Centro Educativo Amor Viviente

Bilingual School (C.E.AV)

Class: Social Studies

Teacher: Mr. Garcia
Student: Alexa Salinas
Grade: 6
Value: 7%
Section: Unic
Date: 18/07/16
Place: Juticalpa, Olancho
Greek Civilization
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history
that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to c.5th centuries BC to
the end of antiquity (c. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was
the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Included
in ancient Greece is the period of Classical Greece, which flourished
during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the era
of the Persian Wars. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of
Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the
western end of the Mediterranean Sea.

Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman
Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and
Europe. For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal
culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered as
the cradle of Western civilization.

Archaic period
In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the
fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script
forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to create the
Greek alphabet. From about the 9th century BC written records begin to appear. Greece
was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern largely dictated by
Greek geography: every island, valley and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea
or mountain ranges, The Levantine War (c. 710 c. 650 BC) is the earliest documented
war of the ancient Greek period. It was fought between the important poleis (city-states)
of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Levantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to
have suffered a decline as result of the long war, though Chalcis was the nominal victor.

A mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century, shown by the introduction of
coinage in about 680 BC. This seems to have introduced tension to many city-states.
The aristocratic regimes which generally governed the poleis were threatened by the
new-found wealth of merchants, who in turn desired political power. From 650 BC
onwards, the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by populist
tyrants. This word derives from the non-pejorative Greek tyrannos, meaning
'illegitimate ruler', and was applicable to both good and bad leaders alike.

A growing population and a shortage of land also seem to have created internal strife
between the poor and the rich in many city-states. In Sparta, the Messenian Wars
resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians, beginning in
the latter half of the 8th century BC, an act without precedent or antecedent in ancient
Greece. This practice allowed a social revolution to occur. The subjugated population,
thenceforth known as helots, farmed and labored for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male
citizen became a soldier of the Spartan Army in a permanently militarized state. Even
the elite were obliged to live and train as soldiers; this commonality between rich and
poor citizens served to defuse the social conflict. These reforms, attributed to the
shadowy Lycurgus of Sparta, were probably complete by 650 BC.

Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century, again resulting in civil
strife. The Archon (chief magistrate) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621
BC (hence "draconian"), but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually the moderate
reforms of Solon (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the
aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.

By the 6th century BC several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens,
Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and
smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime
and mercantile powers as well.

Rapidly increasing population in the 8th and 7th centuries had resulted in emigration of
many Greeks to form colonies in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily), Asia Minor
and further afield. The emigration effectively ceased in the 6th century by which time the
Greek world had, culturally and linguistically, become much larger than the area of
present-day Greece. Greek colonies were not politically controlled by their founding
cities, although they often retained religious and commercial links with them.

The emigration process also determined a long series of conflicts between the Greek
cities of Sicily, especially Syracuse, and the Carthaginians. These conflicts lasted from
600 BC to 265 BC when Rome entered into an alliance with the Mamertines to fend off
the hostilities by the new tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II and then the Carthaginians. This
way Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian
Greek cities and the Carthaginian supremacy in the region. One year later the First
Punic War erupted

In this period, there was huge economic development in Greece, and also in its
overseas colonies which experienced a growth in commerce and manufacturing. There
was a great improvement in the living standards of the population. Some studies
estimate that the average size of the Greek household, in the period from 800 BC to
300 BC, increased five times, which indicates[citation needed] a large increase in the
average income of the population.

In the second half of the 6th century, Athens fell under the tyranny of Peisistratos and
then of his sons Hippias and Hipparchos. However, in 510 BC, at the instigation of the
Athenian aristocrat Cleisthenes, the Spartan king Cleomenes I helped the Athenians
overthrow the tyranny. Afterwards, Sparta and Athens promptly turned on each other, at

which point Cleomenes I installed Isagoras as a pro-Spartan archon. Eager to prevent

Athens from becoming a Spartan puppet, Cleisthenes responded by proposing to his
fellow citizens that Athens undergo a revolution: that all citizens share in political power,
regardless of status: that Athens become a "democracy". So enthusiastically did the
Athenians take to this idea that, having overthrown Isagoras and implemented
Cleisthenes's reforms, they were easily able

to repel a Spartan-led three-pronged invasion aimed at restoring Isagoras..The advent

of the democracy cured many of the ills of Athens and led to a 'golden age' for the
Athenians

Greek Exponents
HOMER:

probably born in the IX-VIII centuries A.C.

