Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

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Case Studies in Construction Materials

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A experimental study of natural admixture effect on

conventional concrete and high volume class F yash blended
concrete
T.S. Ramesh Babu* , D. Neeraja
School of Civil and Chemical Engineering (SCALE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamilnadu, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history:
Received 17 August 2016 The present investigation is focused to introduce broiler hen egg as Natural Admixture
Available online 29 October 2016 (NAD) in concrete and study the effect of NAD on conventional concrete (CC) and class F y
ash (FA) blended concrete. Cement is replaced by FA at various levels (0%55%) to its
Keywords: weight. Chemical composition of broiler hen egg ingredients was determined by energy
Natural admixture dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) after lyophilization. Broiler egg was added to concrete at
Lyophilization various replacement dosages (0%0.75%) in water by maintaining the constant liquid to
Class F y ash binder ratio at 0.5. The compressive strength and spitting tensile strength of concrete was
Compressive strength
determined to optimize NAD dosage in FA blended concrete to get the desired strength of M
Splitting tensile strength
25 grade of CC. Studies revealed that 0.25% NAD dosage has very much signicant effect on
Modulus of elasticity
Cost analysis compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of all concrete mixes at all curing
periods. Based on experimental results a new expression was developed and compared
with CEB-FIP and ACI 363R predicted models for STS. The measured MOE was compared
with ACI 363R, AASHTO LRFD/ACI318 predicted models. The C-65_FA-35 with 0.25% NAD
dosage is concluded as optimum mix. As per cost analysis, C-45_FA-55 with 0.25% NAD was
concluded as economical mix and can be recommended to use broiler hen egg as natural
admixture.
2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

In ancient period, the structures were constructed by using materials like lime, clay, mud, surkhi, wood, egg, jaggery,
sugar, burnt coconut shells etc. Oral traditional sources tell us egg whites were used as ingredients of mortar, which were
used to bind building materials for the ancient constructions. Egg whites were generally used as adhesive which is a
compound that adheres or bonds two items. Historically, they were also used to produce paint binder [1]. Among the ancient
admixtures, jaggery and egg were widely used. Michelle had a research on existing historical buildings by collecting mortar
samples and proved that egg was used in building constructions [1]. After invention of cement by Joseph Aspdin in 1824,
cement has been widely used in construction. The major drawback of cement usage is liberation of huge amount of green
house gas (CO2) emissions into environment which causes global warming. Recently, various supplementary cementitious
materials such as y ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash etc., are being used as partial replacement of

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rams134.reddy@gmail.com (T.S. R. Babu).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.09.003
2214-5095/ 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
4.0/).
44 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

cement to reduce green house gas emissions. Several investigations are being done on historical constructions and
concluded that lime, mud and surkhi were used as binders and starch, jaggery and egg were used as admixtures.
Jaya Sankar et al. used egg shell powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete and designed for M 20, M 25 & M 30
grade of concrete [2]. They concluded that the compressive strength and split tensile strength were decreased with the
increasing replacement level of egg shell powder. Dhanalakshmi et al. also concluded that the compressive strength,
workability and density of concrete were decreased with the increasing replacement of egg shell powder [3]. Hani Binici
et al. concluded that replacement of egg shell powder in sand, the compressive strength and exural strength of cement
mortar were decreased. But it has higher resistance to radiation effect [4]. Ferhat and Ilhan concluded that class F y ash can
be replaced up to 55% to cement [5]. Siddique concluded that splitting tensile strength (STS) depends on compressive
strength of concrete and age of concrete [6]. Guru Jawahar et al. concluded that the compressive strength of Class F y ash
blended concrete was increased due to pozzolanic reaction of class Fly ash [7].
Ramesh Babu and Neeraja [8] have concluded that the Natural Admixture (NAD) acts as accelerator to enhance the
hydration of binder, when it added to binder. They were explained that the fresh properties of binder with and without NAD
with standard consistency and initial setting time. At 0.25% NAD dosage the initial setting time of binder is less than that of
without NAD and they were concluded that at this dosage the setting takes places very faster. The fresh properties of concrete
were explained with workability of Conventional Concrete (CC) and Class C y ash blended (FA) concrete was explained by
slump cone test. They were concluded that, at 0.25% NAD the slump of concrete mixes were very less, because due to high
viscosity of NAD the mix becomes homogenous and high bonding nature.
The mechanical properties of CC and FA blended concrete were explained and they were reported that 0.25% of NAD is
concluded as optimum dosage [9]. And 25% Class C y ash can be replaced with addition of 0.25% NAD to get designed
strength.
Though various chemical admixtures are available for several purposes in concrete construction industry, the present
study is mainly focused, to promote the usage of egg as admixture and determine the effect of egg on mechanical properties
of concrete. Keeping in view of the importance of egg in respect to mechanical and durability properties of concrete, the main
aim of research work is to use egg as natural admixture (NAD) and study the effect of NAD on compressive strength, Splitting
Tensile Strength (STS) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of conventional concrete (CC) and Class F y ash blended (FA)
concrete at different curing periods.

