JOB NO.

7
To Measure Discharge In An Open Channel Using Triangular
Notch And To Determine Co-Efficient Of Discharge.
Objective:

To measure discharge in open channel using triangular notch and to

determine co-efficient of discharge.

Apparatus:

Hydraulic bench
Triangular notch
Stop watch
Book gauge

Related theory:
Notch:

It is a metallic plate having a general shape cut .It is a standarad device which is use
to measure discharge in open channels. Discharge is measured by determining the
height (H) relative to crust.

Types of notches:
Rectangular notch:

This type of notch have one rectangle

Step notch:

This type of notch having two or more rectangles in which one width is smaller than
other , seemed as steps .

Trapezoidal notch:

Triangular notch:
End contraction effect:

When the width of notch is less then the width of the channel, there will be lateral correction of
the nape.

Effective width= B=B-0.1 n H

N=no of end conditions

N=2 ( refrance notch)

N=1(for triangular notch)

Velocity of approach:

Velocity of liquid in channels approaching to notch is called approach velocity.

Comparison between rectangular and triangular notch:

Triangular notch Rectangular notch

Easy to construct Difficult to construct

For smaller flows For large flows
End condition effect is minimum End conditions is maximum

Co-efficient of discharge:

It is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge.

Cd= Q actual / Q theoretical

Hook gauge:

It is used to measure depth of water in open channel.

Derivation:

Discharge through a triangular notch:

Consider is control angle (vertex).

H = Head of liquid causing flow above the crest of notch.

Consider rectangular strip of fluid flowing in a notch of small width dh and at depth h w.r.t free
surface.

Width =2x

Thickness=dh

tan /2 =x / (H-h)

x=(H-h) * tan /2

Discharge through strip

Dq= da*Vth

V th = 2gh

Da=2x * d h

Da=2(H-h) tan /2* d h

Dq= [2(H-h) tan /2* d h]* 2gh

By taking integration we get

Qth =2 tan /2 2g [ H5/2 ( 2/3 2/5 )]

=2 tan /2 2g * H5/2 [4/15]

Qth = 8/15 H5/2 2g tan /2

PROCEDURE:
Fix the notch in the channel of hydraulic bench.
When the flow is steady, measure the head over the crest by using hook gauge.
Measure the dimensions of the notch and apply the contraction effects to find the
effective width.
Record time for collection of specified volume.
Compute Qact, Qth& Cd.
Qact = vol / Time

Observation and calculation:

=58 degree

Sr.no Volume Time Q act=v/t H H Q th Cd

M3 Sec M3/sec mm m

1 0.005 61.59 8.11*10-5 22 0.022 9.4*10-5 0.8627

2 0.005 54.69 9.14*10-5 24 0.024 1.16*10-4 0.7825

3 0.005 51.49 9.71*10-5 26 0.026 1.44*10-4 0.6730

Mean= 0.77274
 0.00012

0.0001

0.00008
Qact

0.00006
Y-Values
0.00004 Linear (Y-Values)

0.00002

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Qthr

Qact
0.000098
0.000096
0.000094
0.000092
0.00009
0.000088 Qact
0.000086
0.000084
0.000082
0.00008
0.0215 0.022 0.0225 0.023 0.0235 0.024 0.0245 0.025 0.0255 0.026 0.0265
 0.00016

0.00014

0.00012

0.0001
Qthr

0.00008
Qthr
0.00006 Linear (Qthr)

0.00004

0.00002

0
0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027
H

Comments:

In this experiment, we measure discharge in an open channel using Triangular Notch and
determine Co-Efficient of discharge. A triangular Notch is very accurate for measurement of low
discharge and graph is showing straight line.
JOB NO.8
To Measure Discharge In An Open Channel Using Rectangular Notch And To
Determine Co-Efficient Of Discharge.
Objective:

To measure discharge in open channel using rectangular notch and to determine co-efficient of
discharge.

Apparatus:

Hydraulic bench

Rectangular notch

Stop watch

Book gauge

Related theory:
Notch:

It is a metallic plate having a general shape cut .It is a standarad device which is use to measure
discharge in open channels. Discharge is measured by determining the height (H) relative to
crust.

