List of 620 English Irregular Verbs

Base Past Simple Past Participle Definition

Form
Abide Abode/Abided Abode/Abided/Abidden To continue
To reside\live
Aby/Abey Abought Abought To make amends for something
wrong
Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted To get off a bus, train, etc.
Arise Arose Arisen To originate
To get up from horizontal position,
out of bed
To come into existence
Awake Awoke Awoken To stop sleeping and become
conscious
B

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To speak badly about
Backbite Backbit Backbitten
someone
To fit new parts into an
older machine that weren't
Backfit Backfit Backfit
available when the machine
was made
To illuminate from behind
Backlight Backlit Backlit
(photography)
To stop making progress
Backslide Backslid Backslid/Backslidden
and start regressing
To exist, live or occur.
To have as a quality or a
Be Was/Were Been
state
An auxiliary verb
To carry
Bear Bore Born/Borne To tolerate
To give birth to
Beat Beat Beaten To hit repeatedly
Become Became Become To come into existence
Bedight Bedight/Bedighted Bedight/Bedighted To adorn, decorate
To happen
Befall Befell Befallen To happen to somebody or
something
 To cause something to
Beget Begot/Begat Begotten happen
To procreate
Begin Began Begun To start something
Begird Begirt/Begirded Begirt To encircle
To promise or vow
Behight Behight Behight/Behoten
To order
To become conscious of by
Behold Beheld Beheld
seeing
To secure a boat with a rope
Belay Belaid/Belayed Belaid/Belayed
To tie up
To curve something by
Bend Bent Bent
distorting its shape
To lose a relative through
Bereave Bereft Bereft/Bereaved their death
To deprive
To ask someone very
Beseech Besought/Beseeched Besought/Beseeched
insistently to do something
To be restricted and
Beset Beset Beset
occupied by difficulties
To be a signal or symbol of
something

Bespeak Bespoke Bespoken To set aside or reserve

something

To ask for
To cover a surface by
Bestrew Bestrewed Bestrewed/Bestrewn throwing things about
randomly
To sit or stand with one leg
Bestride Bestrode Bestridden
on either side of something
To risk money against the
Bet Bet Bet
result of a future event
Betake Betook Betaken To go to a place
To think about something
Bethink Bethought Bethought
To remind yourself
To cry for or over someone
Beweep Bewept Bewept
or something
To make an offer of money
Bid Bid Bid
or services
 To command or urge
Bid Bade Bidden
someone to do something
To wait for
Bide Bided/Bode Bided To tolerate
To withstand
To tie something with string,
Bind Bound Bound
or similar, to hold it
Bite Bit Bitten To cut or hold with teeth
Blaw Blawed Blawn To blow
To lose blood through a cut
Bleed Bled Bled
in the skin
Blend Blended/Blent Blended/Blent To mix together
To wish or confer happiness
Bless Blessed/Blest Blessed/Blest
To make holy
Blow Blew Blown To move air, wind and gases
Bottle-
Bottle-fed Bottle-fed To feed a baby with a bottle
feed
To strangle with the string
Bowstring Bowstrung/Bowstringed Bowstrung
from a bow
To cause something to
Break Broke Broken separate into at least two
pieces
Breast- To feed a baby with breast
Breast-fed Breast-fed
feed milk
To produce animals or
Breed Bred Bred plants by controlling their
reproduction
To carry or convey
Bring Brought Brought something to the place
where you are going
To transmit radio or TV
Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted
signals
To put pressure on someone
Browbeat Browbeat Browbeat/Browbeaten or bully them to do
something
Build Built Built To construct
To consume or be consumed
Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned
by fire
To break something open,
Burst Burst Burst
usually by internal pressure,
 such as a balloon with too
much air in it
Bust Bust Bust To break
To acquire something in
Buy Bought Bought
exchange for money
C

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To throw or project
Cast Cast Cast
something
To receive
To stop and hold a
moving object, usually
Catch Caught Caught
with your hands
To make something
unable to escape
To cheer and support a
Cheerlead Cheerled Cheerled team in an organised
group
To tell somebody off
Chide Chid Chid/Chidden when they have done
something wrong
Choose Chose Chosen To select
To hit your hands
together to make a
Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt sound to show approval
To make a loud noise,
like thunder
To cut down all trees in
Clear-cut Clear-cut Clear-cut
an area
To separate or divide
something, often with
Cleave Cleft/Cleaved/Clove Cleft/Cleaved/Cloven force
To stick or hold
together
Cleek Claught/Claucht/Cleeked Cleeked To grasp or take hold of
Clepe Cleped Cleped/Ycleped/Yclept To call or name
To hold on to or to stick
Cling Clung Clung
to
To dress someone or
Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed provide them with
clothes
 To breed an animal to
Colorbreed Colorbred Colorbred
be of a particular color
Colorcast Colorcast Colorcast To broadcast in color
To move towards or to
Come Came Come arrive at a specified
place, time or situation
The amount of money
required to buy
Cost Cost Cost
something; it costs five
dollars.
To redcuce costs or
Cost-cut Cost-cut Cost-cut
expenditure
Counterdraw Counterdrew Counterdrawn To copy by tracing
To light something
Counterlight Counterlit Counterlit directly from opposite
sides
Cowrite Cowrote Cowritten To write with someone
To go down very
Crash-dive Crash-dived/Crash-dove Crash-dived
quickly
To move along the
Creep Crept Crept
ground lying down
To feed young animals
in a special area that
Creep-feed Creep-fed Creep-fed
adult animals can't get
in
To bite its manger and
Crib-bite Crib-bit Crib-bitten
swallow air (of a horse)
To thwart or stop
Cross-bite Cross-bit Cross-bitten something happening
by deception
To place bass strings on
Cross-string Cross-strung Cross-strung a piano across the treble
strings
To breed animals or
plants of different
Crossbreed Crossbred Crossbred species, like a mule,
which is a crossbreed of
a donkey and a horse
To move between
Crosscut Crosscut Crosscut scenes or stories in a
film or narrative
 To illuminate from
Crosslight Crosslit Crosslit different sides, but not
directly opposite
To boast
Crow Crowed/Crew Crowed To utter a sound
indicating pleasure
To break the surface of
Cut Cut Cut something with a knife
or similar tool
D

