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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 1

Origin of Sideband and Spurious Noises

in Microwave Oven Magnetron
In-Keun Baek, Matlabjon Sattorov, Ranajoy Bhattacharya, Seontae Kim, Dongpyo Hong,
Sun-Hong Min, and Gun-Sik Park, Member, IEEE

Abstract The 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are

performed to determine the origin of sideband and spurious
noises generated in a cooker magnetron. A novel simula-
tion technique is used, which introduces cathode emission
current nonuniformities. These nonuniformities are due to
nonuniform distributions of electric field on a thermionic
emission surface, which result from cathode geometry. It is
shown that cathode end-caps shape and magnetic pole-
piece geometries are the causes of sideband and spurious
noises in conventional microwave ovens. The 3-D simulation
results are in satisfactory agreement with the spectrum of a
typical cooker magnetron.
Index Terms Cathodes, magnetrons, oscillator noise. Fig. 1. Spectrum of origin of cooker magnetron noises.

I. I NTRODUCTION
that can interfere with other communication signals. It has

A MAGNETRON oscillator is primarily used to generate

high-power microwaves for heating systems, radars, and
microwave ovens in homes [1]. A magnetron is a cross-field
device with high efficiency (70%), low weight/power ratio,
and low cost, which makes it suitable for use in microwave
power transmission [2] and solar power satellites [3].
The drawbacks of widely used commercially available
magnetrons used in microwave cooking, which operate at
2.45 GHz, are wideband operation and spurious noise leaks
Manuscript received February 10, 2017; revised April 14, 2017 and
May 18, 2017; accepted May 30, 2017. This work was supported
by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through the
Korea government (MSIP) under Grant 2016R1A3B1908336. The review
of this paper was arranged by Editor M. Thumm. (Corresponding author:
Gun-Sik Park.)
I.-K. Baek is with the Center for THz-driven Biological Systems,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University,
Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and also with Seoul-Teracom, Inc.,
Seoul 151-747, South Korea (e-mail: 100inbun@gmail.com).
M. Sattorov is with Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Seoul 151-747, South Korea,
and also with the Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology,
Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, South Korea (e-mail:
sattorovmatlabjon@gmail.com).
R. Bhattacharya is with the Center for THz-driven Biological Systems,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea (e-mail: joy_trm@yahoo.com).
S. Kim and D. Hong are with the Center for THz-driven Biological
Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National Uni-
versity, Seoul 151-747, South Korea (e-mail: kimseonta@gmail.com;
dove9245594@snu.ac.kr).
S.-H. Min is with Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator Project,
Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812,
South Korea (e-mail: msh103@kirams.re.kr).
G.-S. Park is with the Center for THz-driven Biological Systems,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
South Korea, and also with Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Seoul 151-747,
South Korea (e-mail: gunsik@snu.ac.kr).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TED.2017.2714339
been determined by several researchers [4][6] that there are
multiple causes of these spurious noises (Fig. 1), which are as
follows: line noise below 1 GHz, which is typically suppressed
by additional circuits and elements to prevent interference
with radio, TV, and other electronic systems, noises due
to ion-plasma oscillation and rotational motion of electron
beams used in an interaction space, and noises due to higher
harmonic components of resonance modes. Other source of
noises is internal reflections from magnetron parts, such as
high-voltage cathode leads [4] and nonuniform emission due
to cathode temperature distribution [5]. Yamamoto et al. [6]
experimentally demonstrated that noises below 1 GHz, which
are caused by ions trapped in the vicinity of a cathode, can be
effectively reduced using an ion-drain electrode. By employing
an internal feedback mechanism, Mitani et al. [7] achieved
narrowband oscillation and the reduction of sideband noises
up to 60 dB, spurious noise reduction up to 50 dB in
high frequency bands (410 GHz), and line conductive noise
reduction up to 40 dB in low frequency bands (1 GHz).
The internal feedback mechanism can be applied using a
dc stabilized power supply and turning OFF filament current
during oscillation.
Intermodulation noises close to operating frequency are con-
sidered as sources of interference in wireless communication
owing to their high amplitude. There are alternative methods
to reduce these noises, such as electric priming [8] and
magnetic priming [9], [10], which reduce startup noises
through effective selection of the operating -mode.
A time-domain analysis of an experimentally measured
magnetron spectrum was performed by Mitani et al. [11], who
predicted the origin of noises. However, the mechanism of
noise generation in cross-field devices is not fully understood,

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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES

Fig. 2. Typical cooker magnetron noise spectra at normal operating

condition (experiment).