1.1. Lyophilization

Lyophilization or freeze drying is a drying process of solvent or suspended medium in which liquid will crystallize at low
temperature. Drying of solvent can be done by air drying process. Chirife and Buera [10] concluded that air drying offers
physical changes, chemical reactions and biochemical effects. In physical changes which include increasing or decreasing
porosity and decreases bind water and microscopic structure damage. George and Datta, 2002 [11], Dincer 2003 [12] and Liu
et al. [13] are concluded that lyophilization is widely used in food preservation, pharmaceuticals, medicine preservation,
cosmetics and special chemicals and pigment preservations etc.
Lyophilization mainly consists of two phases; freezing and drying. During the freezing phase the products are freeze, so
that the water is turned into ice. In drying phase the intracellular water is sublimated, so this water evaporates, it is caught up
and resolidify on cold condenser plates at
60  C to
70  C. The resultant product will be used for energy dispersive X-ray
analysis (EDAX) to determine the chemical composition of NAD.

2. Experimental study

2.1. Experimental program

The main intension of the research work is to study the effect of natural admixture (NAD) on compressive strength,
Splitting Tensile Strength (STS) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of Conventional concrete (CC) and Class F y ash (FA)
blended concrete. The cement was replaced with Class F y ash levels of 0%, 25%, 35%, 45% and 55% by its weight. Broiler hen
egg was added to CC and FA mixes by mixing with water at various dosages of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% to the weight of
binder. The Binder (cement + y ash) and liquid (water + NAD) ratio is kept constant at 0.5.

2.2. Material properties

2.2.1. Cement
Ultratech 53 grade Ordinary Portland cement was used conrming to IS 12269:1987 [14]. The physical and chemical
properties of cement are showed in Tables 1 and 2.

2.2.2. Natural admixtures

Broiler hen eggs which were collected from local poultry forms nearby Chittoor, A.P, India used as natural admixture in
this research work. White albumen and yellow yolk of broiler egg was thoroughly mixed and added to concrete.
 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 45

Table 1
Physical properties of cement.

Particulars Test result Requirement as per IS:12269-1987

Physical properties
Specic gravity 3.15
Fineness (m2/kg) 315.4 Min. 225 m2/kg

Soundness
Lechatlier expansion (mm) 0.8 Max. 10 mm
Auto Clave expansion (%) 0.01 Max. 0.08%

Setting time (Minutes)

Initial 45 Min 30 mints
Final 230 Max. 600 mints

Table 2
Chemical properties of cement.

Particulars Test result Requirement as per IS:12269-1987

Chemical composition
% Silica (SiO2) 19.29
% Alumina (Al2O3) 5.75
% Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 4.78
% Lime (CaO) 62.81
% Magnesia (MgO) 0.84 Not more than 6.0%
% Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) 2.48 Max. 3.0% when C3A > 5.0
Max. 2.5% when C3A < 5.0
% Chloride content 0.003 Max. 0.1%
Lime saturation factor CaO 0.92 0.80 to 1.02
0.7SO3/2.8SiO2 + 1.2Al2O3 + 0.65Fe2O3
Ratio of Alumina/Iron Oxide 1.21 Min. 0.66

2.2.3. Mineral admixture

Class F y ash (FA) was used as an additive. The properties of Class F y ash are showed in Table 3.

2.2.4. Coarse aggregate

20 mm and 10 mm crushed granite stones were used as coarse aggregate at 60:40 by weight proportions. The specic
gravity and water absorption of the coarse aggregate were 2.6 and 0.3% respectively. The gradation curve of 20 mm and
10 mm aggregate are showed in Figs. 1 and 2.

2.2.5. Fine aggregate

Swarnamuki river sand was used as ne aggregate. The specic gravity and water absorption of the sand were 2.6 and 1%
respectively. Sieve analysis of sand was conducted as per IS 383:1970 [15] and conrmed to zone I sand [15]. The gradation
curve of ne aggregate is showed in Fig. 3

Table 3
Properties of Class F y ash.

Physical properties Test results

Specic gravity 2.13
pH 11.52
Moisture content 0.80%

Chemical properties
Element Weight%
CaO 5.98
SiO2 62.00
Al2O3 18.90
Fe2O3 4.90
MgO 1.99
Na2O 2.47
K2O 1.14
TiO2 1.09
Loss on ignition 1.56
46 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Fig. 1. Grading curve of 20 mm coarse aggregate.

Fig. 2. Grading curve of 10 mm coarse aggregate.

Fig. 3. Grading curve of ne aggregate.

 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 47

Fig. 4. Broiler hen egg samples before and after lyophilization.

2.2.6. Water
The Reverse Osmosis ltered water was used which satises water standards as per IS 4562000 [16].

3. Experimental procedure

3.1. Lyophilization

In this study, lyophilization of egg was carried out to know the chemical composition of egg. The objective of
lyophilization was to freeze the liquid egg sample into amorphous or semi solid state to conduct EDAX. For that six samples
were prepared with different specications. Each sample of 15 ml was taken in a vial covered by parafn lm and needled
holes were made on the top of the vial. The samples were frozen at
80  C for 4 h, and then the samples transferred to
lyophilizer and were dried for 48 h. The dried samples after lyophilization are shown in Fig. 4

3.2. EDAX analysis

The lyophilized samples were used to carry out energy dispersive X-ray analysis EDAX to know the chemical composition of
egg samples.

