
Suitability test.
Joints initially were over designed as regards bursting strength at a sacrifice of flex-
ibility. Tests include determination of fire resistance, hydrostatic test, resistance
of joint to deflection, and deflection-fatigue tests.
I All specimens were satisfactory as regards fire resistance. Indications are that new
designs will show greater flexibility with adequate resistance to bursting.
I Reports will be identified by EES Test Serial Nos. 3ADTUU1 and 3ADTU1+2.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1270, and 1530 to 1533 incl., should be addressed to
The Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena Annex, 3202 East Foothill
Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. Attn: Code P8001.

CAVITT SHAPE IN STEADY-STATE FLOW.

laboratory project.
Theoretical; applied research.
A theoretical investigation of cavity shapes behind arbitrary bodies of revolution in
steady and non-steady motion. Development of methods of predicting cavity shapes using
potential theory.

TIEATISE ON WATER ENTRY RESEARCH.

laboratory project.
Theoretical; basic research.
To prepare a comprehensive treatise on the theory of water entry impact. This treatise
will contain appropriate references to previous work and will present recent work in
analytic and pictorial detail so that it can serve as a standard reference textbook on
water entry impact.
U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Technical Memoranda:
No. 576 "The vertical water entry of a wedge." V/. J. Karzas, 1 Oct. l5l>
No. 581 "The compression shock due to the vertical impact of an axially symmetric body
on a plane water surface." R. H. Owens, 26 Nov. 1951

MECHANISM OF CAVITATION.

laboratory project.
Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
Determination of the basic mechanism of cavitation so that the importance of various
factors can be applied to the solution of cavitation problems in propulsion systems.

YAWED BODlJiS OF REVOLUTION.

laboratory project.
Theoretical; applied research.
Theoretical investigation of the effects of yaw on bodies of revolution. This study con-
cerns the calculation of hydrodynamic coefficients and changes in pressure and velocity
distribution due to slight angles of yaw, the effect that yaw has on separation of flow
and on the transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
.

156 Navy - Naval Ordnance Test Station


Navy - Office of Naval Research

(1533) PRESSURE- TIME MEASUREMENTS

(b) Laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) A measurement of the pressure transient at various points on the surface of various
geometric shapes during water entry. A pressure gauge was developed to record extre
fast response to transients. It has a rise time of one to two microseconds in respc
to a step-forcing function.
(g) Reliable records for a 12-inch sphere were obtained at the stagnation point for vert
entry at 23.5 fps.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Pa

Studies of cavitation phenomena


Flow in rotating channels
Dynamics of cavitation bubbles
The effect of physical characteristics of liquid on the inception of cavitation
Basic water entry study
Hydrodynamics of free-boundary flows
Gravity waves and related phenomena 1
Diffusion of heat, vapor, and momentum 1
Prevention of icing on airplane wings by line-source of heat 2
Flow of fluids through granular (porous) media
Hydraulic structures
Hydraulics of short outlets in bodies of dams
Study of energy equations in turbulent flow
Losses in two-dimensional tees 2
Wave tank studies of beach stability related to various wave characteristics 2
Model studies of the development of beach forms
Mathematical theory of waves
Frictional resistance in rough pipes 2
Relation of sediment characteristics to bed erosion 3
Electrical analogy of three-dimensional flow 3
Diffusion of submerged jets 3
Cavitation 3
Mathematical analysis of pressure distribution 3
Determination of pressure distribution caused by flow of air over a series of
three-dimensional building forms
A constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer for the measurement of turbulence in
air
Boundary- layer development on smooth and rough surfaces 3
Transportation of sediment as suspended and total load h
Calculation of free-streamline flows h
Characteristics of solitary waves |
Turbulence measurements with a pitot tube - pressure cell combination h
Investigation of fluid friction in unsteady motion h
Cavitation inception for steady motion h
Recovery factors and heat transfer to air flowing at supersonic velocities 1*

in a tube
Effect of heat transfer on the stability and transition of laminar boundary
layers in liquid flow
Shear flow in bends 5
Impact tube on ship models 5
, .

Navy - Office of Naval Research


157
Tennessee Valley Authority

Three-dimensional investigation of the stability of towed marine ships 61


Air entrainment research q
Flow diversion research q
Free- jet water tunnel studies 70
Effect of tube vibrations on pressure drop of flow in tubes 70
The compilation of data on ship resistance 75
Planing surfaces 76
Self-propelled model testing 78
An investigation of ship resistance using statistical methods 78
Turbulent expansion of jets in water I33
Wind waves I33
Energy dissipation in standing waves 133
Positive waves in dry channels I33
Calculation of non-linear breaking of waves 133
Series seaworthiness l0
High precision power instruments 152

[ESS EE VALLEY AUTHORITY", Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA Projects should be addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydrau-
lic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn.

Unless otherwise noted work is being done for Tennessee Valley Authority, Hydraulic
Laboratory Section.

|f3) FONTANA DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES

Experimental; for design.


Tests on 1:100 and l:l models were made to develop spillway structures that would
dissipate the energy of flood overflows without damage to the dam or adjacent structures.
Hug A spillway utilizing two diversion tunnels used during construction with buckets to
spread the discharge, and a small emergency spillway were also developed.
Final report in preparation.
p
FONTANA DAM, LOW-LEVEL OUTLET, HOWELL-BUNG ER VALVE MODEL STUDIES.

Ld Experimental; for design.


(e Tests on a 1:U2.35 model were made to develop a structure that would safely and effi-
ciently dissipate part of the energy in the Howell-Bunger valve discharge.
(,? Structures were developed which gave satisfactory flow conditions in the l^-foot diameter
tunnel below the valve area. These structures were designed to keep to a minimum the
air required when the valve is discharging.
(h Final report in preparation.

;25 FONTANA DAM, LOW LEVEL OUTLET, OUTLET S1RUCTIRE MODEL STUDIES

Experimental; for design.


Tests on a 1:100 model were made to develop a structure that would perform satisfactorily
under all operating conditions.
A comparatively simple outlet structure was developed.
h
|(h Final report in preparation.

26 CAVITATION STUDIES.

(d Experimental; for design.


To develop specifications for permissible variation in tunnel alignment so as to prevent
cavitation damage to the walls of the Fontana spillway tunnels,
(h) Final report in preparation.
' I

l8 Tennessee Valley Authority

(727) HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) Tests were made on a 1:3^.76 model of the spillway to develop a modification of the
existing apron to prevent erosion and assist in reconstruction of the dam.
(h) Final report in preparation.

(728) SOUTH HOLS TON AND WATAUGA DAMS, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) Tests on 1:100 and 1:5>1 models were made to develop a morning-glory spillway to hand',
flood overflows.
(g) Proper location of piers on crest were determined, and a deflector in the vertical si
to deflect flow to outside of bend at bottom was developed.
(h) Report in preparation.

(730) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SPILIWAY OUTLET MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) Tests on a 1:$1 model were made to develop an outlet structure to dissipate the energ
from the morning-glory spillway and the Howell-Bunger valve sluiceway without damage t

the tunnel or outlet structures.


(h) Report in preparation.

(731) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SIEGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) A 1:^0 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (1) the orifice
size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface elevati
changes for the best governor operation; (2) the maximum and minimum water surface elf
vations to be expected in the surge chamber; and (3) the operational characteristics
the selected design.
(g) With the proper orifice between the riser and the surge chamber as satisfactory resul
can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.
(h) Report in preparation.

(732) WATAUGA DAM, BED LOAD STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.


(e) A fixed-bed 1:70 model of the river near the powerhouse was tested to determine wheth
bed load moved by the spillway discharge would be deposited in the powerhouse tailrac
and, if so, how it could be prevented.
(g) A small wall located along the upstream edge of the tailrace channel was found suf fic i

to keep the bed load from depositing in the draft tubes and the tailrace.
(h) Report in preparation.

(735) TURBINE DISCHARGE RATINGS.

(d) Field tests; applied research.


(e) Measurements of turbine discharges are being made to rectify discrepancies and increa:
accuracies in reported discharges. On tributary rivers current meter measurements an
made below the dams. On the main river discharges are determined for individual unit,"
by making velocity traverses in the turbine intakes.
(g) Equipment for turbine discharge measurements has been tested and method found to be
sound.

(736) APAIACHIA DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d) Experimental; operation.


(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the dischar^
ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating pur-
poses will be prepared.
(f) Model studies completed.
Tennessee Valley Authority 159

CH2R0KEE DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental; operation.
Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway
discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for oper-
ating purposes will be prepared.
) Model studies completed.

) CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

) Field investigation; operation.


) Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented by
model test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the eight sluices.
Tables of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operat-
ing range are to be prepared.

) DOUGIAS DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

) Experimental; operation.
) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway
discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for oper-
ating purposes will be prepared.
) Model studies completed.

) DOUGIAS DAM, SLUICE RATING.

.) Field investigation; operation.


) Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented by
model test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the eight sluices.
Tables of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating
range are to be prepared.

) FDNTANA DAM, LOW-LEVEL OUTLET RATING.

) Field investigation; operation.


;) Field measurements of discharges and pressures in the Howell-Bunger control valve were
used to compile discharge-valve opening data within the expected operating range.
) Final report in preparation.

) PONTANA DAM, LOW-LEVEL OUTLET, AIR DEMAND STUDIES.

i) Field investigation; operation.


Measurements of air demanded by the 8U-inch Howell-Bunger valve were made through its
entire range of openings and heads.
The results, when plotted as air demand versus water discharge, gave a family of curves
varying with head but of unpredictable shape. A constant ratio of air to water exists
at each valve opening position.
Final report in preparation.

$) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING.

Field investigation; operation.


Field measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented
by model test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the six sluices.
Tables of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating
range are to be prepared.
FORT LOUDOUN DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental and field investigation; operation.


.

160 Tennessee Valley Authority

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the dischar
ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating pur
will be prepared.
(f) Model studies completed.

(753) 0C0EE NO. 3 DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; operation.


(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the dischar
ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating pur
will be prepared.
(f) Model studies completed.

(755) WATTS BAR DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d) Experimental; operation.


(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the dischar
ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating pur
will be prepared.
(f) Model studies completed, discharge tables issued.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) Measurements of pressure in sluices are being obtained to be compared with the pressu
measured during the model tests.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.


i

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) Measurements of pressure in sluices are being obtained to be compared with the pressu
measured during the model tests.

(760) FONTANA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) Plaster surface impressions of carefully located sections are taken after each extend'
period of tunnel operation to obtain evidence of damage. Entire tunnel is examined fi
erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.
(g) Inspections made in Sept. -191*6, Oct. 19u9, and May 1950.

(761) KENTUCKY DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) Measurements are made of lateral pressures on the face of the spillway piers and on tl

submerged baffle piers on the spillway apron to be compared with the results of the mi

tests. ( I

(762) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that |
in the model studies which established the design. A check on the model accuracy can
thus be obtained.
(g) Initial tests made in Feb. 1950.

(763) HIWASSSE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.


(e) Measurements of pressure in sluices are being obtained for comparison with pressures
measured in model tests
Tennessee Valley Authority 161

HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.


Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine effect of the remains of cofferdam struc-
tures upstream of the spillway on the spillway discharge and to determine amount of the
obstructions which should be removed.

CHANNEL STUDIES BELOW HALES BAR DAM.

Experimental; for design.


Tests are conducted on a 1:65 model to study effect of channel alignment on spillway
discharge and navigation conditions, and effect of lock location and spillway gate
operation on navigation conditions.

HALES BAR DAM, POWERHOUSE INTAKES STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.


Tests were made on a 1:65 model to determine design for intakes and guide structures to
provide good velocity distribution.
An upstream guide wall and special pier noses at the intakes were required.
Final report in preparation.

RALES BAR DAM, MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.


Tests were made on a 1:65 model to determine location of trash boom and head-water gage
intake for a new powerhouse.
Report in preparation.

BOONE DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.


Tests are made on a 1:50 model to determine proper dimensions for bucket- type spillway
and associated training walls.
The tests proved that for certain anticipated operating conditions the bucket-type spill-
way can be advantageously used.
Report in preparation.

WATAUGA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.


Outlet tunnel surfaces are inspected after completion and after extended periods of
operation to determine erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.
Initial inspection in Dec. 19U9.

WHEELER DAM, H10T0TYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.


Measurements were made to determine effect of obstructions in the tailrace channel on
turbine operation.
Tests completed. Memorandum report issued.

HOWELL-BUNGER VALVE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT.

Field investigation; applied research.


Tests made to determine discharge, pressure at base of valve, and dimensions of valves,
and all available data analyzed to determine coefficient based on net flow area through
body of valve.
Coefficient is about 0.9 at maximum discharge and increases slightly with size. Maximum
discharge does not occur at maximum opening.
Report in preparation.
.

162 Tennessee Valley Authority

Hydro-Meteorological Section, in collaboration with Field Investigations Section .

(7610 DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUSPENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES

Field investigation; basic research.


To provide data for estimating effective life of storage reservoirs, and loss of soi".
from the land. Samples of water were collected periodically at stream gaging statior
in the watershed, analyzed to determine the sediment content, and correlated with ri\
discharge to determine the suspended sediment load at each station.
(h Report in preparation.

