Quantum Mechanics

Preamble

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 1

Energy formulas

We encountered the formula attributed to Planck and others.

hc
E = h = = hc

Here, symbol indicates that the units are in cm-1, whereas the symbol
indicates sec-1.

A good green laser pointer has a narrow-wavelength band output near 532.1
nm.

Then, a photon having a wavelength of 532.1 nm has an energy equivalent

of 3.733 x 10-19 Joule. A mole of photons (1 Einstein) at this wavelength has a
total energy of 224.8 kJ. Therefore, we can also say that 532.1-nm light is
equivalent to 224.8 kJ/mole of available energy in a photochemical or
photobiological reaction.

For reference here is the work through from an old Chem 101 slide.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 2

Suppose we have a wavelength of 5,321 (green light laser pointer).
= 5321
= 532.1 nm
= 0.5321 m
= 5.321 x 10-7 m
= 5.321 x 10-5 cm

6.6261 10 2.9979 10
= = = 3.733 10
532.1 10
3.733 10 6.0221 10 = 2.248 10#
%
224.8

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 3

We need also to introduce the wavenumber unit (cm-1) for the same 532.1 nm
photon:
1 1 1
& = = = = 18,793
100 532.1 10 (

= & = 100 &

Thus, the visible region of the EMS ranges from 400 nm (25,000 cm-1) to ~750 nm
(~13300 cm-1).
This non-SI unit is used extensively in connection with infrared spectroscopy,
which is a common analytical technique used in organic chemistry. It is also
used widely in the visible region.

To some degree, the choice of units depends on the measurement technique and
discipline (Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, etc.. )
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 4
Green Laser Pointer involves three laser beams

Al (III)
K (I)
Ga (III)
Ti (IV)
As (V)
P (V)

AlGaAs KTiOPO4
Diode Laser doubler
808 nm 1064 nm 1064 nm 532 nm

12380 cm-1 9400 cm-1 18800 cm-1

Nd:YVO4 IR Filter
Laser
Nd (III) ~ 1%
Y (III) ~ 99%
V (V)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 5

Photoelectric Effect, Photochemistry and Photobiology

The photon carries a definite amount of energy and momentum. The

energy can be used to remove electrons from materials (photoelectric effect
using visible, ultraviolet or X-ray radiation), and in the visible region (200-300
kJ/mole) is similar to the energy of a chemical bond.

1239.5 nm 1 eV 96.485 kJoule/mole (1 eV 1.602 x 10-19 J)

400 nm 3.10 eV 299 kJoule/mole

The absorption of such photons can dissociate some small molecules, and
cause photochemical change, such as isomerization or electron or proton
transfer, in larger molecules. For example, the molecule 7-hydroxyquinoline
undergoes the following photochemically induced transformation:
Solvent-mediated Electron
proton transfer Transfer

H +
O N O N O N
H H
7HQ
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chlorophyll in the visible region
430 nm; 279 kJ/mole
Chlorophyll absorbs a visible photon,
triggering energy- and electron-transfer
processes needed for photosynthesis.

690 nm; 173 kJ/mole

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 7

 VISION

Irradiation of 11-cis retinal in a protein

such as rhodopsin gives rise to the all-
trans conformer.

h
Thus absorption of light
triggers a structural change.

The absorbed photon

provides a discrete amount
of energy to cause the
change.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 8

Blackbody Radiation

Chapter 1 Section 2

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 9

Wikipedia diagram shows strong absorption by vibrational modes of water

v = 1
Ov Com
Overtone Combination Fund
v = 3 v = 2 2700 nm
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 11
 Highly complex band due to H2O
due to lower molecular symmetry
and low mass of H atoms.

Compact band
due to CO2 due
to relatively
heavy O atoms.

Both bands are due to

bending vibrations of the
two molecules.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 12

This spectrum tells us:
1. Dimensions of molecule.
2. This is a bending mode.
3. Photons absorbed come from
different directions onto the
molecule.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 13

IR spectroscopy is extremely sensitive, and can be
used to identify trace gases.
Bond length of CO comes from these data.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 14

 We can plot the Blackbody
curve against either energy-
proportional units such as
frequency, or wavelength.