Table 4
Mix proportions of constituent materials.

Cement (Kgs) Fly Ash (Kgs) Fine aggregate Course aggregate Water (Lts) % of Egg Quantity of Egg (Lts)
C-100_FA-0 360 0 745 1150 180.00 0.00 0.00
179.10 0.25 0.90
178.20 0.50 1.80
177.30 0.75 2.70
C-75_FA-25 270 90 745 1150 180.00 0.00 0.00
179.10 0.25 0.90
178.20 0.50 1.80
177.30 0.75 2.70
C-65_FA35 234 126 745 1150 180.00 0.00 0.00
179.10 0.25 0.90
178.20 0.50 1.80
177.30 0.75 2.70
C-55_FA-45 198 162 745 1150 180.00 0.00 0.00
179.10 0.25 0.90
178.20 0.50 1.80
177.30 0.75 2.70
C-45_FA-55 162 198 745 1150 180.00 0.00 0.00
179.10 0.25 0.90
178.20 0.50 1.80
177.30 0.75 2.70
48 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Fig. 5. (a) EDAX spectrum of broiler egg white albumen. (b) EDAX spectrum of broiler egg yellow yolk. (c) EDAX spectrum of broiler egg mixed albumen and
yolk.
 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 49

Table 5
Chemical composition of broiler hen egg.

Chemical compound Atomic%

BW BY BWY
CaO 58.60 78.63 78.02
SiO2 30.38 20.90 19.85
Na 1.13 0.36
KCl 0.97 0.28 0.53
FeS2 1.02 0.61

Fig. 6. Chemical composition of broiler hen egg.

3.3. Mix design

M 25 grade of conventional concrete (CC) was designed as per IS 10262-2009 [17] and IS 456-2000 [16]. The desired
strength of M 25 grade of CC was about 32 MPa after 28 days of curing. Class F y ash blended mixes were prepared using the
designed M 25 grade of CC by replacing the cement with FA at various levels of 0%, 25%, 35%, 45% and 55% by weight. In both
CC and FA blended concrete, NAD was replaced in water at various dosages of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% by maintaining
constant liquid binder ratio (0.5) which affects the compressive strength [16]. Here, liquid refers to water content with or
without egg replacement and binder refers to cementitious content. The design mix proportions are shown in Table 4.

Table 6
Normal consistency of binder.

NAD Quantity C-100 _ FA-0 C-75 _ FA-25 C-65 _ FA-35 C-55 _ FA-45 C-45_FA-55
0.00% 29 31 32 33 34
0.25% 30a 33 34 36 37
0.50% 31 35 35 36 37
0.75% 32 35 35 37 38
1.00% 32 34 36 38 38
1.50% 31 33 35 37 37
a
C-100_FA-0: C- represents cement percentage, FA represents Class F y ash percentage. The normal consistency of mix C-100_FA-0 at 0.25% dosage of
NAD is 30% i.e., 90 ml liquid (89.25 ml water and 0.75 ml NAD) for 300 gms of binder.
50 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Fig. 7. Normal Consistency of binder.

3.4. Testing fresh properties

3.4.1. Normal consistency and initial setting time of binder

As per ASTM C18711 [18], the normal consistency of the paste was determined by Vicat needle penetration test for
various paste proportions. Then initial setting times of these proportions were determined by using the normal consistency
values as per ASTM C 191 [19].

3.4.2. Slump test

Neville [20] describes that internal energy is required to overcome the formation of voids in concrete. As per ACI
Committee 116 [21], workability is dened as the property of concrete that exhibits homogeneity, mobility and nishablity of
concrete. The workability of fresh concrete was determined by slump test as per ASTM C143 [22].

3.5. Compressive strength

The compressive strength (fck) of concrete mixes was calculated after 7, 28, 56 and 112 days of curing as per IS 516 [23].
Three cubes of size 150 mm and three cylinders of size 150 mm  300 mm were cast and tested for compressive strength for
each mix and curing period and the average of three samples was determined.

3.6. Splitting tensile strength

The splitting tensile strength of concrete mixes was calculated after 7, 28, 56 and 112 days of curing as per IS 5816 [24].
Three cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm  300 mm were cast and tested for splitting tensile strength for each mix and
curing period and the average of three samples was determined.

3.7. Unit weight

The unit weight of C-100_FA-0 and C-45_FA-55 with 0% and 0.25% NAD was calculated after 7, 28, 56 and 112 days of
curing by considering the average of three cylindrical specimens of 150 mm  300 mm before conducting the MOE tests.
 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 51

3.8. Modulus of elasticity

The MOE of C-100_FA-0 and C-45_FA-55 with 0% and 0.25% NAD was calculated after 7, 28, 56 and 112 days of curing as per
IS 516 [23]. The average of three cylindrical specimens of 150 mm  300 mm was considered to calculate the MOE.

4. Results and discussion

4.1. EDAX analysis

Fig. 5 show elemental analysis of broiler hen egg samples. Chemical composition of average values of all samples shown in
Table 5 and Fig. 6. From the results of broiler egg samples, it is observed that white albumen sample (BW) contains 58.60% of
CaO and 30.38% of SiO2, yellow yolk sample (BY) contains 78.63% of CaO and 20.90% of SiO2 and mixed sample (BWY)
contains 78.02% of CaO and 19.85% of SiO2.

