Building a Piezoelectric Generator

Introduction/Motivation
- When you were little, did you ever wear shoes that would light up as you walk? (Answer:
Expect some students to answer yes.) Does anyone know how those shoes work? (If
students paid attention during the associated lesson, hopefully they answer yes.) This
type of shoe has no batteries, so what is the power source? (Listen to student
responses.) Piezoelectric materials are placed in the bottoms of the shoes, but they do
not store any energy. So from where does the energy come? (Listen to student
explanations.) The energy comes from you! Whenever you walk, your movements are
mechanical energy and some of that mechanical energy can be converted into electrical
energy by piezoelectric materials. In the case of the light-up shoes, that energy is used
immediately to light-up some LEDs, which brings up an idea: What are the possibilities
for storing that energy to use whenever we please?

Summary
- Students learn how to build simple piezoelectric generators to power LEDs. To do this,
they incorporate into a circuit a piezoelectric element that converts movements they
make (mechanical energy) into electrical energy, which is stored in a capacitor (short-
term battery). Once enough energy is stored, they flip a switch to light up an LED.
Students also learn how much (surprisingly little) energy can be converted using the
current state of technology for piezoelectric materials.

Engineering Connection
- Piezoelectric materials have the unique and useful property of being able to transform
mechanical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa. This gives piezoelectric
materials a wide range of potential applications from sensors and actuators to artificial
muscles. One of the most interesting applications is in the field of energy harvesting,
where piezoelectric materials are used to convert mechanical energy that is typically
wasted into a source of electrical energy. However, the technology of currently available
piezoelectric materials and methods is unable to produce a sufficient amount of energy,
so engineers are researching how to improve piezoelectric energy harvesting devices.
Learning Objectives
After this activity, students should be able to:

Explain how the piezoelectric generator works and from where it gets its energy.
List multiple energy-harvesting applications for piezoelectric materials.
Calculate how much energy is stored in a capacitor and how much is converted by the
piezo element.

Materials
1 piezo transducer/piezo element.
4 diodes, type PH4148, 1N4148 or 1N914.
1 electrolytic capacitor 220 F or greater (25 to 50 V).
1 switch (switch choice may alter wiring diagram).
1 LED, such as: LED light bar.
1 breadboard.
2 alligator clips.
1-3 breadboard jumper wires.
Multimeter.
22 AWG wire, 1 ft
soldering gun, to prepare materials for the activity.
tiny screwdriver.

Procedure
Background
How much energy are we converting? We measure the voltage across the capacitor in our
piezoelectric generators for two reasons. The first is simply to make sure it is working. The
second, more important reason, is because we can use this voltage to calculate the amount of
energy stored in our capacitors using the equation:

Where E is the energy stored in the capacitor, C is the capacitance and V is the voltage
measured across the capacitor. When using this equation, make sure the units are correct. We
want the capacitance to be in farads; if it is given in F, simply divide by 1,000,000 to convert.
We want the voltage to be in volts (V). Then, the units of energy will be joules (J) or
equivalently, in watt-seconds (W-s).
To calculate how much energy is stored for each tap or press on the piezo element, measure
the voltage before (V0) and the voltage after the tap (V1), and then use the following equation
When performing these calculations, we find that very little energy is stored, generally around
0.00001 joules. As a comparison, a cell phone battery stores around 18,000 joules. Since this
piezoelectric generator is so inefficient, engineers are working on two main approaches to
improve its energy harvesting capabilities:
1. Improve the piezoelectric material itself. Essentially create a material that is more
efficient at converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. Place the material where it will be deformed (or tapped) very rapidly.
The second idea is the driving motivation for most piezoelectric energy-harvesting research
work today. Some ideas include placing the materials under sidewalks and roads, or in clothing.