This gives us different forms

of the Planck formula and
different shapes to the curves.

In Chemistry usage, the

wavelength curve is slightly
mode widely used.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 15

 Blackbody curves for high temperatures
0.003
Planck

0.0025 Rayleigh
- Jeans
Energy density per wavelength interval

0.002

6000
5000
0.0015
4000
6000
5000
0.001 4000

0.0005

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Wavelength (nm)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 16

Blackbody radiation an early example of the need for quantum theory

(see M&S Chapter 1)

The frequency and/or wavelength distribution of light emitted from a hot body
such as the sun provided compelling evidence of the need to use quantum
theory to describe the properties of matter. First, we summarize some early
empirical theories.

Wien displacement Law - describes the relationship between the wavelength

at which the spectrum has its maximum, and the temperature of the
blackbody source.
T max = 2.9 103 m.K
For example, if the source temperature were 5000 K (~sun), then max would be near
580 nm. (5000 580 10 = 0.0029)

This empirical relationship can be obtained from the Planck Distribution

(see later) by differentiation.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 17
Rayleigh Jeans Law
Similar to Equation 1.1
The R-J law calculates the energy content of all note the change in units from
possible oscillators within a given wavelength frequency in sec-1 to wavelength
in m.
interval at a particular wavelength, and
expressed per unit of volume. All oscillators, 8 k BT
RJ (T )d = d Joule m -3
independently of their wavelength, were 4
assumed to have equal probability and to carry
an energy kBT.
The Rayleigh-Jeans law works well at long wavelengths (low
photon energies) but poorly at short wavelengths. It can be
viewed as a limiting case of the Planck Distribution Law.

The failure of the Rayleigh-Jeans Law is commonly referred to as

the ultraviolet catastrophe. The solution came from reference to
the quantum properties of matter.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 18

Note: The number density of independent waves in a given volume, and within
a given frequency or wavelength range can be calculated using an adaptation of
3D particle-in-a-box theory.

You have seen some of this at the General Chemistry level, and we shall go into a
little more detail later. However, the derivations of the Rayleigh-Jeans and the
Planck Radiation Law are not required here.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 19

The average thermal energy of a mole of atoms in the gas phase is 3/2
RT, giving 3/2 kBT per atom, and therefore kBT per motional degree
of freedom. (In Chem 222, this will be justified via statistical
mechanics).

This idea (equipartition principle) can be extended to other degrees

of motional freedom to a considerable extent, but this only holds for
cases where the quantity kBT > h (or kBT >hc/). This means that near
room temperature, it applies in the microwave region and longer
wavelengths, but not so well in the infrared and not at all for visible
wavelengths. Thus, the central tenet of the Rayleigh-Jeans law, that
each oscillator has an average energy of kBT, is fundamentally flawed.

20
Students may recall from Chem 102 that the heat capacity, CV of an oxygen
molecule at 300 K is higher than that of argon (5/2 R vs. 3/2 R).

This is evidence that a significant part of the thermal energy of an oxygen

molecule comes from something other than the velocity through space.
Molecular rotation is the major new contribution (B ~ 2 cm-1 ~ 0.01 kBT). It
turns out that molecular rotational energy levels are extensively populated
(classical limit) at room temperature.

On the other hand, there is very little contribution at 298 K to the thermal
energy from vibrational motion of oxygen ( 2000 cm-1 ~ 10 kBT). This is
attributed to the relatively high energy of the vibrational energy levels. The
concept of discrete energy levels required the development of quantum
mechanics, so that theories preceding quantum mechanics, such as the
Rayleigh-Jeans law, could not be accurate.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 21
 Hot band reflects
population of first
excited vibrational
level (v=1)

Notice that many

rotational levels are Fundamental
populated as the absorption resonance
energy spacing is reflects ground-state
<<kBT population (v=0) Energy gap
between v=0 and
v=1 is 667 cm-1

..( /01 ... . /234

Relative population of v=1:v=0 ~ - . /253
= 0.04

. /253
Quick estimate: the value of kBT in cm-1 is /01 ... . /234
= 207
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 22
Planck Distribution a unified theory to explain the foregoing
observations.