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Dare Dared/Durst Dared To have sufficient courage
To have dream-like thoughts
Daydream Daydreamt/Daydreamt Daydreamt/Daydreamt when a wake
To have a fantasy
To distribute, especially
Deal Dealt Dealt
playing cards in games
To freeze or store frozen
Deep-
Deep-froze Deep-frozen To suspend progress or
freeze
activity
Dig Dug Dug To make a hole in the ground
Dight Dight/Dighted Dight/Dighted To dictate orders
Dispread Dispread Dispread To spread out
To prove that something is
Disprove Disproved Disproven/Disproved
fale or wrong
To jump head first into water
Dive Dived/Dove Dived
To fall quickly
Do Did Done To perform or carry out
To fight in aeroplanes
Dogfight Dogfought Dogfought To arrange a fight between
dogs for sport
To have the ability to do
Dow Dought/Dowed Dought/Dowed something
To do well
To make a picture using a pen
Draw Drew Drawn
or pencil
To see visual images while
Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed
sleeping
Drink Drank Drunk To consume liquids
 To feed someone with fluids
going into the vein
Drip-feed Drip-fed Drip-fed
To release information very
slowly, bit by bit
To operate and control a car or
Drive Drove Driven
other vehicle
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt To reside or live somewhere
E

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Eat Ate Eaten To consume solid food
To avoid doing something by cheating or
End-run End-ran End-run
deceit
Engird Engirt Engirt To encircle, encompass
To carve letters or a pattern into the surface
Engrave Engraved Engraved/Engraven
of something
To make into a coil
Enwind Enwound Enwound
To wrap around something
F

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To move downwards or to
Fall Fell Fallen
the ground
To avoid paying fares when
Farebeat Farebeat Farebeaten
using public transport
To cut quickly from one
Fast-cut Fast-cut Fast-cut
scene to another in a film
Feed Fed Fed To give or supply food
To sense by touch
Feel Felt Felt To experience an emotion,
or sensation
To try to hurt or kill
Fight Fought Fought
someone in combat or war
To discover something
Find Found Found either by chance or when
looking for it
To be the correct size, for
clothes, etc. (fit/fit/fit)
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted
To measure someone for
size (fit fit/fitted/ fit/fitted)
 To freeze food very rapidly
Flash-freeze Flash-froze Flash-frozen to preserve taste and
nutrients
To run away in order to find
Flee Fled Fled
safety
To throw or move
Fling Flung Flung
something suddenly
To use powerful lights to
Floodlight Floodlit Floodlit illuminate something
outside at night
To move through the air
Fly Flew Flown
To travel by aeroplane
To contaminate by laying
Flyblow Flyblew Flyblown
eggs, the way a fly does
Not to use or talk about
Forbear Forbore Forborne/Forborn
something
Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden To prohibit
To feed someone who
Force-feed Force-fed Force-fed refuses or doesn't want to
eat
Fordo/Foredo Fordid Fordone To ruin or destroy
Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted To predict the future
To have a feeling before
Forefeel Forefelt Forefelt something happens
To have a premonition
To preceed something
Forego Forewent Foregone
To go without something
To know something
Foreknow Foreknew Foreknown
beforehand
To go before something
Forerun Foreran Forerun To show that something is
going to happen
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen To predict or see the future
To show something or
Foreshow Foreshowed Forshowed/Foreshown make it known beforehand
To foretell
To predict
Forespeak Forespoke Forespoken To speak of something
beforehand
Foretell Foretold Foretold To predict the future
 To be unable to remember
Forget Forgot Forgotten
something
To pardon or stop being
Forgive Forgave Forgiven angry with someone who
has offended you
Forlese Forlore Forlorn To lose completely
To give something up
Forsake Forsook Forsaken
To abandon
To make a false promise or
Forswear Forswore Forsworn
oath
To stock
Fraught Fraught/Fraughted Fraught/Fraughted To load a ship, etc
To hire a ship, etc
To drop or fall suddenly
Free-fall Free-fell Free-fallen To fall through the air
without opening a parachute
To make liquids into solids
by cold temperatures
Freeze Froze Frozen
To store food below zero
degrees centigrade
To injure or damage part of
Frostbite Frostbit Frostbitten the body through extreme
cold
G