Types of notches:
Rectangular notch:

This type of notch have one rectangle

Step notch:

This type of notch having two or more rectangles in which one width is smaller than
other , seemed as steps .

Trapezoidal notch:

Triangular notch:
End contraction effect:

When the width of notch is less then the width of the channel, there will be lateral correction of
the nape

Effective width= B=B-0.1 n H

N=no of end conditions

N=2 ( refrance notch)

N=1(for triangular notch)

Velocity of approach:

Velocity of liquid in channels approaching to notch is called approach velocity.

Comparison between rectangular and triangular notch:

Triangular notch Rectangular notch

Easy to construct Difficult to construct

For smaller flows For large flows

End condition effect is minimum End conditions is maximum

Co-efficient of discharge:

It is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge.

Cd= Q actual / Q theoretical

Hook gauge:

It is used to measure depth of water in open channel.

Derivation:

Discharge through a rectangular notch:

H = Head of liquid causing flow above the crest of notch.

Consider rectangular strip of fluid flowing in a notch of small width dh and at depth h w.r.t free
surface.

Discharge through strip

Dq= da*Vth

V th = 2gh

Da=B * d h

Da=B* d h* 2gh

By taking integration we get

Qth =B* 2g *2/3 *H3/2

Qth = 2/3 *H3/2 * B* 2g

PROCEDURE:

Start discharge of water in rectangular notch & wait till water attains constant
level in notch.
Insert hook gauge in it and note down h.
Note time of collection for certain vol. of water in hydraulic bench.
Calculate actual discharge Qth& Cd.
Plot graph b/w Qth&Qact at x-axis &Qact at y-axis.

Observation and calculations:

Sr.no Volume Time Q act H H B B Qth Cd

M3 sec M3 /sec mm m

1 0.005 35.04 1.42*10-4 18 0.018 0.036 0.0324 2.31*10-4 0.614

2 0.005 21.44 2.33*10-4 24 0.024 0.036 0.0312 3.42*10-4 0.681

3 0.005 71.44 6.99*10-5 9 0.009 0.036 0.0342 8.62*10-5 0.810

Mean=0.7019

0.00025

0.0002

0.00015
Qact

0.0001 Qact
Linear (Qact)
0.00005

0
0 0.000050.00010.000150.00020.000250.00030.000350.0004
Qthr
 0.00025

0.0002

0.00015
Qact

Y-Values
0.0001
Linear (Y-Values)
0.00005

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
H

0.0004

0.00035

0.0003

0.00025
Qthr

0.0002
Qthr
0.00015 Linear (Qthr)

0.0001

0.00005

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
H

Comments:
In this experiment, we measure discharge in an open channel using Rectangular Notch and
determine Co-Efficient of discharge. A ractanguler notch is very accurate for measurement of
low discharge.
JOB NO.9
To determine the Hydraulic co-efficient of the given Orifice

Objective:

To find out the following perimeter experimentally.

Co-efficient of velocity
Co-efficient of discharge
Co-efficient of contraction
Apparatus:

Hydraulic Bench
Orifice (dia. 5mm and 8mm)
Stop Watch
Measuring Scale
Hook gauge

Related theory:
Orifice:

It is an opening on vertical side or at the base of vessel used to measure the discharge through container
or vessel. In common practice orifice is used in vertical sides of container.

Types Of Orifice:

There are many types of orifice depending upon shape, size etc.

W.r.t shape:

Circular Orifice: Orifice shape is of circular type

Rectangular Orifice: Orifice shape is of rectangular type

Square Orifice: Orifice shape is of square type

Triangular Orifice: Orifice shape is of triangular type

W.r.t nature:

Free or open or simple orifice:

In which discharge is freely open to atmosphere.

Partially sub merged orifice:

In which half of orifice is subjected to atmosphere and other in liquid.

Fully submerged orifice:

In which orifice discharge is fully submerged in water.

W.r.t edge

Bell mouth orifice:

In which sides or opening of orifice is of conical shape

Sharp edge orifice:

In which edge are very sharp

Jet Of Water:

It is continuous stream of water flowing out of orifice.

