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(I) Canada Research Chair in Energy Conversion and Power Electronics CRC-ECPE
Ecole de Technologie Superieure, 1100 Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1 K3, Canada
Phone: (514) 396 8874, Fax: (514) 396 8684
(2)Research group in Signal, Image and Intelligent Control of the Industrial Systems (SICISI)
Email: rsalem02@yahoo.fr.abdelhamidhamadi@yahoo.fr.kamal@ele.etsmtl.ca
Abstract-In recent years, hybrid power filters (HPF) have been filters have some drawbacks such as bulky and heavy devices, series
widely investigated for power quality improvement. They are and parallel resonance with source and load impedances, etc. Active
used to compensate for harmonics and reactive power as well as power filters have been developed to mitigate the problems of passive
for balancing unbalanced non-linear loads under non-ideal mains filters [23]-[33]. The series active filter is used to compensate for
voltage conditions. This paper deals with a comprehensive review voltage harmonics, voltage dips and voltage swells [23]. It is also
of hybrid power filter topologies and harmonic extraction used to regulate source voltages and to damp out harmonic
methods. Classified references on the state of art of HPF propagation caused by resonance with shunt passive filters and
presented in this paper would serve for a quick reference. source impedance. The shunt active filter is used to compensate for
harmonics and reactive power as well as for balancing three phase
unbalanced loads [24]-[31]. Active filter topologies require a large
Index Terms-Hybrid power filters, power quality, harmonics
kVA rating for the power stage. In fact the shunt active filter requires
and reactive power compensation.
a high dc-link voltage and the series active filter needs a transformer
able to withstand the source current. Consequently, the initial and
I. INTRODUCTION operational costs of these filters are too high and are not suitable on
high- or medium-voltage situations. Combining the advantages of the
Non-linear loads such as switch mode power converters, arc
simplicity and lower cost of passive filters with the higher
furnaces, adjustable speed drives, welding equipment, fluorescent
performance of active filters, hybrid filter topologies are appealing.
lamps, TV sets, power supplies etc., have brought a challenging
They are cost effective solutions to compensating harmonics as well
problem to the utility network. These loads pollute the network by
as to controlling voltage variations and distortions. Hence, several
injecting current harmonics, which deteriorate the utility voltage. The
topologies of hybrid filter with different control techniques have been
presence of harmonics in the system results in several effects
suggested for use in solving the power quality problem [34]-[159].
including increased heating losses in lines, motors and transformers,
Various control methods in time-domain and frequency-domain are
rotary machine vibration, voltage quality degradation, low power
used [160]-[194]. The frequency-domain control methods are mostly
factor, malfunctioning of medical facilities, and destruction of
based on the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) [163]-[164]. The time
electric power components. Power quality improvement has been
domain control methods are based on the instantaneous derivation of
given considerable attention due to the limitations on voltage and
compensating signals. Notch filter, instantaneous reactive power
current harmonic distortion required by international standards such
theory [172]-[188], synchronous reference frame theory [189]-[190]
as IEEE519-1992, IECI000-3-2, and IEClOOO-3-4 [1]-[4]. Many
and sliding mode method [191]-[194] are commonly used in time
solutions have been studied in the literature to reduce the effects of
domain control techniques. The main advantage of these time
harmonic penetration in power systems, such as passive, active, and
domain control methods compared to the frequency domain methods
hybrid filters with various topologies like series, shunt or both for
is the fast response. The aim of this paper is to present a
two-wire single-phase, three-wire three-phase and four-wire three
comprehensive survey on hybrid power filter configurations and
phase systems using voltage source and current source inverters [5]
harmonic extraction methods.