(766 GROUND WATER INVESTIGATIONS.

Field investigation; basic research.


Hydrologic study to determine effect of filling of reservoirs upon adjacent water tat
Records of water levels in observation wells are compared with rainfall and river sta
for periods before and after reservoir filling.
Observations discontinued.
Preliminary reports prepared for internal use; conditions found to be normal at all
sites studied.

(767 RESERVOIR RIM INVESTIGATIONS.

(d Field investigation; basic research.


(e To determine the leakage, through rims of new reservoirs, and to check conditions for
other reservoirs. Ground water levels are observed and post-impoundage levels compar
with pre-impoundage records; stream flow from rim areas is measured to determine whet
any increase has occurred after creation of a reservoir.
(g Preliminary report prepared for internal use. No serious leakage conditions have bee
found.

(1283 STEAM PLANT AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.

(d Field investigation; design and operation.


(e To obtain information for use in studies of air pollution and its control. Measureme;
of air temperatures, wind velocities, and atmospheric sulphur dioxide are being obtai]
in the Johnsonville Steam Plant area. Air temperatures and wind velocities are being
taken in the Widows Greek, Shawnee, and Kingston Steam Plant areas.

(153U FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d Experimental; for design.


(e Tests are being conducted on a 1:50 scale and a 1:112.5 scale model to determine the
apron design, training wall dimensions, and other related data.
(g An apron using a single row of rectangular baffles was developed.

(1535 DEVELOPMENT OF ERODIBLE BED MATERIAL FOR USE IN MODEL TESTING.

(d Experimental; developmental.
(e An erodible material that will start to move at model velocities comparable to the an
cipated velocity at which the prototype material will erode is needed when erosion te
are to be made for areas in which steep banks or cliffs exist. Experiments are under
to develop such a material.
(g Limited success has been achieved. Experiments are continuing.

(1536 VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND RIVER STAGES

(d Experimental; development.
(e To change from the present HF to VHF bands new equipment is being developed. When the
change-over is complete all stations will be automatically transmitted and received
.

Tennessee Valley Authority 163

RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research.


Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations and
stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs through-
out the year are determined by soundings, and by continuous recording gages in natural
i J streams
(I


! INVESTIGATION OF WINDS AND WAVE HEIGHTS.

) Field investigation; basic research.


I To obtain data on occurrence of waves of various heights as concerns navigation on TVA
lakes and develop relation of wave height to wind for design purposes. Three recording
stations were installed.
j)
Observations discontinued.
) Records analyzed; special requests answered by reference to available data.
it

). GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

i) Field investigation; design.


D Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and sta-
bility.
) Reports prepared annually for internal use.

) WHITE AND RICHLAND CREEKS DETERMINATION OF ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT.


i n

(
jj)
Field investigation; basic research.
|) Determinations being made in several river reaches of known discharge to extend knowledge
of relation between roughness coefficient and physical characteristics of rivers.

) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

:) Field investigation; applied research.


0 Sanitary and chemical changes in water during passage downstream are determined. A given
mass of water is identified by electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

if
) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.
:
3

i) Field investigation; applied research.


i) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.
1) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but remains
as a density current as a result of the difference in temperature between the inflowing
water and that in the reservoir. During certain seasons of the year, in Watts Bar Reser-
voir the cold water released from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along the bottom of
the Emory River arm of the former reservoir.

Field Investigations Section .

2) FLOOD INVESTIGATIONS, TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES,

d) Field investigations; basic research.


m) Survey to obtain data for hydraulic studies and for planning flood-control projects.
High-water marks are set and observations made as floods occur; field search is made for
high-water marks of past floods. Data are collected on rainfall, runoff, and damages
incurred by floods.

3) INVESTIGATIONS OF SPRINGS AND RUNS BELOW DAMS,

d) Field investigation; design and operation.


. .

16k Tennessee Valley Authority

(e) Hydrologic investigation related to construction activities. Flows from springs and
small streams below dam sites are measured before and after construction of dams to
determine leakage. Observation weirs are observed regularly and the records are anal
to account for current rainfall.
(g) Records have shorn no appreciable leakage through any dam which has been constructed
date

(775) BACKWATER EFFECT OF RESEIVOIRS ON SMALL TRIBUTARIES

(d) Field investigation; operation.


(e) On small tributaries automatic crest markers were located to record crest elevations
reached by tributary floods. Profiles obtained before filling a reservoir are compar
with those for similar discharges after filling to obtain backwater effect.

Hydraulic Investigations Section.

(733) HENDERSON COUNTY WEIR CALIBRATION.

(d Experimental; design.
(e Studies were made on a 1:5 model of a modified Columbus deep-notch weir with upstream
silting basin.
(g Ratings for various amounts of silting were determined and a modified silting basin
developed.
(h Final report completed.

(73h WHITE CREEK SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SAMPLER.

(d Experimental; for design.


(e Full-scale studies were made to develop a continuous sampler which would collect 1/10(
of any discharge between 0.7 and 2kh cfs.
(g Sampler developed retains 1/105,000 part of total stream discharge.
(h Final report completed.

(765 EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

M Field investigation; applied research.


(e To provide data for estimating reservoir losses and derive a general rule, applicable
to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Bas:
together with standard meteorological readings.
(h Complete summary of evaporation data appears in 1950 annual issue of "Precipitation ii
Tennessee River Basin", and also in Report No. 0-5161;, "Evaporation in Tennessee Rivei
Basin."

(768 TRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

Field investigation; basic research.


A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water d:
patching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maxjjnum preci]
tation, rainfall-runoff, spillway design and operation, etc.
(h Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin." Also annual summary.

(777 RUNOFF-SILT INVESTIGATIONS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research


(e) To evaluate hydrologically existing or changed land-use practices or management. Dat=
are obtained on rainfall, runoff, and soil loss, and in some instances include ground-
water levels and soil moisture.
(h) Progress report for Henderson County runoff -erosion project in preparation. Report N<
0-5163, "Effect of 15 years of forest cover improvement upon hydrologic characterise
of White Hollow Watershed." June 1951.
Tennessee Valley Authority 165

EFFECT OF ALTITUDE UPON RAINFALL.

Field investigation; basic research.


At four locations, rainfall data have been or are being collected. The stations are
arranged in series at varying elevations, up one side of a ridge and down the other, so
that exposure as well as altitude will be reflected in the result.

MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE VALLEY.

Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.


Theoretical; applied research.
Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling
factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.
Results to be published as one of current series of hydrometeorological reports by the
U. S. Weather Bureau and cooperating agencies.

MONTHLY EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

Theoretical; operation.
By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground-water
and channel storage are determined for use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs.
Results reported monthly within the organization.

SNOWFALL IN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS.

Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau and National Parks Service.


Field investigation; basic research.
Daily observations of snowfall, its water equivalent, temperature, and relative humidity
at altitudes from U4OO to 63OO feet.
Discontinued May 11, 1951.
Processed data available through cooperating agencies.

WIND VELOCITIES AND DIRECTIONSWHITETOP MOUNTAIN.

Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau and Radio Station WOPI, Bristol, Tenn.
Field investigation; basic research.
In connection with possible wind-power installations, a wind travel and direction record-
er has been installed on a radio tower 150 feet above ground and ^0 feet above the tree-
tops at the mountain summit, elevation 5600.
Discontinued June 2, 1951*
Complete summary of data from Sept. 19h9 to Dec. 1950 appears in 1950 annual issue of
"Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin."

RES ill VOIR SEDIMENT DENSITY SAMPLER.

Cooperative with Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Sedimenta-


tion.
Experimental; applied research, design, operation, development.
A device is being developed for making in-place density measurements of deposited reser-
voir sediment. Principle is that shielding of a radioisotope varies with mass between
source and metering point.

Special Investigations Unit .

SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

Field investigation; basic research.


Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded, volumetric samples are collected
and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine deposition
by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels
and sedimentation of downstream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reser-
voirs.

210526 O - 52 - 12
166 University of British Columbia
E*cole Polytechnique de Montreal

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA., Hydraulics laboratory.

(10UU) HttSER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Public Works of Canada, National Research Council of
Canada, and University of British Columbia.
(c) Mr. J. H. Parkin, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.
(d) Experimental; to assist in problems of river regulation and control.
(e) An erodible-bed tidal model to study methods of maintaining stable navigational chai
with a minimum of dredging and river regulation. Horizontal scale, 1:600; vertical
scale, 1:?0. Flume studies on bed-load movement are being carried out concurrently
the Hydraulics laboratory.
(h) Progress and technical reports submitted periodically to the National Research Coun
of Canada.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, Hydraulics laboratory.

(266) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILLWAY PROFILES.

(b) laboratory project. /


(c) Prof. Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal 18, Canada.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To establish a comparison between the discharge capacities of different spillway de
Studies are made on concrete models of existing and recommended spillway profiles.
Pressure distribution on spillway faces and coefficients of discharge are determinec
various heads up to the designed head. The effect of gate piers of various design
also investigated. Seven different profiles have been studied, including two modifj
tions of the Cr eager -Jus tin profile upstream of crest line.

(268) CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED PARABOLIC WEIR.

(b) laboratory project. /


(c) Prof. Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal 18, Canada.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To obtain the head-discharge curves and head-discharge coefficient curves for a shar
crested parabolic weir (21- inch maximum width by 18-inch maximum height) having a ca
city of 3 cfs. The influence of viscosity is also being investigated. This weir is
be used in a new flume for model testing and open channel studies.

(791) NEW METHOD OF UTILIZING THE WATER HAMMER FOR THE DETECTION OF LEAKS IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. Andre Leclerc, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal 18, Canada.
(d) Experimental; applied research.
(e) To develop a very sensitive recorder for pressure waves in pipes to be used for the
tion of leaks in distribution systems. The sensing element is made of a cylinder ta
to the pipe. The wire wound around the cylinder acts as a strain gage in the measur
of the pressure variation produced in the pipe by water hammer. A cathode-ray oscil
graph is now being developed to register the deformation of that cylindrical strain
National Research Council I67
Queen's University

iNAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1286 to 1288, incl., should be addressed to the
Director, Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.

i) ERASER RIVER MODEL.

,j>) See page 166.


%) A brief description appeared in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Division of Mechanical
Engineering, No. lSl-2.

%) MODEL STUDIES OF A DAM ON THE TOBIQUE RIVER.

d) New Brunswick Resources Development Board.


1) Experimental; for design.
2) A 1:0 scale model of a proposed dam, spillway, and power plant together with a portion
of the river channel was constructed to determine flow conditions at the entrance of a
fishway. The probable effect of different operating procedures on scour below the dam
was studied.
) Completed.
) Report being prepared.

7) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY FOR DAM ON THE MAYO RIVER.

S) Department of Resources and Development,


i) Experimental; for design.
Jp)
1:50 models of two alternative designs of spillway and channel were studied to determine
the capacity, turbulence, and height of side walls for maximum flow.
C) Completed.
;) Report being prepared.

3) MODEL STUDIES OF TYPICAL SMALL FISHING CRAFT.

0) Laboratory project.
d) Experimental; development.
t
s) A series of models of fishing craft, typical of those used on the west coast, is being
studied to obtain design data and to improve the form of the hulls.
Jf) Suspended.

N'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

8) TIDAL MODEL OF STRAIT OF CANSO.

b) Department of Transport, Dominion Government, Ottawa.


c) Prof. D. S. Ellis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
d) Applied research.
|e) Experimental study of effect of dam in the Strait.
f) Completed.

9) WATER HAMMER.

b) Queen's University Science Research Committee.


c) Prof. F. M. Wood, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
d) Experimental; applied research.
e) Study of effects of pipe friction on water hammer wave. Pipe 2-inch diameter, 100 feet
long. Using electronic recording of waves.
f) Suspended.
168 Queen's University-
University of Toronto

(1^37) PITOT TUBE.

(b) Queen's University Science Research Committee.


(c) Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
(d) Experimental.
(e) Study of the efficacy of a cubic tipped pitot tube for measurement of flows in pipes

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1^38 to lli3, incl., should be addressed to


Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(1289) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR TYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.


(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.
(d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
(e) A continuing research carried on with a view to systematizing discharge characterise
for spillways having various pier spacings and proportions.

(1538) MODEL STUDY OF SUMMIT CONBIOL DAM.

(b) Canadian Brazilian Services, Limited.


(d) Experimental; desigi.
(e) A scale model of the existing Summit Control Dam was tested to overcome scour below 1

spillway.
(f) Completed.
(g) Reported to sponsor.

(1539) MODEL STUDY OF A PULPWOOD HOLDING BOOM.

(b) Quebec North Shore Paper Company.


(d) Experimental; design.
(e) A section of the Manicouagan River, Province of Quebec, was built in a model to a sea
of 1:1*00 horizontal and 1:100 vertical. The purpose of the tests was to determine th
best location of a holding boom and jack-ladder site. Measurements of velocity were
tain ed with a miniature current meter and pulp-wood movement was studied by the use c
half matches to represent model logs.
(f) Completed.
(g) Reported to sponsor.

(1U0) MODEL TEST OF ISLAND FALLS DAM, ABITIBI RIVER.

(b) Abitibi Power and Paper Company, Limited.


(d) Experimental; design.
(e) To design an energy dissipator for an existing dam.