Planck theorized that the equipartition principle was not applicable as

a general rule.

Instead, he supposed that radiation consisted of quanta (i.e., chunks of

energy - photons), and that each quantum of light originated from a
characteristic transition of the emitter between two energy levels.

He made the key assumption that the probability of an oscillator

having the energy E is proportional to the Boltzmann factor:

E hc
P exp = exp
k BT k B T

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 23

In Statistical Thermodynamics some thermodynamic properties are
calculated using a harmonic oscillator approximation. A key concept is
the partition function, which is used in the derivation of the Planck
Formula. This expresses a weighted probability for distributing the
population among a set of energy levels.

9?@
:;
6 = 7 89 <= >

9?/
Although we dont develop the theory here, the partition function
concept leads to the denominator in the Planck formula for blackbody
radiation.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 24

 8 hc
(T )d = d Joules m -3 from to +d
hc M&S Eq. 1.3
exp
5
1
k BT
i
8 kB T
RJi := 8 h c
Pi :=
(i) 4
( i) 5
exp
hc 1

i kB T
The Planck Law plot closely fits the 100

experimental distribution for the

RJ i
energy density per unit wavelength RJ1100

(or frequency) interval. Pi

50

P1100
Since the Boltzmann constant is
known, as is the velocity of light, 0
0 500 1000 1500
fitting the theoretical to the i 10
9

experimental curve produces an Here, we see the relationship between

accurate value for the Planck the R-J and Planck curves showing a
large error near 600 nm, as predicted
constant, h. from the Boltzmann formula.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 25

Note the alternative expression of the Planck formula, where we count the
energy density per frequency unit at a defined frequency in the spectrum:

8E & D&
AB C D& = M&S Eq 1-2
&
exp 1
%I C

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 26

 Blackbody curves for high temperatures
0.003
Planck

0.0025 Rayleigh
- Jeans
Energy density per wavelength interval

0.002

6000
5000
0.0015
4000
6000
5000
0.001 4000

0.0005

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Wavelength (nm)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 27

 Blackbody curves for ambient temperatures; 250-350 K
2E-09

Rayleigh
- Jeans
1.5E-09
Energy density per wavelength interval

Planck

350
300
1E-09
250
350
300
250

5E-10

0
2000 7000 12000 17000 22000 27000
Wavelength (nm)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 28

Algebraic Integration of the Planck distribution gives the Stefan-
Boltzmann law (see Homework problems) which states that the total
amount of radiant energy per unit area from a perfect blackbody
source is proportional to T4. The proportionality constant, known as
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, has the value:

2 5 k B
4
= 2 3
= 56.7 nWm -2 K -4
15c h
which is derived directly from integrating the Blackbody formula.
Experimental measurements confirm this calculation to be accurate
hence another verification of Planck theory.

The Wien Law (maximum of the intensity distribution: Tmax = const)

and Rayleigh-Jeans law (low-frequency edge) can also be derived
analytically from maximum of the Planck distribution.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 29

 Emission Lines in an Electric Discharge of H2
expressed in various energy units
Hydrogen Atom Spectrum
eV 10-19 J kJ/mole cm-1 nm

Lyman Series 21 10.20 16.34 984.0 82,259 121.6

The observation of discrete line
spectra for atoms and 31 12.09 19.37 1166.3 97,492 102.5
molecules is compelling
evidence for quantum theory. 41 12.75 20.42 1230.0 102,823 97.3

The absorption or emission 51 13.12 21.02 1265.9 105,823 95.0

features imply the presence of
distinct energy levels. 1 13.60 21.79 1312.0 109,678 91.2

Balmer Series 32 1.90 3.04 183.3 15,324 656

42 2.55 4.09 246.0 20,565 486

52 2.86 4.58 276.0 23,033 434

2 3.40 5.45 328.0 27,420 365

Paschen Series 43 0.661 1.06 63.8 5,331 1,874

53 0.967 1.55 93.3 7,799 1,280

3 1.51 2.42 145.8 12,186 821

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 30

A typical experiment to obtain a
spectrum of atomic hydrogen could
involve:

