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ABSTRACT
Foundation is considered as the most critical part of the structure. It transmits the
building load directly into the underlying soil. In this study, collection of existing soil
investigation report was done. The data used came mostly from the Manila City Hall,
specifically from the Office of the Building Officials. From the collected data, the most
probable allowable soil bearing capacity of soil in the city of Manila is 71.94 kPa which
was determined using statistical procedure. This study addresses what is the most
economical and most efficient foundation to be constructed and it was found out to be
isolated footing with tie beam or combined footing with tie beam for structures with less
than five storey and pile foundation for structures with five storey and above. From this
study, the soil composition of the city of Manila was found out to be mostly of silty sands
and sand silt mixture. This study aims to guide civil engineers in designing the
foundation in the City of Manila by providing the allowable capacity of soil. Aside from
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1
2.1.Related Literature.................................................................................................... 8
3.1.Research Design.................................................................................................... 13
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3.4.4 Determination of Natural Moisture Content ............................................................ 18
4.2 Analysis................................................................................................................. 36
Chapter 7:RECOMMENDATION...98
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....101
APPENDICES105
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LIST OF TABLES
Table A.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete for Various W/C ratio .................................... 88
Table A.2 Approximate Mixing Water Requirements for Different Slump and Maximum
Table A.3 Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Concrete ................................. 89
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4: Comparison Chart of the Most Probable Value of Soil Bearing Capacity in
Manila .............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 6:Map of Manila with the Most Probable Value of Allowable Bearing Capacity ...... 35
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Foundation is that part of a structure which transmits the building load directly
into the underlying soil. The foundation is considered as the most important part of the
structure. It is the one responsible in holding the weight of the structure and the
buildings stability depends on it. The design of the foundation will be efficient and
economical if the soil investigation was conducted accurately. For the soil investigation
Generally, there are two types of samples: the disturbed and undisturbed samples.
Disturbed samples are taken from cuttings produced by the drilling process using split
spoon sampler while undisturbed samples are generally taken by cutting blocks of soil, or
by pushing or driving tubes into the ground using shelby tube sampler. These samples
can be obtained by means of boring, drilling and probing. After the samples were
obtained, they are tested on site or in the laboratory to determine different soil
parameters.
From the previous researches, the mechanical properties of soil in Manila were
not fully determined. There are no studies that provide the mechanical properties of soil
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1.1 The Problem and Its Background
Soil is the oldest and most complex engineering material and all structures are
constructed in it. The mechanical properties of soil must be determined before designing
and constructing the foundation. The mechanical properties of soil are shear strength and
bearing capacity. To obtain the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil, Unconfined
compression apparatus while the shear strength could be obtained through the Direct
Shear Test using the Direct Shear Apparatus in the laboratory. However, the actual
mechanical properties of soil in the City of Manila are not familiar to civil engineers
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1.3 Objective of the Study
This study aims to develop a map of Manila City using the collected data.
investigation reports submitted to the City of Manila and soil investigations done
by private companies.
c) To generalize the foundation in the City of Manila with respect to the number of
storeys of structure.
capacity based from soil investigation report conducted in the city of Manila.
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1.4 Conceptual Framework
Arrange each data from different references into following breakdown: Location of the
soil investigation report, number of storey and type of structure in the site, allowable soil
bearing capacity at a particular site, and the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in
the site
Make a conclusion
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1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is a useful guide to civil engineers in designing the foundation in the
city of Manila by providing the allowable capacity of soil. With the aid of this study, the
engineer will have an idea on what type of foundation to be constructed. Also with this
study, the engineer would know if the soil condition in the proposed site is appropriate
For its academic purpose, this study can serve as a reference for civil engineering
students to know the soil condition in a particular site. And for its technological purpose,
this study helps technical and non-technical people on being familiar with the different
The study is a collection of data, particularly the soil investigation reports in the City
of Manila. The data inside the soil investigation report are obtained by laboratory or field
experiments established by the American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) and
with the guidance of other trusted references regarding the soil properties. The City of
Manila is where the study took place. Since conducting a soil investigation is expensive,
the data used in this study are those data which are collected from previous soil
investigation reports. This study is a guide to civil engineers on what type of foundation
may be designed or constructed. The foundation which was designed was based from the
loads presented in the NSCP 2010 and only the most loaded footing was designed.
Geotechnical investigation must be performed on site upon construction since this study
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only serves as a reference. The study covers structures which are classified as low rise
and medium rise since no soil investigation report was collected for high rise structures.
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CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH COMPONENT
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Chapter 2
Geotechnical information are useful in ensuring that the effects of projects on the
environment and natural resources are properly evaluated and mitigated where necessary
(Nwankwoala et al., 2009). The study of Nwankwoala et al.(2009) shows that on the
The estimation of soil strength indices is required for the design of foundations,
2002). These indices are also essential in assessing the stability of slopes and soil, and
can be used to construe the ability of a soil to withstand stresses and strains associated
with naturally occurring instances of: increased pore pressure, cracking, swelling,
The difficulty and in some cases the high cost of attaining the soil strength indices
has led to many researchers seeking correlations with easily measured soil index
Several empirical procedures have been developed over the years to predict the
shear strength of soils, particularly unsaturated soils. Drained residual strength was
shown to correlate with clay content as well as type of clay minerals (Stark & Eid, 1997).
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The unit of soil to withstand a shear stress is a derivative of the measurement of soil shear
the residual friction angle of soils and soil parameters such as Atterberg limits, and clay
fraction (Kaya &Kwong, 2007). The quaternary alluvium are consists of gravel, sand, silt
and clay, in which it is loose and easily deformed by underground water. (Kilic, R. ,
Ulamis K, and Atalar C., 2006). Foundation designs must satisfy both strength and
serviceability criteria. The soil beneath the foundations must be capable of carrying the
structural loads placed upon it without shear failure and consequent settlements being
tolerated for the structure it is supporting. Rupture surfaces are formed in the soil mass
upon exceeding a certain stress condition. The angle of internal friction of soil is
measured between the normal force and the resultant force within the soil column that is
attained when failure just occurs in response to a shearing stress. Peak soil friction angle
refers to the initial angle attained from the initial shearing phase, while the residual
friction angle refers to the angle obtained following the initial failure of the soil sample.