4.2. Fresh properties of binder

4.2.1. Normal consistency and initial setting time of binder

Normal consistency of binder for all paste proportions are shown in Table 6 and Fig. 7. From the results, the normal
consistency of binder has been increased with the increasing replacement levels of FA and NAD till 1.00% of NAD, thereby
increasing the NAD the consistency has been decreased as shown in Fig. 7 for both all FA replacement levels. While
conducting the normal consistency, the NAD offers resistance to penetrate the needle in to binder paste was observed up to
1.00% NAD that leads to increasing the consistency. There by increasing the NAD beyond 1.00% NAD replacement, the
decreasing the consistency was observed. At greater than 1.00% of NAD, the uidity formation of binder paste was observed.
This is due to failure of NAD lm over the binder particles.
Fig. 8 shows the initial setting time of binder paste for all the binder pastes. From the results the binder sets very fast at
0.25% NAD dosage for all FA replacement levels, than that of without NAD. There by increasing the NAD higher than 0.25%
NAD the increasing the initial setting time was observed. It shows that at 0.25% NAD, it effectively involved to enhance the
hydration that leads to faster setting of binder takes place was observed in all FA replacement levels. There by increasing the
NAD dosage, the NAD lm thickness increases on binder that leads to formation of barrier that causes to delay in the
hydration.

Fig. 8. Initial setting time of binder.

52 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

4.2.2. Slump test

The slump values of all concrete mixes are shown in Fig. 9. From the results, at 0% NAD the slump increases with increase
in FA replacement levels. Kemal Celik et al. reported that the slump values may be increases with increase in FA replacement
levels, thereby workability can be increases. [25]. Megat Johari [26] also proved that the slump can be increased by increasing
the FA quantity without changing the binder quantity and maintaining the constant water-cement ratio. Thereby increasing
the NAD dosage from 0% to 0.25% drop down in slump was observed. This is due to maintaining the homogeneity of mix and
faster setting taking place in between the ingredients leads to reduction in slump for all FA replacement levels. There by
increasing the FA replacement level the increase in slump was observed at 0.25% NAD dosage. Again the increase in slump
was observed by increasing the NAD dosage for all levels higher than 0.25% NAD dosage. The increase in NAD dosage leads to
increasing the uidity of mix.
The higher the NAD dosage the higher the slump was observed. At each FA replacement level, the increase in NAD dosage
caused the reduction of slump value as shown in Fig. 9. This reduction is due to increase in the viscosity of mix and adhesion
between the ingredients with the incorporation of NAD dosage. Adel Kaikea et al. [27] reported slump loss of concrete occurs
due to the addition of viscous material. Hence, it can be said that the percentage of NAD dosage in CC and FA blended concrete
mixes affects the workability of concrete. Jang et al. [28] reported that workability of y ash blended concrete was increased
by increase in y ash replacement.

4.3. Hardened properties of concrete

4.3.1. Compressive strength

The compressive strength (fc) of concrete mixes is shown in Table 7 and in Fig. 10. The compressive strength values of CC
have been signicantly increased at 0.25% NAD replacement at all curing periods when compared to those of 0% NAD
replaced mixes as shown in Table 7 and Fig. 10. The early age compressive strength of CC was increased from 20.67 MPa to
35.56 MPa after 7 days of curing itself with the incorporation of 0.25% NAD dosage. At 0.25% NAD, it is observed that CC
attained more than the desired 28 days compressive strength at 7 days itself. The strength increments of the CC mixes from
0% to 0.25% of NAD dosages at 7, 28, 56 and 112 days were observed as 72.04%, 30.83%, 22.64% and 17.45% respectively. It is
mainly due to the calcium content of egg ingredients (NAD) that accelerates the hydration in CC at all curing periods. Hence,
it is to be pointed out that 0.25% of NAD dosage improved the bond strength and enhanced the compressive strength values

Fig. 9. Slump of concrete.

 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 53

Table 7
Compressive strength of concrete cubes (MPa).

NAD 0% 0.25% 0.50% 0.75%

C-100 _ FA-0
7 days 20.67 35.56 34.67 33.64
28 days 32.44 42.44 41.56 38.89
56 days 37.63 46.15 43.15 40.76
112 days 41.27 48.47 44.58 41.32

C-75 _ FA-25
7 days 19.78 22.22 23.56 22.49
28 days 31.13 36.22 35.67 33.78
56 days 38.97 44.36 41.06 38.47
112 days 45.32 49.32 45.25 42.07

C-65_ FA-35
7 days 17.89 20.89 20.09 18.98
28 days 29.65 35.45 34.89 31.78
56 days 40.32 46.52 42.49 39.72
112 days 49.07 56.07 47.69 44.89

C-55_ FA-45
7 days 16.67 20.44 18.22 15.56
28 days 27.12 34.22 31.56 30.89
56 days 37.05 44.32 41.32 38.49
112 days 44.23 52.22 48.44 44.22