H2 electric discharge 2H**

generating electronically "hot"

atoms, which can then emit
fluorescence:

H** H* + h

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 31

Energy of an Electronic Level in the Hydrogen atom (review):

Z2
E = RH 2 Z=1 for H
n
The Energy of a Spectroscopic Transition is the Difference in Energy
Between two Levels:
1 1
E = E2 E1 = RH Z 2 2
2

n2 n1
The constant, RH, in these equations has the value 109678 cm-1, and is
known as the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. Its value was determined by
experiment, but it can also be calculated quantum mechanically.
Note that other units for the Rydberg constant could be:
RH= 100 hc x 109678 = 2.1787 x 10-18 Joule
RH = 2.1787 x 10-18 / 1.602 x 10-19 = 13.60 eV

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 32

Note that the given value of the Rydberg constant expressed in terms of
fundamental constants is:

See inside front cover

L
K= 109737 of M&S for the two
8M/ values.

The reason this is different from the hydrogen atom value is that in the hydrogen
atom, the mass of electron is replaced by the reduced mass of the electron-proton
pair:
H e4
RH = 109678 cm -1

8 0 h 2
2

Here, the reduced mass is given by the equation:

L P
NO = = 9.1044 10 %8 ; L = 9.1094 10 %8
L+ P

Similarly, the reduced mass for sodium gives the value RNa = 109734 cm-1. This
calculation can be a student exercise.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 33
 Strictly, the mass of the electron needs to be replaced by the reduced mass,
which corrects for the fact that the nucleus is not infinitely heavy. Similar
considerations apply to classical orbiting bodies in the solar system and to
rotating (and vibrating) molecules.

Consider that, in any rotating system of two interacting bodies, the relative
motion is about the common center of mass (c.o.m.).

c.o.m. In this example, the red object has

greater mass than the blue one.
The thick arrows here would
symbolize instantaneous velocity
vectors for each object.

For the hydrogen atom, the c.o.m. is close to the position of the nucleus, but they
are not coincident.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 34

Back to the hydrogen atom:

For example, if there is a transition between levels n=3 and n=2, which is
known as the -line of the Balmer series, we have the following result:

1 1 1 1
E = 2.178 10 Z 2 2 = 2.178 1018 1
18 2

n2 n1 9 4
= 3.025 1019 Joule
hc 6.62611034 2.9979 108
= = 19
= 656.7 nm
E 3.025 10

This transition gives rise to a deep red emission line from hydrogen atoms,
which gives rise to the characteristic red color of an electric discharge passed
through H2 gas.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 35
Neon discharge tube

A high voltage discharge

separates electrons from
atoms to generate ions.
When the electrons and
ions recombine, high-
energy atoms form,
which then emit light.

The resulting spectrum

maps out the various
energy levels of the
atom.

Some ions also may

contribute to the
emission, depending on
the circumstances.

Demonstration item
Quantum 1 36
 Different spectrum types

Absorption: Pass light from

an incandescent source
H
through a sample.

He
Emission: Light emitted from
discharge tube.
Hg
Each spectrum is in effect a
fingerprint for the sample.

These realistic spectra were obtained from :

http://poozacreations.blogspot.com/2012/03/types-of-emission-and-absorption.html
Some of the text on that site is confusing , so just focus on the images. 37
Coulomb Energy formulas:

In SI units:

q1q2
E=
4 0 r

Some texts use a basic formula, which could be in cgs or atomic units:

q1q2
E=
r
In older usage, the charges are in electrostatic units, esu, where the charge of
the electron is 4.8 x 10-10 esu, and the distance, r, is in cm. The energy, E, is
expressed in ergs.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 38

Lets calculate the potential energy for an electron placed 1 Bohr radius away
from a proton, using both SI and cgs units.