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid To contradict or deny
To frighten and confuse someone so
Gaslight Gaslit/Gaslighted Gaslit/Gaslighted much that they think they are going
mad
Geld Gelded/Gelt Gelded/Gelt To castrate an animal
Get Got Got/Gotten To obtain, catch or receive
To write for someone else, who will put
Ghostwrite Ghostwrote Ghostwritten
their name as the author
To cover something with a thin layer of
Gild Gilt/Gilded Gilt/Gilded
gold
Gin Gan Gan To begin something
To secure or encirle something with a
Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt
belt or bend
Give Gave Given To offer something as a present
 To bite or chew
Gnaw Gnawed Gnawed/Gnawn
To cause worry
Go Went Gone/Been To travel to a place
To dig
Grave Graved Graven/Graved To carve
To fix in the memory
Grind Ground Ground To break something into a powder
Grow Grew Grown To increase in size
H

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To torment or cause
Hagride Hagrode Hagridden
nightmares
To break a horse in, to
Halterbreak Halterbroke Halterbroken get it used to wearing a
halter
To make things difficult
Hamstring Hamstrung/Hamstringed Hamstrung/Hamstringed for someone doing
something
Hand-feed Hand-fed Hand-fed To give food by hand
To control an animal by
Hand-ride Hand-rode Hand-ridden
hand
Handsew Handsewed Handsewn/Handsewed To sew by hand
To write with a pen or
Handwrite Handwrote Handwritten pencil rather than a word
processor
To suspend from a
support
Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged To execute someone by
supending them by the
neck
To possess
Have Had Had To do
An auxiliary verb
To detect or perceive
Hear Heard Heard
sound
To lift something heavy
Heave Heaved/Hove Heaved/Hove To throw something
heavy
Hew Hewed Hewn To cut things into pieces
 To conceal or put
Hide Hid Hidden something where it
cannot be seen
To name
Hight Hote/Hight Hoten To promise
To command
To touch somebody or
Hit Hit Hit
something with force
Hoise Hoised/Hoist Hoised/Hoist To hoist or lift
To raise or lift using
Hoist Hoist/Hoisted Hoist/Hoisted
ropes, etc
To secure something in
Hold Held Held your hand
To contain
To stay in someone's
House-sit House-sat House-sat house to look after it
while they are away
To train an animal to live
Housebreak Housebroke Housebroken
in a house
To cause pain, injury or
stress
Hurt Hurt Hurt
To experience pain,
injury or stress
I

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To produce babies with
health problems by sexual
Inbreed Inbred Inbred
relations between close
relatives
To inhabit
Indwell Indwelt Indwelt To exist as a guiding
principle
To have as an inherent
Inhold Inheld Inheld
characteristic
To put a different material
inside another for
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid
decoration, with a flat
surface
To enter data into a
Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted
computer
 To put a picture or graphic
Inset Inset Inset
inside a lerger one
Interblend Interblended/Interblent Interblended/Interblent To blend things together
To mix species or groups
Interbreed Interbred Interbred
sexually
To move between different
Intercut Intercut Intercut scenes or stories in a film or
narrative
To carve or engrave in
Intergrave Intergraved Intergraved/Intergraven
alternate sections
To place among or between
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid
things
To set among or between
Interset Interset Interset
things
Interweave Interwove Interwoven To join or mix together
To wind together or
Interwind Interwound Interwound
intertwine
Inweave Inwove/Inweaved Inwoven/Inweaved To weave things together
Inwind Inwound Inwound To wrap or coil around
J

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Jerry-
Jerry-built Jerry-built To build something cheaply and badly
build
K

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To have possession
Keep Kept Kept To make somebody or something stay in a
particular place
Ken Kent/Kenned Kent/Kenned To know
Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled To support yourself on your knees
To make clothes such as pullovers out of
Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted
wool
To be acquainted with
Know Knew Known
To have correctly in your memory
L
Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Lade Laded Laden/Laded To load (put goods onto) a ship
To win a convincing and easy
Landslide Landslid/Landslided Landslid/Landslided
victory in an election
To put something in a horizontal
Lay Laid Laid
position
To take someone somewhere or
Lead Led Led guide them
To be in command
To place something at an incline
Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned
for support against something
Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped To jump
Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned To acquire knowledge
Leave Left Left To go out of a place
To give somebody money that
Lend Lent Lent
must be returned
Lep Lept Lept To leap
To allow something to happen
Let Let Let
To allow someone to do something
To get into or be in a horizontal
Lie Lay Lain
position
Light Lit Lit To make something burn
Breed animals from a particular
Linebreed Linebred Linebred
family
To work out what someone is
Lip-Read Lip-Read Lip-Read saying from the movements of
their mouth
Not to have something because
Lose Lost Lost
you do not know where it is
M