(15U) CAVITATION IN BUTTERFLY VALVES.

(b) laboratory project.


(d) Experimental; applied research and for master's thesis.
(e) Brass sections of butterfly valves were placed in a venturi-type cavitation channel.
(f) Completed.
University of Toronto 169

2) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTROL OF SIPHONIC FLOW IN WATER MAINS BY THE USE
OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

d) Laboratory project.
d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
3) Tests are being conducted to determine the effect of air in solution and supplied air
on the operation of a siphon.

3) INVESTIGATION OF LOSSES IN BUTTERFLY VALVES.

0) Laboratory project.
;d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.
e) A wooden model of a butterfly valve disc was placed in plastic piping and tested under
various conditions of setting, the flow medium being air.
tf) Completed.
g) Valves were tested with the disc thickened and faired at the outer diameters near the
shaft, with streamlined tail-pieces and with pipe constrictions upstream and downstream
from the valve. The effect of an elbow just below a valve was also studied.
t

170 Foreign Publications

The foreign publications which have been received by the agencies below are available
loan, unless otherwise indicated.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THIS ARM?, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Waterways Experiment Station.

Direct inquiries to The Director, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,


P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

ARGENTINA

San Juan, Argentina. "Chimeneas de equilibrio." (Surge tanks.) A Bibliography


Instituto de Hidraulica. San Juan, no date. (In various languages.)
Facultad de Ingenieria.

AUSTRALIA

Baird, J. M. and "Spillway provision in dams controlled by Metropolitan Wat<


Mclllwraith, J. F. Sewerage and Drainage Board, Sydney, N.S.W." Paris, no da
(Fourth International Congress on Large Dams, New Delhi, 1;
R.l. Question No. 12.) (In English.)

AUSTRIA

Grzywienski, Anton "Anti-vacuum profiles for spillways of large dams." Paris


no date. (Fourth International Congress on Large Dams, Ne
Delhi, 19^1. R.l?. Question No. 12.) (In English.)

BELGIUM

Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, Vol. 103, Oct. 19.'

International Congress "Account of the XVIIth Congress." Brussels, General Secre -

of Navigation. 17th of the Association, 19U9 (In English.)


Lisbon, 19k9*

International Congress "Haventechniek. " (Harbor engineering.) Antwerp, 19U9. (


on Harbor Engineering, Dutch, Flemish, and French.)
1st. Antwerp, 19k9.

Lamoen, J. and "Appareil electronique pour l enregistrement de niveaux d


1 f
<

Robber echt, 0. dans un modele a echelle reduite de cours d'eau." (Electrc


water-level recorder for reduced-scale models.) Bruxelles
19^1. Reprinted from Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgi<
April 1951. (In French, with English translation.)

Lamoen, J. "La collaboration du laboratoire de recherches hydraulique;


l'activite de l'ingenieur civil des constructions." (The
contribution of hydraulic research laboratories to the act:
ties of civil engineers in construction.) no date. Taken
from Bulletin de Centre d Etudes, de Recherches et d'Essai;
Scientifiques des Constructions du Genie Civil et d'Hydrau!
que Fluviale, Vol. U, 1$k9 (In French.)

ERAZIL

Andreoni, Aldo "0 Rio Tocantins sua navegacao e seus barcos." (The Tocan'
River, its navigation and ships.) Sao Paulo, Brazil, Inst:
to de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, 190. Reprinted from Re vis
Engenharia, Nov., Dec, 1950. (In Portuguese.)
"

Foreign Publications 171

"Hydraulics of sediment-bearing canals and rivers." Vancouver,


B.C., Evans Industries Ltd., 1951. (In English.)

"Surface water supply of Canada, Pacific drainage, British


Columbia and Yukon Territory. I9UU-I16." Water resources paper
No. 102, 1950. (In English.)

"Surface water supply of Canada, Atlantic drainage (South of


St. Lawrence River), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island, 19k6-kQ*" Water resources paper No. 10k, 1951.
(In English.)

Canadian Journal of Research, Section F, Vol. 28, No. 10,


October 1950 + .

"Engineering aspects of the Ottawa River power developments .

1950. From Engineering Journal, Vol. 33, No. 10, p. 850-863,


October 1950. (In English.)

Revue trimestrielle Canadienne, Vol. 36, No. H4.3, Fall 1950 +.


(In French and English.)

"Sbornik." (Bulletin.) 19U7. Praha, 19U8. (In Czech;


Summaries in English and French.)

"Meddelelser." (Reports.) Kobenhavn, Kommission; H. Hagerups


Boghandel. (In Danish.)

No. 7 Bdcher, S. B. "Vandkraf tens Udnyttelse." (Utilization


of hydraulic power.) 19^2.

No. 8 Bdcher, S. B. "Vandmoller og andre vandkraf tudnytte Is er


i Ribe Amt." (Water mills and other utilization of hydraulic
power in Ribe County.) 19kh

No. 9 Schou, Axel. "Det marine for land." (The marine fore-
land.) 1950.

"The behavior of waves on tidal streams." 19U9. From Royal


Society, Proc, Vol. I98, N 0 . 1052, Series A, p. 81-93, July 2,
19U9. (In English.)

"Observations on the turbulent fluctuations of a tidal current."


191*9. From Royal Society. Proc, Vol. 199, No. 1058, Series
A, p. 311-327, Nov. 7, 19U9. (In English.)

"The Danish Westcoast; littoral drift problems and measures


against coast erosion." 1950. From the Dock and Harbor
Authority, Vol. 31, No. 359, p. I63-I67, Sept. 1950. (In
English.)

Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, Vol. 1*5, No. 532,
October 1950 +.
172 Foreign Publications

Civil Engineer's Review, October 1950 +.

Croker, G. N. "Records of flows in the River Wye System, as determined 1

current meter measurements, with a note on flood warning


arrangements." Journal of the Institution of Water Engine
Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 39-91, February 1951. (In English.)

Dock and Harbour Authority, Vol. 31, No. 36O, October 19$(

Engineer, Vol. 190, No. 1*91*1, October 1950 +.

Engineering, Vol. 170, October 1950 +.

Fox, C. S. "The transportation and depositing of soil materials by f!


ing and evaporating water." Paris, no date. (Fourth Int<
national Congress on Large Dams, New Delhi, 1951, R.18.
Question No. Hi.) (In English.)

Geotechnique, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 1950 +. (In Englis!

Institution of Civil Engineers, Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1,


November 1950 + .

Journal of the Junior Institution of Engineers, Vol. 61, 1

October 1950 +.

Lowell, S. C. "Gravity waves of finite amplitude." London, Office of N<


Research, 1950. (In English.)

Minikin, R. C. R. "Floating and f oundationless breakwaters." 19U8. From %


eering, p. 577-579, Dec. 17, 19^8; p. 60ii-605, Dec. 2k, <

(In English.)

Proudman, J. "On the turbulence of a tidal current." 19U0. From Roya'.


Society, Proc, Vol. 176, No. 967, p. hh9'h68 9 Oct. 27, 1:
(In English.)

Williamson, J. "Round-crest, syphon and trumpet shaft spillways." Paris


no date. (Fourth International Congress on large Dams, N<
Delhi, 1951. R.38. Question No. 12.) (In English.)

FINLAND

Renqvist, H. "Suomen sisavedet." (Inland waters of Finland.) Helsink:


1951. (In Finnish.)

Saarivirta, N. "The arrangement and selection of spillway openings and t<


porary outlets in Oulujoki River." Paris, no date. (Fou
International Congress on large Dams, New Delhi, 1951. 8
Question No. 12.) (In English.)

fRANCE

Annales des Fonts et Chaussees, No. 5, Sept. -Oct. 1950 + .

Biesel, F. "Calcul de l'amortissement d'une houle dans un liquide vi;


de profondeur finie." (Calculation of wave damping in a 1
cous liquid of known depth.) 19h9. Reprinted from La Hoi
Blanche, No. 5, Sept. -Oct. 19U9. (In French.)
Foreign Publications 173

"Etude theorique de la houle en eau courante." (Theoretical


study of wave in running water.) 1950. Reprinted from la
Houille Blanche, numero special A., May 1950. (in French.)

"Calcul pratique de l amplitude de la houle diffractee derriere


1

une jettee semi-indef inie . " (Diffraction of water waves on


the lee side of a jetty.) 1951. Reprinted from La Houille
Blanche, No. 1, Jan. -Feb. 1951. (In French.)

"Barrages-deversoirs a seuil Creager deprime." (Diversion-


dams with depressed "Creager" crest.) 1951. From Le Genie
Civil, Vol. 128, No. h, p. 69-72, Feb. 1951; Vol. 128, No. 5,
p. 86-89, March 1951. (In French.)

Le Genie Civil, Vol. 127, No. 19, October 1950 +.

"Etude della mise en regime des ecoulements sur les ouvrages


a forte pente. Application au probleme de l entrainement
1

d'air." (Study relative to the determination of flow regimes


for installations with steep slope." Application to the prob-
lem of air entrainment.) Grenoble, 1951. (In French.)

La Houille Blanche, Vol. 5, No. 5, Sept. -Oct. 1950 +.

"Contribution a 1* etude des pertes de charge continues dans


les conduites circulaires ".
(Contribution to the study of
continuous losses of head in circular conduits.) no date.
(In French.)

"Etude sur modele reduit della modification du cours du Rhin


au droit de Strasbourg." (Model study of channel improvement
of the Rhine at Strasbourg.) Strasbourg, La Navigation du
Rhin, 1950. (In French.)

"Note sur l entrainement des materiaux par charriage." (Note


1

on bed load movement.) 19U9. Reprinted from La Houille


Blanche, numero special A/19l9. (In French.)

"Pulsometre hydrodynamique. " (Hydrodynamic pulsimeter.) 1950.


Reprinted from La Houille Blanche, No. 6, Nov. -Dec. 1950. (In
French.)

Revue generale de l hydraulique, No. 59, Sept. -Oct. 1950 +


f
.

"Etude experimental du defer lement de la houle." (Experimen-


tal study on the break of waves.) 1950. Reprinted from La
Houille Blanche, No. 3, May- June 1950. (In French.)

"Houle en profondeur variable relation entre l f amplitude et


la vitesse de groupe." (The wave in varying depth; the rela-
tionship between the amplitude and the group velocity.) 19U9.
Reprinted from La Houille Blanche, No. 6, Nov. -Dec. 191*9. (In
French.

"Trajectoires internes dans un clapotis partiel." (Trajectories


of particles with a partial clapotis.) 1950. Reprinted from
La Houille Blanche, No. U, July-Aug. 1950. (In French.)

Travaux, Vol. 3U, No. 192, October 1950 +.


.

nh Foreign Publications

Valembois, J. "Uh nanometre enregistreur de pressions sousmarines pour


determination des caracteristiques de la houle par la me
des variations de pression en prof ondeur ".
(The determi
of wave characteristics by measurements of deep pressure
tions.) 19U9. Reprinted from la Houille Blanche, numer
special B, 19 h9. (In French.)

Van Wetter, L. "Evacuateur de crues." (A flood outlet.) Paris, no dat


(Fourth International Congress on Large Dams, New Delhi,
R.10. Question No. 12.) (In French, with English summa

Wyart, P. "Monographie hydrologique du Guil affluent de la durance


(The monography of the Guil River.) 19^0. Reprinted fr
La Houille Blanche, special No. A, 19^0, (In French.)

GERMANY

Die Bautechnik, Vol. 27, No. 10, Oct. 19^0 +.

Press, H, "Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Wasserbau (Wasserbaul


torium) der Technischen Universitat Berlin- Char lottenbur
(Communications from the Institute for Hydraulics (labor
for Hydraulic Research) of the University of Technology,
Berlin- Char lottenburg.) 19!?0. (Berlin. Technischen Ho
Institut fur Wasserbau. Mitteilung nr. 37.) (In German

HUNGARY

Bogardi, J, "Lebegtetett Hordalekmozgas a Tisza Zahony-Razompusztai


Szakaszan." (Suspended silt transportation by the Tisza in

on the Zahony-Razompuszta Section.) Budapest, 19^0. (I


Hungarian, with English summary.)

Vizugyi Kozlemenyek (Hydraulic Proceedings). No. 1-2/19 ,

3-U/195>0. (In Hungarian; summaries in various languages

INDIA

Ahmad, M. "Some aspects of the design of weirs or canal falls in r


to scour." Lahore, 1951. Reprinted from Punjab Enginee
Congress, Lahore, 1951 Proc, p. 33-U5. Paper No. 289
(In English.)

Indian Institute of "Research publication." (In English.)


Science, Bangalore,
India. Dept. of No. 1, Annual Report, 19^0.
Power Engineering,
Hydraulics and Civil
Engineering Section.

Central Board Abstracts, No. 126, October 9$0 +


of Irrigation.

Central Board "Engineering organizations and societies in India." Pop


of Irrigation. series, leaflet No. 6, 19!?0. (In English.)

Central Board "Irrigation in India through ages." Popular series, lea


of Irrigation. No. 7, no date, (in English.)

Central Board Journal, Volume 7, No. 6, November 19^0 + .

of Irrigation.
Foreign Publications 175

"International engineering conferences, Journal, special issue,


New Delhi, January 1951." 1951. (In English.)