Venacontracta:

It is section of jet of water at which streamlines becomes parallel. It is also known as minimum
section of water, normally it occurs at d/2 distance from the face of orifice. Where d is the
diameter of orifice. At venacontracta velocity is maximum, area is low and diameter is
minimum.
Hydraulic co-efficient:
Co-efficient of velocity:

It is the ratio of actual velocity of jet at venacontracta to the theoretical velocity. Its average
value is 0.97. Mathematically, it is given as follows.

= /

= 2 /2y

=2gH

Co-efficient Of Contraction:

It is the ratio of area of jet at venacontracta and actual area of orifice. Its average value is 0.64
and is given as follows.

= = \0

Co-efficient Of Discharge:

It is the ratio of actual discharge and theoretical discharge through the orifice. Its average value
is in the range of 0.6 0.64. Mathematically, it is given as follows.

= \

Where, =2gH.A

Experimental relation b/w Cc, Cd And Cv:

The relationship b/w Cc, Cd and Cv is given as follows.

= *

Determination of co-efficient of velocity by experiment:

Cv may be found experimentally for an orifice by measuring horizontal and vertical distance.

= 0

X = X /

Consider a tank containing liquid and an orifice in one of its vertical side.

Let

H = Head causing flow

V = Horizontal velocity

Jet of liquid has a horizontal velocity V and it is acted upon by gravity with an acceleration g
consider a particle p in the jet if time taken by the particle to flow from section CC to point p
then

X=v.t

t=x\v
1
s= t+2g 2

1
s=0+2g 2

1 3
y=2g^2

2 =g 2 \2y

v= 2 \2y

=2gh

= 2 \4yh

Procedure:

Place the orifice apparatus on the hydraulic bench connect the inlet of the apparatus to the
outlet of hydraulic bench.
Note the dimensions of the discharge measuring tank, orifice.
Check that the zero of the scale of the inlet tank is the same level as the centerline of the
mouthpiece or orifice. If not, measure the difference in elevation and take it as zero error.
Adjust the opening of the inlet valve till the water in the supply tank becomes steady. 5.
Note down the head.
Using the hook gauge arrangement measure the co-ordinates of the jet in a convenient
point.
Using collecting tank and stop watch setup measure the actual discharge.
Repeat the experiment for different inlet valve opening and tabulate the readings.
a. Measure H, X and Y
b. Compute X, Y, Vact, Vth, Qact, Qth, Cd, Cv and Cc
c. We have to find repeat the experiment with 5mm and 8mm diameter orifice
Calculations And Observations:

For Diameter of Orifice=5mm

OBS Vol time H X Y X=X Y=Y vact vth Qact Qth Cv=va Cd=Qac Cc=Cd/
-D/2 -Y ct/vt t/Qt Cv

m2 s m m m m m Ms-1 ms-1

1 0.005 26.9 0.2 0. 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 2.3 1.85 4.5 0.4 4.09 8.71
7 13 7 28 68 830 18 x10^ x1 67
-4 0^
-5
2 0.005 21.9 0.2 0. 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.8 2.3 2.27 4.7 0.7 0.83 6.26
9 13 8 31 27 195 98 x10^ x1 59
-4 0^
-5

For Diameter of Orifice=8mm

OBS Vol time H X Y X=X Y=Y vact vth Qact Qth Cv=v Cd=Q Cc=Cd
-D/2 -Y act/vt act/Qt /Cv

m2 s m m m m m Ms-1 ms-1

1 0.0 23. 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 2.2 2.10 1.2 0.4 1.7 3.5
05 8 54 3 7 26 68 780 32 x10^ x10 82 4 9
-4 ^-4
2 0.0 21. 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.6 5.0 2.27 2.5 0.3 0.9 2.8
05 06 59 3 8 29 29 776 8 x10^ x10 3 344 3
-4 ^-4
Comments:
In this experiment, we find out the following perimeter experimentally like co-efficient
of velocity, co-efficient of discharge and co-efficient of contraction. By using hydraulic
bench , orifice, stop watch, measuring Scale and hook gauge. Experimental values are
less than the theoretical values due to frictional losses. There was some error too that was
because the hydralic bench was repaired.