(Das, 1997).Bearing capacity failure on foundation occurs as the soil supporting the
foundation fails in shear, which may involve general, local, punching shear mechanism
(Bowles, 1988). The soil properties are not distributed randomly, but in a semi-
considerably affected by the inherent spatial variability of the soil properties (Griffiths
and Fenton, 2001). To date, some researches have been undertaken investigating the
profiles incorporating spatial variability (Griffiths et al., 2002). For footings, the
geotechnical engineering practice regularly calculates the bearing capacity from input of
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assumed shear strength values and a series of relations that depend on these values
directly and indirectly. The capacity is then divided by a factor of safety, normally
ranging from 2.5 through 4 to obtain the allowable load or stress. For piles, the capacity
of the pile toe is assumed to follow a bearing capacity formula (static analysis). However,
it is generally thought that the capacity of a pile is so difficult to analyze that a static or
dynamic test giving the capacity directly is necessary for a reliable design. (Coduto, D.
P., 1994)
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3. 1 Research Design
This study aims to classify the soil and determine a certain mechanical property
called the allowable soil bearing capacity. This property is essential in the design of a
foundation. From a soil investigation report, the soil could be classified by the unified
soil classification system. In order to classify the soil, grain size analysis was done.
Specific test for the mechanical property is also performed such as the unconfined
compression test for the bearing capacity. The soil investigation reports that were
From the data gathered, a comparison was made about the classification of soil
from the geologic map of Metro Manila obtained from Bureau of Mines and Geo-
The results are presented in table form containing the street, district, type of
structure, allowable soil bearing capacity, proposed foundation, and soil classification.
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3.2 Research Design Framework
Analyse Information
Design of Foundation
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3.2 Research Subject and Locale
The City of Manila, known as Maynila for the Filipinos, is the capital city of the
Philippines and one of the cities that make up the greater metropolitan area of Metro
Manila. Manila is the center of government in the country and one of the central hubs of a
thriving metropolitan area home to over 12 million people as of NSO 2010 Census. It is
located on the shores of Manila Bay just west of the geographical center of Metro Manila,
also known as the National Capital Region (NCR), which lies on a peninsula between
Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay in southern Luzon. The city is one of 17 cities and
The geography of Manila reveals that the city is on the eastern shore of Manila
Bay. Manila apart from the Manila City encompasses seven cities and nine towns. The
City of Manila is approximately 38.3 square kilometers and is located on the west coast
industrial and cultural center. The geography of Manila also reveals that the Pasig River
divides the city into two sections -The Intramuros (the old city) and the Ermita (important
government buildings and the hotels) and the new section on the northern bank
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3.3 Data Gathering Procedures
There were 55 soil investigation reports gathered from the City of Manila. From
these reports, the soil classification, bearing capacity, and the proposed type of
foundation were determined. There are numerous tests performed in the laboratory for the
compressive strength of cohesive soil, particle size analysis of soils, liquid limit of soils,
plastic limit and plasticity of soils, moisture content of soils, unconfined compressive
site. These test are ASTM D422 (Grain Size Analysis of Soil), ASTM D4318 (Atterbergs
Compression Test)
Soil was passed through a series of sieves, the weight of soil retained on
eachsieve determined and recorded. For each sample analyzed, a gradation curvewas
drawn based on the percent finer by weight. The distribution of particlesizes larger than
No. 200 sieve (retained on the No. 200 sieve) is determinedby sieving, while the
distribution of particle sizes smaller than the No. 200 sieve is determined by a
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3.4.2 Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D2488)
Soils seldom exist in nature separately as sand, gravel, or any other single
different sizes. Each component contributes its characteristics to the mixture. The USCS
is based on the characteristics of the soil that indicate how it will behave as a construction
material.
In the USCS, all soils are placed into one of three major categories. They are
coarse-grained, fine-grained and highly organic. The USCS further divides soils that have
been classified into the major soil categories by letter symbols, such as S for sand, G for
A soil that meets the criteria for a sandy clay would be designated (SC). There are
cases of borderline soils that cannot be classified by a single dual symbol, such as GM for
silty gravel. These soils may require four letters to fully describe them. For example,
(SM-SC) describes a sand that contains appreciable amounts of silt and clay.
In the unconfined compression test, the sample is placed in the loading machine
between the lower and upper plates. Before starting the loading, the upper plate is
adjusted to be in contact with the sample and the deformation is set as zero. The test then
starts by applying a constant axial strain of about 0.5 to 2% per minute. The load and
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deformation values are recorded as needed for obtaining a reasonably complete load-
deformation curve. The loading is continued until the load values decrease or remain
constant with increasing strain, or until reaching 20% (sometimes 15%) axial strain. At
For each applied load, axial unit strain can be computed by dividing the
specimens change in height by its initial height. The value of the initial height is given
by the deformation dial reading, provided that the dial is set to zero initially. As the load
is applied to the specimen, its cross-sectional area will increase by a small amount. For
each applied load, the cross-sectional area can be computed by dividing the initial area of
the specimen to the quantity one subtracted by the axial unit strain. Each applied load can
be determined by multiplying the proving ring dial reading by the proving ring
calibration factor, and the load per unit area can be computed by dividing the load by the
The largest value of load per unit area at fifteen percent strain, whichever is
secured first, is taken to be the unconfined compressive strength and the cohesion is taken
The water content of soil is determined as the ratio, expressed in percentage of the
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3.4.5 Atterbergs Limit (ASTM D4318)
The test method covers the determination of the liquid limit, plastic limit, and
Liquid Limit is the water content, in percent, at which a soil changes from plastic
to liquid state.