and currently, there are no exact predictive computational

calculations.
In this paper, we used 3-D simulation to determine and
predict the origin of sideband and spurious noises generated
by conventional cooker magnetrons as shown in measured
spectrum in Fig. 2. Line noises below 1 GHz were not
considered. Using a novel simulation technique, we intro-
duced emission current nonuniformities on a cathode surface
and determined that the primary cause of sideband noises
is cathode geometry, which leads to non-uniform surface
temperature on the filament, resulting in nonuniform electron
beam emission. In addition, this paper confirms the results of
Fig. 3. Schematics of a 10-vane strapped oven magnetron oscillator
Mitani et al. [5], who studied cathode geometry experimentally in (a) xy plane and (b) xz plane. Electric priming is achieved by straps
by shielding it at different locations to obtain uniform cathode connected alternately to both sides of the anode vanes; locations of
temperature. They shielded a cathode on the high-voltage connections are indicated by dots. The antenna is connected to the anode
to extract microwave power.
input side of the filament. Kohsaka et al. [12] suggested that
a cathode should be shielded on the radio frequency (RF)
between the anode vanes and straps are indicated by dots.
output side and the high-voltage input side, which limits the
The cathode is located at the center of the resonator with
emission of electrons from the ends of the filament. However,
endcaps at both sides to prevent leakage current. The operating
Mitani et al. [5] suggested using only high-voltage side
frequency of this magnetron is 2.45 GHz at a nominal voltage
shielding, which is more effective than shielding both sides.
of 4.4 kV and an anode current of 330 mA with an output
Our 3-D simulation analysis shows that the cathode geom-
power of 1 kW. The measured frequency spectrum is shown
etry of a conventional cooker magnetron allows the filament
in Fig. 2.
to emit electrons close to its ends, with nonuniform cathode
The following effects are analyzed to determine the origin
emission, which interacts with non-uniform electric field close
of noises in the cooker magnetron: 1) electron emission
to the edge of anode vanes (cavities). Moreover, this is affected
nonuniformities on the cathode surface; 2) effect of emission
by the shape and position of pole pieces.
current; and 3) effect of pole pieces and cathode end caps.
The MAGIC-3D code [13] with the particles has been
II. S IMULATION M ODEL AND A SSUMPTIONS used to benchmark the magnetron performance successfully as
A commercialized ten-vane magnetron oscillator model is shown in our previous works [8]. The measured output power
used for 3-D simulation, which is shown in Fig. 3. The and operating frequency of commercial magnetron were in
oscillator consists of a resonator with the double straps, an a good agreement with those by MAGIC-3D code. It is our
antenna, a cathode, the pole pieces, and a permanent magnet. intention to use the same particle in cell (PIC) code, MAGIC-
The antenna is connected to one of the anode vanes to 3D for the noise analysis. However, CST code [14] was used
extract RF power, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The anode vanes are in this paper to accommodate the geometries in such as the
alternately connected to both sides of the straps to efficiently cathode and output section where the tetrahedral mesh has
excite the operating -mode, which reduces the oscillation an advantage over the hexahedral mesh. MAGIC-3D employs
startup of the magnetron. The locations of the connections the hexahedral meshes. So, all the works in this paper used
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BAEK et al.: ORIGIN OF SIDEBAND AND SPURIOUS NOISES IN MAGNETRON
Fig. 4. Cooker magnetron cathode; (a) original and (b) simplified model.
Fig. 5. Cooker magnetron geometry simulated in MAGIC-3D. Left: actual
cathode. Right: simplified cooker magnetron model, cylindrical cathode.
MAGIC-3D code when the particle simulation is needed, while
CST is used without the particles.
Conventional cooker magnetrons use thermionic cathodes
and temperature distribution in the cathodes depends on the
cathode end-caps design. Nonuniform temperature distribution
produces nonuniform emission current, and this nonuniformity
was introduced in the simulation using explosive emission
instead. Using explosive emission has many advantages com-
pare to other emission mechanisms in simulations. Explosive
emission is totally geometry dependent phenomena, where
only dc voltage is applied between cathode and anode and
minimum E-field threshold provided. While for the thermionic
emission model we have to provide exact work function of
material and operation temperature, which can be taken from
experimental data. For the field emission case, in addition
to work function, we have to provide FowlerNordheim con-
stants too, which is difficult to find exact numbers. Explosive
emission has a threshold electric field, at which the cathode
starts emitting electrons, and emission current depends on
cathode geometry, i.e., the electric field close to cathode
endcaps is lower than that at its center, which produces current
nonuniformity. More electrons are emitted at the center, and
thus, it carries more current.
The radius of the cylindrical cathode was optimized through
CST eigenmode simulations (Fig. 4) using tetrahedral meshes,
to obtain a frequency shift of 0.0066% at the operating
-mode. When simplified cathode adopted, the CST eigen-
mode simulation time was reduced from 35 to 1 h using a
workstation with 256-GB RAM and two processors of 3.5 GHz
each.
3
Fig. 6. Electron motion under the electromagnetic field in the interaction
region between the cathode and anode in the magnetron.
The emission area was estimated by calculating the total
emission area of the spiral filament and assigning it as a fixed
cylindrical surface in the MAGIC-3D code (Fig. 5).
III. T HEORETICAL C ALCULATIONS
Before running simulations, we theoretically analyzed the
origin of measured sideband noises, which were shifted by
65 MHz from the operating frequency. It is assumed that this
frequency shift would be due to multiple reflections in the
magnetron inner parts as suggested in [4]. In order to analyze
this, the propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave in
magnetron is needed to be estimated. In oscillation condition
of magnetron, the velocity of the electron beam must match
the phase velocity of the oscillation mode formed near the
anodes, so that the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic
wave can be approximated by the velocity of the electrons. The
electron velocity in the interaction region between the cathode
and anode can be determined using the following equation:
 
