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The Complete Recipe

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Integrated Petrophysics For Carbonate And Fractured Reservoirs Details

INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT & TUTOR
IN PETROPHYSICAL DATA INTEGRATION

Logical, Systematic, Complete

Integrated Petrophysics for Carbonate and Fractured Reservoirs A

Roadmap

Detailed Contents

DAY1

INTRODUCTION

Intro Course Overview

Intro Petrophysical Objectives vs. Carbonate & Fracture Log Analysis Failure Points

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Intro The Central Role of Petrophysics is to INTEGRATE !

Course Objectives 1

Course Objectives 2

Intro Colour codes

Intro Reservoir schematic

Intro Reminder: Borehole, Invasion & Symbols

Intro Aquifer, Transition Zone & Hydrocarbon Zone

Intro Data Hierarchy and Upward Calibration

Intro Logs Provide a Vehicle for Data Integration

Intro Data Hierarchy Concept

Intro Data Hierarchy Criteria

Intro Calibration projects high value data into larger reservoir volumes using more continuous data

Intro Adopt a problem solving philosophy

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF CARBONATES & FRACTURES

Contrasting Geological Origins Clastics

Contrasting Geological Origins Carbonates

Contrasting Geological Origins Carbonates

Contrasting Geological Origins Carbonates

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Contrasting Geological Origins Fractures

MICROPRACTICAL QL Sw & k: invasion pro les

Dominant Minerals clastics, carbonates, fractures

Dominant Minerals clastics

About clay minerals

Carbonates diagenesis 1

Carbonates diagenesis 2

Always look for dolomitic zones!

Diagenesis carbonates more extreme

Carbonate Diagenetic Facies

Carbonate Diagenetic E ects on Permeability

Clastic-Carbonate di erences:
Carbonate POROSITY: low, high, variable, extreme

Clastic-Carbonate di erences:
Clastics PORE GEOMETRY usually simple

Clastic-Carbonate di erences:
Carbonates PORE GEOMETRY is extremely diverse!

Clastic-Carbonate di erences: Carbonates PORE GEOMETRY range

CLICK TO PLAY NMR

Clastic-Carbonate di erences
..but Carbonate PORE GEOMETRY can also be uniform

Clastic-Carbonate di erences: heterogeneity, mm-m

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Carbonate porosity types are diverse

Summary Clastic Carbonate matrix di erences

Stress, Fracture Types & Petrophysical Features

Fracture Spacing S and Width E

Geologic Parameters Controlling S and E

Reservoir Character created by di erences

Fracture-Matrix Interaction, q

Day1 PRACTICAL: Physical Characteristics Questions

Reservoir Character created by di erences

Oil wetness

Wettability: Wetting preferences dictate the distribution of oil & water within the pore network

Saturation Exponent vs. Fraction Oil Wet Surface

The link between resistivity and Sw becomes problematic with mixed n* 3.4 vs 1.8; EHC+48%

Wettability: Is your reservoir non-strongly water wet?

Carbonate Classi cations-Dunham: Grain support

Carbonate Classi cations petrophysics at last!

Lucia: rock-fabric classes

Carbonate Classi cations Lucias key concepts

Lucia vug classes. Are vugs connected?

Lucias Rock Fabric

Non-vuggy limestones & dolostones: Class1, 2 & 3

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Fracture permeability
Parallel plate single fracture set

Lucias Rock Fabric Separate vug permeability, di cult

CLICK TO PLAY IMAGE LOGS

Lucias Rock Fabric generic inter-particle o -the-shelf answers

In Defence of Lucia from to k & Sw without core. Use, Adapt, Replace

Fractures Fractured Reservoir Classi cation Aguilera

Fractures Fractured Reservoir Classi cation Nelson

Fooled by Fractures

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTER ON RESERVOIR MEASUREMENTS

Impact of Character on Measurement & Evaluation

Impact on Measurements Conventional logs: A Failure Point

Impact on Measurements Matrix porosity

Clastics vs Carbonates

Impact on Measurements Matrix porosity

Matrix porosity measurements compared

Day1 PRACTICAL: Classi cation Systems and Petrophysics, Lucia

END DAY 1

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DAY2

Recap Day1

Impact on Measurements Fracture porosity

Impact on Measurements Matrix saturation Swrt
Impact on Measurements Matrix saturation Swpc
Impact on Measurements Swpc
What is Capillary Pressure?