Negative sign was omitted here

SI Units should be included

19 19
Q1 := 1.602 10 C Q2 := 1.602 10 C

12 2 1 1 11
0 := 8.854 10 C J m Let r := 5.29 10 m
Q1 Q2
E := 18 2 -2
E = 4.36 10 m kg s (J) = 2 Rydbergs = 1 Hartree
4 0 r

cgs Units

10 10
q1 := 4.8 10 q2 := 4.8 10 (esu)
9
r := 5.29 10 (cm)
q1 q2
E := 11
r E = 4.355 10 (erg)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 39

Note also that theory work will often quote atomic units.

For the current example, we would use the simple cgs formula from above.
The whole thing is simplified in this instance, because the atomic unit of charge
is standardized to the fundamental charge (i.e., q = 1), and the atomic unit of
distance is the Bohr radius (a0 = 1). This results in the energy having the value
of 1, which is therefore expressed in Hartrees.

q1q2 (charges expressed as + and -1 units of the fundamental charge)

E (in Hartrees) =
r (distance expressed in units of the Bohr radius)
= 1 Hartree for an electron placed 1 Bohr radius away from the nucleus

This would be the Coulomb potential energy for an electron in the n=1 level of
hydrogen.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 40

The Coulomb formula calculates the potential energy between two charged
particles.

It applies to electron-proton interactions in the H atom, but is also used to

calculate internuclear and electron-electron repulsions in multi-electron
atoms, and in chemical bonding theory.

It also plays a significant role in theories of intermolecular forces, to account

for the interaction of partial charges on atoms in different molecules. The
case of ionic interactions is obvious, but the Coulomb interaction is also
important in calculating the interactions between molecules such as HCl, CO2
or benzene, where the charge density is not uniform. Such interactions play a
vital role in the cohesive properties of liquids and solids, and are routinely
used in protein modeling.

Although the Coulomb formula itself is not a quantum mechanical concept,

it provides an important quantitative basis for doing quantum calculations.
It appears in atomic and molecular Hamiltonians.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 41
Thus, Potential Energy is computed by the classical Coulomb formula, or by
some other classical variant, such as a harmonic oscillator -- V(x) = kx2.

On the other hand, Kinetic Energy is calculated in quantum mechanical

situations by the use of a mathematical operator, which is a second
derivative function with the appropriate dimensionality, and acts on the
atomic or molecular wave function.

The simplest quantum mechanical treatment, the particle in the 1-D square
well, neglects potential energy, but in all real situations the potential energy
function is critical to correct modeling of quantum mechanical phenomena.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 42

Bohr found a simple, classical way to calculate the Rydberg constant.
If the angular momentum of the electron were restricted to integer
multiples of h/2 (n=1,2,3) then the energy levels could be calculated using
a simple theoretical model involving Coulomb attractive forces.
Within this model, the electron is constrained to circular, planetary-like orbits
around the nucleus.
The attractive force required to keep the electron at a particular distance, r, is
provided by the Coulomb attraction. This is balanced by "centrifugal"
repulsion (which is a force):
me v 2 e 2 Equation 1.14 in M&S
= 2 written in simple units
r r
The units of both sides are energy/distance, which are the units of force.

Here, we are using the simplest units for the sake of illustration. It is common
to calculate in SI units, which requires a factor of 40 in the denominator of
the RHS. The LHS, which does not contain charge, is OK as is.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 43
Digression:

A useful concept to bear in mind for later is that the force comes from the
slope of the potential energy with respect to distance:

DT
S - =
D-

In a particle in a box example, there is no force on the trapped particle

except at the walls, since the potential energy is zero except at the walls.

On the other hand, in a parabolic potential, such as for a vibrating molecule,

the restoring force increases linearly with the displacement from the
minimum PE position.

