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dx d 2x
x0 x_ and x00 x
dt dt2
When a slash to the right of or a dot over a variable is given, time is assumed to
be the independent variable. The number of slashes or dots represents order of the
dierential. Dierential equations are generally obtained from physical laws describ-
ing the system process and may be classied according to several categories, as
illustrated in Table 1.
Another consideration depends on the number of unknowns that are involved.
If only a single function is to be found, then one equation is sucient. If there are