[13]. Passive Filters (PFs) are a conventional solution to
compensating reactive power and to eliminating harmonic distortion
II. CONFIGURATIONS
in a power distribution system [5], [14]-[22]. They are series or
Various types of hybrid power filters have been developed in the
parallel resonant circuits connected in parallel or series to present low
literature using passive and active filters to improve power quality of
or high impedance than the impedance of the supply. They are used
the AC mains. They can be classified based on converter type used
as shunt passive filters or series passive filters. Series passive filters
such us current source and voltage source inverters, the number of
provide high impedance path at its tuning frequency to harmonic
phases such us single-phase [34]-[45], three-wire three-phase [46]
currents and thus prevent them from flowing into the power system.
[159] and four-wire three-phase [112]-[113], [158]-[159], application
Shunt passive filter provide low impedance path to the hannonic currents at
and their topologies as illustrated in the block diagram shown in
its tuned frequency and thus divert them from flowing into the power
Figure I, which include shunt hybrid filters [34]-[43], [46]-[113] and
system. They can be built in a number of different combinations such
series hybrid filters [44]-[45], [114]-[159]. Note that the voltage
as single-tuned LC filter, first order high-pass, second order high-pass
source inverter is preferred because of various advantages, such as
and third order high-pass passive filters. However, these types of
small size, low losses, low noise etc.
improvement
e, ""\.J
A. Hybrid shunt filters
The hybrid shunt filters conslstmg of a combination of a shunt
active filter and shunt or series passive filters connected in series or
parallel with each other. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 show the
schematics of the single phase and the three phase hybrid shunt active
filter. Figures 3 and 5 show the reduced switch shunt hybrid filters.
Since one leg of the active filter is eliminated by center tap capacitor,
the gate drive circuit requirement and associated electronic circuit
including the number of current sensors are eliminated. Thus, these
Shunt active tilter
topologies reduce the overall cost of the system. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6 show the series combination of shunt passive filter and shunt active Fig. 2. Series combination of single phase shunt active filter and
filter for single phase and three phase systems. The capacitors of the shunt passive filter
between the source and the shunt passive filter; whereas the high Fig. 3. Series combination of single phase reduced switch shunt
order hannonics are filtered by the shunt passive filter. Fig. 8 shows active filter and shunt passive filter
the series combination of a shunt active filter (SAF) and a shunt Currcnt-sourcc \ype of nonlinear load
Tllreephase
I.. .:>
Figures 10 and 11 show the schematic of a three phase series hybrid
'1.1
"'-V;V'"7:'-----+-.--""'--+--+
e.,
" Y"N' ",'->=." -----+-h-"'"--+-
filter. The series hybrid filter is a series or parallel combination of a I---t R,
series active filter and series or shunt passive filter. The series active
filter acts as a voltage source to block harmonic current flow. It is
used to improve the filtering characteristics and to solve the problems
of the passive filter. Hence, the rating of the series active filter is
c,
much smaller than that of a conventional parallel active filter. The
combination of a small series active filter and a shunt passive filter is
shown in Fig. 10. The small series active filter is coupled to the
Fig. 5. A series combination of three phase three-wire reduced switch
source by an interfacing transfonner. The shunt passive filter uses
shunt active filter and shunt passive filter
6259
_
Currem-source type of nonlinear load impedance blocks consisting of a 5th-parallel-resonant circuit, a 7th
th
parallel-resonant circuit, and an 11 -high-block circuit to block the
5th, the 7th, the 11th harmonic current and high-order harmonics that
are above. The SAF can be used to block low order harmonics,
whereas the series passive filter can be used to block high-order
harmonics. This combination is suitable for compensating voltage
type harmonics-producing load.
Scriespassivetilter
6260
quantities. The main advantage of these time domain control methods
compared to the frequency domain methods is the fast response
obtained. These control methods can be used in the direct or indirect
current control modes [226]-[230]. In the direct method the switching
signals for hybrid power filter devices are obtained by comparison of
reference and sensed filter currents. On the other hand, the indirect
method is based on switching signals obtained from comparison of
the sensed and reference supply currents. The indirect current control
strategy has the advantage of instantaneous compensation and good
performance compared to the direct current control. A review of
some of the methods is provided below. Fig. 14. Synchronous reference frame extraction method with indirect
current control technique.