1
T - = % - -/ ; S - = %(- -/ )
2
(See p. 56)

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 44

End of digression: We had by setting two forces equal:

me v 2 e 2
= 2
r r
Multiply top and bottom by mr 2 on the LHS :
(me vr ) 2 e 2
3
= 2
me r r
Replace mvr (angular momentum) by h/2 :
h2 e2
= 2
4 me r
2 3
r Strictly nh/2 for the general
particle on a ring (see M&S
giving: page 19), but we assume
that n=1 for the reference
h2 case of the Bohr radius.
r= 2
4 me e 2 Note that Plancks constant
has units of angular
momentum (J.s). [Student
exercise]
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 45
This quantity r, the effective radius of the first (assumed circular) Bohr
orbit, is known as the Bohr radius, given the symbol a0. This expression is
written in (obsolete) cgs units, for which:
h = 6.6261 x 10-27 erg sec; m = 9.1094 x 10-28 gm; e = 4.8 x 10-10 esu
(electrostatic units).
e2
Using SI units, we replace the quantity e2 / r by , where the 0 is
4 0 r

the permittivity of vacuum (8.85419 x 10-12 J-1C2m-1). The reason for the
difference is the replacement of the electrostatic unit (esu) of charge by
the Coulomb. Thus Equation 1.14 leads to Equation 1.17:

4 0 h 2 0 h2
r= 2 = ~E
4 me e 2
me e 2
The result is a0 = r = 5.29 x 10-11 m.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 46

Note about a quantum particle trapped on a ring:
We had 2r = n for a standing wave on a ring. This is known as a boundary
condition that defines the limits on the waveform. Applying the de Broglie
formula, we find upon substitution for : = =
2EV

From this, we arrive at an important formula for angular momentum:

nh
V = angular momentum =
2E

This a very important result that Bohr needed to assume in order to make to make
his model work:

The fundamental unit of angular momentum is h/2, commonly expressed in physics

as .
The quantity n is a quantum number in our context, simply the number of wavelengths
around the ring.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 47

The total energy of the electron in the lowest Bohr orbit is the sum of the
potential and kinetic energies. We have, in basic units:
PE = V = -e2/r and KE = T = mev2 = e2 / 2r (see Equation 1.14), so that the total
energy is -e2 / 2r.
The virial theorem, which also applies in astronomy, states that, for a system
where the potential energy of interaction is inversely proportional to distance,
the average potential energy <V> and the average kinetic energy <T> are
related by: 1
T = V
2
Therefore, the total energy of the electron in the lowest Bohr orbit is:

a E L mb e
= = =
2 8EM/ V 8EM/ M/ 8M/

Recall that this is the sum of the (negative) potential and (positive) kinetic energies.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 48

Calculation of the potential energy of interaction between a proton and an electron
19
Charge on proton q1 := 1.60218 10 C
19
Charge on electron q2 := 1.60218 10 C
12 2 1 1
0 := 8.8542 10 C J m
Let the separation between the charges be 0.05292 nm (Bohr radius)

9
r := 0.05292 10 m
q 1 q 2
V := This is the important Coulomb formula for potential energy
4 0 r

18
V = 4.36 10 J This amount of energy is known as 1 Hartree unit.
The total energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies. Applying the Virial
theorem the total energy is just V/2, so thatthe total energy is just half of the
potential energy:

V 18
= 2.18 10 J This amount of energy is known as 1 Rydberg unit.
2

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 49

Note:
We have determined that the effective kinetic energy of the electron
in the lowest Bohr orbit:

1
C= c = 2.18 10
2

From this, we can estimate the velocity of the electron:

d 4.36 10
c= = 2.19 10. e
9.11 10

This is already close to 1% of the velocity of light.

Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 50

The energy of the electron in the lowest-energy Bohr orbit, relative to the
ionization energy, is E = - RH.

Even though the Bohr concept of electrons orbiting the nucleus at a fixed
distance is known to be incorrect, nonetheless, with the assumptions:

(a) that the distance of the electron from the nucleus is the Bohr radius, and

(b) that the angular momentum is h/2,

it predicts the correct answers for the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, at
least to within an acceptable tolerance for routine measurements.

Final note:

In the Bohr model, the classical orbits have fixed radii, so that we can
calculate accurate values for both potential and kinetic energy.

For a real atom, where orbitals are involved, we need to take quantum
mechanical averages of the potential and kinetic energy. (See later). The
Virial theorem still applies to these average quantities.
Phys Chem 1 - Introduction 51