Research publication, (in English.)

No. ll; Annual report (technical), 19U8, 19l*9.

"Annual report on research progress during the year 19U9."


Uttar Pradesh, India. 1950. (Technical Memorandum No. 20.)
(In English.)

"Report for the year ending 19U9." Lahore, 1950. (In English.)

"Annual report."" Alipore, West Bengal Government Press. (In


English.)

On 19k9 report: Publication No. 5.


On 1950 report: Publication No. 6.

Memorie e studi. (In Italian.)


No. 83, Marchetti, Mario. "Tubazioni per liquidi." (Piping
for liquids.) 1950.

No. 8U, Marchi, Guilio de. "Carateristiche idrologiche e


idrauliche dei Grandi Laghi Subalpini." (Hydrological and
hydraulical characteristics in the large Sub-Alpine Lakes.)
1950.

No. 85, Gentilini, Bruno. 'Ricerche sui canali degli impianti


del medio adige." (Research on the channels of the hydraulic
power plant installations in the Middle Adige (River). 1950.

No. 86, Marchi, Guilio de. "Ripercussioni della regolazione


del Iago Magiore sulle Piene del Lago e Su Quelle del Ticino
a Sesto Calende." (Repercussions of the regulation of the
Maggiore Lake on the high water of the lake and upon its
Ticino source at Sesto Calende.) 1950.

"Provenance, transport and deposition of Rhine sediments; a


heavy mineral study on river sands from the drainage area of
the Rhine." Wageningen, Netherlands, H. Veenman and Zonen,
no date. (In English.)

Recherches Hydrauliques 19U9 " (Hydraulic Research 19^9.)


Vol. 5, August 1950. (In French and English.)

De Ingenieur, 62nd year, No. i0, October 1950 + . (In Dutch.)

"Propagation of tides and similar waves." Gravenhage,


Staatsdrukkerij - en Uitgeverijbedrijf , 1951. (In English.)
. . i

176 Foreign Publications

NSW ZEAIAND

Benham, A. D. "The estimation of extreme flood discharges by statistica


methods." Wellington, Ferguson and Osborn, Ltd., 19^0.
lished in New Zealand Institution of Engineers, Proc, Vc
p. 119-187, 1950. Reprinted for the Soil Conservation ar
Rivers Control Council, Wellington, C. I. (in English.)

Furkert, F. W. "Tidal compartments, their influence on dimensions of har


entrance channels." 19U7. From New Zealand Institution
Engineers, Proc, Vol. 33, p. 195-211, 19U7. (In English

PORTUGAL

Abecasis, C. K "Protective works adopted to limit erosion along the open


coast; how they work." Lisbon, 19k9. (17th Internationa
Congress of Navigation. Paper. Section II - Ocean Navig
Communication 1. Lisbon, 19l*9.) (In English.)

SWEDEN

Hellstrdm, B. "The Israelites crossing of the Red Sea." Stockholm, Rc


1

Institute of Technology. Institution of Hydraulics, 19^0


(In English.)

Stockholm. Tekniska Bulletin. (In English.)


Hogskolan, Vattenbyg-
gnadsins titutionen No. 25 Hells trom, B. "Model tests for Port of Malmo impro
ments , " 19!?0

SWITZERLAND

Meyer-Peter, E. and "Affouillements en aval des barrages." (Erosion downstre


Miller, R. of dams.) 19U8. From International Association for Hydr
Structures Research. Report on the second meeting, Stock
19l|8. No. 29 (prelim.) (In French.)

Meyer-Peter, S. and "Eine formel zur berechnung des geschiebetriebs . " (Formu
Mliller, ft. for the computation of bed load movement.) Zurich, Leema
19U9. (Zurich. Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule.
Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Erdbau. Mitteilungen n
Reprinted from Schweiz. Bauzeitung, Vol. 67, No. 3, 19^9
(In German.)

Meyer -Peter, E. and "Formulas for bed-load transport." 19U8 From Interna ti
Mttller, R. Association for Hydraulic Structures Research. Report on
Second Meeting, Stockholm, 19U8. Appendix 2. (In Englis

YUGOSIAVIA

Joksimovic, M. T "Flood peaks determination and choice of spillway capacit


dams in Yugoslavia." Paris, no date. (Fourth Internatio
Congress on Large Dams, New Delhi, 195>1. R.17. Question
12.) (In English.)
,

Foreign Publications 177

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BIREA.U OF RECLAMATION.

Direct inquiries to the Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado.

Terres et Eaux. (Bimonthly.)

ALIA.

Commonwealth Engineer. (Monthly.)


Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales. (Quarterly
Journal.)

;IA

Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaf t. (Monthly.)

Bulletin du Centre Beige d Etude et de Documentation des Eaux.


f

(Quarterly.)

.IN

Institution of Civil Engineers. (Journal.)


Water and Water Engineering.
Water Power.

Revista Chilena de Ingeniera. (Bimonthly.)

Ia Houille Blanche. (Bimonthly.)


L'Eau. (Monthly.)
Le Genie Civil.
Memoires et Travaux de la Societe Hydro technique de France -
Paris.
Revue Generale de l'Hydraulique.

L abundance fluviale dans le bassin du Mississippi (The


1

abundance of the stream flow in the Mississippi River basin)


and Les variations f luviales saisonnieres dans le bassin du
Mississippi (Seasonal stream flow variations in the Mississippi
River basin). Undated. (Approx. 195.)

Nouveatues sur le Hoang-Ho. (Recent notes on the Hoang-Ho.)


1951.

Sur le mecanisme des transports solides effectues par les


rivieres et sur les alterations correlatives des lit fluviqux.
(The action of the transported solids in rivers and the changes
in the stream beds.) 1951.

Sur les regimes de quelques gros fleuves. (On the regimen of


a few large rivers.) 19li9.
s !

178 Foreign Publications

Societe Hydrotechnique de France, Stations hydrometriqu


Francaises; nomenclature et caracteristiques, Region du
Central. (French hydrometric stations in Massif -Central
nomenclature and characteristics.) 1951.

GERMAN!

Wasser und Boden. (Monthly.) Hamburg - British Zone

HUNGARY

Vizugyi Kozlemenyek. (Monthly.)

INDIA

Journal of the Central Board of Irrigation. (Quarterly.

ITALY

Giornale del Genio Civile. (Monthly.)


L'Energia Ellettrica. (Monthly.)
Giornale del Genio Civile. (Monthly.)

De Marchi, Guilio Caratteristiche idrologiche e idrauliche dei grandi legh


subalpini. (Hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of
great subalpine region.) Rome, 1950.

De Marchi, Guilio Ripersuccioni della regolazione del Lago Maggiore sulle


del lago e su guelle del Ticino a sesto calende (The eff
of the control of lake Maggiore on its and lake Ticino'
ume capacity). Milan, 1950.

Gentilini, Bruno Ricerche sui canali degli impianti del Medio Adige. (St
of the canal system of the Medio Adige.) Instituto di
Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Milan. 1950.

De Marchi, Guilio Canali con portata progress ivamente crescente. (Channel


gradually increasing discharge.) Milan, 19U1.

MOROCCO

la Terre Marocaine. (Monthly.)

NORWAY

Association Internationale d'Hydrologie Scientif ique Gfl.

rendus des seances et rapports; Assemblee generale d 0sL f

Norway. 3 volumes. 19^8.

SPAIN

Revista de Obras Publicas. (Monthly.)


Caminos Revista Tecnica. (Monthly.)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

A catalog of all foreign publications received is available in the Technical Informal


Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 25, D. c .
.

Foreign Publications 179

h jiNAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical Engineering, Ottawa, Canada,

Annales des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris.


Ia Genie Civil, Paris.
La Houille Blanche, Grenoble.

Sonolet, Raymond Recherches sur la gjene*se de la turbulence dans les conduites


en charge. Ministere de l'Air. Publications Scientif iques
et Techniques, No. 21*6, 1950. (In French.)

Die Bautechnik, Berlin.


Hansa, Hamburg.
Planen und Bauen, Berlin.
Schiff und Hafen, Hamburg.

Annual report of the River Research Institute, West Bengal,


19U9. Government of West Bengal, Directorate of Irrigation
and Waterways, Publication No. 5, 1950.

iRLANDS

De Ingenieur. The Hague.


i Schip en Werf . Wageningen,

Ingenieria Naval. Madrid.

SN

Publications issued by the Statens Skeppsprovningsanstalt


The Swedish State Shipbuilding Experimental Tank, Gdteborg.)

Nordstttrm, H. F. and Propulsion problems connected with ferries. Med. No. 17.
Edstrand, Hans. 1951. (In English.)

NordstrBm, H. F. and Model tests with turbulence producing devices. Med. No. 18,
Edstrand, Hans 1951. (In English.)

ONordstrfim, H. F. Some tests with models of small vessels. Med. No. 19, 1951.
(In English.)
.

180 Translations

Translations of foreign articles have been prepared at the laboratories listed belo*
are available on loan. Requests should be directed to the agency indicated.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, University of Minnesota.

Direct inquiries to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Labo
Hennepin Island, Minneapolis lit, Minn.

Valembois, J "Etude d un appareil permettant la reproduction de I'onde maree da


!

modele d estuaire." (Investigation of a device designed to Simula


f
I

tidal waves in a model estuary.) International Association for Hy


lie Structures Research, Third Meeting, Grenoble, Sept. 19U9. By
Meir Pilch.

Miscellaneous Investigation of airfield drainage, arctic and subarctic regions,


II, Translation of selected topics, by Meir Pilch. (Sponsored by #
St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.) i<|
(Minor revisions suggested by the Office of the Chief of Engineers I
Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C, are included in the final pjl
ing, 1950.) U4O pages, 96 illustrations.

Khomechivskaya, L. S. "0 vremennom soprotivlenii szhatiyu vechnomerzlykh gruntov I l'da


estestvennoi struktury." (The compressive strength of permafrost c
ice in their natural states.) Project Report No. 26, St. Anthony I
Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 5U pp., by Meir Pile
Nov. 19^1.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Waterways Experiment Station.

Direct inquiries to The Director, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,


P. 0. Box 63I, Vicksburg, Miss.

Blanche t, Ch. "Formation et destruction par un courant d'eau de massifs en pierre


(Formation and destruction of stone masses by a water current.) Fr
la Houille Blanche New Series, No. 2, March 19U6. By William W. Ge
Jr. Translation No. 50-5.

Iribarren, C. R. and "Generalizacion de la formula para el calculo do los diques de esco


Nogales y Olano, C. y comprovacion de sus coef icientes " (Generalization of the formul
.

calculation of rock-fill dikes and verification of its coefficients


From Revista de Obras Publicas, Madrid. May 1950. By Arthur Harit
Translation No. 1-1;

Suquet, F. "Houle en profondeur variable, relation entre l 1 amplitude et la vit<


de groupe." (Waves in variable depth, relationship between the amp!
tude and the group velocity.) From La Houille Blanche, Vol. h, p.
8U3, 19U9. By William W. Geddings, Jr. Translation No. 50-6.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION.

Direct inquiries to the Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colo.
Heggstad, Ragnar "Norske kraftverk i f jell. (Norwegian underground power plants.)
11

Teknisk Ukeblad, Norway. No. 13, pp. 235-2ii5, March 29, 1951. Trar
la ted by T. Rusletvedt, 1951. (Rough draft.)
.

Translations 181
Motion Pictures

.ttee "Normy dopuskaemykh nerazmyvaiushchikh skorostei." (The maximum per-


missible average velocity in open channels.) Gidrotekhnicheskoe stroi-
telstvo, Moscow, U. S. S. R. , No. 5, pp. 5-7, 1936. Translated by
I. Mitten, April 1951. (Rough draft.)

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

A catalog of translations made by this Office is available in the Technical Information


Division, Naval Research laboratory, Washington 25, D. C.

DN PICTURES.

;! A list of films illustrating various phases of fluid flow has been brought up to date by
the Fluid Dynamics Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and is available
in mimeographed form. The list includes the title, source, availability, type, and a very
brief description of each film. Copies of the list can be obtained by writing to
Professor Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, 173 Engineering Building,
The University of Texas, Austin 12, Texas, or to the American Society of Civil Engineers
at 33 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y.

210526 O - 52 - 13
.

182 Committees

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON BASIC RESEARCH IN UNDERWATER BALLISTICS, Office of Naval Research,


Department of the Navy.

Chairman, Eugene C. Cooper, U. S. Navy Radiological Laboratory, Hunters Point, San Francis
Calif.

Purpose: (a) To plan an effective hydrodynamics research program; (b) to aid the coordi
dii.
tion of research and development; (c) to arrange meetings of larger groups in order to
discuss recent developments; (d) to edit and arrange for publication of reports; (e) to
encourage publication of papers; (f) to encourage visits to laboratories and research
facilities; and (g) to keep the program alive and thereby attract qualified experts to 1
field.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE HIDROBALLIST IC ADVISORY COMMITTEE, Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the I

Chairman, J. M. Robertson, Ordnance Research laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

Purpose: This committee is organized to advise the Bureau of Ordnance on basic and found
tional research in hydroballistics

COMMITTEE ON IETTER SYMBOIS FOR HYDRAULICS, American Standards Association, Y10.2.