Plastic limit is the water contents of solid at which the soil changes from a solid to
Plasticity index is the range of water contents over which the soil deforms
Liquidity Index is the ratio of the difference in water content between the natural
water content of a soil and its plastic limit to its plasticity index and is defined by the
equation:
Liquidity Index =
expected
plastic material
LI > 1 Liquid State - low strength, soil deforms like a viscous fluid
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Soil Type Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Plasticity Index
Sand Nonplastic
Silt 30 40 20 25 10 16
Clay 40 -180 25 50 15 - 100
Table 3.B Typical Atterberg Limits for Soils
After the collection of data, the data were presented in a table form found at the
next chapter of the study. The table is composed of the location of the conducted
subsurface soil investigation, district, number of storeys of the structure as well as its
purpose, the allowable soil bearing capacity of soil, and the proposed type of foundation
as prescribed by the report. The most probable allowable soil bearing capacity of soil in
each district and the most probable soil bearing capacity of soil in the City of Manila is
tabulated.
The footing for one storey residential, two storey residential, three storey
storey commercial/industrial was designed using the most probable allowable soil bearing
capacity of soil and the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) and with accordance with the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP). The design of the footing is limited
to these structures since these are the typical types of structure constructed in the city
based on the subsurface soil investigation collected. Together with the design is the
estimated amount of material to be used in the construction of the footing using the
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CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION
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Chapter 4
The location of each soil investigation samples are shown in Figure 1. In general,
the soil classification in the City of Manila is found to be composed of silty sands and
sand silt mixture for the upper layer and it is drawn in Figure 2.
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3 BOREHOLES
1 BOREHOLE
11 BOREHOLES
18 BOREHOLES
1 BOREHOLE 3 BOREHOLES
3 BOREHOLES
1 BOREHOLE
2 BOREHOLES
1 BOREHOLE
6 BOREHOLES
4 BOREHOLES
1 BOREHOLE
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Figure 3. Geological Map of Manila(Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau)
earthquake-prone areas. The map also indicates the type of formation in Manila such as it
contains quaternary alluvium that mainly consists of gravel, sand, silt and clay, in which
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MPV per District vs MPV of Manila
MPV Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Figure 4. Comparison Chart of the Most Probable Value of Soil Bearing Capacity in
Manila
The chart shows the relationship between the most probable values of the soil
bearing capacity in each district with respect to the most probable value of soil bearing
capacity of Manila. The method used in computing the most probable value is shown in
the latter part of this chapter. The district of San Miguel has the farthest value compared
to Manila and the other districts while the other district has a little variation compared to
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Street District Purpose of qu (allowable)* Proposed USCS
Structure Foundation
1882 C.M. Recto Quiapo 3 Storey 75 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Avenue Residential with Tie Beam
Solis Street Tondo 3 Storey 75 kPa Isolated Footing SM
condominium with Tie Beam
M.A. Guerrero Tondo 3 Storey 57.46 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Extension Residential with Tie Beam
068 Quirino Street Tondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Building with
Deck
2416 Callejon 1 Tondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Corner Fidel Street, Building with with Tie Beam
Gagalangin Deck
Calle Gamban Corner Tondo 4 Storey 72 kPa Strip or SM
Calle Guidote Balut Warehouse Continuous
Building Footing with Tie
Beam
1249 San Nicolas Tondo 4 Storey 75 kPa Isolated Footing SM
corner Tindalo Streets Building with Tie Beam
1227 Camba Street Tondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Extension Residential with Tie Beam
Apartment
with
Penthouse
Lot 20-C, Herbosa Tondo 3 Storey with 75 kPa Combined SM
Street Deck Footing with Tie
Beam
401-C Interior 54 Tondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Combined SM
Perla Street Residential Footing with Tie
with Deck Beam
Balintawak Street Tondo 5 Storey 72 kPa Pile Foundation SM
Residential with Tie Beam
with Deck
300 Pacheco Street Tondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Continuous SM
Residential Footing with Tie
with Roof Beam
Deck
1732 Tecson Street Sta. Cruz 4 Storey 75 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Commercial with Tie Beam
2140 Vision Street Sta. Cruz 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential or Combined
Footing with Tie
Beam
1525 Sulu Street Sta. Cruz 2 Storey with 72kPa Isolated Footing SM
Deck and with Tie Beam
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Penthouse
Lot 19 Block 2 Sta. Mesa 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Makisig Street Residential or Combined
Apartment Footing with Tie
with Deck Beam
2604 Benito Street Sta. Mesa 3 Storey 86.19 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential with Tie Beam
419 Alegria Street Sta. Mesa 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential with Tie Beam
Estrada Street Sta. Ana 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Building with with Tie Beam
Deck
Br. Manuel Carreon Sta. Ana 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Street Residential with Tie Beam
Building
2265 Calabastro San 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated or SM
Street Andres Building Combined
Bukid Footing with Tie
Beam
Aqua Marina Street San 3 Storey 72 kPa Combined SM
Andres Building with Footing with Tie
Bukid Deck Beam
Sta. Maria Street Pandacan 3 Storey 57.46 kPa Isolated or SM
Residential Combined
Footing with Tie
Beam
2279 Linceo Street Pandacan 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Apartment with Tie Beam
Mendoza Guanzon Pandacan 3 Storey 75 kPa Isolated Footing
Corner Isidro Office/ with Tie Beam
Mendoza Street Warehouse
Lot 59 Block 35, Sampaloc 3 Storey with 75 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Antipolo Street Deck with Tie Beam
1415 A. Maceda Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Street Residential with Tie Beam
1238 Miguelin Street Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential/ with Tie Beam
Apartment
Building
Lot 20-A Florentino Sampaloc 3 Storey with 72 kPa Isolated or SM
Corner Metrica Roof Deck Combined
Streets Footing with Tie
Beam
Adelina Street Sampaloc 3 Storey with 72 kPa Combined SM
Deck Footing with Tie
Beam
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Lot 17-A Block 3 Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Combined SM
Kundiman Street Residential Footing with Tie
Beam
751 Sisa Street Sampaloc 3 Storey 75 kPa Combined SM
Building with Footing with Tie
Deck Beam
1416 Maceda Street Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential with Tie Beam
Lot 7 Extremadura Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Street Residential with Tie Beam
1152 E. Quintos Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Street Residential with Tie Beam
Lot 54 Bolck 11,918 Sampaloc 4 Storey with 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
A. Maceda Street Deck with Tie Beam
Commercial/
Residential
Building
Lot 50 Block 20 M. Sampaloc 3 Storey 78.57 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Fuente Street Residential with Tie Beam
Building
Santisima Street Sampaloc 4 Storey with 72 kPa Combined SM
Deck Footing with Tie
Beam
Lot 33 A&B P. Sampaloc 4 Storey 71.80 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Florentino corner J. Commercial with Tie Beam
Marzan Streets Building
PIY Margal Street Sampaloc 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Residential with Tie Beam
Fajardo corner Don Sampaloc 4 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Quijote Streets Residential/C with Tie Beam
ommercial
940 A. Leyte Del Sur Sampaloc 3 Storey with 99 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Street Deck with Tie Beam
688 Domingo Sampaloc 3 Storey with 70 kPa Isolated Footing SM
Santiago Street Roof Deck with Tie Beam
528 Madrid Street Binondo 3 Storey 72 kPa Isolated Footing SM
San Nicolas Residential with Tie Beam
with Roof
Deck
Lot no. 5-C-9-A, San 3 Storey 57.46 kPa Mat Footing SM
Matienza Street Miguel Residential
with Deck
Sto. Cristo San 5 Storey with 72 kPa Pile Foundation SM
Nicholas Mezzanine
and Penthouse
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Commercial
Building
Lot 10 Block 7 Paco 3-storey with 72 kPa Combined/Isolat SM
interior P. Gil roof deck ed with grade
beam
1565-F Valentina Paco 3-storey with 72 kpa Isolated footing SM
street roof deck with tie beams
Phase 14 lot 3 block 3 Paco 3-storey 72 kpa Isolated footing SM
Acropolis subd. P.H. residential with tie beams
Guazon
The table shows the lists of districts in Manila which the soil investigation was
performed. Its shows the number of storey as well as its purpose, allowable soil bearing
capacity, type of foundation recommended, and the Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS).
