DESIGNOF

DESIGN OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
STEELSTRUCTURES

DesignofslabandGussetbases:
 Slab Base or Base Plate:
SlabBaseorBasePlate:
Itisasteelplateplacedbetweencolumnbase
and concrete base
andconcretebase.
P SlabBase
AreaofSlabbase=
c
P Axialloadinthecolumn
Concretebase
c - Permissible compressive
stress
t in
i concrete t
100 q 0
tan 1 0 .9 +1
f ck

where
q0 =calculatedmaximumbearingpressureatthebaseofthe
calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the
pedestalinN/mm2
fck =characteristicstrengthofconcreteat28daysinN/mm2.
 Thicknessofarectangularslabbase
Thickness of a rectangular slab base
From,IS800:1984,Clause5.4.3,Pg 44
Sl b b
Slabbase
3 2 b2
t= w a mm
bsb 4 b
a
b
where
t = the slab thickness in mm;
t=theslabthickness,inmm;
w=thepressureorloadingontheunderside
ofthebaseinMPa
a=thegreaterprojectionoftheplatebeyond
th t j ti f th l t b d
columninmm
b=thelesserprojectionoftheplatebeyondthecolumninmm
bs =thepermissiblebendingstressinslabbases(forallsteels,
shallbeassumedas185MPa ).
 Thicknessofasquareslabbaseunder
Thickness of a square slab base under
solidcircularcolumn:
90 W B
t = 10 mm
16 bs (B d 0 )

where
t=thethicknessoftheplate,inmm.
W=thetotalaxialload,inKN
g p ,
B=thelengthofthesideofcaporbase,inmm
bs =thepermissiblebendingstressinslabbases(forallsteels,
shallbeassumedas185MPa )
d0 =thediameterofthereducedend,ifany,ofthe
= the diameter of the reduced end if any of the
columninmm.
Gussetedbase:
 Grillage Foundation:
GrillageFoundation:
Itisprovidedatshallowdepthforcolumncarryingheavy
Load on weak soil It consists of two or more layers of steel
Loadonweaksoil.Itconsistsoftwoormorelayersofsteel
Beamscompletelyencasedinconcrete.
Thepermissiblestressingrillagebeammaybeincreasedby
p g g y y
33.5%(50%incaseofWLorEQ).Ifthefollowingcondition
aresatisfied
1. Thebeamareunpaintedandsolidlyencasedinordinary
h b l l
denseconcretewith10mmaggregateandminimum
fck =15Mpa.
= 15 Mpa
2. Minimumdistancebetweenedgeofflangeis75mm.

3.Minimumconcretecoveris100mm.
Designagrillagefoundationforaxialload2500KN
and in column section two ISMC 250 with two cover
andincolumnsectiontwoISMC250,withtwocover
Plates300x25mm.
Minimumrequiredwidth
ofslabbase

w = 250 + 2 25 + 2 115
w = 530mm
Assume,
w = 600mm
l = w + 2 3h2
 Assumeselfweightoffootingis15%ofaxialload

Totalload=1.15x2500=2875KN
2875
Areaofbottomfooting= = 11.5m 2
250
P id 3 4 3 4
Providea3.4x3.4mgrillagefoundation
ill f d ti
Maximumbendingmoment.
P(L l)
M = ISMB450
8
2500 ( 3 . 4 0 . 6 )
= = 875 KN m
8
M 875 106
Z req = = = 3987 103 mm 3
1.33 bc 1.33 165

3987 10 3 3.4m
Z req , each = = 1329 10 3 mm 3
3
 TrywithISMB450@72.4Kg/m
C/S area required at critical web section
C/Sarearequiredatcriticalwebsection
P 2500 10 3
A= = = 9945 . 49 mm 2

1 . 33 pt 1 . 33 189

h2 = 35.4mm
l = 600 + 2 3 35 . 4 = 722 . 62 mm
Requiredtotalwebthickness:
A 9945 . 49
w =
'
= = 13 . 67 mm
l 722 . 62
If
Ifweprovide3Noofbeamthenwebthicknessofeachbeam
id 3 N f b th b thi k f hb

w' 13.76
t w,req = = = 4.58mm < t w (9.4mm),
) OK
3 3
 P ( L l ) 2500(3.4 0.6)
Maximumshearforce= = = 1030 KN
2L 2 3. 4

1 .03 10 6
av ,cal = = 81 N / mm 2 < av (100 N / mm 2 )
3 450 9 .4

Minimumrequiredlengthofslabbase 150mm

L = 3 150 + 2 75 = 600 mm
Letssprovide600mm
Let provide 600 mm
Thus.
a = 150 mm , b = 150 mm
Thicknessofslabbase,
2500 103
w= = 6.94 N / mm 2
3 w 2 b2 600 600
t= a
bs 4 t = 43 .58 mm 4 .5 cm
 ROOFTRUSS:
ROOF TRUSS:
Rafter
h
Pitchofrooftruss
h f f =
S
Rise(h)

Slopeoftruss

Span(S)

Bay : distance between adjacent truss.

