5.

4 Analysis of multiple contingencies

Let us now examine the case of outage of more than one elements. We will discuss here the case
of outage of two transmission lines. Although theoretically the outage of any number of lines can
be analyzed, but practically it is not feasible as outage of more than two lines would almost surely
overload the other existing lines and hence trip the whole system. We will also not discuss the case
of outage of two generations as outage of two generators would also most probably create a huge
deficit of power supply in the system, which would necessitate shedding of loads to maintain the
frequency of the grid within acceptable limits. Hence, we will confine ourselves to the case of outage
of two lines only. Towards this goal, let us first analyze the situation where two transmission lines are
simultaneously added to the power system, as the expressions derived would be directly applicable
to the case of our interest, i.e. outage of two lines.

Let us consider an N-bus power system in which I1 , I2 , IN are the bus injection currents and
V1 , V2 , VN are the bus voltages. The bus voltages and the bus injection currents are related by
the bus impedance matrix Z and the relation is given as,

V1 Z11 Z12 Z1N I1

V Z
2 21 Z22 Z2N I2
= (5.29)



VN ZN 1 ZN 2 ZN N IN

Now, let as consider that a line of impedance Za in connected between buses e-f while another
line of impedance Zb in connected between buses g-h. It is to be again noted that the lines Za and
Zb are not part of the original system described by equation (5.29) and our objective is to analyze
the effect of these two line additions on the bus voltages and power flowers in the lines of the original
system. To accomplish this, we assume that the bus injections currents I1 , I2 , IN remain constant
i.e. they are un-effected by the addition of these two lines. Now, due to the addition of these two
lines, the bus voltages of the system would charge. Let V = [V1 , V2 , VN ] be the vector of the

new bus voltages. Also, due to the addition of these two lines, currents Ia and Ib would flow through
the impedance Za and Zb respectively as shown in Fig. 5.4.

a

Z 0 I V V
From Fig. 5.4, Za Ia = Ve Vf and Zb Ib = Vg Vh . Hence, [ ][ ] = [ ].
a e f
0 Zb Ib Vg Vh

237
 Figure 5.4: Addition of two lines in the original system

Or,

V
1

V2




V
e


e f g h


Za 0 Ia 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Vf
[ ][ ] = [ ]
0 Zb Ib 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

V
g




Vh




VN

= AV

(5.30)

238
 In equation (5.30), the matrix A can easily be identified. Now, from Fig. 5.4 it can be seen
that due to the addition of lines Za and Zb , extra currents Ia and Ib are being injected into buses f
and h respectively (which were not present before the addition of these two lines). Similarly, extra
currents Ia and Ib are being extracted from the buses e and g respectively (which were also not
present before the addition of these two lines). Therefore, it can be said that, due to the addition
of these two lines, injection currents at these four buses have changed by Ie , If , Ig and Ih
respectively, where Ie = Ia ; If = +Ia ; Ig = Ib and Ih = +Ib and due to these extra injection

currents, the bus voltages have changed from V to V . Therefore, the addition of these two lines can
be indirectly represented by these extra four injection currents which will produce the same effect
on the existing system. This situation is shown in Fig. 5.5.
Now, the vector of change in injection currents can be expressed as;
T
I = [00 Ie If Ig Ih 00] . Or,

0 0 0





0 0 0

I 1 0
a




Ia 1 0 Ia
I = = [ ] = AT [Ia ]
(5.31)
Ib Ib

Ib 0 1





Ib 0 1




0 0 0

Due to the above change in current I, the bus voltages would undergo a change V = ZI
Where Z is the bus impedance matrix of the origin system. Now, V = V V. Or, V = V + V.

Or,
Ia
V = V + ZI = V ZAT [ ]

(5.32)
Ib

Ia Za 0 Ia Ia
Or, AV = AV AZAT [ ]; Or, [ ] [ ] = AV AZAT [ ] (from equation (5.30))

Ib 0 Zb Ib Ib

Or,
1
Ia Za 0
[ ] = {[ ] + AZAT } AV = Z1
1 AV (5.33)
Ib 0 Zb
Where,
Za 0
Z1 = [ ] + AZAT (5.34)
0 Zb

239
 Figure 5.5: Equivalent representation of addition of lines

Performing the matrix operation in equation (5.34) we get,

(Zee Zef ) (Zf e Zf f ) + Za (Zeg Zeh ) (Zf g Zf h )

Z1 = [ ] (5.35)
(Zge Zgf ) (Zhe Zhf ) (Zgg Zgh ) (Zhg Zhh ) + Zb

Or,
ZT h,ef + Za (Zeg Zeh ) (Zf g Zf h )
Z1 = [ ] (5.36)
(Zge Zgf ) (Zhe Zhf ) ZT h,gh + Zb
Where, ZT h,gh and ZT h,gf denote the thevenin equivalent impedance of the system as observed
from terminals e-f and g-h respectively (please see equation (5.18)). Reproducing equation (5.33)
we have,
Ia 1 Ve Vf
[ ] = Z1
1 AV = Z1 [ ] (5.37)
Ib Vg Vh

From equations (5.36) and (5.37), the vector [Ia Ib ]T is calculated and subsequently, from

equation (5.32), the new bus voltage vector V can be calculated.
We are now ready to analyze the effect of outages of two lines, which we will do in the next
lecture.

240