Chairman, J. M. Robertson, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa,

Purpose: This committee is reviewing the 19k2 Standard to determine what changes are
required.

COMMITTEE ON TIDAL HYDRAULICS, Department of the Army; Corps of Engineers.

Chairman, Clarence F. Wicker, District Engineer* s Office, Philadelphia, Pa.

Purpose: (a) To evaluate the present state of knowledge of tidal phenomena of interest tc
the Corps of Engineers; (b) to recommend program of study, investigation and research de
signed to provide the knowledge necessary to arrive at adequate solutions for the enginee
ing problems associated with such tidal phenomena; and (c) to exercise technical supervis
of the prosecution of the recommended programs.

COMMITTEE ON SURFACE DRAINAGE, Highway Research Board, National Research Council.

Chairman, Carl F. Izzard, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington 2, D. C.

Purpose: To coordinate research in hydraulics and hydrology as applicable to highway


engineering.

RESEARCH COMMITTEES OF THE SECTION OF HYDROLOGY, American Geophysical Union.

CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL WATERS.

Chairman, W. W. Hastings, Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.


.

Committees I83

:namigs of streams.

Chairman, J. W. Johnson, 2kh Hesse Hall, University of California, Berkeley k, Calif.

7AP0RATI0N AND TRANSPIRATION.

Chairman, A. Russell Croft, 2$2$ Edison Ave., Ogden, Utah.

IACIERS.

Chairman, William 0. Field, Jr., American Geographical Society, Broadway at 15 th Street,


New York, N. I.

ROUND WATER.

Chairman, Joseph F. Poland, Geological Survey, 220 Marconi Ave., Sacramento 15, Calif.

FILTRATION.

Chairman, Lloyd L. Harrold, 1^27 Denman Ave., Coshocton, Ohio.

AKES.

Chairman, Jack L. Hough, Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

AND EROSION.

Chairman, Harold V. Peterson, 02 Federal Building, Salt lake City 1, Utah.

HYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE.

Chairman, Geoffrey B. Bodman, Division of Soils, University of California, Berkeley k,


Calif.

'RECIPITATION.

Chairman, William C. Ackerman, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn.

tUNOFF.

Chairman, Carl F. Izzard, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington 25, D. C.

SNOW.

Chairman, Forrest L. Rhodes, P. 0. Box 38, Lafayette, Calif.

IL ANu WATER DIVISION, American Society of Agricultural Engineers

Chairman of Division, R. R. Poynor, Consumer Relations Department, International Harvester


Company, 180 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 1, 111.

STEERING COMMITTEE.

Chairman, R. B. Hickok.

XMMITTEE ON RURAL WATER SUPPLIES.

Chairman, E. L. Arnold.

Subcommittee on Water Conditioning, H. H. Beaty, Chairman.


. .

I8h Committees

COMMITTEE ON EROSION CONTROL.

Chairman, D. D. Smith.

COMMITTEE ON MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES.

Chairman, A. J. Wojta.

COMMITTEE ON DRAINAGE.

General Chairman, J. G. Sutton.

Subcommittee on Depth and Spacing of Tile Drains, R. K. Frevert, Chairman.

Subcommittee on State Drainage laws, I. D. Mayer, Chairman

Subcommittee on Drainage of Irrigated Lands, M. R. Lewis, Chairman.

Subcommittee on Drainage Equipment, I. L. Save son, Chairman

Subcommittee on Specifications for Design and Construction of Tile Drainage, K. H.


Beauchamp, Chairman.

COMMITTEE ON IRRIGATION.

General Chairman, M. R. Lewis.

Subcommittee on Sprinkler Irrigation, Aldert Molenaar, Chairman.

Subcommittee on Sprinkler Irrigation Research, E. H. Kidder, Chairman.

COMMITTEE ON PONDS AND RESERVOIRS.

Chairman, M. W. Clark.

HYDRAULICS DIVISION, American Society of Civil Engineers.

Purpose: The advancement and dissemination of knowledge relating to the occurrence of watei
in nature and its behavior in structures, water courses, and underground. In particular w
field of the Hydraulics Division shall embrace meteorology and hydrology as they affect the
engineer, fluid mechanics in engineering usage, and applied hydraulics as a branch of engir
eering science which furnishes the basis for hydraulic design and for the practical use of
water in the different specialized branches of hydraulic engineering.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Chairman, Morrough P. O'Brien. Secretary, Albert S. Fry, Tennessee Valley Authority,


Knoxville, Term.

COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH.

Chairman, Robert Y. Hudson.

Purpose: To initiate, organize, sponsor, and coordinate research in the hydraulic fi


and to further the advancement of hydraulics through coordination of endeavor with
related fields of fluid mechanics.

Subcommittee on Cavitation in Hydraulic Structures, Robert T. Knapp, Chairman.


. .

Committees 135

[TTEE ON HYDROLOGY,

lirman, Albert L. Cochran.

Purpose: (a) To stimulate in civil engineering practice the adoption of precepts,


theories, and design methods progressively developed in the field of applied hydrology;
(b) to sponsor activities designed to increase knowledge of that phase of the hydrologic
Dycle beginning with the causes of rainfall and ending with the accumulation of runoff
into channel flow and percolation to the ground water table; (c) to maintain cooperation
with the Section of Hydrology of the American Geophysical Union, and other groups repre-
senting hydrology and related fields of science; and (d) to encourage cooperation be-
tween federal, state, and private interests in establishing and maintaining facilities
for obtaining hydrometeorological data.

ITTEE ON DESIGN.

airman, tf. M. Lansford.

Purpose: To stimulate the accumulation and dissemination of hydraulic design methods,


and of comparisons of predicted and measured flow characteristics, and to foster the
reduction of research results to reliable design methods.

1ITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS.

lairman, George H. Hickok.

Purpose: To review critically and edit papers submitted for publication in the Society
publications, this to be done in accordance with the policies of the Society Committee
on Publications, and to encourage and stimulate the preparation of papers for publica-
tion and presentation at sessions of the Division.

IT COMMITTEE ON FLOODS.

jhairman, George R. Schneider.

1 1 Purpose: To promote the collection and compilation of data pertaining to floods in the
United States, giving particular attention to the following: the interpretation of
flood data; methods of flood control; hydraulic factors underlying the design of flood
control works; problems arising from the operation of flood control works. Considera-
:
tion is to be given to prevention of flood damage by methods other than flood control.
I

%T COMMITTEE ON GROUND WATER.


1
hairman, Maurice L. Alberts on.

<
Purpose: To study the physical laws governing the occurrence and movements of ground
j
water and the engineering, economic, and legal aspects of its development, uses, and
conservation.

I NT COMMITTEE ON SEDIMENTATION.

ihairman, Carl B. Brown.

Purpose: To study and report on problems connected with the erosion, transportation,
and deposition of sediment in rivers, canals, reservoirs, and harbors; including methods
of sediment control.

"NT COMMITTEE ON SNOW, ICE, AND PERMAFROST


m
:

LChairman, A. F. Ghiglione

Purpose: To advance basic research in, and to promote dissemination of knowledge of


snow, land ice, sea ice, and permafrost.
210526 0 - 52 - 14
. .

186 Committees

TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH COMMITTEES , Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

STEERING COMMITTEE.

Chairman, Edward L. Cochrane, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,
29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y.

HYDRODYNAMICS COMMITTEE

Chairman, Hollinshead de Luce.

This committee issues annually a bulletin listing research projects in progress in t


United States related to naval architecture and marine engineering. Copies may be o
tained by addressing the Secretary of the Society, Captain W. N. Landers, USN (Retir H
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 29 West 39th Street, New York
N. Y.

Subcommittee on Hydromechanics:

Analytical Ship Wave Panel, D. S. M. Davidson, Chairman.


Seaworthiness Panel, B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Chairman.

HULL STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

Chairman, Edward A. Wright.

SHIP'S MACHINERY COMMITTEE

Chairman, Douglas C. MacMillan.

COMMITTEE ON SEAWORTHINESS, American Towing Tank Conference.

Chairman, B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRAULIC RESEARCH.

President, Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin
Island, Minneapolis 11;, Minn.

The Association issues annually a bulletin listing hydraulic research in progress throu
the world (excepting United States and Canada, and the Soviet countries) . Copies may b
tained on subscription by addressing the Secretary, Professor J. Th. Thijsse, Raam 61,
Delft, Netherlands.
Laboratory Notes 187

LL UNIVERSITY.

During the past year the renovation of the hydraulic laboratory has been continued.
Dr. Andre L. Jorissen has been appointed Head of the Department of Hydraulics and
Hydraulic Engineering.

,
INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH.

The Fifth Hydraulics Conference is scheduled for June 9-11, 1952. The general subject is
The Sediment Problem, which is discussed under the topics of (l) entrainment and suspension,
(2) measurement and analysis, (3) movement of bed load, and (h) scour and deposition.
'Guided tours of the Institute laboratories are scheduled. As in the case of previous con-
] ferences, a volume of Proceedings containing all papers plus a resume of discussions will
a be published.

-ETTE COLLEGE.

The hydraulic laboratory, under the direction of Prof. William S. Lohr, is devoted solely
to undergraduate instruction. A new laboratory will be provided in the engineering build-
ing now under construction.

)RGAN SMITH CO.

Mr. Emmett M. Lowry, Jr. is Hydraulic Laboratory Engineer of the Company. New testing
equipment is being installed to facilitate the testing of pump-turbine models. This equip-
ment will permit greater accuracy over a wider range of operating conditions.

ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

Concurrently with a meeting of the Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers,
the International Association of Hydraulic Research will hold its next triennial meeting in
Minneapolis, August 31 to September h, 1953. The four topics selected for discussion are
(1) density currents; (2) air entrainment by flowing water; (3) waves, beach erosion, and
the hydromechanics of shore structures, and fundamental principles of sediment movement
in flowing water.

The Permanent Committee of the Association includes Lorenz G. Straub, President, United
States; Wolmar Fellenius, Past President, Sweden; A. N. Khosla, Vice President, India;
Pierre Danel, Vice President, France; J. Th. Thijsse, Secretary, Netherlands; M. Bayer,
Czechoslovakia; B. 0. Helstrdm, Sweden; C. C. Inglis, England; G. de Marchi, Italy; and
E. Meyer-Peter, Switzerland.

I
ERSITY OF WASHINGTON.

The hydraulic laboratory has been named the Charles W. Harris Hydraulics Laboratory in honor
of Professor Harris who has retired.

IRWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION.

Much of the past year's work has been of a general nature to provide basic data for the
development of design criteria. Particular emphasis has been placed on procurement of
field data, and an active program of collection of field data is in progress.

HE UNIVERSITY.

The new engineering building, which will contain the hydraulic laboratory, is still under
construction. It should be completed within the year.

/ERSITY OF WISCONSIN.

The Hydraulic and Sanitary Laboratory has undergone major reconstruction which makes better
use of space. Two offices, an instrument room, a stock room, a conference room, a sanitary
bacteriological laboratory, and new facilities for graduate students have been added.
188 SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion Barges


disks (813) 12 design (112[*) (1129)
spheres (1101*) 39 resistance (585)
virtual mass (1310) 15 Beaches
Air entrainment artificial (976)
flumes (100) 69 by-passing sand, inlets (975)
models (995) 125 effect, jetties (970)
pipes (1303) 8 equilibrium profile (181)
(1311) 15 model laws (131*)
turbines (1305) Hi sand in suspension (11*58)
Air pollution (1283) 162 shallow soundings (971*) ....
Airfield drainage structures, design (972)...
runoff (531) 11* wave action (1*7) (529)
(1201*) 11U (1087) (1088) ...
Airfoils, cascades (1118) 1*8 (131) (660) (661)
Airship, hydro dynamic coefficient (lli08)... 78 " (11*59)
Apparatus Benas (1301*)
channels rotating (279) 3 shear flow (1371*)
coast model basin (973) 108 Bibliography, ships (895)
cyclone, liquid-liquid (112*1) 6l Blow-out head (9l*7)
liquid-solid (905) (906) 60 Bodies of revolution (1532)
flood forecasting (1010) 13U Boundary flow (1301)
flow regulation (I367) 51 Boundary layer
permeameter, wall effect (1172) 76 conduits (290)
photo electric, sediment (1329) 26 laminar (1350) (1359)
(1331) 27 (1503)
pitch measurement, ship (ll*0l*) 77 open channels (62)
precipitation gage (Shi) 28 11
(1100)
, radio (1012) 13l* ships (1501*)
pressure recorder (791) 166 slots (328)
propeller measuring (11*11) 78 surfaces (851*)
rubber seal tester (1199) 112 turbulent (627)
sand separator (52) 16 (1388)
' (1330) 26 (1503)
sediment sampler (19l*) 115 Breakwaters
(73U) 161* pervious and impervious (998)
sedimentation tank (925) 70 rubble -mound (257)
stream gage (1013) 13l* " (999)
tank, electrolytic (U70) ll*8 wave diffraction (1*7)
tilting design (1336) 32 Bridge piers
towing carriage (1520) 152 back water (1332) ,

viscometer (1090) 29 " (11*83)


water tunnel (79) 36 scour (1097)
(1150) (1151) 66 " (568)
(921*) 70 " (306)
11
(1521) 152 " (332) ,

wave gages (977) 109 theory (13U*) ,

wave generator (973) 108 Bubbles


(1522) 152 diffusion (1060)
wave recorder, airborne ( 11*60 ) 110 ice sheets (1156) ,

wave tank (399) 107 oxygen transfer (580)


wind tunnel (1081) 25 resorption (803)
(1152) 66 Bulk modulus, oils (90l*)
Atomization of liquids (I36O) h9 Canals
Backwater density currents (11*82)
constricted channels (1332) 27 irrigation
(11*86) (11*87) 139 linings (151)
reservoirs (775) 161* seepage (820)
uniform channels (1*37) 135 (51*8)
Baffle piers, cavitation (993) 121* (1091)
Subject Index iQq