c r2
v a = ra a = ra 1 c2 (1)
2 ra
where c = (e/m) B is the electron cyclotron frequency,
and ra and rc are the radii of the anode and cathode,
respectively (see Fig. 6). The frequency of the electromagnetic
wave propagating between multiple reflections in the internal
structure of magnetron (i.e., cathode ends) can be determined
by considering half of the wave traveling time. Using the
frequency shift of experimental sideband noises (65 MHz),
we calculated the wave traveling time to be 7.7 ns and
the distance propagated by this wave to be v a 46.2 cm,
where v a is given by (1).
The possible spots of the multireflection in the internal
parts of the magnetron might be the pole pieces and cathode
end caps. The slight change of the distances between the
pole pieces and cathode endcaps is made to see if there
exists the frequency change of the sideband noise using
MAGIC-3D simulation. The detailed result is described in the
latter part of this paper.
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
A. Nonuniformities in Electron Emission
From the Cathode
As stated earlier, explosive emission was used in this
analysis using MAGIC-3D. To determine the effect of current
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES

TABLE I
E FFECT OF C URRENT N ONUNIFORMITIES ON S IDEBAND N OISES

Fig. 7. MAGIC-3D: Emission area is shifted (a) to (b) to obtain

nonuniform field interaction, i.e., to introduce the temperature effect on
Fig. 8. MAGIC-3D: Frequency spectrum of sideband noises, for sim-
the cathode surface.
ulated geometries; (a) uniform emission and (b) non-uniform emission
nonuniformities due to nonuniform electric field distribution, shown in Fig. 7.
which is affected by the end caps of the cathode, we shift the
emission area to obtain nonuniform interaction of electrons
with the RF field, as shown in Fig. 7. The electric field
distribution on the cathode surface close to the endcaps is
not uniform owing to cooker magnetron geometry. Thus,
when the emission area is not located at the center of the
resonator [Fig. 7(b)], the emission from different positions on
the cathode is different. We used a nominal emission current
of 1 A.
First-order sideband noises were excited even when uniform
current emission [Fig. 7(a)] was used; their spectrum is shown
in Fig. 8(a). Minor current nonuniformities produced other
sideband noises, which are summarized in Table I.
When we moved the emission area close to the cathode
end caps, the emission current was not sufficient owing to
lower electric field, which is required to emit electrons, and
this introduced the emission nonuniformity effect. From the
Table I, one can see that the number of sideband noises Fig. 9. MAGIC-3D: Spurious noises from 4 to 18 GHz, for simulated
increased for the case of nonuniform emission, which is geometries shown in Fig. 7.
consisted with measured data. Based on this, we concluded
that more frequency components of sideband noises could be From Fig. 9, we can see that current nonuniformity has a
originated owing to cathode geometry, which allows emission negligible effect on higher harmonic noises. The frequency