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Figure 5. The Unified Soil Classification System Chart
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In conducting a soil investigation the soil composition is classified using the
USCS chart. In this chart the typical description of the soil can be seen as well as the
letter symbol which is indicated at every depth of the borehole. It is subdivided into two
major divisions which are the coarse grain soil and fine grain soil.
The following table shows the probable value of the allowable soil bearing
capacity in each district. Where N is the number of soil investigation report collected on
the district. The probable value of qu was computed by using the formula
District : Binondo
qu(allow) N qu*N
72 1 72
1 72
Prob. Value of qu 72
District: Malate
qu(allow) N qu*N
72 4 288
4 288
Prob. Value of qu 72
District : Paco
qu(allow) N qu*N
75 2 150
72 3 216
57.46 1 57.46
6 423.46
Prob. Value of qu 70.57667
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District : Pandacan
qu(allow) N qu*N
75 1 75
72 1 72
57.46 1 57.46
3 204.46
Prob. Value of qu 68.15333
District: Quiapo
qu(allow) N qu*N
75 1 75
1 75
Prob. Value of qu 75
District: Sampaloc
qu(allow) N qu*N
75 2 150
72 12 864
78.57 1 78.57
71.8 1 71.8
90 1 90
70 1 70
18 1324.37
Prob. Value of qu 73.57611
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District: San Nicolas
qu(allow) N qu*N
72 1 72
1 72
Prob. Value of qu 72
District: Tondo
qu(allow) N qu*N
75 3 225
72 7 504
57.46 1 57.46
11 786.46
Prob. Value of qu 71.49636
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District Probable Value of qu(allowable)
Binondo 72
Malate 72
Paco 70.57667
Pandacan 68.15333
Quiapo 75
Sampaloc
73.57611
San Andres 72
San Miguel 57.46
San Nicolas 72
Sta. Ana 72
Sta. Cruz 73
Sta. Mesa 76.73
Tondo 71.49636
Table 4B. Summarized Probable Value of qu(allowable) in Every District
The probable value of the allowable soil bearing capacity is then used to compute
for the probable value of the allowable soil bearing capacity of the City of Manila as
presented in the next table. The most probable value was computed using the formula
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`
71.4963
72 6
73
72
73.57611
72
72 75 76.73
72 6
72
68.15333
70.57667
72
72
72
72
72
72 72
Figure 6. Map of Manila with the Most Probable Value of Allowable Bearing
Capacity
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Prob. Value of qu Prob.
District (kPa) Area(hectares) Value*Area
Binondo 72 66.11 4759.92
Malate 72 259.58 18689.76
Paco 70.57666667 278.69 19669.01123
Pandacan 68.15333333 166 11313.45333
Quiapo 75 84.69 6351.75
Sampaloc 73.57611111 513.71 37796.78404
San Andres 72 168.02 12097.44
San Miguel 57.46 91.37 5250.1202
San Nicolas 72 163.85 11797.2
Sta. Ana 72 169.42 12198.24
Sta. Cruz 73 309.01 22557.73
Sta. Mesa 76.73 261.01 20027.2973
Tondo 71.49636364 865.13 61853.64907
Most prob. 71.94343597 kPa
Table 4C. Most Probable Value of qa(allowable) in Manila
4.2 Analysis
All data collected almost came from the Manila City Hall, office of the building
officials in particular, while other data came from private institutions. From the data
gathered, soil investigation reports were collected from the different districts of the city.
It was then tabulated in terms of address, district, proposed type of structure, allowable
soil bearing capacity, recommended type of foundation, and USCS (Unified Soil
Classification System).
The soil bearing capacity in each district is determined using the data collected.
These values can be computed with the use of Terzaghis bearing capacity divided by the
factor of safety. But in order to use the Terzaghis bearing capacity equation, the soils
cohesion and the soils angle of internal friction should be known. These can be obtained
by laboratory test such as Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) and Direct Shear Test.
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The allowable bearing capacity of soil is needed to design for the foundation of
the structure and its foundation type depends on the load passed by the structure. These
loads may differ with the type of use of the structure (e.g. commercial, residential,
industrial, etc.). Based from Table 1, the type of foundation which is recommended in
the City of Manila is shallow foundation for structures with 4-storey and below while pile
deep foundation for structures with 5-storey and above without considering the
occupancy type of the structure which was verified from the data of EM 2A Partners and
Co. In some instances, because of the weak bearing capacity of soil and heavy load
carried by the structure, there are four storey structures which are required to be rested on
deep foundation. Shallow foundation may be made of isolated footing and combined
footing if the area of the site is limited while deep foundation is mainly made up of piles.