Fig. 12. Fourier transform based extraction compensating harmonic references for controlling the hybrid power
filters. The main problems in the method are the high error in phase
and magnitude of the harmonics.
B. Synchronous reference frame based extraction scheme
In the synchronous reference detection method, the current E. Low-pass filter method
(voltage) signals are transformed by the use of Park's transformation This method uses a low-pass filter to remove harmonic part of the
into the rotating reference frame. The fundamental components are sensed current or voltage. The remaining part is the fundamental
transformed into DC components of currents (voltages), which can be current or voltage serves as a reference for the hybrid power filter in
filtered by a low-pass filter. The obtained signal is then transformed the case of indirect current control. In the case of direct current
to the stationary abc reference frame by applying the inverse Park's control, the reference current for the hybrid filter is achieved by
transformation. It is based on the assumption that the voltage subtracting this fundamental part from the load current. This method
waveform is sinusoidal. This method is applicable only to three-phase suffers from high error in phase and magnitude.
system. The computation is instantaneous but incurs time delays in
filtering the DC quantities. In the case of direct current control,
reference current for the hybrid power filter is achieved by
subtracting this fundamental part from load current, whereas in the
indirect method, reference current for the source is the fundamental
component of load current. Figures 13, 14 show block diagrams of
the direct and indirect current controls.
+ 1/,
,, ,------, I'd'
_
v d,
6261
F. Adaptive linear neurons control International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, EPE
This method has been based on modified Widdrow-Hoff delta rule PEMC 2010, pp. SII-39- SII-49, 2010.
and its training through Adaline in order to minimizing the mean [13] Y. Pal, A. Swamp, and B. Singh, "A Review of Compensating Type
Custom Power Devices for Power Quality Improvement", in Proc.
square error between the sensed current or voltage values as target
International Co1iference on Power System Technology and IEEE
values and the Adaline output. This adaptive linear neurons is used to
Power India Conference (PO WERCON 2008) , pp. 1-8,2008.
detect the harmonic content of a distorted current or voltage and to [14] D. A. Gonzalez and J. C. Mccall, "Design of filters to reduce
extract the phase of the fundamental source voltage. It is achieve on harmonic distortion in industrial power systems " IEEE Transactions on
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IV. CONCLUSION [17] S. Kim, P. N. Enjeti, and P. Packebush, "A new approach to
A comprehensive review of hybrid power filter topologies for improve power factor and reduce harmonics in a three-phase diode
rectifier type utility interface," JEEE Transactions on IndustlY
power quality improvement has been presented in this paper. The
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harmonic extraction methods applied for the hybrid filters have been
[18] H. Cheng, H. Sasaki and N. Yorino, "A new method for both
analyzed. These hybrid filters damp resonances occurring between
harmonic voltage and harmonic current suppression and power factor
line impedances and passive filters and provide cost-effective, higher correction in industrial power systems," IEEE Industrial and
efficiency, enhanced reliability and better solutions for harmonic Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, pp.27-34, 1995.
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Technical Conference, 1998.
[20] S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi and K. AI-Haddad, "A New Three Phase
voltage and current harmonics, reactive power, load balancing,
Hybrid Passive Filter to Dampen Resonances and Compensate
voltage sags/swells, flicker, dip, and neutral current compensation.
Harmonics and Reactive Power for Any Type of Load under Distorted
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[21] A. Hamadi, S. Rahmani, K. AI-Haddad, "A Hybrid Passive Filter
The authors gratefully thank Canada Research Chair in Energy Configuration for VAR Control and Harmonic Compensation," IEEE
Conversion and Power Electronics at the Ecole de Technologie Trans. on Industrial Electronics. vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 2419 - 2434, July
Superieure for their financial support. 2010.
[22] S. Rahmani, Ab. Hamadi and K. AI-Haddad, "A New Single Phase
Hybrid Passive Filter to Dampen Resonances and Compensate
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