Eaves : the bottom edges of an inclined roof surface.
surface
 Loadonrooftruss: DL,LL,WL/SL
DeadLoad(DL)
Weight of roof covering sheeting =150 N/m2
Weight of bracings =15 N /m2
/ 2
Weight of purling = 100 N/m
Span ( m )
Self Weight of truss = 10 + 5N / m 2
FromIS875II,Table2 3
LiveLoad(LL)= 750 [( 10 ) 20 ]N / m 2 400 N / m 2
= 1500 N / m 2 ForAccessibleroof

IfvalueofLLislessthan400N/m2 thentakeLL=400N/m2
Note: F t
FortrussanalysistakeLLas2/3oftotalLL
l i t k LL 2/3 f t t l LL
ForpurlinsanalysistakeLLastotalLL
 WindLoad(WL):IS875 III
Itdependuponwindspeedandheightofthestructure.
BasicWindspeed(V
p ( b)) Itisdetermineonthebasedonstatically
Dataofreturnperiod50yearandatheight10mabovetheground
Surface.
Designwindspeed(V
D i i d d (Vz)
) K1K2K3 V
Vb
K1 Probability/Riskfactor,dependuponclassanddesign
life of the structure Given in Table 1
lifeofthestructure.GiveninTable
K2 Dependuponheight,terraincategoryandclassofthestructure.
Given in Table 2,3.
GiveninTable 23
Classofstructure
Ifanymaximumdimensionofthestructure(Length,width,height)
y ( g g )

<20m A,20 50m B,>50m C

K3 Topographicfactor,dependuponslopeofgroundwindflow
direction.Theeffectoftopographywillbesignificantatasite
i d l () i t th b t 30 ,Ifslope
whentheupwindslope()isgreaterthanabout3
h th If l
ofgroundislessthan30 K3 =1,forotherslopeK3 is
GiveninAppendix C
DesignWindPressure(PZ )
PZ = 0 .6 V N / mm
Z
2 2

WindLoadonIndividualMembers(F)
F = (C pe C pi )A e PZ
Cpe is external pressure coefficient (for Pitched roofs Table 5)
Cpi is internal p
pressure coefficient ((clause 6.2.3))

Ae effectivearea
 Designanindustrialshedforfollowingdimension
SpanLength Pitchofroof SpacingoftrussLocation EavesHeight
(m) truss (m) . (m)
8 0.25 5 Patna 6

Assumenumberofwayisfive.

Drawplanviewinscale
Heightofrooftruss(h) 25m Ae

h = 0 . 25 8 = 2 m
Effectivearea(Ae )
Ae = 8 5 = 40m 2

8m
 Slopeoftherooftruss:
2m

2
= tan 1
= 26 . 56
0

4 1 33
1.33m

6m
Load calculation:
Loadcalculation:

DeadLoad(DL) 8m
8m
Weight of roof covering sheeting =150 N/m2
Weight g =15 N //m2
g of bracings
Weight of purling = 100 N/m2
8
+ 5 = 76 . 67 N / m 2
Self Weight of truss = 10
3
TotalDLintensity=341.67N/m2
 DL= Ae 341.67 = 40 341.67 = 13666.8 N

LiveLoadintensity(LL) = 750 [( 10 ) 20 ]
= 418 . 69 N / m 2 400 N / m 2

2
TotalLLonatruss= 418.69 40 = 11165.3 N
3
Total DL+LL 24 83 KN
TotalDL+LL=24.83KN
WindLoad(WL):
BasicWindspeedforPatna(Vb)=47m/s

Design wind speed (Vz)=

Designwindspeed(V ) K1K2K3 V
Vb
 Assumedesignlifeofthestructureis50year
So,K1 =1

TTerraincategory
i t 2 Cl
2,Classofstructure
f t t B
So,K2 =0.98
Slopeofgroundislessthan30
So,K3 =1
Designwindspeed(Vz)=1x0.98x1x47=46.06m/s

DesignWindPressure(PZ )=0.6x46.062=1272.91N/m2
WindForce(F) = (C pe C pi )A e PZ
 Externalpressurecoefficientonroof,IS875(III),Table 5
1 h 6 3
< = = 0.75 < Roofangle( )=26.560
2 w 8 2
Case I, 0
0.372
Assumewallopeningislessthen5%
p g 0.5
Wind
Internalpressurecoefficient(Cpi )= 0.2
Wind warddirection:
6 . 56 0.2
0
= 0 .7 0 .5 = 0 . 372
10