Since the numbers of soil investigation reports gathered are not equal in every
district as well as the areas for each district, statistic procedure was done to compute for
the most probable value of the allowable soil bearing capacity on each district and on
Manila. The most probable value of the allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila can be
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NUMBER OF SAMPLES
PROPERTY 1 2 3 4 5
w.c.(%) 15.4 7 19.7 6.3 14.7
3
Moist density(kg/ cm ) 2.447 2.606 1.859 1.618 1.595
3
Dry density(kg/ cm ) 2.12 2.436 1.553 1.522 1.391
3
Dry unit weight(kN/ m ) 20.7972 23.89716 15.23493 14.93082 13.64571
3
Moist unit weight(kN/ m ) 24.00507 25.56486 18.23679 15.87258 15.64695
Void ratio 0.496342
3
Moist unit weight(kN/ m ) 20.95518
Table 4D. Tabulated Soil Properties
The table shows the tabulated data of a specific soil sample in which its shows
some of the soil properties needed in designing a structure. The data are gathered by the
field density test for the determination of in-site unit weight and moisture of backfill
used. There were 5 samples taken and by oven drying and the sand replacement method
the moisture content, moist and dry densities were then gathered. The formula in the
determination of necessary soil properties are used to determine the required unit weights
and void ratio. The computed moist unit weight is used in the design of the foundation
Occupancy: Residential
No. of Dimension of
storey A.S.B.C.(qa) E.S.B.C.(qeff) U.S.B.C.(qu) Square Footing Rebars
1 71.94 kPa 37.6335 kPa 36.7411 kPa 3.2x3.2x0.3 m. 11
2 71.94 kPa 37.4389 kPa 37.266 kPa 4.5x4.5x0.35 m. 21
3 71.94 kPa 37.2443 kPa 36.1848 kPa 5.6x5.6x0.45 m. 30
Table 4E. Tabulated Data of Soil Bearing Capacities, Dimension of Footing, and
Rebars for Residential Occupancy
45
Occupancy: Commercial
No. of Dimension of
storey A.S.B.C.(qa) E.S.B.C.(qeff) U.S.B.C.(qu) Square Footing Rebars
1 71.94 kPa 37.5038 kPa 35.8232 kPa 4.1x4.1x0.35 m. 17
2 71.94 kPa 37.2443 kPa 37.1381 kPa 5.7x5.7x0.45 m. 36
3 71.94 kPa 37.0496 kPa 37.0137 kPa 7x7x0.525 m. 54
Table 4F. Tabulated Data of Soil Bearing Capacities, Dimension of Footing,
and Rebars for Commercial Occupancy
The table shows the bearing capacities, dimension of isolated square footing, and
the required number of reinforcing bars for footing. The allowable soil bearing capacity
was computed using most probable value method to compute the probable soil bearing
capacity of Manila from the available data from city engineers office of Manila. The
value of the allowable bearing capacity used in the design process is 71.94 kPa since it is
the most probable value of bearing capacity, and then the effective soil bearing capacity
is calculated by subtracting the effective pressure due to concrete and overburden soil to
the allowable bearing capacity. The effective bearing capacity is used for the
determination of the dimension of isolated square footing with the total unfactored dead
load as the axial load. The design thickness of the footing is gathered by computing the
effective depth of the footing, and then by adding the 150% of the rebar diameter and
The design of the isolated square footing was done using the ultimate strength
method with the help of the NSCP to be provided by the proper codes especially in
design. Referring to the table, the effective bearing capacity of the soil lessens as the
number of storey increases and also the assumed thickness of the footing affects the value
of the effective bearing capacity. The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil varies from the
load imposed as well as the dimension of the square footing, and it is noticeable from the
46
table 4F. The number of rebars was computed using the formulas for beam design and
then checked if the actual spacing follows the required by the code, and the number of
bars increases as the storey increases. The same analysis for the commercial occupancy
47
CHAPTER 5
DETAILED ENGINEERING
DESIGN
48
MINOR: STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
49
Total dead load = 2.34kPa
Live load:
Residential = 1.9kPa
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
= = = 0.222943
50
Ru = f`c(1-0.59 ) = 0.222943(21)[1-0.59(0.222943)] = 4.06597 MPa
Let d=1.75b
H = 500 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 6 bars
Design of Columns:
51
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-As)+fyAs) , for tied column = 0.65
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 25502.99 mm2
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
71.94 kPa =
52
B = 1.8 m., initial dimension of footing
qeffective =
37.6335 kPa =
qu =
qu = 36.74105 kPa
Vu = 36.74105(3.2)(d-1512.5)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
36.74105(3.2)(d-1512.5)N =
d = 81.014 mm.
53
Chech against punching shear
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
= 0.3674105( - (175+d) 2)
t = 300 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 134.48 kN-m
Mu = Rub d2
134.48x106kN-m = 0.9Ru(3200)(175)
54
Ru = 1.5247 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
As = 0.0058(3200)(175)
As = 3250.22 mm2
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 11 bars
S=
S=
55
DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ISOLATED FOOTING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
56
Live load:
Residential = 1.9kPa
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
= = = 0.222943
57
Ru = f`c(1-0.59 ) = 0.222943(21)[1-0.59(0.222943)] = 4.06597 MPa
Let d=1.75b
H = 500 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 6 bars
58
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-As)+fyAs) , for tied column = 0.65
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 25502.99 mm2
Column self-weight
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 2.164 kN + 2(373.1271 kN) = 748.4 kN
Ag = 51153.86 m m2
59
Design of isolated footing
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
71.94 kPa =
qeffective = 37.4389kPa
qeffective =
37.4389 kPa =
60
qu =
qu = 37.266 kPa
Vu = 37.266 (4.5)(d-2125)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
37.266 (4.5)(d-2125)N =
d = 115.36 mm.