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To create or construct
something
Make Made Made To cause somebody to do
something
To perform an action
To signify
Mean Meant Meant
To intend
 To make somebody's
acquaintance
Meet Met Met
To be in the same place as
somebody
To change from solid into a
Melt Melted Molten/Melted liquid as the temperature
goes up
Misbecome Misbecame Misbecome Not to suit
To choose the wrong actor
Miscast Miscast Miscast
for a role
Mischoose Mischose Mischosen To choose wrongly
To cut something wrongly
Miscut Miscut Miscut
or badly
To distribute playing cards
Misdeal Misdealt Misdealt
wrongly in a game
Misdo Misdid Misdone To harm or injure
Misfall Misfell Misfallen To happen unluckily
To feed incorrectly
To jam printers,
Misfeed Misfed Misfed
photocpiers, etc, by feeding
the paper incorrectly
To become suspicious or
Misgive Misgave Misgiven
worried
To hear something
Mishear Misheard Misheard
incorrectly
To hit a ball badly or
Mishit Mishit Mishit
inaccurately
To have the wrong idea
Misknow Misknew Misknown
about something
To lose or put something
Mislay Mislaid Mislaid
where you cannot find it
To make someone behave
Mislead Misled Misled wrongly
To deceive
Mislearn Mislearnt/Mislearned Mislearnt/Mislearned To learn wrongly
To read something
Misread Misread Misread
incorrectly
To say something
incorrectly
Missay Missaid Missaid
To talk badly about
someone
 To send to the wrong place
Missend Missent Missent
or person
To set or place wrongly or
Misset Misset Misset
incorrectly
To say or pronounce
something wrongly
Misspeak Misspoke Misspoken
To say something that is
incorrect or inaccurate
To write a word without
Misspell Misspelt/Misspelled Misspelt/Misspelled
using the correct letters
Misspend Misspent Misspent To waste time or money
To swear or make an oath
Misswear Misswore Missworn
falsely
Not to understand
Mistake Mistook Mistaken To confuse somebody with
someone else
To teach wrongly or
Misteach Mistaught Mistaught
incorrectly
Mistell Mistold Mistold To tell something wrongly
To have mistaken thoughts
Misthink Misthought Misthought
or ideas
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Not to understand
Miswear Misswore Misworn To wear badly
Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded To marry wrongly
To write something
Miswrite Miswrote Miswritten
incorrectly
To have a second job or to
Moonlight Moonlit Moonlit work illegally without
paying tax
Mow Mowed Mown To cut grass or cereals
N

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Naysay Naysaid Naysaid To oppose or criticise
Nose- Nose-
Nose-
dived/Nose- dived/Nose- To dive or plunge nose first (aircraft)
dive
dove dove
O
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition
To compenaste or
Offset Offset Offset
counterbalance
To offer more money
Outbid Outbid Outbid than someone in an
auction or sale
To breed faster than
Outbreed Outbred Outbred
others
To do better than
Outdo Outdid Outdone
someone
To pull out
Outdraw Outdrew Outdrawn To pull a gun faster
than an opponent
To drink more than
Outdrink Outdrank Outdrunk someone else, usually
alcohol
To drive faster or
Outdrive Outdrove Outdriven
better
To fight better than
Outfight Outfought Outfought
someone
Outfly Outflew Outflown To fly faster or further
To grow faster than
something or someone
Outgrow Outgrew Outgrown
To become too big or
mature for something
To spend money for a
Outlay Outlaid Outlaid
particular purpose
To jump or leap
Outleap Outleapt/Outleaped Outleapt/Outleaped
further or higher
Output Output/Outputted Output/Outputted To put out or produce
To ride faster than
Outride Outrode Outridden
someone
To run or go faster
Outrun Outran Outrun
than someone
To see further
Outsee Outsaw Outseen To have greater
foresight
To sell more than
Outsell Outsold Outsold
something or someone
To be better than
Outshine Outshone Outshone
someone
 To shoot faster or
Outshoot Outshot Outshot
better
To sing better or
Outsing Outsang Outsung
louder than someone
To sit for longer than
Outsit Outsat Outsat
someone
To sleep for longer
Outsleep Outslept Outslept
than someone
To have a better sense
Outsmell Outsmelt/Outsmelled Outsmelt/Outsmelled
of smell
To speak better or
Outspeak Outspoke Outspoken
more than someone
To go faster than
Outspeed Outsped Outsped
someone or something
To spend more than
Outspend Outspent Outspent
someone
Outspin Outspun Outspun To finish or die
Outspring Outsprang Outsprung To spring or jump out
To be clearly different
Outstand Outstood Outstood
or better
To exceed someone in
Outswear Outswore Outsworn swearing- oaths or bad
language
To swim faster or
Outswim Outswam Outswum
further than someone
To be better or exceed
Outtell Outtold Outtold in telling or
calculating
To think better ideas
Outthink Outthought Outthought
than someone
To throw further or
Outthrow Outthrew Outthrown
more accurately
To last longer (of
Outwear Outwore Outworn
materials, clothes, etc)
Outwind Outwound Outwound To unloose
To work harder or
Outwork Outworked/Outwrought Outworked/Outwrought
better
Outwrite Outwrote Outwritten To be better at writing
To use force or
Overbear Overbore Overborne
authority to control
 To bid more
something is worth
Overbid Overbid Overbid
To bid more than you
can win in a card game
To become subdued
Overblow Overblew Overblown To blow away
To force too much
To breed too much so
Overbreed Overbred Overbred that features become
excessive
To build too much,
Overbuild Overbuilt Overbuilt
overdevelop
To buy too much
Overbuy Overbought Overbought
To pay too much
To become cloudy
To sew with overcast
Overcast Overcast Overcast
stitiches (long slanting
stitches)
To master a problem
or difficult situation
To become helpless
Overcome Overcame Overcome
because of excessive
emotions or physical
difficulties
To cut down more
Overcut Overcut Overcut
trees than permitted
To do something to
excess
Overdo Overdid Overdone
To cook something too
much
To take money out of
an account so that a
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn
negative balance
results
Overdrink Overdrank Overdrunk To drink too much
To drive or work
Overdrive Overdrove Overdriven
something too hard
Overeat Overate Overeaten To eat too much
Overfeed Overfed Overfed To give too much food
Overfly Overflew Overflown To fly over a place
 To grow too big or
Overgrow Overgrew Overgrown beyond a limit or
boundary
To be above
Overhang Overhung Overhung
something
To hear something
Overhear Overheard Overheard accidently that was not
said to you
To cover something
Overlay Overlaid Overlaid
with a layer
Overleap Overleapt/Overleaped Overleapt/Overleaped To jump over
To continue learning
Overlearn Overlearnt/Overlearned Overlearnt/Overlearned afer having reached a
basic proficiency
To lie on top of
Overlie Overlay Overlain
To kill by lying on top
of
Overpass Overpast/Overpassed Overpast/Overpassed To cross, pass over
Overpay Overpaid Overpaid To pay too much
To ride through an
Override Overrode Overridden
enemy's country
To flood
Overrun Overran Overrun To invade and take
control
To observe people's
Oversee Oversaw Overseen work to make sure that
it is done properly
To sell too much
Oversell Oversold Oversold
To publicise too much
Overset Overset Overset To overpower
To sew two edges
Oversew Oversewed Oversewn/Oversewed together with stitches
overlapping both
Overshoot Overshot Overshot To go past a limit
Oversleep Overslept Overslept To sleep too late
To sow on land that
Oversow Oversowed Oversown/Oversowed
has already be sown
To speak too long or
Overspeak Overspoke Overspoken
use too many words
 To spend more than
Overspend Overspent Overspent
allowed or budgeted
To spill over
To have a population
Overspill Overspilt/Overspilled Overspilt/Overspilled
that exceeds the space
available
To make something
Overspin Overspun Overspun
last too long
Overspread Overspread Overspread To cover something
Overspring Oversprang Oversprung To jump over
Lose a sale of deal by
sticking to a price or
Overstand Overstood Overstood conditions
unacceptable to the
other party
To sprinkle or strew
Overstrew Overstrewed Overstrewed/Overstrewn something onto
another thing
To walk across or over
To walk faster than
Overstride Overstrode Overstridden
someone
To dominate
To stamp a new value
Overstrike Overstruck Overstruck or inscription on a old
coin
To tie a string too
tightly
Overstring Overstrung Overstrung To string piano bass
strings across treble
strings
To pass a vehicle that
Overtake Overtook Overtaken
is going more slowly
To think or plan too
Overthink Overthought Overthought
much
To remove someone
Overthrow Overthrew Overthrown forcibly from
government or power
To wear something too
Overwear Overwore Overworn much or often, or wear
it out
To wind a clock or
Overwind Overwound Overwound something too much
so it strains the spring
 To deduct too much
Overwithhold Overwithheld Overwithheld tax from a payment or
salary
To record data on top
Overwrite Overwrote Overwritten of existing data,
erasing the original
P