current to be nonuniform, and these noises can be reduced and intensity of these noises are similar, as shown in Table II.
using a suitable cathode geometry design or by shielding the Thus, we can conclude that current nonuniformity does not
cathode close to its ends [5], [12]. cause higher frequency spurious noises.
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BAEK et al.: ORIGIN OF SIDEBAND AND SPURIOUS NOISES IN MAGNETRON
TABLE II
E FFECT OF C URRENT N ONUNIFORMITIES ON S PURIOUS N OISES
Fig. 10. MAGIC-3D: Emission current versus time, for the geometry
shown in Fig. 7(a).
TABLE III
E FFECT OF C URRENT ON S IDEBAND N OISES
B. Effect of Emission Current
The effect of current intensity was studied by changing the
emission current in the cathode in MAGIC-3D. Emission cur-
rent is controlled by changing emission area and each emission
area is assigned in the center of cathode with different area
to rule out the nonuniform emission effect. Transition from
stationary state (below the space charge limit) to nonstationary
state (beyond the space charge limit) occurred as referred
in [15] when emission current Ie was 3 times higher than
start oscillation current Is (Fig. 10).
As seen from Fig. 11 and Table III, sideband noises
increase (as expected) at higher emission currents, and their
5
Fig. 11. MAGIC-3D: Effect of emission current on sideband noises; solid
line: Ie /Is = 1.7; dotted line: Ie /Is = 3.25.
Fig. 12. MAGIC-3D: Effect of emission current on spurious noises; solid
line: nominal current, Ie /Is = 1.7; dotted line: Ie /Is = 3.25.
amplitude increases by 10 dBV, while the amplitude of
the operating mode does not change. A comparison with
Table I and Fig. 8(b) shows that where current is nonuniform,
spurious noises increase close to 4 GHz. The other resonance
modes shown Fig. 1 are not excited for analysis owing to
effective selection of the -mode by the straps. In addition,
the amplitude of spurious noises from 4 to 18 GHz increases
by 10 dBV; however, the frequencies of these noises do
not change (Fig. 12). Thus, similar to current nonuniformity,
high emission current does not cause spurious noises.
C. Effect of Pole Pieces and Cathode Endcaps
The effect of pole pieces on noises was studied by removing
the pole pieces in the geometry shown in Fig. 7(a). Material of
pole pieces was assigned as nonmagnetic and magnetic field
assigned as constant, to rule out the B-field effect. We obtained
a mode spectrum using CST code without the particles with
and without the pole pieces (Fig. 13).
The power of the spurious noise near 4 GHz is increased
when the pole pieces is added. This is expected because
adding pole pieces changes the geometry of the magnetron
cavity. MAGIC-3D simulations with the particles show that
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES

TABLE IV
E FFECT OF P OLE P IECES ON S IDEBAND N OISES

TABLE V
E FFECT OF C ATHODE E ND C AP ON S IDEBAND N OISES

Fig. 13. Mode spectrum in time domain; solid line: without pole pieces;
dotted line: with pole pieces.

Fig. 14. MAGIC-3D: Full spectrum, including operating mode and

spurious noises, with (dotted line) and without (solid line) pole pieces.

Fig. 15. MAGIC-3D: Spectrum of sideband noises at 14 GHz.