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
= 0.37266( - (250+d) 2)
61
d = 246.128 mm. = 250 mm.
t = 375 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 378.628 kN-m
Mu = Rub d2
Ru = 1.4598 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
As = 0.00569(4500)(250)
As = 6399.68 mm2
62
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 21 bars
S=
S=
63
DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ISOLATED FOOTING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
64
Live load:
Residential = 1.9kPa
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
= = = 0.222943
65
Ru = f`c(1-0.59 ) = 0.222943(21)[1-0.59(0.222943)] = 4.06597 MPa
Let d=1.75b
H = 500 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 6 bars
66
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-As)+fyAs) , for tied column = 0.65
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 25502.99 mm2
Column self-weight
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 2.164 kN + 2(373.1271 kN) = 748.4 kN
Ag = 51,153.86 m m2
Column self-weight
67
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 4.416 kN + 2.164 kN + 3(373.1271 kN)
Ag = 51,153.86 m m2
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
71.94 kPa =
68
B = 3 m., initial dimension of footing
qeffective = 37.2443kPa
qeffective =
37.2443 kPa =
qu =
qu = 36.1848 kPa
Vu = 36.1848 (5.6)(d-2650)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
36.1848 (5.6)(d-2650)N =
d = 139.907 mm.
69
Chech against punching shear
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
= 0.361848( - (300+d) 2)
t = 450 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 711.502 kN-m
Mu = Rub d2
70
Ru = 1.33653 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
As = 0.005091(5600)(325)
As = 9265.45 mm2
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 30 bars
S=
S=
71
DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ISOLATED FOOTING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
72
Total dead load = 5.464 kPa
Live load:
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
kN/m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
73
= = = 0.222943
Let d=1.75b
H = 575 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 8 bars
Design of Columns:
74
Pu(Axial load) = 597.122 kN
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 40812.861 mm2
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
75
71.94 kPa =
qeffective = 37.5038kPa
qeffective =
37.5038 kPa =
qu =
qu = 35.8232 kPa
Vu = 35.8232 (4.1)(d-1937.5)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
35.8232 (4.1)(d-1937.5)N =
76
d = 101.322 mm.
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
t = 350 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 275.678 kN-m
77
Mu = Rub d2
Ru = 1.4757 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
As = 0.00561(5600)(325)
As = 5173.98 mm2
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 17 bars
S=
S=
78
DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ISOLATED FOOTING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
79
Total dead load = 5.464 kPa
Live load:
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
kN/m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
80
= = = 0.222943
Let d=1.75b
H = 575 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 8 bars
81
Pu(Axial load) = 597.122 kN
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 40812.861 mm2
Column self-weight
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 3.577 kN + 2(597.122 kN) = 1197.82
kN
Ag = 81870.184 m m2
82
Design of isolated footing
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
71.94 kPa =
qeffective = 37.2443kPa
qeffective =
37.2443 kPa =
83
B = 5.7 m., design dimension
qu =
qu = 37.1381 kPa
Vu = 37.1381(5.7)(d-2848.5)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
37.1381(5.7)(d-2848.5)N =
d = 154.134 mm.
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
84
= 0. 371381( - (300+d) 2)N
t = 450 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 858.809kN-m
Mu = Rub d2
858.809x106kN-m = 0.9Ru(5700)(325)
Ru = 1.5849 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
85
As = 0.00604 (5600)(325)
As = 11,198.2mm2
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 36 bars
S=
S=
86
DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ISOLATED FOOTING
Design parameters:
Concrete cover:
Beam = 40 mm.
Column = 40 mm.
Dead load:
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
87
Total dead load = 5.464 kPa
Live load:
Load combination:
Short span = 5m
Long span = 5m
kN/m
*For a middle singly reinforced beam loads from slabs are the most critical.
Beam design:
BALANCE = = = 0.037833
MIN = = = 0.005091
88
= = = 0.222943
Let d=1.75b
H = 575 mm.
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 8 bars
89
Pu(Axial load) = 597.122 kN
As = 0.04Ag
Pu = 0.8(0.85f`c(Ag-0.04Ag)+fy(0.04Ag))
Ag = 40,812.861 mm2
Column self-weight
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 3.577 kN + 2(597.122 kN) = 1,197.82
kN
Ag = 81,870.184 m m2
90
Column self-weight
Column height = 3 m.
Pu(Axial load carried by ground floor column) = 6.359 kN + 3.577 kN + 3(597.122 kN)
Ag = 123,117.64 m m2
qa = 71.94 kPa, most probable value of allowable soil bearing capacity of Manila
sat = 20.955 kN/ m3, Assuming ground water table at near natural ground line (N.G.L.)
Total axial load = Total axial load(from column) + self-weight (column + pedestal),
pedestal height = Df - t
qa =
91
71.94 kPa =
qeffective = 37.0496kPa
qeffective =
37.0496 kPa =
qu =
qu = 37.0137kPa
Vu = 37.0137 (7)(d-3498.5)N
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vu = Vc
37.0137 (7)(d-3498.5)N =
92
d = 188.706 mm.