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To take part in something or a part of
Partake Partook Partaken
something, usually food
To give somebody money in exchange
Pay Paid Paid
for things or services
Pen Pent/Penned Pent/Penned To shut up or enclose in a cage, etc
To bat instead of a player in baseball,
Pinch-hit Pinch-hit Pinch-hit
especially when a hit is needed
To tell a court that you are guilty or
innocent
Plead Pled/Pleaded Pled/Pleaded
To ask for special treatment by
authorities, etc.
To shoot at random
Potshot Potshot/Potshotted Potshot
To criticise at random
Practice-
Practice-taught Practice-taught To teach as part of training
teach
Prebind Prebound Prebound To bind before
Prebuild Prebuilt Prebuilt Prefabricate
To cut something before selling or
Precut Precut Precut
assembling it
To do something before a certain time of
Predo Predid Predone
stage
Premake Premade Premade To make something before a time or stage
Prepay Prepaid Prepaid To pay for something using it
Presell Presold Presold To sell before a certain time
Preset Preset Preset To arrange something before it is needed
To shrink a fabric before selling it so that
Preshrink Preshrank Preshrunk
it will not become smaller when washed
Presplit Presplit Presplit To split or divide before a certain time
Price-cut Price-cut Price-cut To cut or reduce prices
 To read something checking carefully for
Proofread Proofread Proofread
mistakes
Prove Proved Proven/Proved To demonstrate that something is true
Put Put Put To place something in a specific position
Q

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Quick-
Quick-froze Quick-frozen To freeze something rapidly
freeze
To stop doing something
Quit Quit Quit
To resign from a job
R