I Channel improvement
navigation
our on curves (1501) 11*7
illing basin (1U97) 1^6 Charles town Harbor, la. (678) 122
llary flow Delaware River, Pa. (1*25) 120
nds (1318) 21 Fraser River (10l*l*) 166
eway Hale's Bar Dam (IO39) 161
feet on tides (101*8) 167 Lynnhaven Bay, Va. (672) 121
tation Miss. River, Miss. (989) 121*
ffle piers (993) 121* Raritan River, N. J. (679) 122
isic research Valdivia River, Chile (11*68) 129
Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) 3 power development (11*70) 129
David Taylor Model Basin (711) ll*8 Channels (see Open channels)
Iowa State Univ. (79) (81) 36 alluvial (1313) 20
Mass. Inst, of Tech. (312) 1*7 backwater (1*37) 135
" 11
(579) 1*6 conservation linings (152) (153) 105
Northwestern Univ. (326) 59 critical depth (1396) 72
Penna. State College (1386) 66 cross-sills (IO63) 13
Waterways Experiment Station (993) 121* hydraulic jump (11*93) 11*5
'

.undary misalignment (90) 1*2 meanders (226) 118


'

Jbbles (682) 123


air nuclei (801*) 1* (1313) 20
cavity flow (1301) 5 pressure distribution (1356) 1*9

cavity shape (1270) 155 rotating flow (279) 3


mduit contractions (72) 36 steep slope (1322) 22
namics of (803) h transitions (1321) 22
slots (993)
.te 121* trapezoidal (682) 123
'iception (1355) hi velocity distribution (1301*) 13
itake (671*) 121 (131*3) 3h
ffset joints (993) 121* Cofferdams
'.pe bends (993) 12U Chief Joseph Dam- Wash. (1*08) 110
.pes (117) & Dalles Dam, Ore. (11*62) 113
(1500) 11*7 McNary Dam, 0 r e. (I89) HO

"opellers (II3I*) 8 (1202) 112
(605) 65 Conduits
'
" (1531) 155 boundary layer (290) 23
jtating channels (279) 3 energy losses (32) 9
Luice gates (79) > 36 hydraulic jump (11*16) 83
11
" (219) 117 inlets (?2) 36
billing basin steps (993) 121* (218) 117
Lp vortex (1387) 66 (11*17) 83
innels (1*60) ll*0 Narrows Dam, Ark. (1*20) 120
(726) 157 obstructions (1331*) 27
irbines separation at expansions (289) 23
Francis (1056) 1 Corrosion
models (1133) 57 basic research (13l*l) 33
propeller (271) 1 condenser tubes (1*72) 153
( 105a) (1055) 1 pipes (1*72) 153
isteady motion (579) ^6 (131*2) 33
lives (151*1) 163 plumbing (1*9) Ik
iter tunnel (79).... 36 Culverts
Lties drop inlet (111) 73
.Tape (1270) 155 entrance losses (1161) 71
" (1336) 66 (1383) 61*
mel Improvement general research, inlets ( 11*19 ) 85
lood control inlets, flaring ends (ll*ll*) 79
Allentown, Pa. (11*69) 129 outlets, flaring ends (359) k3
i
Cumberland, Md. (230) 118 Cylinders
Farm Creek, 111. (987) 123 vibrations (1517) l^ 1
Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) , . . . 128 Dams
Los Angeles River (1203) Ill* cut-off wall (91*7) 79
lower Miss. River (237) 119 gallery drainage (771) I63
middle Miss. River (236) 118 leakage (773) i6 3
3 . .

1?0
Subject Index

Density currents Evaporation


basic research (8) 3 arid regions (1*1*5)
canals (11*82) 133 effect of reforestation (1*39)
interface (II63) 71 evapo-transpiration (1222)
model laws (159) 131 heat diffusion (822)
reservoir Illinois (555)
model tests (IO98) 35 irrigated lands (li*l*5)....
sedimentation (30 7) k$ lake models (13 la)
suspended sediment (8) 3 lakes (1226)
>' (805) h measurement (1015)
salt water intrusibn reservoirs (765)
Delaware River (1*2$) 120 Salt on Sea (390)
Florida (395) 1 semi-desert vegetation (657)
stability (307) U5 urban areas (561*)
Diffusion, heat (822) 19 watersheds
particles in fluid (1331) 27 Tennessee Basin (765)..
Disks, accelerated motion (813) 12 Expansions (1309)
Draft tubes (11*18)
efficiency (1333) 27 Fish ladders
Drainage dams
Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 8 Dalles Dam, Ore. (11*62)
Florida (396) 105 Mc Nary Dam, Ore. (189)
galleries, dams (771) 16 Tobique River (1286) . .

Imperial Valley, Calif. (390) 96 diffusers


irrigated lands (1302) 8 McNary Dam, Ore. (667).
11
(11*31) 98 Flood control
>
(Ui3W(lU36) 99 basin, Whittier Narrows (980)
" (D|)i3) 100 crop rotation (39U)
(12*1*9) 102 research (1186)
(12*56) 103 rivers
manual, irrigated lands (390) 96 Cumberland, Md. (230) .

San Fernando Valley. Calif. (391) 96 Farm Creek, 111. (987)


Drop structures (1075; 20 Mississippi basin (236)
Electric analogy " (237)
surge tanks (869) h6 Ouachita River, Ark. (675)
three-dimensional (72) 36 Tennessee River basin (772)
valves (1363) Flood discharge
Embankments (291) 26 frequency-magnitude (1233)
design (13U5) ^ measurement (69 1)
Entry, water Fluidization (II38)
airplanes (11*05) 77 Fluids
reference book (1530) 155 physical properties (13l*0)
Erosion control Flumes
contour irrigation (393) 96 air entrainment (100)
streams, meandering (226) 118 tilting design (1336)
Tennessee Basin (777) 161* Frost in ground (118 7)
Erosion research Gas
canal, ditch linings (151) 9h jets (882)
conservation farming (150) 101* supersonic flow (311)
effect sediment characteristics (69) 36 Gates
effect vegetation (261) 87 cavitation (993)
(376) 92 lock (ll*7U)
forest influences (380) 93 meter (539)
(657) 9h (1072)
general (11*85) 139 (1028)
mountain watersheds (261) 87 operation (1206)
(376) 92 (1252)
range management (27) 8 rubber seal tester (1199)
semi-desert vegetation (657) 9h slide (219)
stream-bed (69) 36 " (1*19)
11
(1U8U) 138 (1255) (1256)
6 87

Subject Index 191

Highway drainage
.uice (1207) 127 culverts (111) 73
inter (669) (980) lib
, inlets (11*110 79
icket (986) 123 embankments (291) 26
und water flow gage, sewers (llll) h2
rtificial recharge (559) 30 gutters (1096) 3I4.

arroll County, 111. (8U3) 32 sediment in sewers (1101) 39


hampaign County, 111. ( 8UU) 32 Hydrants, fire (1390) 67
hicago area (1335) 31 Hydraulic history (1102) 39
oachella Valley, Calif. (26) 8 Ice, frazil (1158) 68
ontrol (lh90) 139 Ice sheets, fracture (1156) 67
;ook County, 111. (lluO) 60 Infiltration
last St. Louis area (561) 32 contour irrigation (393) 96
ffect forests (656) 90 effect vegetation (376) 92
lectric flow net (1221) 136 " (658) 96
lectric log (1016) 13 irrigated lands (IU38) 99
dectrolytic potential (U50) 135 recharge basins (1225) . * 137
:lectro-transfer (14i7) 135 soil (25) 7
luctuations (821) 18 (1058) 8
lydrologic cycle (1092) 32 11
(1222) 136
.rrigation (389) 95 Inlets
(1U3U) 99 conduits (72) 36
7o Daviess County, HI. (8J43) 32 culverts ( 111) 73
lake County, 111. (llliO) 60 (1U19) 85
3
eoria area, 111. (560) 30 engine (1375) 52
Ralston Creek, Iowa. (66) 35 gutters (1080) 2k
tepid Creek, Iowa (68) 35 (10910(1095) 3h
reforestation (U39) 135 (855) hi
reservoirs (766) (767) 162 theory (13140 hP
Stephanson County, 111. (8U3) 32 Instruments
stream flow (1220) 136 current meters
(1223) 137 turbine ratings (735) 158
Tennessee Valley (777) 16U electric logs, groundwater (10 16) I36
(780) 165 flow gage, storm sewers (1111) 1*2

thermal- transfer (hhl) 135 hot-wire, anemometer (851) 33


unsaturated flow (I69) 135 11
" meter (1*67) Hi
variable flow (8U5) 30 hydrophone (1518) 151
ide vanes (10h) 69 irrigation (1028) H*0
tters, highways (IO96) 3h (Ui25) 86
'rbor design (1003) 126 pitot tubes (1537) 168
(1377) 53 power (1523) 152
rbor improvement precipitation gage (5U7) 28
Charleston, S. C. (678) 122 " (1338) 33
design (1003) 126 pressure cells (1001*) 126
East Beaver Bay, Minn. (11*76) 130 pressure fluctuation (1307) lU
Grays Harbor, Wash. (1210) 127 (1533) 156
'Harrisville, Mich. (1123) 53 pressure vane (1372) 52
Indiana Harbor, Ind. (11*72) 130 radio rain gage (1012) 13U
penetration, wave energy (808) 5 " (1536) 162
'Port Washington, Wise. (1208) 127 river gage (1013) 13k
.rbor models, scale effects (1002) 126 (1536) 162
at, effect on flow (891) 55 shallow water sounding (97li) 10
|at transfer velocity (1317) 21
'

cooling towers (1059) 12 meter (10010 126


general research (808) 5 vane (1232) 133
" (822) 19 velometer (61) 23
supersonic flow (880) hi wave gage (660) 107
(1361) h9 (977) 19
.ghway drainage '
(100li) 126
culverts (859) h3 well testing (1337) 32
" (1161) 71
192 Subject Index

Intakes Jets
conduit, design (218) 117 submerged, diffusion (75)
dams (67U) 121 (9U8)
gage (1273) l6l (1325)
J
pressures (121*3) Hl turbulent expansion (11*77) I
Irrigation Jetties
canals design, location (38) 1
linings (151) 9h effect littoral drift (970) J
seepage (51*8) 28 effect wave action (529)
(820) 18 Lynnhaven Inlet, Va. (672)
(11A50 97 Laboratory
concrete pipe (21*) 7 procedure (ll*96)
control of water (1139) 97 noise survey (1519)
" (11*55) 103 lake levels, storm winds (160)
drainage studies (390) (391) 96 " " (770) 0

" " (1302) 8 Leakage


" (ll*3l) 98 dams (773) 1
(1U3U) (11436) 99 pipes (791) 1
(11*56) 103 reservoirs (767) 3

erosion, contour irrigation (393) 96 Liquids, thermodynamics (957)


farm structures (21*) 7 Locks
Imperial Valley, Calif. (390) 96 approaches
infiltration (11*38) 99 Intra coastal Waterway, La. (1*17) 1
meters (1028) ll*0 filling, emptying systems
(11*25) 86 Dalles Dam, Ore. (11*66) pi
(11*99) 1U6 Intracoastal Waterway, La. (1*17) 1
percolation (389) 95 Jim Woodruff Dam, Fla. (676) 1
pipe friction (21*) 7 McNary Dam, Ore. (I89) 1
Rockdale soils (397) 106 Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (985) 1
San Fernando Valley, Calif. (391) 96 St. Anthony Kills (985)... 1
snow surveys (55) 16 New Cumberland, Ohio River (985) 1
(387) 95 St. Anthony Falls, Minn. (1*12) 1
soil moisture (20) (22) 6 high-lift (985) 1
(26) 8 miter gates (ll*7l*) 1
(393) 96 Log boom (1539) !<

soil permeability (658) 96 Manifolds (82)


sprinkler, perforated pipe (1190) 97 (1171)
sprinkling systems (21) 6 (13U10
(81*2) 28 pipes (1353)
structures (21*) 7 theory (13l*U) 1
water application (lu37) 99 Meanders (226) ||
(ll*39)( 11*1*0) (11*1*1).... 100 (682) II
(1UU2) (XUU3) 100 (1313)
(1UU8) (1UU9) 102 Meters (see Nozzles, Orifice meters, Venturis'
water measurement (21*) 7 calibration (121*) 9
water supply (23) 7 turbine ratings (735) 1^!
" 11
(27) 8 hot-wire (I467) M
" (55) 16 (851)
" (387) 95 irrigation (21*)
" (XU29) 97 (11*25)
jj|
" (11*30) (11*32) (11*33) 98 permeameter (1172) V
" (1UUU) (HOiS) (1U1*6) (1UU7) . . 101 precipitation gages (51*7) ^