C-45_ FA-55
7 days 14.89 19.23 17.45 14.96
28 days 26.06 32.13 30.94 30.05
56 days 34.01 42.12 39.41 36.78
112 days 39.02 49.63 46.94 42.65

of CC. But, further dosage of NAD after 0.25% decreased compressive strength of CC at all ages. Hence, it is concluded that
0.25% of NAD dosage can be taken as optimum dosage for conventional concrete mixes.
The increase in FA replacement from 25% to 55% in 0% NAD concrete mixes decreased the compressive strength values
after 7 and 28 days of curing when compared to those of CC. The compressive strength values of FA blended mixes were
higher for 0.25%0.75% of NAD dosages as compared to those of 0% NAD mixes at all ages. It is mainly attributed to the
enhanced reaction of Silica in y ash and Calcium in NAD that leads to the formation of Calcium-Silicate-Hydroxide (C-S-H)
gel. It is clearly seen that the inuence of 0.25% NAD dosage was very much effective in all y ash blended mixes. But, further
increase in NAD dosage beyond 0.25% decreased the compressive strength of FA blended mixes at all ages. This is due to
formation of air voids in concrete or lead to increase in entrained air or entrapped air content. Jang et al. [28] conformed that
excess dosage of admixtures leads to decreasing the compressive strength.
The y ash blended mixes attained higher compressive strength values at later ages due to pozzolanic action of class F y
ash [2931]. After 28 days, the pozzolanic action of 35% FA replacement was very much signicant in 0% NAD mixes when
compared to other FA replacement levels. It is also observed that the concrete mixes with 35% FA and 0.25% NAD have
attained higher compressive strength values (46.52 MPa and 56.07 MPa) at 56 and 112 days when compared to those of 0%
NAD concrete mixes as shown in Table 7. 30% replacement of y ash exhibited the highest compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength and elastic modulus [32].
2 (x CaOSiO2) + y H2O ! 3 CaO2 SiO23H2O + z Ca (OH) 2 (1)
(Egg) (Water) ! C-S-H (gel)Where x depends on chemical composition of feed, which is taken by hens. If x = 3 then y = 6
& z = 3; or if x = 2 then y = 4 & z = 1.
From the EDAX analysis Table 5 shows the chemical composition of broiler hen egg. The major elements are CaO and &
SiO2 are in combined form (CaOSiO2). When the NAD mixed with water, it generates the hydration process, it leads to
formation C-S-H (gel) and that tends to development of strength.
Whereas the egg shell consists of CaCO3, that is an inert insoluble precipitate and does not react with water. The CaCO3
mild base, so it reacts with strong acids and there after the egg shell will becomes a soft precipitate, if it separated from acid
again it reacts with atmospheric CO2 and again converted into CaCO3. So it wont develop the strength and will act as ller
[24].
Interestingly, it is observed that 55% FA blended mix attained the desired 28 days strength of M 25 grade of CC at 0.25%
NAD dosage. After 7 and 28 days of curing, the compressive strength values of the C-45_FA-55 mix at 0.25% NAD were
54 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Fig. 10. (a) C-100_FA-0 mix Compressive strength of concrete cubes. (b) C-75_FA-25 mix Compressive strength of concrete cubes. (c) C-65_FA-35 mix
Compressive strength of concrete cubes. (d) C-55_FA-45 mix Compressive strength of concrete cubes. (e) C-45_FA-55 mix Compressive strength of concrete
cubes.

comparable to those of M 25 grade of CC. The Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide) released from chemical reaction between NAD
and water (i.e Eq. (1)), that will react with Silica present in y ash develops pozzolanic action. Due to this the FA blended
mixes gets higher strengths at ages than that of without NAD FA blended mixes. Due to pozzolanic action and the inuence of
NAD, the C-45_FA-55 mix at 0.25% NAD obtained higher values of compressive strength after 56 and 112 days of curing as
compared to those of CC as shown in Fig. 11. Hence, from the results, it is concluded that the mix with 55% FA and 0.25% NAD
can be recommended as cost effective sustainable M 25 grade of concrete. Ravida and Mehta concluded that the 4050%
weight of cement can be replaced by ASTM Class F or Class C y ashes, and 180 days of curing is required to meet the designed
strength of concrete without y ash. The workability of high y volume ash (50% FA) cement mixtures was very much good
and specic consistency was greatly reduced with their water requirement [33,34]. Shaikh and Steve revealed that the
volume of permeable voids, water sorptivity has been reduced in high volume y ash concrete than that of conventional
concrete [35]. Tarun Naik et al., concluded that the abrasion resistance is depends on compressive strength of concrete. The
high volume FA concrete having lower water permeability than that of CC and it was superior to no y ash concrete with
respective to chloride ion permeability [36,37]. So it is concluded that the mix C-45_FA-55 can be recommended to
encourage the sustainable materials with 0.25% NAD to get designed strength and also it will have more durability.
 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 55

Fig. 11. Compressive strength of concrete cubes C-100_FA-0 and C-45_FA-55.

Table 8 show the compressive strength of cylindrical specimens (f ck) at all ages. These also show the same trend of cube
compressive strength. The ratio of compressive strength of cylinder and cube were presented in Table 8. The ratio (fc/fc) vary
from 0.77 to 0.82 and average of all samples was considered and taken as 0.8 [38,39].