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To be very affected by strong
Rap Rapped/Rapt Rapped/Rapt
emotion
Re-proven/Re-
Re-prove Re-proved To prove again
proved
To look at written words and
Read Read Read
understand them
To deprive
Reave Reft/Reaved Reft/Reaved
To take by force
Reawake Reawoke Reawoken/Reawaken To wake up again
Rebid Rebid Rebid To bid again
Rebind Rebound Rebound To cover a book again
To transmit something on
Rebroadcast Rebroadcast Rebroadcast
televison or the radio again
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt To build something again
Recast Recast Recast To replace an actor or actress
Recut Recut Recut To cut again or differently
Redd Redd/Redded Redd/Redded To save or rescue
Redeal Redealt Redealt To deal playing cards again
Redo Redid Redone To do something again
To draw again
Redraw Redrew Redrawn To change boundaries,
frontiers, etc
 To gather together
Reeve Rove/Reeved Rove/Reeved To thread something through a
hole
To repair a ship, plane or
vehicle
Refit Refit Refit
To fit something again
To grind again
Regrind Reground Reground
To smooth worn engine parts
Regrow Regrew Regrown To grow again
To hang again or in a different
Rehang Rehung Rehung
position
Rehear Reheard Reheard To hear something again
To knit again
Reknit Reknit/Reknitted Reknit/Reknitted
To join back together
To operate a system where
Relay Relaid Relaid things are replaced as they
become used or tired
Relearn Relearnt/Relearned Relearnt/Relearned To learn again
To light or start something
Relight Relit/Relighted Relit/Relighted
burning again
To make something again, such
Remake Remade Remade
as a new version of a film
Rend Rent Rent To tear or rip
Repay Repaid Repaid To pay somebody money owed
Reread Reread Reread To read again
Rerun Reran Rerun To show a film again
Resell Resold Resold To sell something again
Resend Resent Resent To send something again
To put something back to the
Reset Reset Reset
original way it was organised
Resew Resewed Resewn/Reswed To sew again
Reshoot Reshot Reshot To shoot a film scene again
Resit Resat Resat To take an exam or test again
Resow Resowed Resown/Resowed To sow again
Respell Respelled/Respelt Respelled/Respelt To spell again
To fit new strings on a musical
Restring Restrung Restrung
instrument or a bow
 Take again, especially exams
Retake Retook Retaken
and tests
Reteach Retaught Retaught To teach again
To tear again, usually of
Retear Retore Retorn
injuries
Retell Retold Retold To tell something again
Rethink Rethought Rethought To think again
To tread again
Retread Retrod Retrodden
To cut new tread in a tyre
To fit new parts into an older
Retrofit Retrofit/Retrofitted Retrofit/Retrofitted machine that weren't available
when the machine was made
Rewake Rewoke/Rewaked Rewoken/Rewaked To wake again
Rewear Rewore Reworn To wear again
Reweave Rewove/Reweaved Rewoven/Reweaved To weave again
Rewed Rewed/Rewedded Rewed/Rewedded To marry again
Rewet Rewet/Rewetted Rewet/Rewetted To wet again
Rewin Rewon Rewon To win again
To put a cassette or video back
Rewind Rewound Rewound
to the beginning
To write something again,
Rewrite Rewrote Rewritten
usually with improvements
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded To dispose of
To travel by horse, bike or
Ride Rode Ridden
motorbike
To telephone
Ring Rang Rung
To make sounds with a bell
Rise Rose Risen To move upwards
Rive Rived Riven/Rived To break apart ot split
To make a rough version of
Rough-hew Rough-hewed Rough-hewn
something
To prepare a rough form of
Roughcast Roughcast Roughcast
something
To move quickly, so that both
Run Ran Run
legs leave the ground
S
Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To make a cast by pouring metal
Sand-cast Sand-cast Sand-cast
into a mold made of sand.
Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed To cut wood, etc, with a tool
Say Said Said To speak words
See Saw Seen To notice with your eyes
Seek Sought Sought To try to find something
Self-feed Self-fed Self-fed To feed itself without assistance
Self-sown/Self-
Self-sow Self-sowed To sow itself without assistance
sowed
To receive money in exchange for
Sell Sold Sold
goods
To cause something to be taken to
Send Sent Sent a specific destination, especially
letters, message, etc.
To place something somewhere
Set Set Set To fix something in a particular
position
To join pieces of material
Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed
together using thread
To vibrate
Shake Shook Shaken
To make something vibrate
Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved To remove body hair
To cut with scissors, especially
Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared
wool from sheep
To fall off or let something fall
Shed Shed Shed
off; snakes shed their skin
Shend Shent Shent To shame or disgrace
Shew Shewed Shewn/Shewed Show
Shine Shone Shone To give off or reflect bright light
Shit Shat/Shit Shat/Shit To get rid of solid body waste
To provide with shoes, especially
Shoe Shod Shod
horses
To fire a bullet from a gun
Shoot Shot Shot To kill or hurt somebody with a
gun
 To use a shorter or quicker way of
Shortcut Shortcut Shortcut going somehere or doing
something
To allow somebody to see
Show Showed Shown something so that they can
become aware of it
To become smaller
Shrink Shrank Shrunk
To make something smaller
To confess or listen to a
Shrive Shrove Shriven
confession, a religious term
Shut Shut Shut To close something
To move like the sidewinder
Sidewind Sidewound Sidewound
snake
Sight-read Sight-read Sight-read To read music
Sightsee Sightsaw Sightseen To visit famous monuments, etc
Sing Sang Sung To make music with your voice
To move downwards in water
Sink Sank Sunk To make something move
downwards in water
To support your body with your
buttocks not your feet, with the
Sit Sat Sat
back in a vertical position as on a
chair
Skywrite Skywrote Skywritten To write in the sky with smoke
Slay Slew Slain To kill
To be in a relaxed state with your
Sleep Slept Slept
eyes closed
To move on a smooth surface,
Slide Slid Slid/Slidden
such as ice
Sling Slung Slung To throw something somewhere
To move in a suspicious and
Slink Slunk Slunk
guilty way
To make a long thin cut in
Slit Slit Slit
something
To detect odours with your nose
Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled
To emit odours
Smite Smote Smitten To hit
Snapshoot Snapshot Snapshot Take a quick photograph
 To move around guiltily or to
Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck
avoid being noticed
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid To predict the future
To plant seeds in the ground to
Sow Sowed Sown
produce plants or cereals
To say words with your mouth
Speak Spoke Spoken
To be able to use a language
To move quickly
Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded To drive faster than legally
permitted
To use the correct combination of
Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled
letters for a word
Spellbind Spellbound Spellbound To put into a trance or captivate
To Use money to buy things
Spend Spent Spent To use time or energy doimg
something
To allow liquids out of their
Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled
containers accidentally
To turn repeatedly in circles
around a fixed point
Spin Span/Spun Spun
To make something turn
repeatedly in circles
To eject saliva, liquid or food
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit
from the mouth
To divide
Split Split Split
To break open
To let something go bad
Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled
To go bad
To give someone information in
Spoonfeed Spoonfed Spoonfed
small and very easy bits
To cover the surface of one thing
Spread Spread Spread with something else, like butter
on bread
To jump
Spring Sprang Sprung
To become active
To feed or fatten an animal in a
Stall-feed Stall-fed Stall-fed
stall
To be in a vertical position with
Stand Stood Stood the weight on the feet
To get into this position
Stave Stove/Staved/Stoved Stove/Staved/Stoved To break a hole in something
 To take property or money that is
Steal Stole Stolen
not yours
To attach things with glue
Stick Stuck Stuck To insert a sharp object into
something
To feel pain caused by an insect
Sting Stung Stung or plant or in a particular part of
the body
Stink Stank Stunk To smell very badly
Straphang Straphung Straphung To hold a strap for support
To distribute things randomly
Strew Strewed Strewn/Strewed
over a surface
Stride Strode/Strided Stridden To walk confidently
To stop working as a protest
Strike Struck Struck/Stricken about working conditions
To hit
String Strung Strung To attach something using a cord
To undress
Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped To remove the covering of
something
Strive Strove Striven To try very hard to do something
To rent something you have
Sublet Sublet Sublet
rented
To get red skin from being in the
Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt
sun for too long
To use words which are regarded
Swear Swore Sworn as offensive
To promise
Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated To perspire
Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped To clean floors using a brush
To increase in size usually by
Swell Swelled Swollen
filling with liquids or gases
To travel in water by moving
Swim Swam Swum
your arms and legs
To move from side to side from a
Swing Swung Swung
fixed point
Swink Swank/Swonk Swonken To work, toil or labour
To bat right-handed against a left-
Switch-hit Switch-hit Switch-hit handed bowler, or vice versa, in
baseball
T