Impact on Measurements Swpc

WFTs Provide FWL, Mobile Fluid Type & Capillary Pressure (= Excess Pressure = Saturating Pressure)

Impact on Measurements Matrix saturation Swmr

MICROPRACTICAL Matrix porosity Error in tight carbonates

Impact on Measurements Matrix permeability

Impact on Measurements Matrix permeability

Impact on Measurements Fracture permeability

Impact on Measurements Netpay thickness, h

Impact on Measurements FWL

MICROPRACTICAL Data Hierarchy drives Data Flow

Misleading Data Sets fracture wells tests

Misleading Data Sets. access the matrix!

Misleading Data Sets routine core analysis

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Misleading data biased RCA

Misleading Data wrap

Use high sample density xed spacing RCA

Misleading Data inadequate pore throat size data

Misleading Data missing Clay Bound Water

Misleading Data mercury capillary pressure data correction, for CBW only

Misleading Data Rt

Misleading Data viscous oil shortens NMR T2

Carbonate & Fracture Major Petrophysical Di culties

Day2 PRACTICAL: Classi cation Systems & Petrophysics, Fractures

Day2 AM Practical. FWL from single WFT point

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

ACHIEVING OPTIMAL DATA ACQUISITION

Useful data Drilling, Mudlogs, Chromatograph

Useful data Rxo

Useful data Whole core, Miniperm

Useful data Core

Useful data Sonic, Density

Useful data Logged Water Zones

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Useful data Analogs cheap!

Useful data Analog superimposed RCA for SCAL

Useful data Analog FZI for SCAL Pc data

Powerful data Fracture Check & Managed Pressure

Drilling (MPD) Control swab/surge & detect permeable fractures

Powerful data Fracture Test Design & Analysis (1)

Powerful data Fracture Test Design & Analysis (2)

Dual porosity pressure build up vs. time characteristics

Powerful data Image Logs

Powerful data NMR: Principle

Powerful data NMR: Think Sw-Ht

Powerful data NMR: Convert T2 to Ht

Powerful data NMR bins imply Sw for a given Pc (Ht)

Powerful data NMR: Acquire Fast BFV, BVI

Day2 PRACTICAL: Impact of Physical Characteristics on Measurements

END DAY 2

DAY3

Recap Day2

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Powerful data Array Sonics e.g. SLB Sonic Scanner

Powerful data What we need from Array Acoustics

Powerful data Dielectric Tools

CLICK TO PLAY DIELECTRIC

Powerful data Sigma Logs: BVW

Powerful data Sigma Logs: BVWe

Powerful data LWD Sigma log: BVW

MICROPRACTICAL Sw: Calculate Swi_mr from Free Fluid and t. What assumptions?

Powerful data FLEX, LithoScanner, ECS (Elemental Capture Spectroscopy)

Powerful data TypeC Fracture Well Tests

Well test + Image Log E, f & HCIIP !

Powerful Core + Image Log + NMR + FWL

Powerful Relative contribution to Formation Evaluation of di erent data types

Key Questions for the Data Acquisition program

Carbonate Wireline Logging

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

FRACTURE ID & QL EVALUATION

QL Fracture ID, conventional logs

QL Fracture Porosity indicated by Conventional Logs

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QL Fracture ID Key Points

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

General Four calibrations ensure correct matrix HPV

This is what we will do..

Carbonate Matrix Evaluation

Carbonate Matrix Evaluation Key Elements

QL Achieving Fit-For-Purpose Quick Look Results

QL unseen rhog changes in low rock will ruin d !

QL Porosity density neutron, dn

QL Porosity sonic (Wyllie Time Average), s

QL Why sonic porosity? For vugs!

