ogic

Main article: Logic

Logic is the study of reasoning and argument. An argument is "a connected series of statements
intended to establish a proposition." The connected series of statements are "premises" and the
proposition is the conclusion. For example:

1. All humans are mortal. (premise)

2. Socrates is a human. (premise)
3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)

Deductive reasoning is when, given certain premises, conclusions are unavoidably implied. Rules of
inference are used to infer conclusions such as, modus ponens, where given A and If A then B,
then B must be concluded.

Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences,[67] social sciences and humanities
disciplines, logic became a formal science. Sub-fields include mathematical logic, philosophical
logic, Modal logic, computational logic and non-classical logics. A major question in the philosophy
of mathematics is whether mathematical entities are objective and discovered, called mathematical
realism, or invented, called mathematical antirealism.