the amplitude of the second and third harmonics (Fig. 14)
increased by approximately 15 dBV; these can be suppressed
by chokes, which were not included in these simulations to
determine the origin of these noises.
Fig. 16. MAGIC-3D: |E| field plot at the xz plane. Top: without pole pieces.
Bottom: with pole pieces.
To see the effects of the multiple reflections between internal
structures such as pole pieces and cathode end caps, a slight
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BAEK et al.: ORIGIN OF SIDEBAND AND SPURIOUS NOISES IN MAGNETRON
Fig. 17. Geometry of output section of cooker magnetron: chokes for
harmonics noises suppression are marked.
Fig. 18. CST transient analysis of output section: operating mode
efficiently propagated.
change of distance between the pole pieces and cathode
endcaps is made. MAGIC-3D simulation shows the shift of the
sideband is occurred when the distance is slightly changed as
shown in Table V and Fig. 15 for the pole pieces and Table VI
for the cathode end caps. The electric field distribution with
and without the pole pieces are shown in Fig. 16. The
frequency deviation of the sideband noise from the operating
frequency is shifted from 50 to 40 MHz by increase of the
distance between the pole pieces from 12.8 to 13.8 mm.
In Section III, using a simple model these frequency shifts are
calculated to be about 23 and 27 multiple reflection numbers.
When the distance between the cathode endcaps is increased
by 1 mm but the noise power was decreased by 8.6 dBV.
Changed multiple reflection number shows us the evidence
that the multireflection between pole pieces contributes to the
sources of the sideband noise. Multiple reflection numbers
having high value not being an integer suggest that the origin
of the sideband noise is not simply the multireflection of pole
pieces but the combination of multireflections from the whole
internal structure of magnetron. On the other hand, geometry
of the cathode end caps plays a role on the value of frequency
and power of the sideband noise as shown in Table V.
V. T IME -D OMAIN A NALYSIS OF O UTPUT
S ECTION OF M AGNETRON
To determine whether the output section of the mag-
netron efficiently suppress higher harmonics, which are shown
7
in Fig. 14, we performed transient time-domain analysis
using CST. The calculation of the length of each chock
shows that it is equal to the half wavelength of the given
harmonics (Fig. 17).
We designed a special rectangular waveguide geometry
that converts radiation from the magnetron to a transverse
electric (TE) waveguide mode. A transverse electromagnetic
coaxial mode was injected from the antenna side of the output
section and a TE rectangular waveguide mode was detected
at the waveguide output. Frequency ranged from 0 to 20 GHz
for 20 injected modes. Electric field monitors were assigned
for visualizing wave propagation in the operating mode and its
higher harmonics at 2.45, 4.9, 7.35, 9.8, and 12.25 GHz. It was
confirmed that the operating mode is efficiently transmitted
through the waveguide (Fig. 18) while higher harmonics were
effectively suppressed by chokes.
VI. C ONCLUSION
We analyzed a conventional cooker magnetron using
3-D simulation. A novel simulation technique was developed
using a PIC code for introducing different emission areas to
obtain current nonuniformities. In addition, the effect of pole
pieces and different emission current values was studied for
sideband noises close to the operating mode and spurious
noises at higher frequencies ranging from 4 to 18 GHz. It was
determined that the primary cause of noises is cathode geom-
etry design. Cathode end-cap geometry leads to nonuniform
distribution of electric field in the cathode filament and the
emission of electrons with different energies and densities.
Interaction of these nonuniform electrons with the RF field
produces noises. Pole pieces dominate the frequency deviation
of the sideband noises and the cathode end caps affect to the
noise power of the sideband noises; therefore, they should
be appropriately designed to reduce this effect as much as
possible. Thus, a combination of nonuniform emission and
pole pieces and end cap geometries produces sideband and
spurious noises. High harmonic noises are suppressed effec-
tively by chokes and other resonant modes through strapping.
In this paper, we determined the origin of noises and predicted
their behavior for suppression. Therefore, it is suggested to
design cathode geometry appropriately by the modification of
endcaps, the length of the cathode, and the pole pieces.
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8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES

[7] T. Mitani, N. Shinohara, and K. Hashimoto, A fundamental study on Ranajoy Bhattacharya received the
spectral purity of a CW magnetron for microwave power transmission, M.Tech. (E&CE) degree from The University
presented at the 29th URSI General Assembly, Chicago, IL, USA, of Burdwan, Bardhaman, India, in 2011. He
Aug. 2008. is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with
[8] J. I. Kim, J. H. Won, G. S. Park, H. J. Ha, and J. C. Shon, Reduction the Department of Electrical and Computer
of noise in strapped magnetron by electric priming using anode shape Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul,
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oven magnetron, Electron. Commun. Jpn. Electron., vol. 88, no. 10, Seoul, South Korea, in 2009. He is currently
pp. 2836, Sep. 2005. pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the Department
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transition in crossed-field devices, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 23, no. 3, Dongpyo Hong is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
pp. 033107-1033107-7, Mar. 2016. degree with the Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul,
In-Keun Baek received the B.S. degree in South Korea.
physics from Seoul National University, Seoul,
South Korea, in 2009, where he is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the Department
of Physics and Astronomy.

Sun-Hong Min received the B.S., M.S., and

Ph.D. degrees in physics from the Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National Uni-
versity, Seoul, South Korea, in 2003, 2006, and
2012, respectively.
He is currently with Korea Heavy Ion Medical
Accelerator Project, Korea Institute of Radiolog-
ical and Medical Science, Seoul.

Matlabjon Sattorov received the Ph.D. degree Gun-Sik Park (M00) received the Ph.D. degree
in physics from Seoul National University, Seoul, in physics from the University of Maryland, Col-
South Korea, in 2012. lege Park, MD, USA, in 1989.
He is currently a Senior Research Engineer He is currently a Professor and the Director
with Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Seoul, and a Vis- with the Center for THz-Bio Application Systems,
iting Research Scientist with Seoul National Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul
University. National University, Seoul, South Korea, and also
the CEO of Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Seoul.