(11*1*8) (11*50) (11*51) 102 pulsation eliminators (597) t


" (11*52) (11*51*) (11*55) 103 turbulence (578) h\
weir stands (11*98) ll*6 velocity, electro-magnetic (1*6) 1
well drilling (21*) 7 " " (61) 2|
Jets viscometer, absolute (1090) 2;l

boundary effects (1301) 5 Model distortion (99l*) 12 j

free, water tunnel (921*) 70 Model laws


mixing, coaxial, gas (882) U8 air entrainment (995) 12
pressure distribution (72) 36 air instead of water (996) 12
Subject Index 193

1 laws Orifice meters


aches (18U) 107 eccentric and segmental (598) 62
nsity currents (159) 131 entrance effects (I382) 63
lale effects installation effects (685) 132
harbors (1002) 126 pulsating flow (597) 62
spillways (1001) 126 rounded entrance (I380) 63
ill models (593) 59 throat angle (I38I) 63
;reams, meandering
me; (226) 118 Orifices
lives (l8U) 107 flow control (1373) 52
fel roughness standards (1000) 126 submerged (1325) 25
si verification vortex flow (1181) 85
assure measurement Oscillating motion (1358) h9
penstocks, South Holston dam (762).... 160 Outlets
sluices, Cherokee Dam (753) 160 drop spillway (112) 73
'
Douglas Dam (759) 160 flaring ends (859) h3
Hiwassee Dam (763) 160 pipe, cantilevered (1168) 73
spillway piers and baffles short, in dams (290) 23
Kentucky dam (76I) 160 sluice (997) 125
rototype confirmation (IU67) 129 Outlet works
Chief Joseph Dam, Wash. (U08) 110 dams
bis Fontana (7210(725) 157
3d material (1535) 162 Garrison, N. D. (211) 116
ches (1352) Heart Butte (U60) liiO
izles Keechelus (125U UU3
alibration (910 ) 62 Oahe, S. D. (1212) 128
(1U26) Orwell, Minn. (982) 116
.ntrance effects (1382) 63 Palisades (1258) llih
[(low measurement (1327) 6h Rio Hondo, Calif. (980) llli
installation effects (685) 132 South Holston (730) 158
ow Reynolds number (1327) 26 Spring Creek (698) H0
:ixing (U0) 10 Trenton (1256) Hi3
ressure distribution (72) 36 Willow Creek (12kh) lhl
r oughness (1328) 26 Yellowtail (lu95) 1^6
Em channels (see Channels) sluice portals (997) . 125
L
ir entrainment (100) 69 spillway tunnels
rtif icial roughness (535) 17 South Holston Dam (730) 158
(6hh) 83 valve operation
ackwater (U37) 135 Fontana Dam (7UU) 159
(1332) 27 vibration (125U) Ui3
oundary layer (62) 23 Penstocks
" (1100) 39 Chief Joseph Dam, ^ash. (UlO ; Ill
Critical depth (1396) 72 South Holston Dam (762) 160
"low past slots (328) 65 Percolation studies
lormulas (1093) 33 San Joaquin Valley, Calif. (389) 95
.aminar flow (562) 33 Pipe fittings
jkeanders (1313) 20 cavitation (993) 12U
Itable shapes (1265) ^6 guide vanes (lOiO 69
steep slope (100) 69 head loss (1114;) 63
(1322).. 22 salt water (U72) 153
supercritical flow ships (152U) 153
air entrainment (100) 69 tees (32) 9
diverging (llU) 73 " (132U) 2U
supersonic flow (311) U5 welded (958) k
transitions (llu) 73 Pipes
" (1321) 22 bends (10U) 69
uniform inflow (1217) 133 elbov^ (Uhk) 63
/elocity distribution (130U) 13 shear flow (13 7^) ^2
(13U3) 3h separation (289) 23
(1395) 72 cavitation (117) 55
if ice meters (993) 12U
calibration (910) 62 (1500) 1U7
. .

19k Subject Index

Pipes Plates
conduits rough (8U)
obstructions (133U) 27 Plumbing
corrosion (1231) 138 backf low prevention (1*9)
(1*72) 153 contamination (1216)
(131*2) 33 corrosion (1*9)
discharge measurement (1191) 97 cross-connections (U9)
effect, shape (61*2) 82 fixtures (h9)
entrance sections (290) 23 flow in systems (121U)
" " (627) 75 frost closure (1*32) * .

expansion joints (1529) 155 stacks, capacities (1*33)


expansions (111*3) 63 trailer coaches (1216)
fittings, tees (1321*) 2i* vents, stack (166)
flexible (1192) 97 " (1216)
flow formulas (86) 6 " " frost closure (U32)

(61*1*) 83 wet (166)
flow of mixtures Porous media, flow
solid-gas (1*0) 10 basic research (60)
two-phase, two-component (1*1) 10 (1339)
friction effect of chloride content (860)
aluminum (950) 81 electro-transfer effects (1*U7)
concrete (2l) 7 fluidized, systems (1379)
corrugated (1198) 112 multi-phase (282)
high pressure (956) 8I4. sand (1318)
roughness (586) 56 spheres (590)
(1393) 72 (616)
(9l*U) 79 (626)
11
, artificial (l) 29 thermal- transfer effects (Uh7)
(61*U) 83 turbulence (557)
salt water (1*72) 153 two-phase media (39)
short (317) 55 unsaturated flow (I69)
, intakes (830) 22 Pressure distribution
heat transfer (10) 10 basic research (79) (81)
11
(880) 1*7 (1356)
hydraulic radius (61*2) 82 building forms (299)
leakage (79l) 166 by electric analogy (72)
manifold ports (82) 37 (1*70)
" (1171) 75 deformation of metals (312) . .

noise (1525) 153 entrances (121*3)


perforated (1190) 97 slots (328)
plastic, resistance (13l*6) 1*1 submerged bodies (16)
ships (1521*) 153 (579)
short, intakes (830) 22 Pressure measurement
small siphons (116) 55 electric analogy (72)
standards, house sewer (100^) 132 " " (hio)
suction (117) 55 instruments (1307)
supply system, model (1298) 2 (1368)
surge suppressors (127) 59 (1533)
surges (1180) 82 pressure vanes (312)
(1303) 8 sluices
transitions (318) 55 Cherokee Dam (758)
turbulence (U67) H*7 Douglas Dam (759)
velocity distribution (587) 56 Hiwassee Dam (763)
fluctuations (1*6)
11
10 wave action (38)
vertical (317) 55 Pressure regulator (1251)
(1311) 15 Propellers
vibrations (1160) 70 cavitation (1531).
welded junctions (32) 9 electro -magnetic analogy (920)
Pitot tubes measuring apparatus (li*ll)....
development (h3) 10 symmetric wakes (921)
(1537) 168 Prototype check tests
Reynolds number (88l) 1*8 penstocks (762)
3

Subject Index 195

to type check tests Revetments


Juices (758) (759) 160 Miss. River (1159) 70
pillways (761) 160 stream control, meandering (226) 118
ailrace (1279) 161 Rockfill
unnels (760) 160 model tests (11*63) (11*610 113
(1277) 161 Roughness
iping plant, sewers (683) 123 artificial
ips open channels (61*U) 83
.djustable blade (1297) 2 (1395) 72
" (HiOO) 7U pipes (1) 29
iiaphragm (1085) 25 " (6140 83
oower transmission (1528) iSk sediment transportation (535) 17
research (806) k standards, models (1000) 126
suction, air (810) 12 surfaces, drag (85U) 39
i^sts (1132) 57 Runoff
Lnfall airport runways (531) U*
iltitude effect (778) 165 arid regions (1*1*5) 135
artificial, airport runways (531) 11* denudation effects (23) 7
3 ffect of altitude (778) 165 " (27) " 8
gagei (5U7) 28 effect of forest (656) 90
11
(1338) 33 '
" (376) 92
hydrologic cycle (1092) 32 " (377) 92
.naximum (779) 165 forecasting
rainfall-runoff (IO78) 21* snow surveys (387) (388) 95
(56U) 3k " (11*20) 85
(68). 35 (11*53) 103
(856) hi soil moisture (1011*) 13U
(918) 63 glaciers (1229) 137
(772) 163 hydrologic cycle (1092) 32
(768) (777) 16U rainfall-runoff (561*) 3k
rainmaking (1320) 22 " (777) 161*
research, Southern California (261) 87 (856) 1*1
Tennessee River Basin (768) 161* " (918) 63
" " " (778) (779) 165 " (1078) 21*

tree growth (1155) 67 urban areas (561*) 3k


nge management practices (27) 8 (856) 1*1
servoirs watersheds
backwater (775) 16U Illinois (551) 31
density currents Lafayetee, Ind. (39k) 10l*
model tests (IO98) 35 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 101*
suspended sediment (8) 3 Pennsylvania (656) 90
design, Clarion River, Pa. (1*26) 120 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 35
evaporation ( 765) 16U Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 35
" , arid regions (1*1*5) 135 Tennessee River Valley (777) 161*
ground water (766) 162 " " (780) 165
leakage (767) 162 Utah (388) 95
'(sedimentation (307) kS Salt water intrusion
(1281*) 165 aquifer (11*89) 139
< seepage (1*1*5) 135 Delaware River (1*25) 120
silting (8) 3 Florida (395) (396) 105
arid regions (1*1*5) 135 irrigated lands (1302) 8
Illinois (552) 31 Sand boils (558) 30
Safe Harbor (1157) 68 Sand classification methods (52) 16
stock water (1227) 137 Sand mixtures, permeability (556) 29
temperature gaging (769) 160 Sand traps, design (53) 16
Tennessee River (761*) 162 Sand traps, vortex tube (537) 1*7

(7851 165 Scour


Texas (386) 95 bridge piers (568) 38
water supply, Illinois (551) 31 (306) U5
water travel (787) 16 (332) 68
wind, wave heights (770) I63 canal curves (1501) 1^7
.

196 Subject Index

Scour Settling, fall velocity


dams effect boundaries (298)
Ft. Randall, S. D. (67I*) 121 shape (828)
stilling basins (823) 19 (298)
Sediment (628)
analysis methods (302) 38 " suspensions (10 73)
bed erosion (69) 36 velocity (1330)
exclusion (1261) (1261*) HiU Sewage
measurement (1329) 26 activated sludge process (580)
reservoir sampler (1281*) 165 pumping plant (683)
similiarity (1330) 26 Sewers
suspended, measurement (73U) 161* pipes, standards (1005)
Sediment transportation surges (683)
artificial roughness (535) 17 Ships
beaches (529) 11 bending moment (11*09)
bed load (1107) h0 bilge, keels (1512)
" (1306) Ill boundary layers (150k)
(1308) 15 commercial, design (1128)
11
" (1313) 20 design
(135U) hi injection scoops (710)
Delaware River (1*25) 120 fishing vessels (1288)
internal mechanics (7) 2 maneuvering (15 lk)
Niobrara River (1235) 138 models, turbulence stimulation (1506)
channels with sills (IO63) 13 Taylor (1508)
critical tractive force (1502) 11*7 motor-boats, transom immersion (1127)
density currents (8) 3 pitch, measurement (IkOk)
(307) \6 planing surfaces (3ko)
forces on particles (280) 11 propellers
measurement (191*) 115 cavitation (113k)
(73k) 161 (1513)
reservoirs (386) 95 electro-magnetic analogy (920)
ripple formation (1165) 71 symmetric wakes (921)
suspended load (110 7) k0 PT, geometric series (1509)
" (1313) 20 resistance
density currents (805) k compilation data (395)
internal mechanics (6) 2 " (1U13)
measurement (386) 95 fractional (1*68)
(661) 107 (1505)
(19k) 115 hull forms (1507)
(73U) 16U measurement (1516)
Tennessee River (76k) 162 models (901)
Texas streams (386) 95 prediction (1516)
Watauga Dam (732) 158 theory (709)
Sedimentation wave (111*2)
arid regions (1*1*5) 135 rudder force (1175)
basins (1262) (1263) lkk vibration (1378)
(139U)(1397) 72 seaworthiness (11*07)
general research (1073) 20 (1510) (1511)
reservoirs (552) 31 (1515)
(1157) 68 self-propelled models (11*10) (11*12)
(785) 165 Shore protection, structures (38) . .

tank (1391) 68 (529)..