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To perform an
Take Took Taken action
To acquire
To instruct or
Teach Taught Taught
train somebody
To teach with
more than one
Team-teach Team-taught Team-taught
teacher for the
class or group
To make a hole or
Tear Tore Torn divide material,
paper, etc.
To broadcast on
Telecast Telecast/Telecasted Telecast/Telecasted
TV
To give
Tell Told Told somebody
information
To drive a car to
Test-drive Test-drove Test-driven test it before
buying
Test-fly Test-flew Test-flown To test a plane
To have an
Think Thought Thought opinion
To use the brain
To do very well
because the
Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived
circumstances or
situation is right
To cause an
object to leave
your hand in such
Throw Threw Thrown
a way that it
travels through
the air
To push with
Thrust Thrust Thrust
force
To strike with
Thunderstrike Thunderstruck Thunderstruck/Thunderstricken lightning
To shock
Tine Tint/Tined Tint/Tined To shut
Toss Tossed/Tost Tossed/Tost Throw around
To put your foot
Tread Trod Trodden
down
To solve a
Troubleshoot Troubleshot Troubleshot
problem
To give an actor
Typecast Typecast Typecast the same sort of
role repeatedly
To compose type
Typeset Typeset Typeset
for printing
To write with a
Typewrite Typewrote Typewritten
typewriter
U