Vc = , , for shear
Vc =
Vc = Vu
t = 525 mm, OK
Mu =
Mu = 1585.6 kN-m
Mu = Rub d2
93
1585.6 x106kN-m = 0.9Ru(7000)(400)
Ru = 1.57302 MPa
MIN = = = 0.005091
= )
= )
As = bd
As = 0.006 (7000)(400)
As = 16,791.9 mm2
Ab = = = 314.1592654 mm2
N= = = 54 bars
S=
S=
94
MINOR: CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1) Water-Cement Ratio
95
Value Strength (MPa) W-C Ratio (L/40kg
bag)
Upper Limit 22.08 24.85
Required 21.00 -
Lower Limit 17.24 28.4
2) Water Requirement
96
4) Volume of Coarse Aggregate
Max. Size Vol. of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete for
of coarse different fineness modulus of sand
aggregate
(mm) 2.4 2.55 2.8 3 3.2
9.5 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.4 0.38
13 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
19 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57
25 0.7 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62
38 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.7 0.68
51 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71
TABLE A.3: Volume of Coarse Aggregates per Unit Volume of Concrete
N=
N=
|Vcement| = = 0.0897 m3
|Vwat| = = 0.184 m3
97
9) Absolute volume of cement paste (|Vp|)
Absolute volume of cement paste:
Abs. Vol. of Cement + Abs. Vol. of Water + Abs. Vol. of Air
= = 0.4575
98
14) Correction of Weight of Sand and Gravel
Corr. Wt. of Sand = 517.51 (1 + ) = 526.31 kg
= 165.05 kg
Uncorrected Corrected
Material Abs. Vol Sp. Gr H2O Wt. (kg) Wt. (kg)
Cement 0.0897 3.20 1000.00 287.03 287.03
Sand 0.2488 2.57 1000.00 517.51 526.31
Gravel 0.4575 2.50 1000.00 915.00 925.15
Water 0.1840 1.00 1000.00 184.00 165.05
Air 0.02 - -
1860 kg of cement
3410 kg of sand
99
5990 kg of gravel
1070 kg of water
2400 kg of cement
4400 kg of sand
7735 kg of gravel
1380 kg of water
4456 kg of cement
8171 kg of sand
100
14365 kg of gravel
2565 kg of water
1860 kg of cement
3410 kg of sand
5990 kg of gravel
1070 kg of water
4620 kg of cement
8465 kg of sand
101
14880 kg of gravel
2655 kg of water
8125 kg of cement
14895 kg of sand
26180 kg of gravel
4671 kg of water
102
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
103
Chapter 6
Conclusion
6.1 Conclusion
After the collection of data has been done it was found out that the best
foundation to be used in the City of Manila for structure with less than 5-storey is isolated
footing with tie beam and if the land area is limited then combined footing with tie beam
must be use. In general the soil in the City of Manila has low bearing capacity which is
underlain by weak, compressible and potentially liquefiable formation (sand) within the
influence depth of the formation. The soil classification in the City of Manila obtained from
the geotechnical report verifies the geological map of the Mines and Geosciences bureau
which classified the soil as quarternary alluvium which is composed of mostly sand, silt, and
gravel. It is suggested that for structure that have 5-storey and above pile foundation is highly
recommended. The most probable value for the soil allowable bearing capacity of Manila is
identified to be composed mostly of silty sands and sand silt mixture (more than half of
coarse fraction is smaller than no. 4 sieve) and partly inorganic silts micaceous or
diatornaceous fine sandy or silty, elastic soils with liquid limit less than 50%.
Since it has been identified that the soil bearing capacity in the city of Manila are
almost the same in every district, the most suited type of structure to be constructed is
104
CHAPTER 7
RECOMMENDATION
105
Chapter 7
Recommendation
7.1 Recommendation
This study utilizes available soil investigation reports that were available during
the collection of data. Because of the limited resources, the researchers were not able to
obtain reports from some districts like Ermita, Port Area, and Intramuros. Other districts
have only one soil investigation report like Quaipo, San Andres Bukid, and San Miguel.
There are other mechanical properties of soil that are needed in the design of
foundation that were not included in this study. Further researches should consider the
depth of water table, shear strength, angle of internal friction and other parameters.
The design of the isolated footing in Manila is possible although based on the
unified soil classification system the soil in Manila are composed mostly of silt particles
in which affects the stability of isolated square footing. A strapped and wall footing type
of shallow foundation is what is recommended for 3-storey structures and below floor
It is advised that other cities should also have its geotechnical analysis especially
106
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
107
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We dedicate this thesis to the Almighty Father, who gives us strength, knowledge
and wisdom to finish this study. Our parents, for their unending support, who are our
inspiration in doing the study. We would also want to thank Mr.Eduardo Guico who
allowed us to have an access with the soil investigation reports passed on the Manila City
Halls office of the building officials. Our sincerest thanks to our thesis adviser Engr.
Flordeliza C. Villaseor and our thesis coordinator Engr. Geoffrey L. Cueto. We would
also like to acknowledge Engr. Vinci Nicolas R. Villaseor for reviewing our thesis and
giving us recommendations to improve our study, Engr. Ivan D.L. Marquez who acted us
our second adviser who verifies our methodologies. We also want to thank other
professionals who shared their knowledge to us namely Engr. Lewdan Ferrer and Engr.
In this thesis, there is nothing here that we possess as our own; they are all
acknowledged in return to their respective studies, works and researchers, which became
our inspiration for pursuing this thesis. Herewith now, we gave you this work of ours, the
artifact that is the product of their knowledge, work of our hands, and the symbol of the
researchers identity.
Ericson M. Mosuela
108
REFERENCES
109
REFERENCES
- Brown and G. Bally, Land Capability Survey of Trinidad and Tobago. No. 4.
Soils of the Northern Range of Trinidad, Government Printery, Port-of-Spain,
1967.
- Budhu, Muni, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, John Wiley & Sons,
Copyright 2007
- http://www.geotechdata.info/geotest/unconfined-compression-test. Retrieved
March 5, 2012
- J. M. Duncan and S. G. Wright, Soil Strength and Slope Stability, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 2005.
110
- National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), C101-10, Volume I,
Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures, Sixth Edition, 2010,
Copyright2010
111
APPENDICES
112
APPENDIX A
4) Use Table E-5 to identify the volume of coarse aggregates given the
following parameters:
a) Fineness modulus (sand)
b) MAS
N=
cement)
|Vwat| =
113
=
Corr. = Uncorr. (1 + )
Corr. = Uncorr. (s + g + )
Wt. of material =
114
ROUNDED COARSE AGGREGATES ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATES
% Sand of % Sand of
Maximum Total Net Water Maximum size Total Net Water
size Aggregate Content of Coarse Aggregate Content
of coarse by (L / m3) aggregates by (L / m3)
aggregates Absolute mm (inch) Absolute
mm (inch) Volume Volume
115
Water, Li / cum of concrete of indicated max. size of aggregates
Slump
9.5 mm 13 mm 19 mm 25 mm 38 mm 51 mm 76 mm
(mm)
Ang Rd Ang Rd Ang Rd Ang Rd Ang Rd Ang Rd Ang Rd
25 to 50 208 188 198 179 184 164 179 159 164 144 154 134 144 124
75 to 100 228 208 218 198 203 184 193 174 179 159 169 149 159 139
150 to 178 243 228 228 208 213 193 203 184 188 169 179 159 159 149
%Entrapped
Air
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3
TABLE A.2: Approximate Mixing Water Requirements for Different Slump
and Maximum Size of Aggregates
Max. Size Vol. of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete for
of coarse different fineness modulus of sand
aggregate
(mm) 2.4 2.55 2.8 3 3.2
9.5 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.4 0.38
13 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
19 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57
25 0.7 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62
38 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.7 0.68
51 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71
TABLE A.3: Volume of Coarse Aggregates per Unit Volume of Concrete
116
APPENDIX B
Minimum Design Load Requirements
(Chapter 2, Section 203-205 of NSCP 2010 vol. 1)
The minimum design load is required for the design of a particular structural
component of a vertical structure such as slabs, beams, columns, footings, and other
structural components. The loads in particular of this study compose of live and dead
loads with the help of the provisions on the code. Dead loads are consists of permanent
weight imposed on the structural component and the self-weight of the structural
component is considered, while the live loads are defined be the type of occupancy of the
structure.