Seepage (972)..
canals (820) 18 Silting
(5U8) 28 basins, Henderson County (733)
" (1091) 29 reservoirs
(1U5) 97 arid regions (1*1*5)
reservoirs (1*1*5) 135 Illinois (552)
Separators Lake Mead (1*1*5)
liquid-liquid eye Tone (llll) 61 Tennessee Valley (785)
solid " (905) (906) 60 small watersheds (777)
oil-water (61*6) 8k
0 10
7
2

Subject Index 197

ing Spillways
reams, Texas (386) 95 check tests (76I) 160
3ns comparison, profiles (266) 166
? inlet (11*91) Hi5 crest shapes (1077) 22
rigation (21*) 7 dams
nping plants (11*75) 130 Belton, Texas (1209) 12?
ill pipes (116) 55 Boone (1271*) 16
"ter mains (151*2) 169 C. J. Strike Power Dev. Co. (1181*) 86
3 (328) 65 Cabinet Gorge (11*22) 86
"[be gates Cachuma (121*6) 11*2
'/itation (79) 36 Cedar Bluff (70l*) 11*0
design (219) 117 Chickamauga (709) 11*8
'

ueways Chief Joseph, Wash. (1*08) 110


11
(1*09) Ill
Shief Joseph, Wash. (1*09) Ill Clarion River, Pa. (1*26) 120
discharge ratings Cummit Control Dam (1538) 168
'

Cherokee Dam (739) 159 Dalles, Ore. (11*65) 113


Douglas Dam (71*2) 159 Falcon, Rio Grande (1023) H*0
Fontana Dam (7l*3)(7l*5) 159 Fall River, Kansas (1111*) (1350) 1*3
pressure measurement Folsom Dam, Calif. (11*73) 130
" Cherokee Dam (758) 160 Fontana (723) 157
Douglas Dam (759) 160 Fort Patrick Henry (I53h) 162
Hiwassee Dam (763) 16 Ft. Randall, S. D. (67U) 121
'Republican (1261) 11*1* Garrison Dam (211) 116
Superior Court land (1256) 12*3 Genegantslet, N. Y. (988) 121*
nd, design (53) 16 Glenn Anne ( 11*91*) 11*6
', forecast, melting (1011) 13l* Hales Bar (727) 158
" (11*20) 85 (IO38) 161
surveys Heart Butte (1*60) 11*0
lorado (55) (57) 16 Hills Creek, Pa. (1112) 1*3

otographic (57) 16 Hungry Horse (705) 11*0


noff forecasting (55) 16 Jim Woodruff , Fla (676)...
. 122
'
(387) (388) 95 Kentucky (761) 16
(11*20) 85 Mayo River (128 7) 167
(11*53) 103 McNary, Ore. (189) HO
.moisture Morganza Floodway, la. (213 > H7
ntour irrigation (393) 96 Orwell, Minn. (982)..*. 116
feet cover (967) 90 Palisades (1258) 11*1*
denudation (23) 7 Pine Flat, Calif. (992) 121*
" timber cutting (377) 92 Rio Grande Canal (1316) 21
recasting stream flow (10 Hi) 13l* Rio Hondo, Calif. (980) Ill*
rest influences (380) 93 San Jacinto (131*7) hi
'
" (657) 9h Savage River, Md. (11*71) 129
tperial Valley, Calif. (390) 96 South Holston (728) (730) 158
asurement (20) (22) 6 Tobique River (1286) 16
(26) 8 Trenton (1253) Hi
(261) 87 Waneta (11*23) 86
ivement (20) 6 Watauga (728) (732) 158
(1058) 8 Waynesboro, Pa. (1351) k3
trmeability (658)... 96 Willow Creek (121*1*) H*i
:lation to plants (19) 6 Yale (11*21*) 86
" " (11*27) (11*28) 88 Yellowtail (H*95) 1^6
Fernando Valley (391)
in 96 design (538) 18
-mi-desert vegetation (657) 9h (673) 121
Tail watersheds (777) 161* (11*92) 11*5
)uthern California (261) 87 , drop (112) 73
aermodynamics (22) 6 Discharge ratings , dams
L permeability (II78) 81 Apalachia (736) 158
(1179) 82 Cherokee (738) 159
(1191*) 106 Douglas (71*1) 159
:if ic gravity, oils (901*) 60 Flatiron (1259)
3re, accelerated motion (1101*) 39 Ft. Loudoun (7l*6) 159
Llways Ocoee No. 3 (753) I 60
oration, Pine Flat, Calif. (992) 121*
2

198 Subject Index

Spillways Stream gaging


discharge ratings, dams bridges (69O)
Watt's Bar (755) 160 dam leakage (773)
discharge, weir-type (1289) 168 gage (1013)
drop, design (112) 73 radio gages (1536)
(1398) " 73 Tennessee Valley (769)
effect tailrace (732) 158 Streams

tailwater (62) 23 distribution, Calif. (106l)
lateral (67) 38 effect logging (969)
(1*26) 120 " (1230)
morning-glory, dams erosion control (226)
Heart Butte (1*60 ) H*0 " research (69)
Hungry Horse (70$) H*D forest effects (1*39)
South Holston (728) 158 meandering (226)
Watauga (728) 158 peak discharge (691)
ogee , flow patterns (5>lil) 21* roughness coefficient (783)
profiles (266) 166 ' (11*88)....
reservoirs, Clarion River, Pa. (1*26) . . . . 120 stage-discharge
roller-type bucket (673) 121 Iowa (67). e

scale effects (1001) 126 Texas (386)


Whittier Narrows (980) Ill* water quality (786)
Sprinkling systems Strut wake (I389)
irrigation (81*2) 28 Submerged bodies
(1076) 20 pressure distribution
jets, distribution (21) 6 basic research (16)
Stability (579)
model studies (5) 51* electric analogy (72)
submarines, automatic control (909) 61 theoretical analysis (81)
towed (907) 61 Surges
water circulating systems (1135) 58 irrigation systems (1257)
wave tests (1136)(1137) 58 pipes (1180)
" (1173) 76 " (1303)
" (117U) 77 sewers (683)
Stilling basins Surge tanks
canals (11*97) H*6 electric analog (869)
dams mechanical-pneumatic (127)
Cedar Bluff (701*) HiO South Holston dam (731)
Chickamauga (709) Hi8 " (762)
Chief Joseph, Wash. (1*09) Ill Suspended particles
Clarion River, Pa. (1*26) 120 oscillating motion (1358)
Folsom Dam, Calif. (11*73) 130 Tailraces
Ft. Randall, S. D. (6?U) 121 McNary Dam, Ore. (189)
Garrison, N. D. (211) 116 Watauga Dam (732)
Hungry Horse (70S) 11*0 Tidal flow
Island Falls (15U0) 168 channels
Morgan za F loo dway, La. (213) H7 Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678)
Narrows, Ark. (1*20) 120 Delaware River, Pa. (1*25)
San Jacinto (13U7) 1*1 Fraser River (10l*l*)
South Holston (730) 158 Lynnhaven Bay, Va. (672)
Texarkana (991) 121* Raritan River, N. J. (679)
Trenton (1253) Hi effect of causeway (101*8)
design (107U) 20 Strait of Canso (101*8)
scour (823) 19 Towing tank research
Stilling wells David Taylor Model Basin
meter gates (539) 18 Michigan University (585)
(121*8) 11*2 Newport News S. and D. D. Co....
Trenton Dam (1256) ll*3 Northwestern University
Streamflow forecasts Society of Naval Architects
Colorado (55) (57) 16 Stevens Institute of Technology
snow surveys (55) (57) 16 Transitions
(387) 95 open channels (111*)
Stream gaging (1321)
backwater (1*37) 135 pipes (318)
Subject Index 199

itions Valves
nels (1206) 116 automatic (1526) (1527) l$k
Is balanced flapper (I369) (1370) (1371) 51
ck tests (760) 160 (1372) $2
" (1277) 161 butterfly (15U3) 169
cavitation (151*1) 168
Jlakely Mountain, Ark. (675) 122 design (1362) i;9
"ontana (726) 157 forces on pistons (I36U) (1365) (I366) 0
(760) 160 head loss, check (96l) 86
,ucky Peak, Idaho (979) Ill Howell-Bunger (997) 125
isuring system (12U5) 1^1 discharge coefficient (1282) 161
ines Fontana Dam (72U) 157
fir type (588) 56 (7U3) (7UU) 159
Vitation (1133) 57 Lucky Peak, Idaho (979) Ill
'scharge channels (1305) Hi Narrows Dam, Ark. (1;20) 120
'
ratings (735) , 158 jet flow
incis type Spring Greek Dam (698) li^O
cavitation (1056) 1 outlet works
'performance (1056) 1 Fontana Dam (72U) 157
(123) 57 relief (1363) 50
(13U8) U2 Velocity distribution
(138U) 6U jets, submerged (75) 36
(1399)(li;Ol) Ik open channels (562) 33
pulse Velocity measurement
'head effect, tests (ID46) 6h electro-magnetic (I46) 10
instruction laboratory (1057) 2 " > (61) 23
del tests (123) 57 (73) 36
" , roughness (li+03) 7h (U67) H+7
J"
opeller hot-wire (73) 36
cavitation (271) 1 (U67)
" XU7
(105U) 1 ultrasonics (115U) 67
performance (271) 1 Venturi
(10SU) (1055) (1296) 1 calibration (910) 62
(588) 56 (1326) 25
(1385) 6h entrance effects (1130) 56
(H*02) 7h (1382) 63
search (806) h installation effects (685) 132
(13U9) h2 irrigation (1028) HiO
ne moments (896) 57 Venturi flume (9l*9) 81
ulence Viscosity
undary layers (627) 75 effect on Pitot tubes (881) U8
ipansions (1309) 15 oils (90li) 60
anular media (557) 30 oils, water (957) 8U
iasurement Vortex, pumps (10610 13
apparatus (73) 36 Vortex-source flow, supersonic (1117) U8
(578) U6 Vortex tubes, design (537) 17
(1307) 1^ " (12610 lhh
electro-magnetic (1*6) 10 Water channel rotating (279) 3
hot-wire, air (85D 38 Water, consumptive use (11*21) 85
water (U67) 1U7 (U429) 97
techniques (61) 23 " (H+35) 99
(578) U6 (lUliU) (1UU6) 101
ipes (627) 75 '
(1UU8) 102
(9hh) 79 Water entry (1299) (1300) 5
artificially rough (1) 29 " , airplanes (li*05) 77
basic research (1*6) 10 " reference book (1530) 155
(1*67) H*7 Water hammer
timulation (ll*06) 77 pipes (791) 166
(1506) U*9 (1289) 167
abmerged jets (75) 36 surge suppressors (127) 59
heory (1312) 15 Water measurement
" (1323) 2h irrigation (23) (2li) 7
" (13UU) hO (26) 8
.

200 Subject Index

Water measurement Waves


stream flow (67) 35 ripples, sediment (1165)
Watershed management theory (1335)
Continental Divide (377) 92 Waves, surface
fundamental relations (li|27) (I428) 88 breaking (I38I)
Pennsylvania (656) 90 characteristics, observed (660)
Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 92 contours (3a0)
Sierra Ancha, Ariz. (657) 9h diffraction (hi)
southeastern United States (380) 93 (1376)
southern California (261) 87 energy losses (lit6l)
Wayne County, Pa. (966) 90 (la 79)
"

Watershed studies positive, dry channels (la80)


Blacklands, Texas (150) IOI4. gages (977)
effects logging (969) 91 general research (hi)
forest influences (656) (966) 90 generation (35)
'
(968) (1188)
91 (h)
(376) (3 77) 92 (Ia73)
" (380) 93 " forecasting (hi)
, . .

(657) 9h heights (770)


frost studies (1137) 90 measurement (lU60)
Illinois (551) (552) 31 model laws (18a)
Imperial Valley, Calif. (390) 96
Lafayette, Ind. (39a) 10a oscillatory (35)
management (26l) 87 (309)
North Appalachian (150) ; 10a theory (hi)
,

Ohio and Great Plains (150) 10a resistance (709)


Priest River, Idaho (968) 91 shallow water (35)
Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 35 shock (811)
Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 35 " (1062)
relation to hydrograph (1108) h0 " (311)
soil moisture (967) 90 solitary (577)
Tennessee River Valley (772) I63 (159)
" (768) (777) 16U standing (1162)
11
(780) 165 wind-generated (h)
Utah (338) 95 (11*57)
Water tunnel Wave tank, design (399)
design Weirs
Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) (16) 3 critical depth (1396)
Penn. State College (Il5l) 66 ogee -flow patterns (5Ul)
free jet (92a) 70 sharp-crested (567)
vaned turns (10a) 69 circular (1113)
Water utilization (76?) I63 (1239)
Wave action parabolic (268)
beaches (hi) 11 rectangular (319)
(529) 11 silting basin (733)
11
(1087) (1088) 25 spillway (1289)
(181) (660) (661) 107 submergence (5al)
(970) (973) 108 Wells
(1159) 109 casings (1195)
breakwaters drilling (2a)
pervious, impervious (998) 125 testing instruments (1337)
rubble -mound (257) 119 Well screens
(999) 126 design (287)
harbors head loss (1195)
design (1003) 126 turbulence (557)
" (1377) 53 Wind
East Beaver Bay (la 76) 130 building forms (299)
Indiana Harbor, Ind. (Ia72) 130 " " (1079)
research (808) 5 design (1152)
shore protection, tank (399) 107 lake levels (160)
works (33) 9 (Ia57)
" " " (529) 11 Tennessee Valley (770)
" ,

spillways (67U) 121 set up (la57)


structures (972) 108 velocity (10 a 2)
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : O 19!
(Continued from page 2 of cover)

answering a number adequacy of stack venting of


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Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951

A guide conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories


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Correcting for Density and Viscosity of Incompressible Fluids in


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Wind Tides in Small Closed Channels

A theoretical and experimental consideration of wind tide or set-up, involving


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