STEPS
1. Make a diode rectifier bridge on the breadboard (see Figure 2). Diodes permit current to
flow in only one direction. Doing this converts the AC voltage generated by the piezo
element into a DC voltage, which can be used by the capacitor and the LED. The diodes
are marked to show which way the current will flow. The RadioShack diodes have a
black stripe that marks the back end of the diode, which is the convention for any
1N4148 type diode.
On the breadboard, insert diodes into sockets 1A, 1B, 5C and 6A, facing the same
direction with the black stripes up.
Take the diode from 1A and insert the other end into socket 5A, the diode from 1B to 6B,
the diode from 5C to 11C, and 6A to 11A.
Make sure no diode leads are touching, which would cause a short circuit.

1. Connect the piezo element to the breadboard.To do this, insert the black lead into
socket 5E and the red lead into socket 6E.
2. Test the circuit by hooking up the LED. (Refer to Figure 4 and the Diode Test video
listed in the Additional Multimedia Support section.) At this point, we can test the circuit
by inserting the LED leads into sockets. If using the SparkFun LED light bar, it is easily
visible and the positive and negative leads are clearly marked. If using simple LEDs, the
 positive side is the longer lead, and negative side is the shorter lead; for these LEDs,
dimming or turning off the classroom lights helps to make them more visible.

Put the positive lead into socket 11E and the negative lead into 1E.
Once the LED is hooked up to the breadboard, tap the piezo element; expect the LED to
light up briefly, confirming that the circuit works.
If the LED does not light up check, the direction of the diodes and the LED to make sure
they are not backwards.
For the simple LEDs, it is best to look at the very top of the bulb to see if it is lighting up
or not.
Once the circuit has been tested to make sure it works, remove the LED from the
breadboard.
3. Hook up the capacitor . Electrolytic capacitors also have positive and negative leads,
so direction matters. Again, the longer lead is positive, and the shorter lead is negative.
Insert the positive (longer) lead into socket 11E and the negative (shorter) lead into
socket 11H.
4. Hook up the switch (see Figure 6). This is typically the most confusing step. If using the
RadioShack switch, a toggle switch, notice that it has three wires coming from it. Hook
up this switch by following these steps:

Insert the middle wire into socket 11J.

Insert the two remaining wires into sockets 1E and 15E; it does not matter which wire
goes to which socket, since it only affects the switch direction.
Insert a breadboard jumper wire from socket 11B to socket 20E.

#If using the SparkFun switch, a simple rocker switch, notice that it has two wires
coming from it. Hook up this switch by following these steps:
Insert a breadboard jumper wire from socket 11J to socket 5J.
Insert another breadboard jumper from socket 5I to 1E.
Insert one switch wire into socket 5H and the other switch wire into socket 15E.
Insert a breadboard jumper from socket 11B to socket 20E.
This should be correct, but may need some adjustment as the circuit has not been
tested with this switch.
Connect the LED . Connect the positive (longer) lead from the LED (or LED bar) to
socket 20A and the negative (shorter) lead to 15A. This completes the circuit!

5. Hook up alligator clips to measure energy in the capacitor. Follow these steps if
using the SparkFun alligator clips:
Clip one on the capacitor lead going into socket 11E and the other end to the positive
(red) lead on the multimeter.
Clip the other alligator clip on the capacitor lead going into socket 11H and the other end
to the negative (black) lead on the multimeter.

#Follow these steps if using the alligator clips with one clip and one exposed wire end:
Insert one exposed wire into socket 11D and clip to the positive (red) lead on the
multimeter.
 Insert the other exposed end into socket 11I and clip to the negative (black) lead on the
multimeter.
6. Test the circuit. (Refer to the Circuit Test video listed in the Additional Multimedia
Support section.) Turn the multimeter to the 20V DC setting and start tapping on the
piezo element. Expect to see the voltage across the capacitor increasing, which
indicates that it is storing energy. If not, try flipping the switch to the opposite position.
Once the capacitor has stored sufficient voltage, flip the switch and the LED should
come on briefly. Note: The required voltage across the capacitor will vary, depending on
the exact capacitor and LED used. As an example, using a 220 F 35V capacitor and
the LED light bar, required about 8.5V across the capacitor, while the standard single
LED only required about 3V.

Assessment
What causes piezoelectricity on the atomic level?

What are some tested and conceptual applications?