QL (dn-s) indicates vugs, m and..?

s: approximate dt matrix

s: determine dt_ uid from dtf apparent (dtfa)

s: determine vugs & predict m with dtfa

Day3 PRACTICAL: Achieving Cost E ective Data Acquisition & Basic Carbonate Log Analysis

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

QL Ro prediction a*Rw, m Archie: Sw^n = a*Rw / (Rt * ^m)

Impact of m on Ro. Archie: -m=Ro/Rw

Actual lab SCAL m variations caused by vuggy porosity impact on Ro and HC Pore Volume (HPV)

Is Water Zone m related to vugs? Use vugs to predict HC zone m

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Ro prediction variable m

Saturation Archie, Swar

What is n? Archie: Sw-n = Rt/Ro

QL HC detection, qualitative

QL Saturation. Resistivity ratio: Swrr

QL Saturation: Swrr problems

QL Sw resistivity ratio: Swrr

QL Reconcile Swar, Swrr

Average ms: Interparticle 1.99; Vuggy/moldic 2.28

Average ms: Non vuggy Lucia Classes

Whole rock m: vugs increase, fracs decrease

CARBONATE/COMPLEX MATRIX EVALUATION

Carbonate matrix evaluation vugs increase m

Carbonate matrix evaluation reality is complex

Carbonate matrix Determine vugs: Image logs

Carbonate matrix Determine vugs: NMR logs

Carbonate matrix summary variable m (mv) determination from vug

Day3 PRACTICAL: Basic Carbonate Log Analysis: Platform Carbonate, Gas

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END DAY 3

DAY4

Recap Day3

RESERVOIR ROCK TYPE (RRT) EQUATION SETS MATRIX SW, K

Carbonate matrix evaluation Rock Fabric Identi cation

MICROPRACTICAL Ro: Compute m apparent in Sw100 zone

Carbonate matrix Porous plate apparatus used for air-brine capillary pressure data, Sw Pc

Carbonate matrix Wetting phase (water) desaturation with increasing Pc

Carbonate matrix Height positions the Pc-Sw data in the reservoir

Carbonate matrix Use RCA to project cap.press data into the reservoir

Carbonate matrix Capillary Pressure Measurement techniques

Carbonate matrix Core Overburden Electrical Properties combined with porous plate Pc

Carbonate matrix Capillary Pressure Saturations, 4 controls on Sh

Carbonate matrix Interfacial Tension IFT

Perched water contacts violate capillary pressure Saturation-height assumptions!

Carbonate matrix Mercury injection data reveals PTSD

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Carbonate matrix Di erent Reservoir Qualities yield Di erent TZ thickness

Carbonate matrix In Transition Zones Pc is low and Sw>Swi.

Water and oil both mobile

MICROPRACTICAL Cuto : Relative Perm SCAL data demonstrates the Netpay permeability cuto

Carbonate matrix Summary of J Function Sw from Pc data, Swj

Swpc: J Bundles , k and Ht to correlate with Sw

Some Sw Height Fit Equations..

Carbonate matrix Converting Laboratory Pc to reservoir Height

Carbonate matrix Swj (predicted) vs core plug measured Sw

Carbonate matrix QuickLook Swpc: arrange your Pc data like this..

Rocktype, Facies, HFU, FZI etc

Carbonate matrix Redisplay lab Pc results as a simple Sw-Ht grid

Carbonate matrix Bulk Volume Water > Cap.Press BVWi Indicates Fluid Zone = Transition Zone;
Residuals or Water

Carbonate matrix Oil and Water mud core Sw compared to reservoir true Sw

Swobm: Partial Invasion of an Oil Mud Core leaving an un-invaded centre

Carbonate matrix Dean Stark apparatus used in the determination of oil mud Swcore

Carbonate matrix Check OBM specs 3days before coring

Day4 PRACTICAL: Achieving Fit For Purpose QL Results 1/2

Carbonate matrix Characterise EACH RRT: NMR T2 distribution may indicate Pore Throat Size
distribution

Carbonate matrix Characterise EACH RRT: will the pore system unload its oil?