(C pe C pi )max = 0 . 572
Lee warddirection= 0.5

(C pe C pi )max = 0 . 7
Case II, 0
0.8 0.7312
Wind warddirection = 0 . 8

(C pe C pi )max = 1 .0 0.2

Lee warddirection:

6 . 56
= 0 .6 + 0 .2 = 0 . 7312
10

(C pe C pi )max = 0 . 9312
Wind

Thus maximum value in all cases = 1.0

Thusmaximumvalueinallcases= 10
Designwindloadonrooftruss(F)
F = (C pe C pi )Ae PZ = 1.0 40 1.27 = 50 .8 KN
Trussanalysis:
Designloadcombination
P
DL=13.67KN,LL=11.16KN,WL=50.8KN P I P
P H J P
P/2 G K P/2
DL + LL = 24 38 KN Downward
DL+LL=24.38KN Down ward
A B C D E F
24.38
P= = 4.06 KN
6
P
DL +WL = 37 12 KN Upward
DL+WL=37.12KN P P
P P
P/2 P/2
37 . 12
P= = 6 . 18 KN
6
 analyssis: Member Type Member Length(m) Forces(KN)

AG 1 486
1.486 22.7
22 7
Designforce
D i f
GH 1.486 22.7
inrafteris
HI 1.486 18.15
Rafter IJ 1 486
1.486 18.15
18 15
22.7KN
DL+LL

JK 1.486 22.7 compressive

KF 1.486 22.7
AB 1.33 20.3
D

Bottom BC 1.33 16.26

Chord DE 1.33 16.26
EF 1.33 20.3
CD 2.67 12.21
GB 0.664 4.06
Vertical EK 0.664 4.06
CH 1.329 6.087
DJ 1.329 6.087
BH 1.88 5.74
Diagonal JE 1.88 5.74
CI 2.4 7.31
ID 2.4 7.31
 Member Type Member Length(m) Forces(KN)

0x6
DL+WLaanalyssis:

A50x50
AG 1 486
1.486 34 598
34.598
GH 1.486 34.598
HI 1.486 27.69
Rafter

berisISA
IJ 1 486
1.486 27 69
27.69
JK 1.486 34.598
KF 1.486 34.598
AB 1.33 30.94

nimumsizeofmemb
Bottom BC 1.33 24.76
Chord DE 1.33 24.76
EF 1.33 30.94
CD 2.67 18.59
GB 0.664 6.18
Vertical EK 0.664 6.18
CH 1.329 9.27
DJ 1.329 9.27
BH 1.88 8.74

Min
Diagonal JE 1.88 8.74
CI 2.4 11.13
ID 2.4 11.13
 Purlins
DesignofPurlins:
g 1.48m

Itactascontinuousbeam
Spacingofpurlins
Spacing of purlins =1.48m
1 48 m 1.33m

Weight of roof covering sheeting =150 x1.48 = 222 N/m

Weight of purling = 100x1.48
100x1 48 = 148 N/m

TotalDL=370N/m
LL=418.69x1.48 cos (26.560)=554.26N/m
/
WL= 1272.91x1.48= 1883.9N/m

DL+LL=924.26N/m DL+WL=1513.9N/m

FoeWLcasepermissiblestressisincreasedby33%
Ifweconsideredpermissibleissame,wecantake
effective load in DL + WL case
effectiveloadinDL+WLcase
1513 . 9
DL + WL = = 1138 . 27 N / m > DL + LL ( 924 . 26 N / m )
1 . 33

Thus,DesignloadisDL+WL 5m

Maximumbendingmoment
From,IS456:2000,Table
, , 12
Continuousbeam
wl 2 1138 . 27 5 2
M = = = 2845 . 67 N m
10 10
M 2845.67 103
Z req = = = 17.25 103 mm3
bc / bt 165

Minimumdepth=L/45,Width=L/60
 DesignofColumn
DL+LL=24.38KN Downward
24.38
Axial load on column
Axialloadoncolumn = = 12.19 KN
2
Wind
DL+WL=37.12KN Upward Cpi 0.2
37.12
Axialloadoncolumn = = 18.56 KN
2

Transverseloadduetowind
FromIS875(III),Table 4
1 h 6 3 3 l 25
< = = 0 . 75 < , < = = 3 . 125 < 4
2 w 8 2 2 w 8

(C pe C pi )max = 0.9
Transverseloadintensity
= 0 .9 5 1272 .91 N / m = 5 .72 KN / m
 12.19KN
DesigncolumnandFoundation
B
f th l d
fortheloadasshown
h

5.72KN/m
6m

5
A
 Radiusofgyrationandslendernessratio:
Theradiusofgyrationisgivenby
I I xx I I min
r = , r xx = , r yy = , r min =
yy

A A A A
Where,
I Momentofinertia
A Crosssectionalareaofthesection