4.3.2. Splitting tensile strength

The splitting tensile strength (STS) results of M 25 grade of CC and 55% y ash blended concrete (C-45_FA-55) are shown
in Table 9 and in Fig. 12. From the results, it is observed that after 7 and 28 days of curing, the STS values of the C-45_FA-55
mix at 0.25% NAD were comparable to those of M 25 grade of CC. Due to pozzolanic action and the inuence of NAD, the C-
45_FA-55 mix at 0.25% NAD obtained higher values of STS after 56 and 112 days of curing as compared to those of CC as
shown in Fig. 12. It is mainly attributed to the pore renement of the concrete which improves the interracial transition zone

Table 8
Comparison between Cylinder and cube compressive strength.

Cylinder (fck) Cube (fck) f 0 ck

f ck

C-100_FA-0 (0.00% NAD)

7 days 16.33 20.67 0.79
28Days 25.63 32.44 0.79
56Days 30.29 37.63 0.805
112Days 33.51 41.27 0.812
C-100_FA-0 (0.25% NAD)
7 days 28.98 35.56 0.815
28Days 34.59 42.44 0.815
56Days 37.89 46.15 0.821
112Days 40.18 48.47 0.829
C-45_FA-55 (0.00% NAD)
7 days 11.48 14.89 0.771
28Days 20.20 26.06 0.775
56Days 26.97 34.01 0.793
112Days 31.06 39.02 0.796
C-45_FA-55 (0.25% NAD)
7 days 15.04 19.23 0.782
28Days 25.22 32.13 0.785
56Days 34.29 42.12 0.814
112Days 40.75 49.63 0.821
Avg = 0.80087
56 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Table 9
Splitting tensile strength of concrete (MPa).

C-100_FA-0 C-45_FA-55

NAD 0.00% 0.25% 0.00% 0.25%

7 days 2.52 3.45 1.987 2.45
28Days 3.15 3.72 2.712 3.11
56Days 3.42 3.89 3.14 3.67
112Days 3.59 4.03 3.52 4.12

Fig. 12. Splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinder.

(ITS). Parra et al. [40] concluded that the higher the nes or different super plasticizers affect the bonding between
aggregate-paste, which will have higher effect on increment of tensile strength than that of compressive strength. The slower
pozzolanic action on class F y ash, the lesser the tensile strength of concrete at early days [41].
Fig. 13 shows the relationship between compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. From Figs. 12 and 13, it is
observed that splitting tensile strength increases with increase in compressive strength. The increase in compressive
strength leads to increase in splitting tensile strength [40]. The characteristics of interfacial transition zone tend to affect the
exural and tensile strength than that of compressive strength [4143]. Studies revealed that though the STS is depends on
the mix design, compressive strength, aggregate type and particle size distribution [43,44].
From the splitting tensile strength results the proposed equation for STS showed in Fig. 13. The CEB-FIP [45] and ACI 363R
[46] predicted equations for STS of concrete were showed in Table 10. The experimental values, determined values by
proposed equation, CEB FIP and ACI 363 R of STS were showed Table 11 and Fig. 14. From Table 11 it is seen that, CEB FIP
equation gives under estimated values for all the mixes at all ages. The ACI 363 R gives the reasonable values and also in
acceptable range. But the ACI 363 R equation values are very less than that of experimental values at later ages. Whereas the
predicted equation values are very nearer to experimental values and also the error percentage is also very less when
compared to ACI 363 R values. Hence, it can be concluded that based on error percentage the predicted equation can be
recommended to determine the approximate STS.

4.3.3. Unit weight or density of hardened concrete

The Density or unit weight of C-100_FA-0 (CC) and C-45_FA-55 (FA) with 0% and 0.25% NAD mixes were showed in
Table 12. As it can be seen from Table 12, CC with 0.25% NAD attained higher density than that of without NAD at all ages.
Decrease in density was observed with addition of y ash at all curing periods with and without NAD when compared with
CC. This is due to lower specic gravity of y ash leads to reduction in density of y ash mixes. But increase in density of FA
was observed with addition of 0.25% NAD at all ages than that of FA without NAD. So that NAD also inuencing to increase the
 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 57

Fig. 13. Compressive strength (VS) Splitting tensile strength of CC and FA blended mix.

density of both CC and FA at 0.25% NAD dosages. ACI 237R-07 [47] stated that MOE is depends on unit weight of concrete,
aggregate type and content. ACI 318 [48] or AASHTO LRFD [49] proposed empirical model for calculation MOE of concrete as
a function of its unit weight and compressive strength. Noguchi et al. [50] presented an expression to determine MOE for
conventional concrete by considering its unit weight and compressive strength as functions for concrete made with light
weight, normal weight heavy weight aggregates.
The FA mix with 0.25% has attained the designed strength of M25 grade concrete at 28 days with less density. So that if FA
mixes with 0.25% NAD used for construction, it leads to reduce the dead load on the structures.