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Definition

To remove a horse's
Unbear Unbore Unborn/Unborne
rein and straps
To retore something to
Unbend Unbent Unbent its original shape that
has been distorted
To set something free
Unbind Unbound Unbound To untie, remove ropes,
chains, etc..
Unbuild Unbuilt Unbuilt To demolish
Unclothe Unclad/Unclothed Unclad/Unclothed To remove clothes
To offer less money in
Underbid Underbid Underbid/Underbidden
an auction or sale
To buy for less than the
Underbuy Underbought Underbought
real value
To sell at a cheaper
Undercut Undercut Undercut
price than a competitor
To dive, dig, explore
Underdelve Underdelved Underdolven/Underdelved
under something
To do less than
Underdo Underdid Underdone necessary
Not to cook enough
To give too little food
Underfeed Underfed Underfed to someone or an
animal
 To make something
Undergird Undergirt/Undergirded Undergirt/Undergirded secure underneath
To give moral support
To suffer or go through
an unpleasant
Undergo Underwent Undergone
experience, such as
surgery
To put underneath
Underlay Underlaid Underlaid
something
To rent for less than the
Underlet Underlet Underlet
real value
To be the real reason,
meaning or idea behind
Underlie Underlay Underlain
something, usually
hidden or not clear
To pay someone too
Underpay Underpaid Underpaid little or pay less than
the price
To pass or flow
Underrun Underran Underrun
underneath something
To sell at a lower price
Undersell Undersold Undersold
than a competitor
To shoot too short
Undershoot Undershot Undershot
Not to reach a traget
To sepnd less money
than allocated in the
Underspend Underspent Underspent
department or
company's budget
To know or come to
Understand Understood Understood know the meaning of
something
To accept responsibility
Undertake Undertook Undertaken
for doing something
To insert faulted rock
Underthrust Underthrust Underthrust under a passive rock
mass
To accept part or all of
Underwrite Underwrote Underwritten a financial risk,
especially insurance
To ruin somebody's
Undo Undid Undone reputation
To 'open' clothes or
 shoes before taking
them off
To open a curtain
Undraw Undrew Undrawn
To withdraw
To open, draw back
Undraw Undrew Undrawn
(curtains, etc)
To make assets
Unfreeze Unfroze Unfrozen availably for use
To thaw something
To remove something
Unhang Unhung Unhung
that is hanging
To expose something
Unhide Unhid Unhidden
that was hidden
To stop holding or not
Unhold Unheld Unheld
to hold
Unknit Unknit/Unknitted Unknit/Unknitted To untie
To remove cargo,
Unlade Unladed Unladen/Unladed
unload
Unlay Unlaid Unlaid To untwist a rope
To try to forget or
change a habit or
Unlearn Unlearnt/Unlearned Unlearnt/Unlearned
something that had
been learned
Unmake Unmade Unmade To remove a decision
To remove a rope from
Unreeve Unrove/Unreeved Unrove/Unreeved
a hook
Not to say something
Unsay Unsaid Unsaid To take back something
that you said
To convince someone
Unsell Unsold Unsold that something is
worthless or false
To undo someone
Unsew Unsewed Unsewn/Unsewed sewed, remove the
stitches
To remove something
Unsling Unslung Unslung
held in a sling
To take back what has
Unspeak Unspoke Unspoken been said or not to say
something
Unspin Unspun Unspun To untwist or unravel
 To seperate things that
have been stuck
Unstick Unstuck Unstuck
together
To take off
To open something
Unstring Unstrung Unstrung
secured with string
Unswear Unswore Unsworn To take back an oath
To make someone
Unteach Untaught Untaught forget something they
have learned
To remove something
Unthink Unthought Unthought
from your mind
To tread back, retrace
Untread Untrod Untrodden
your steps
To undo things that
Unweave Unwove Unwoven have been woven
together
Unwind Unwound Unwound To relax
To delete writing or not
Unwrite Unwrote Unwritten
to write
To build up, develop on
Upbuild Upbuilt Upbuilt
a large scale
To support or confirm a
Uphold Upheld Upheld
decision
To punch upwards
Uppercut Uppercut Uppercut
towards someone's chin
To get up, stand up,
Uprise Uprose Uprisen move up
To return from the dead
To make somebody
Upset Upset Upset
unhappy or disturbed
Upspring Upsprang Upsprung To jump or spring up
To sweep or brush
Upsweep Upswept Upswept
upwards
Uptear Uptore Uptorn To tear into pieces
V

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed To trouble or annoy
W
Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To stop sleeping and become
conscious
Wake Woke Woken
To make somebody stop
sleeping
To wait for or to stop somebody
Waylay Waylaid Waylaid
to rob them
Wear Wore Worn To have clothes on your body
Weave Wove Woven To make material
Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded To marry
Weep Wept Wept To cry heavily
Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went To go, make your way
To make something wet by
Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted
applying a liquid to it
To cut with whipsaw (a saw for
Whipsaw Whipsawed Whipsawn/Whipsawed two people)
To victimise
To be the best in a competition,
Win Won Won
game, election, etc.
To turn something round to
Wind Wound Wound make a mechanical process
operate
To feed cattle in the winter when
Winterfeed Winterfed Winterfed
they can't graze
To make wire
Wiredraw Wiredrew Wiredrawn To make something last a long
time, especially speech
Wit Wist Wist To know
To remove money from a bank
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn To remove something from a
place
Not to let somebody have
Withhold Withheld Withheld
something
Withstand Withstood Withstood To resist successfully
Wont Wont Wont/Wonted To be accustomed
To make physical or mental
Work Worked/Wrought Worked/Wrought effort to produce or achieve
something
 To cover
Wrap Wrapped/Wrapt Wrapped/Wrapt
To transport emotionally
To cause or make something
Wreak Wreaked Wreaked/Wroken
happen
To put a lot of pressure on
Wring Wrung Wrung
something to remove liquids
To put words onto paper using a
Write Wrote Written
pen or pencil
Z

Base
Past Simple Past Participle Definition
Form
To coat or cover something with a layer of
Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked
zinc