His name was possibly born Melesigenesque parties say that people (Meles) passing
through Smyrna.

Possible cities of origin Smyrna, Colofonte, Salamina, Chios, Rhodes, Argon and
Athens

The denomination of Homer would "blind" (Homerun: who does not see), "Hostage"
(which means Moers hostage in Greek).

Some scientists like Lachman, Koechly, and Kirchhoffi yMeyer support were singing his
name

Apart from his works the Odyssey and the Iliad:

Also made: BATRACOMIANAQUIA, the epigones, LA TEBAIDA, THE Margites.

HEROID:
He was born in Ascra, near Thebes in s. AC VIII

He was son of a farmer and merchant.

Hesiod's family took up residence in BOEOTIA, CIME from Eolis, and birthplace of his
father.

Current specialists located as a contemporary of Homer Hesiod, but his poetry, far from
the epic and grandiose style of it, is intended to instruct rather than to exalt.

He died apparently in Ascra and his ashes were preserved in Orchomenos, where they
honored him as a founder of the city.

His works, like those of Homer, were the subject since the s.VI AC. study and
veneration.
It is the great and first compiler of ancient Greek religion. He puts in writing and ordered
all the mythological body hitherto transmitted orally. In his classic work they were based
mythographers later, thanks to which has come largely to this day. His main work is the
Theogony, which recounts the genealogy of the gods of Greek mythology

INFLUENCES OF GREECE IN THE WORLD

Olympics and International Sports
Every four years in ancient Greece, rival city-states entered into a formal armistice,
setting aside political intrigue, legal disputes and weapons of war to send their best
athletes to the Olympic Games. Although the original tradition of the Olympics died out
in the 5th century A.D., the ideal of a sports competition that would bring nations
together inspired the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896.

Mythology
The pagan religion of the ancient Greeks may no longer be the established faith of the
Aegean peninsula, but references to the legends of its gods and heroes continue to
pervade our own culture. Common expressions such as "Pandora's box," "harpy" and
"Herculean" are among the many modern-day references to ancient Greek mythology.
Its influence can also be detected in a more oblique way; for instance, a number of
commentators have observed that modern comic book superheroes bear the stamp of
Greek myth.

Dramatic Structure
In his "Poetics," the 4th-century B.C. philosopher Aristotle observed that plays in the
genre of tragedy tended to follow a recurring pattern: the story has a beginning, middle
and end, with more complex plots involving some form of reversal, crisis and resolution.
Aristotle's breakdown of ancient Greek tragedy has provided a ready-made template for
contemporary screenwriters, not to mention screenwriting instructors.

Fashion
The hallmark of ancient Greek fashion was elaborate draping, and images of Greek
styles abound in statuary and images painted on painted on pottery. As the "Berg
Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion" notes, revolutionary Parisian fashion
designers such as Paul Poiret and Madeleine Vionnet pioneered contemporary style
with neoclassical creations, some of which even were given Greek names. Designers
continue to draw inspiration from ancient Greek clothing even today, most notably in the
popular style known as the goddess gown.
Democracy
Of all of the contributions of ancient Greece to modern culture, arguably the greatest is
democracy, which is itself a Greek word literally meaning "people power." The
democratic tradition in city-states such as Athens embodied the ideals of legal equality,
personal freedom and governance by the people. These principles have been influential
around the globe, shaping political institutions, and revolutionary movements and, as
Alexis de Tocqueville famously observed regarding the U.S., even the spirit of society
itself.
A
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