4.3.4. Modulus of elasticity

The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of C-100_FA-0 (CC) and C-45_FA-55 (FA) with 0% and 0.25% NAD mixes are summarized
in Table 13 and Fig. 15. It is noticed that MOE also follows the same trend as like compressive strength. CC with 0.25% NAD
achieved higher MOE than that of FA mixes at 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The FA mix with 0.25% NAD achieved lower MOE
than that of CA with and without NAD up to 28 days of curing. After 28 days of curing the FA mix with 0.25% NAD achieved
higher MOE than that of CC without NAD, but lower than that of CC mix with 0.25% NAD up to 56 days. Where after 56 days FA
mix with 0.25% achieved higher MOE than that of CC with 0.25% NAD. This is because of due to continuation of pozzalanic
action of FA mix, which also enhanced by NAD to develop higher MOE. Siddique [51] reported that the high volume Class F y
reduces the compressive, spitting tensile and exural strengths, modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance of the
concrete. In normal concrete, the amount of micro cracks partially depends on the ratio of aggregate to cement (aggregate/
cement), the variability of the volume ratio of the aggregate to cement can also affect the mechanical properties of high
volume y ash concrete (HVFA) [52].

Table 10
Experssions for STS.

Code of practice Expression for fsts (Mpa) Range of concrete strength

23 fc < 80 MPa
CEB-FIP (1990) 0
f c
8
156  10

ACI 363R (ACI 1992) 0.59  (fc)0.5 21 MPa < fc < 83 MPa
Proposed expression 0.43  (fc)0.6

f'c is compressive strength of concrete cylinder.

58 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Table 11
Comparison of experimental and predicted STS.

Comp. strength (fc) Experiment Proposed equation. CEB-FIP ACI 363R

C-100_FA-0 (0.00% NAD)
7 days 16.33 2.52 2.30 1.38 2.38
28Days 25.63 3.15 3.01 2.28 2.99
56Days 30.29 3.42 3.33 2.66 3.25
112Days 33.51 3.59 3.54 2.91 3.42

C-100_FA-0 (0.25% NAD)

7 days 28.98 3.45 3.24 2.56 3.18
28Days 34.59 3.72 3.60 2.99 3.47
56Days 37.89 3.89 3.81 3.24 3.63
112Days 40.18 4.03 3.94 3.40 3.74

C-45_FA-55 (0.00% NAD)

7 days 11.48 1.987 1.86 0.77 2.00
28Days 20.20 2.712 2.61 1.78 2.65
56Days 26.97 3.14 3.10 2.39 3.06
112Days 31.06 3.52 3.38 2.72 3.29

C-45_FA-55 (0.25% NAD)

7 days 15.04 2.45 2.19 1.23 2.29
28Days 25.22 3.11 2.98 2.24 2.96
56Days 34.29 3.67 3.59 2.97 3.45
112Days 40.75 4.12 3.98 3.44 3.77

f'c is compressive strength of concrete cylinder.

The ACI 363R [46], ACI 318[48] or AASHTO LRFD [49] and IS 456:2000[16] suggested empirical models were presented in
Table 14. The MOE of experimental values, predicted ACI 363R, ACI 318 and IS 456:2000 are summarized in Table 15 and
showed in Fig. 16. From Table 15, it is observed that ACI 363R empirical model predicted the very low values of MOE as
compared with the experimental values at all the ages. Because, ACI 363R empirical model considering the compressive
strength as a function to determine MOE it does not considering unit weight. The IS 456:2000 predicts the higher values of
MOE than that of experimental values; it is also considering compressive strength only. Whereas ACI 318 or AASHTO LRFD
predicts the lower values of MOE when compared with experimental values, but which is reasonable and very near to
experimental values at all the ages, when compared with ACI 363R and IS 456:2000.

Fig. 14. Comparison between predicted CEB & ACI.

 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 59

Table 12
Unit weight of concrete (kg/m3).

NAD Quantity 7 days 28 days 56 days 112 days

C-100 _ FA-0
0.00% 2410.57 2425.29 2442.95 2445.12
0.25% 2452.96 2476.45 2479.12 2481.03
C-45 _ FA-55
0.00% 2351.45 2421.36 2429.17 2431.47
0.25% 2369.78 2449.67 2459.05 2461.86

Table 13
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete (GPa).

C-100_FA-0 C-45_FA-55

0.00% NAD 0.25% NAD 0.00% NAD 0.25% NAD

7 days 21.09 29.54 17.36 20.52
28Days 28.14 32.21 24.98 27.34
56Days 29.94 33.86 28.76 32.14
112Days 30.66 34.03 31.03 34.78

Fig. 15. MOE of concrete.

Table 14
Expression for MOE.

Code of Practice Expression for Ec (MPa) Range of concrete strength

p
ACI 363R 3320 f 0 c 6900 No specied maximum strength
 1:5 p 21MPa < fc < 83 MPa
AASHTO LRFD/ACI 318 0:043 g c f 0c
p
IS 456:2000 5000 f 0 c No specied maximum strength
60 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362

Table 15
Comparison between measured and predicted MOE (GPa).