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Summary Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT)

Worlds Largest Tanker: JahreViking 4.1mm bbls crude

Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC). Smoke 20 per day!

Carbonate matrix Magnetic Resonance Swi for n

Carbonate matrix A better way to display NMR data, you decide

Carbonate matrix Four calibrations ensure correct matrix HPV ..this is what we have done

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

k matrix QL: Adapt Chart K-4

CLICK TO PLAY NMR

Carbonate matrix SDR permeability equation, T2 cuto not used

Carbonate matrix Coates permeability

Carbonate matrix determine vug connectivity p = f.(vug)

Carbonate matrix Bound Fluid Volumes and logs

Carbonate matrix Why the Coates Equation is so powerful

Carbonate matrix Coates equation vs Core

Carbonate matrix What is an Acoustic Stoneley Wave?

Carbonate matrix Stoneley waves: Attenuation, Slowness & Mobility

Carbonate matrix Stoneley waves: Slowed & Attenuated by Mobility

FWL Supercharging: WFT measured pressures may be above formation if permeability is low

FWL Excess Pressure plots clarify FWLs and show actual reservoir capillary pressure

CLICK TO PLAY WFTS

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Carb matrix Diverse data with the same result creates con dence, especially in complex reservoirs

Carbonate Matrix Key Points

Day4 PRACTICAL: Achieving Fit For Purpose QL Results 2/2

END DAY 4

DAY5

Recap Day4

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

FRACTURES & MATRIX INTERACTION

Fractured Reservoir Evaluation process

Fractures Basement High & Porosity Distribution, TypeC

Fractures Fracture POROSITY is small!

Fractures Limited storage: HPV per GRV << Intergranular

Fractures Porosity: Outcrop studies

Fractures Porosity: Core + Image logs

Fractures Porosity: Well Tests TypeC and TypeB if kf>>km

Fractures Fracture PERMEABILITY is large!

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Fractures Useful calculators

Frac & HPV, from DST kh and Deterministic. Type C and B if kf>>km

Fractures Finding & Evaluating Fracs Data, Ranked

Fractures Acoustic Stoneley Wave Re ection Coe cient

Fractures Acoustic Stoneley Wave response

Fractures Stoneley Attenuation and Fracture Aperture

Fractures What is Acoustic Shear Wave Splitting?

Fractures Acoustic Wave Shear Anisotropy

Fractures Conjugate fractures & Smax

QL Fracture ID: special logs 1

QL Fracture ID: special logs 2

Fractures Orientation: Acoustic & Image

CLICK TO PLAY ARRAY SONICS

Fractures Circumfrential Acoustic Scanner Tool (CAST) amplitude displayed as dipping planes (fracs)
with known orientation

Fractures Comparison of Fracture Imaging Logs

Fractures Production Logging Techniques

Fractures S, E, Orientation and Length?

Fractures Any other data? Drilling data is best

Fractures Lithology may in uence fracture spacing, S

Determine Fracture-Matrix Interaction

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Fractures Plan view: vertical fractures & horizontal well Fractures Size, Density & Orientation

Fracture Orientation + Stress Orientation = Drill

Fracture Indicator Scores exhaustive and de nitive but slow

Fractures Surprising Fluid Distributions after Production

Fractures Some Key Points

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

BUILDING & USING THE GEO-MODEL

A Consistent Geological Model

Imagine your reservoir as a road cutting..

Geo-model Checksums
Geo-model EHC & kh must be equal at all scales of reservoir description!

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

Geo-model 10 Systematic errors which will ruin your carbonate/fracture geo.model (chronological)

Day5 How to Use Capillary Pressure Data Questions

END

Twice Daily Practical work sessions

Each morning Your considered questions and debate

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100+ Critical Equations in MSExcel format

Abbreviations

Key C&F technical papers

References

Charts

Recognize, understand and treat all the critical issues which threaten the Carbonate & Fracture
petrophysicist. The structured process detailed in this course will arm you with fresh con dence,
knowledge and enthusiasm for your work as a Carbonate geoscientist.

If you love petrophysics you will love this course !

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