Notation:
LL = Live load
m = Ratio between the short span and long span of the slab.
Dead loads:
Unit weight of plain concrete, conc.: 23.55 kN/m3 (from section 204-1)
Ceiling loads:
Flooring load:
Live load:
Residential = 1.9kPa
Span ratio, m =
Uniform distributed load transfer formula for two-way slab = m2)(eq. B-2),
formula used to transfer the loads from slab to the supporting beam as a uniformly
distributed load.
118
APPENDIX C
Design of Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam using Ultimate Strength Design Method
(Chapter 4, Section 410 of NSCP 2010 vol. 1)
The design method used on the structural components is the ultimate design
method in which the code provides factors in designing a certain structural component.
The loads from the slab including its weight would be imposed to the beam by the load
transfer formula.
Notation:
m = Ratio between the short span and long span of the slab.
= Reduction factor
Ru = Coefficient of resistance.
119
Moment at support = , Moment at support with more than 2 span (eq. C-2,
Balanced steel ratio condition in which the concrete and the reinforcing steel
yields at the same time given a concrete strain of 0.003 and modulus of elasticity of steel
to be 200 GPa.
= 0.85 0.05 , for concrete strength greater than 28 MPa, but not
less than 0.65
In design the actual steel ratio shall be a percentage of the maximum ratio and
should not be less than the minimum steel ratio.
The reinforcement index is the ratio between yield strength of steel and concrete,
also the value computed is used for determination of the coefficient of resistance.
= (eq. C-7)
Coefficient of resistance:
120
Ru = f`c(1-0.59 ) (eq. C-8)
Assume the effective depth of beam by setting a ratio between the effective depth
and width of beam such that, d/b:
d=1.5b to d=2b
The ultimate moment is governed by the equation below. In which the calculated
moment reaction from (eq. C-2, Section 408 of NSCP 2010) would be the same moment
to be use.
The designed section must be compared to the assumed section to secure the
stability of the designed beam.
The required steel area is the area of reinforcing steel required for the beam with
the actual steel ratio.
As = bd (eq. C-11)
The number of reinforcing steel is calculated by dividing the steel area by the area
of a single reinforcing bar with the diameter of bar given and should be a whole number.
N= (eq. C-12)
121
APPENDIX D
Design of Square Tied Concrete Column using Ultimate Strength Design Method
(Chapter 4, Section 410 of NSCP 2010 vol. 1)
The axial load to the column is calculated from the beam support reactions with
the code provision from chapter 4 section 408 of NSCP 2010,
The ultimate load that the column can carrie is governed by the (eq. D-2, Section
410.4.6.2 of NSCP 2010), and used also to determine the dimension and required steel for
the concrete column.
As = Steel area.
The steel ratio is the ratio between the area of steel and the gross area of the
column.
As = Ag (eq. D-3)
Then solve for the required area for the square tied column.
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APPENDIX E
Design of Isolated Square Footing using Ultimate Strength Design Method
(Chapter 4, Section 415 of NSCP 2010 vol. 1)
The initial dimension of footing is solved by dividing the service load by the
allowable soil bearing capacity of soil for the determination of the initial thickness of the
isolated square footing.
qa = (eq. E-1)
t = 20%B + 75 mm.
The effective soil bearing capacity is used to determine the actual or the designed
dimension of the isolated square footing by dividing the factored load by the effective
soil bearing capacity.
The beam shear on footings is governed by the formula from the code,
Vc = (eq. E-4)
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f`c = Concrete compressive strength.
Check against punching shear, because it is the most critical for most of the
isolated square footing therefore the effective depth in punching shear should govern.
Vc = (eq. E-5)
H = Column dimension.
The steel ratio is calculated with the given formula with Ru as a parameter.
= (eq. E-6)
The required steel area is the area of reinforcing steel required for the beam with
the actual steel ratio.
124
As = bd (eq. C-11)
The number of reinforcing steel is calculated by dividing the steel area by the area
of a single reinforcing bar with the diameter of bar given and should be a whole number.
N= (eq. C-12)
As =Steel area.
S= (eq. E-7)
N = Number of rebars.
125
APPENDIX F
Computation of the soil properties from available borehole samples
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
PROPERTY 1 2 3 4 5
w.c.(%) 15.4 7 19.7 6.3 14.7
Moist density(kg/ cm3) 2.447 2.606 1.859 1.618 1.595
Dry density(kg/ cm3) 2.12 2.436 1.553 1.522 1.391
Dry unit weight(kN/ m3) 20.7972 23.89716 15.23493 14.93082 13.64571
Moist unit weight(kN/ m3) 24.00507 25.56486 18.23679 15.87258 15.64695
SAMPLE 1
SAMPLE 2
SAMPLE 3
SAMPLE 4
SAMPLE 5
SAMPLE 1
SAMPLE 2
SAMPLE 3
126
DRY = 1.553*9.81 kN/ m3 = 15.23493 kN/ m3
SAMPLE 4
SAMPLE 5
DRY =
17.701164 =
e = 0.496342
sat =
127