Compressive strength (fc) ACI-363R ACI-318 IS-456-2000 Experiment

11.48 18.15 16.61 19.29 17.36
15.04 19.77 19.24 21.93 20.52
16.33 20.32 20.57 22.73 21.09
20.2 21.82 23.02 25.52 24.98
25.22 23.57 26.18 28.34 27.34
25.63 23.71 26 28.48 28.14
26.97 24.14 26.74 29.16 28.76
28.98 24.77 28.12 29.82 29.54
30.29 25.17 28.58 30.67 29.94
31.06 25.4 28.73 31.23 31.03
33.51 26.12 30.1 32.12 30.66
34.29 26.34 30.7 32.45 32.14
34.59 26.43 31.17 32.57 32.21
37.89 27.34 32.67 33.97 33.86
40.18 27.95 33.68 34.81 34.03
40.75 28.09 33.53 35.22 34.78

Note: fc is the compressive strength of concrete cylinder.

For structural design point of view, the lower value makes the structure safe. So that, ACI 318 empirical model can be
recommended to predict the approximate MOE for structural design by considering unit weight and compressive strength of
concrete.

4.4. Cost analysis of M 25 grade of concrete mixes

Cost analysis of M 25 grade of CC and y ash blended concrete (C-45_FA-55 with 0.25% NAD) is made as per standard
schedule of rates (SSR) [53] and represented in Table 16. From the results, the material cost of M 25 grade of CC and C-45_FA-
55 was about Rs. 3080 and Rs. 2030 respectively. Interestingly, it is observed that the material cost of C-45_FA-55 (0.25%
NAD) was about 34% less than that of M 25 grade of CC. Hence, the C-45_FA-55 mix with 0.25% NAD can be considered as cost
effective M 25 grade of concrete as 55% of cement has been saved by FA replacement with just 900 ml of NAD (approximately
18 eggs per m3 of concrete).

Fig. 16. MOE (vs) Compressive Strength.

 T.S.R. Babu, D. Neeraja / Case Studies in Construction Materials 6 (2017) 4362 61

Table 16
Cost analysis of C-100_FA-0 and C-45_FA-55 mixes.

C-100_FA-0 (0% NAD) C-45_FA-55 (0.25% NAD)

Materials Unit Rate (Rs) Quantity Amount (Rs) Quantity Amount (Rs)
Cement a Bags 320.00 5.94 1900.00 2.58 826.36
FA m3 72.00 0 0.00 0.16 11.52
Sand m3 610.00 0.52 317.20 0.50 305.00
CA 20 m3 1210.00 0.48 580.80 0.46 556.60
CA10 m3 875.00 0.32 280.00 0.31 271.25
NADb lit b 65.00 0 0.00 0.90 58.50
3078.00 2029.23
a
1 bag of cement contains 50kgs.
b
1 egg is considered as 50 ml approximately. Its price is considered as Rs. 3.25/each.

5. Conclusions

The following conclusions have been drawn based on the investigation studied on the inuence of natural admixture
(broiler hen egg) on mechanical properties of CC and FA blended concrete:

1. From EDAX results it is observed that broiler hen egg mixed sample contains 79.04% of CaO and 18.49% of SiO2. The CaO.
SiO2 present in NAD was helped to strength enhancement in both CC and blended mixes.
2. The fresh properties of binder were studied and initial setting time of binder at 0.25% NAD is very less which shows that
binder had rapid hardening at 0.25% NAD dosage for all mixes.
3. The workability of concrete was studied with slump values. The slump loss was observed at 0.25% NAD dosage, because
setting time of ingredient was very less due that the lower slump was obtained.
4. The 0.25% NAD dosage has very much signicant effect on mechanical properties of CC at all curing periods. This is
primarily due to the incorporation of NAD that accelerates the hydration in CC.
5. It is observed that CC (0% FA) has attained the 28 days strength of M 25 grade of concrete at the age of 7 days itself with
the incorporation of 0.25% NAD. Beyond 0.25% NAD dosage, all CC mixes exhibit lower mechanical properties as
compared to those of 0.25% NAD replaced CC mixes.
6. It is clearly seen that the inuence of 0.25% NAD dosage was very much effective in all y ash blended mixes. But, further
increase in NAD dosage beyond 0.25% decreased the compressive strength of FA blended mixes at all ages.
7. It is also observed that the concrete mixes with 35% FA and 0.25% NAD have attained higher compressive strength values
at later ages concluded as optimum mix.
8. It is concluded that 55% FA blended mix attained the desired 28 days strength of M 25 grade of CC with 0.25% NAD dosage
and can be considered as M 25 grade of FA blended concrete.
9. It is observed that after 7 and 28 days of curing, the STS values of the C-45_FA-55 mix at 0.25% NAD were comparable to
those of M 25 grade of CC. Due to pozzolanic action and the inuence of NAD, the C-45_FA-55 mix at 0.25% NAD obtained
higher values of STS at later ages.
10. CEB-FIP model predicted very low values of STS and ACI 363R predicted STS values are reasonable, but error percentage is
high at designed period when compared with experimental values. The proposed equation having very less error
percentage of STS when compared with ACI 363R and also it predicted STS are very close to experimental values. Hence,
the proposed equation can be recommended to predict the STS of concrete in further.
11. It is observed that the material cost of C-45_FA-55 (0.25% NAD) was about 34% less than that of M 25 grade of CC and
hence, it can be considered as cost effective sustainable concrete.
12. From the results, it is revealed that 0.25% NAD dosage can be considered as optimum dosage both in CC and Class F y ash
blended concrete.

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